EP3729622A1 - Spannungswandleranordnung und verfahren zum betrieb einer spannungswandleranordnung mit einem reglerelement, das zwischen einen ersten eingangsspannungsknoten und einen ersten ausgangsspannungsknoten geschaltet ist - Google Patents
Spannungswandleranordnung und verfahren zum betrieb einer spannungswandleranordnung mit einem reglerelement, das zwischen einen ersten eingangsspannungsknoten und einen ersten ausgangsspannungsknoten geschaltet istInfo
- Publication number
- EP3729622A1 EP3729622A1 EP18825726.5A EP18825726A EP3729622A1 EP 3729622 A1 EP3729622 A1 EP 3729622A1 EP 18825726 A EP18825726 A EP 18825726A EP 3729622 A1 EP3729622 A1 EP 3729622A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- voltage
- node
- output voltage
- control element
- current
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/14—Arrangements for reducing ripples from DC input or output
- H02M1/15—Arrangements for reducing ripples from DC input or output using active elements
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- G—PHYSICS
- G05—CONTROLLING; REGULATING
- G05F—SYSTEMS FOR REGULATING ELECTRIC OR MAGNETIC VARIABLES
- G05F1/00—Automatic systems in which deviations of an electric quantity from one or more predetermined values are detected at the output of the system and fed back to a device within the system to restore the detected quantity to its predetermined value or values, i.e. retroactive systems
- G05F1/10—Regulating voltage or current
- G05F1/46—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is DC
- G05F1/618—Regulating voltage or current wherein the variable actually regulated by the final control device is DC using semiconductor devices in series and in parallel with the load as final control devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
- H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/156—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators
- H02M3/158—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only with automatic control of output voltage or current, e.g. switching regulators including plural semiconductor devices as final control devices for a single load
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02J—ELECTRIC POWER NETWORKS; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
- H02J1/00—Circuit arrangements for DC mains or DC distribution networks
- H02J1/02—Arrangements for reducing harmonics or ripples
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
- H02M1/0045—Converters combining the concepts of switch-mode regulation and linear regulation, e.g. linear pre-regulator to switching converter, linear and switching converter in parallel, same converter or same transistor operating either in linear or switching mode
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/005—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output using Cuk converters
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
- H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
- H02M3/00—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output
- H02M3/02—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC
- H02M3/04—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters
- H02M3/10—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
- H02M3/145—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
- H02M3/155—Conversion of DC power input into DC power output without intermediate conversion into AC by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
- H02M3/1557—Single ended primary inductor converters [SEPIC]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B45/00—Circuit arrangements for operating light-emitting diodes [LED]
- H05B45/30—Driver circuits
- H05B45/37—Converter circuits
- H05B45/3725—Switched mode power supply [SMPS]
Definitions
- a voltage converter arrangement and method of operating a voltage converter arrangement having a regulator element connected between a first input voltage node and a first output voltage node
- Embodiments according to the present invention relate to a voltage converter arrangement.
- Embodiments according to the present invention relate to an up-down converter with a bidirectionally parallel linear regulator.
- Switching regulators usually pulse-width modulated converters (PWM converters) are widely used in DC-DC converters or DC-DC converters or AC-DC converters or AC-DC converters in which the output is as ripple-free as possible DC or ripple-free DC should be generated.
- PWM converters pulse-width modulated converters
- the efficiency of such switching regulator is usually very high, since an adiabatic switching takes place via energy storage.
- it is disadvantageous that such converters require smoothing capacitances and further filter elements such as double-compensated current chokes at the input and filter capacitors or additional filter inductors at the output in order to largely suppress the ripple.
- a technical problem is the network feedback and the effect on the load of PWM switching regulators (pulse width modulated switching regulators) by the current ripple, which is generated in an input-side or output-side smoothing capacity of the converter and thus on the one hand to complex network filters for the high-frequency harmonics (Interference voltage) leads at the power input, on the other hand also requires at the output further Filterauf wall with power chokes and multiple capacitances. It is estimated that mesh filters account for between 20% and 30% of the volume and cost of a power supply. Such smoothing capacitors are bulky, meaning lifetime limiting, in many cases also unsuitable for temperatures above 100 ° C, so that you want to avoid larger smoothing capacitors.
- a linear regulator In order to avoid smoothing capacitors at the output, instead of a switching regulator (PWM converter), a linear regulator can be used which supplies the output with sufficient current via a variable resistor (control transistor) so that the output voltage always remains constant. At the same time, this controller will be very fast (bandwidths up to 1 GHz are known) and thus eliminate the disadvantage of limited dynamics.
- a linear regulator has the disadvantage that the input voltage must always be greater than the output voltage, and above all it has a very poor efficiency, which can quickly drop below 50% with larger voltage differences between the input and output voltages. In addition, high thermal losses are dissipate in the form of heat.
- a linearly assisted down converter which consists of a PWM down converter and a parallel linear regulator LR1 of FIG.
- the buck converter converts the input voltage Vin to the output voltage Vout and supplies power to the load RL, while a linear regulator LR1 supplies current from the input to the output and another linear regulator LR2 derives a current from the output of the buck converter across the load.
- a typical circuit for this principle is shown in Fig. 2 [1]
- the switching regulator consists of a "buck" topology with switch Q1, smoothing inductance L1 and a passive switch ters D1 in the form of a diode.
- the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 are designed, for example, as fast bipolar transistors.
- Both linear controllers LR1 and LR2 are controlled by an amplifier to keep the output voltage Vout constant across the load ( Figure 3a).
- the output voltage is compared with a reference voltage vref, which is to be regulated as a setpoint. If the output voltage is less than the setpoint, because the current supplied by L1 to the load is too small, the regulator LR1 is activated and a current from the input voltage is additionally supplied to the load. On the other hand, if the output voltage is too high to bring the output voltage above the load to the setpoint, the LR2 regulator is activated and the excess current is dissipated through the load.
- the current delivered by one of the linear regulators to the load (LR1) or dissipated (LR2) is additionally measured and passed to a comparator with hysteresis to be compared with a current reference value ly, and thus the pulse width modulation of the buck converter to reach the active switch Q1. If the current supplied to the load is greater than zero, then this current is compared with the reference value, ly. If the current is greater than the reference value, the comparator turns on the switch Q1, so that the current through the inductor L1 increases.
- the reference value ly is set to a positive value, as shown in Figure 3b, then only the linear regulator LR1 is active because the current always flows in a positive direction to the load. It has been recognized that this mode of operation makes sense if the difference between the input voltage and the output voltage is smaller than the output voltage itself, since the power loss in the linear regulators should be kept as small as possible. Furthermore, it was recognized that the power loss of the linear regulator would be as small as possible, if the output voltage is smaller than the difference between input and output Output voltage is and thus only LR2 would be active to dissipate the excess current across the load. LR1 is not active in this case. In the event that the output voltage is about equal to the difference between input and output voltage, the reference value ly is set to about zero, so that the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 contribute equally to the fin compensation, as shown in Fig. 7a.
- an optimal design for reducing the losses and to achieve maximum efficiency is thus to compensate for the so-called ripple current of the buck converter from the inductor L1 either by LR1 or LR2, depending on whether the voltage difference between input and output is smaller or greater than the output voltage itself.
- the losses in the linear regulators are thus each Weil only multiplied by the ripple current with the smallest voltage difference between either input and output or the output voltage itself, so that the overall efficiency of this arrangement is almost as high as that of the buck converter without linear regulator assistance.
- Fig. 3b it can be seen that in dynamic crizgins- gen the output current to the load is delivered immediately as a constant DC current by the linear regulator and the switching regulator at time t_start are turned on.
- one of the Li-level controllers will fully (or at least partially) compensate for the slower response of the switching regulator, which is delayed over the time constant from the memory element L1 and the load RL itself.
- An embodiment according to the present invention provides a voltage converter arrangement having a clocked voltage converter capable of generating an output voltage based on an input voltage such that an amount of the output voltage is greater than an amount of the input voltage is.
- the voltage sweeping arrangement further comprises a first control element interposed between a first input voltage node different from a reference potential node and a first output voltage node different from a reference potential node.
- the first control element is designed to allow at least temporarily a current flow in the event that an amount of the output voltage is greater than an amount of the input voltage.
- the voltage converter arrangement comprises a current-smoothing output inductance of the clocked voltage converter.
- the voltage converter arrangement is based on the recognition that an at least partial compensation of an output current ripple in a clocked voltage converter in which an amount of the output voltage is greater than an amount of the input voltage, is efficiently provided by a first control element (eg, a linear regulator or egg nen regulating transistor) can be achieved, which knot between the first output voltage and the first input voltage node is connected.
- a first control element eg, a linear regulator or egg nen regulating transistor
- a current flow back from the output to the input whereby an unwanted increase in the output voltage or the voltage at the load, which is without presence of the first control element at a (eg. Increasing an output current of the clocked voltage converter beyond a setpoint current would result, prevented or at least significantly reduced.
- a potential difference between the first output voltage node and the first input voltage node is smaller than, for example, a potential difference between a first output voltage node and a second output voltage node (eg, a reference potential node).
- a potential difference between a first output voltage node and a second output voltage node eg, a reference potential node.
- the first control element can typically compensate for current fluctuations very quickly, so that, for example, current fluctuations that arise within a switching period of the clocked voltage converter, abandonedgli chen by the first control element, for example, by the first control element, a time-variable, the fluctuations of the output current of the clocked Voltage converter corresponding current flow from the first output voltage node to the first input clamping voltage node is performed.
- the impressed in the load current is kept approximately constant, and caused by the timing of the clocked voltage converter current fluctuations are at least partially or even completely or almost completely compensated through the first control element.
- said voltage transformer arrangement makes it possible to compensate for an output current ripple with comparatively good efficiency, so that the current delivered to the load has a significantly reduced ripple, or so cost and volume-consuming and error-prone output side Smoothing components can be saved or at least reduced in size compared to conventional scarf drafts.
- the described voltage converter arrangement provides a good compromise between efficiency, implementation effort and interference suppression, for example in an operating case in which the magnitude of the output voltage is greater than the loading of the input voltage.
- the clocked voltage converter is also designed to generate an output voltage based on an input voltage such that an amount of the output voltage is less than an amount of the input voltage. It has been found that the inventive concept is also very advantageous for voltage transformer learning, which can optionally perform an upward voltage conversion or a downward voltage conversion.
- the clocked voltage converter is a non-inverting voltage converter.
- the first regulator may operate in a very efficient manner, for example, to conduct a current from the first output voltage node to the first input voltage node.
- the voltage converter assembly comprises a second control element, wherein the second control element is connected in parallel (for example, antiparallel, to allow an anti-parallel, opposite current flow, example, anti-parallel to the first control element) to the first control element.
- the second control element is designed to allow at least temporarily a current flow in the event that an amount of the output voltage is smaller than an amount of the input voltage. In this way it is achieved that, depending on a relation between the input voltage and the output voltage, either through the first control element or through the second control element, a current flow between the first input voltage node and the second input voltage node can take place.
- Compensation of an output-side current ripple of the clocked voltage converter voltage is thus possible regardless of whether the output voltage is currently greater or less less than the input voltage.
- the input voltage is not constant, so that, for example, a magnitude relation between the input voltage and the output voltage changes during a period of the input voltage, so that, for example, the input voltage is temporarily larger and temporarily smaller than the output voltage.
- the voltage converter arrangement on a third control element, wherein the third control element between the first output voltage node and a reference potential node is connected.
- the third control element is designed to allow at least temporarily a current flow in the event that an amount of the output voltage is smaller than the dif ference of a larger input voltage and a smaller output voltage.
- an output current ripple of the clocked voltage converter can be compensated, for example, in a particularly low-loss manner, for example when the output voltage is less than the difference between a larger input voltage and a smaller output voltage.
- a voltage drop across the first control element and the second control element in this case is typically greater than the voltage drop across the third control element, so that it is comparatively lossy arm, the current ripple in this operating state by the third control element (at least partially) to compensate.
- two or more Re gel elements are present, depending on a current size relation between the output voltage and the input voltage in each case that of the control elements are activated, which brings the lowest losses.
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to selectively enable current to flow through the first regulator when an amount of output voltage is greater than an amount of the input voltage and when the magnitude of the output voltage is greater than the setpoint for the output voltage a current consumption of a load connected to the first output voltage node is smaller than a current supplied by the clocked voltage converter.
- the voltage converter assembly may alternatively or additionally be configured to selectively enable current flow across the third regulator when an amount of the output voltage is less than an amount of the input voltage, when the magnitude of the output voltage is greater than the setpoint value for the output voltage a current consumption of a load connected to the first output voltage node is less than a current supplied by the clocked voltage converter.
- a current can be dissipated by the first output voltage node when the amount of output voltage is greater than the setpoint for the output voltage or if the current consumption of the first output voltage node connected load is smaller is as a current supplied by the clocked voltage converter (currently) (for example, due to a current ripple).
- the voltage converter assembly (or a voltage converter assembly controller) may detect whether, for example, the magnitude of the output voltage is greater than the magnitude of the input voltage or the magnitude of the output voltage is less than the magnitude of the input voltage, and based on which of the control elements (currently ) should be activated.
- the respective control element for example, by a suitable control of the control element
- a suitable control of the control element for example, a time variable, an output ripple of the clocked voltage converter
- the following current is dissipated for example, can be achieved that the load is supplied with an approximately constant current, wherein the toaststromrippei the clocked voltage converter is at least partially compensated by the current flow through the respective control element.
- the control element through which the current flow is to take place it is achieved, for example, that the losses are minimized, since, for example, that one of the control elements can be selected which matches a current relation between the input voltage and the output voltage (and of all control elements the lowest losses result).
- the voltage converter is a clocked voltage converter configured to provide to the first output voltage node a time pulsating current having a DC component greater than an AC component.
- the alternating component represents, for example, an output current ripple of the clocked voltage converter, and this output current ripple can be at least partially compensated, for example, by the appropriate control elements.
- the current flow through the first control element or by the other control elements can be example, essentially a change of the portion of the clocked voltage converter correspond to delivered electricity.
- a current flow through the (linear) control elements is comparatively low, since the DC component of the current supplied by the clocked voltage converter typically does not flow through the first control element or through the (other) control elements, but only the alternating component or the ripple.
- the current regulation described here is thus significantly less loss than, for example, realized by linear regulator alone current control.
- the first control element is configured to allow a current flow that corresponds to a difference between the time-pulsating current and a load current of a load coupled to the first output voltage node.
- the first control element is configured to only compensate for variations in the time pulsating current while a main load current component is provided by the clocked voltage converter.
- a main load current component is provided by the clocked voltage converter.
- con stant or only slowly variable for example, with a time constant that is longer than a switching period of the clocked voltage converter or longer than ten switching periods of the clocked voltage converter, or longer than a response time of a re gelung the clocked voltage converter
- Laststromanteil is so
- only the comparatively small fluctuations in the time-pulsating current supplied by the clocked voltage converter are compensated by the first control element (as well as possibly "fast" changes in the current consumption) the load, which are caused by changes in the load, and which are, for example, faster than a response time of a regulation of the clocked voltage transformer).
- the current flowing through the first control element is thus comparatively small, and the power loss in the first control element is therefore also comparatively small.
- a lossy first control element which can be, for example, a linear regulator or a regulating transistor
- fluctuations in the time-pulsating current supplied by the clocked voltage converter are at least largely compensated (for example for at least more than 50% or even at least more than 90%), so that the load current has significantly fewer fin errors than Conventionally, which also allows a reduction of any existing anti-interference measures (for example, smoothing capacitors, Skypeinduktdite and the like).
- the voltage converter assembly is configured such that an average current flow through the first regulator is less than 10% of an average load current through a load coupled to the output voltage node or less than 10% of a mean current provided by the pulsed voltage converter.
- the clocked voltage converter is designed to provide a pulsating current in an operating state in which an amount of the output voltage is greater than an amount of the input voltage (for example, case 5 according to table 2 or case 5 according to table 1), whose minimum amount value min is at least as large as a current value required by a load connected to the first output voltage node.
- the first control element is configured to at least partially compensate for fluctuations in a load current in the operating state in which the magnitude of the output voltage is greater than the magnitude of the input voltage by virtue of the first control element timing a pulsating current flow between the first input voltage node and the first Output voltage node allows (the for example, according to the current flow provided by the clocked voltage converter).
- the clocked voltage converter in said operating state for example by controlling the voltage converter arrangement
- the minimum amount of the pulsating current is at least as high as a current value required by a load connected to the first output voltage node
- it is achieved is not necessary to provide an additional power node to the first output voltage point, which would not be possible in the operating condition mentioned with little effort anyway.
- the load current is brought to a desired value by dissipating current from the first output voltage node can.
- Such removal of current can be achieved in the said operating state but by the first output control element with high efficiency.
- the clocked voltage converter is adapted to be in an operating condition in which an amount of the output voltage is less than an amount of the input voltage and in which the magnitude of the output voltage is less than an amount of potential difference between the first input voltage node and the first Output voltage node (Case 1 according to Table 2) to provide a pulsating current whose minimum value is at least as large as a current value required by a load connected to the first output voltage node.
- the voltage converter arrangement in this case has a third control element, wherein the third control element is connected between the first output voltage node and a reference potential node or the second output voltage node, which can act as reference potential node).
- the third control element is designed to be in the operating state in which the magnitude of the output voltage is less than the amount the input voltage and wherein the magnitude of the output voltage is less than the magnitude of the potential difference between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node to at least partially compensate for fluctuations in a load current by the third control element timing a pulsating current flow between the first output voltage node and the reference potential node the second output voltage node) (which, for example, pulses according to the current flow provided by the clocked voltage converter).
- the clocked voltage converter is designed to be in an operating condition in which an amount of the output voltage is less than an amount of the input voltage and in which the magnitude of the output voltage is greater than an amount of potential difference between the first input voltage node and the first Output voltage node (eg, Case 3 of Table 2) to provide a pulsating current whose maximum magnitude value is at most as large as a current value required by a load connected to the first output voltage node.
- the voltage converter arrangement in this case comprises a second control element, wherein the second control element is connected between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node.
- the second control element is configured to be in the operating state in which the magnitude of the output voltage is less than the magnitude of the input voltage and in which the magnitude of the output voltage is greater than that Amount of the potential difference between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node, at least partially compensate for fluctuations of a load current node by the second control element allows a temporally pulsating current flow between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node (for example, according to the supplied from the clocked voltage converter current flow pulsates).
- the clocked voltage converter is designed to be in an operating condition in which an amount of the output voltage is less than an amount of the input voltage and in which the magnitude of the output voltage is an amount of potential difference between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node does not differ by more than a predetermined value (for example, Case 4 of Table 2), to provide a pulsating current whose maximum value is greater than a current required by a load connected to the first output voltage node and whose minimum value is smaller than one of a current value associated with the load connected to the first output voltage node.
- the voltage converter arrangement in this case has a second Regelele element, wherein the second control element is connected between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node.
- the voltage converter arrangement further comprises a third control element, wherein the third control element between the first output voltage node and a reference potential node (for example formed by the second output voltage node) is connected.
- the second control element and the third control element are designed to be in the operating state in which the amount of the output voltage is smaller than the amount of the input voltage and in which the amount of the output voltage of the amount of potential difference between the first input voltage node and first output voltage node differs by no more than a predetermined value, at least partially compensate for fluctuations of a load current by the second control element allows time Lich pulsating current flow between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node (which pulsates, for example, according to the current flow supplied by the clocked voltage converter ) and in that the third control element allows a temporally pulsating current flow between the input voltage node and the reference potential node (which, for example, in accordance with the supplied by the clocked voltage converter current flow p pulsed current flow through the second control element and the current
- the clocked voltage converter and the second control element and the third control element are driven accordingly, losses can be kept particularly low when the amount of output voltage in about half of the amount of A input voltage corresponds.
- both power can be supplied in an energy-efficient manner from the first input voltage node to the first output voltage node and, in an energy-efficient manner, a current can be derived from the first output voltage node to the reference potential node.
- the corresponding driving of the pulsed voltage converter (so that its output current maximum value is greater than a current value required by the load, for example during a switching period of the clocked voltage converter) and so that its output current minimum value is smaller than that of load - for example, during a switching period of the clocked voltage transformer - required current value) allows the compensation of the output current ripple alternately by the second control element and the third control element he can follow.
- Particularly low losses can be achieved, for example, if the maximum absolute value and the minimum value of the pulsating current are at least approximately symmetrical about the current value required by the load, for example during a switching period of the clocked voltage converter (for example with a tolerance of +/- 10% or +/- 20% or +/- 30%).
- the clocked voltage converter is designed to provide a pulsing current in an operating state in which an amount of the output voltage is less than an amount of the input voltage (for example, in Case 2 of Table 2), at least as low as its value is large as a current value required by a load connected to the first output voltage node.
- the voltage converter arrangement in this case comprises a third control element, the third control element being connected between the first output voltage node and a reference potential node (for example the second output voltage node).
- the third control element is designed in this case to at least partially compensate for fluctuations in a load current in the operating state in which the magnitude of the output voltage is less than the magnitude of the input voltage by virtue of the third control element applying a time-pulsating current between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node (which pulses, for example, according to the current flow provided by the clocked voltage converter).
- the clocked voltage converter is a ZETA converter or a Cuk converter or a boost converter.
- the ZETA converter has a first inductance and a second inductance, wherein the first inductance and the second inductance are coupled via a magnetic flux guide.
- the first inductance and the second inductance are dimensioned (eg, by having inductance values that deviate by at most 10% from each other) that the ZETA converter operates in a continuous operation of the current flow through the inductor, which with the load connected is. This is achieved, for example, that a DC component of a current in the inductance connected to the load is greater than an alternating component.
- the appropriate dimensioning enables a low-loss compensation of the output current ripple of the clocked voltage converter.
- the voltage converter arrangement comprises a switching element, wherein the switching element between a voltage source and the second inductance is connected in series.
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to set a switching frequency and switching duration of the switching element in dependence on a desired current through the load.
- the first control element and / or the second control element and / or the third control element are bipolar transistors. It has been shown that bipolar transistors are well suited as control elements, since they have a fast response and thus can compensate well, for example, the current ripple of the clocked voltage converter. Incidentally, it has been shown that bipolar transistors are also easy to control, so that the circuit complexity can be kept comparatively low.
- the voltage converter arrangement comprises a second control element, wherein the second control element is connected between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node.
- the voltage converter also has a third control element, wherein the third control element between the first output voltage node and a reference potential node is connected.
- the voltage converter arrangement is configured to regulate the output voltage or a current supplied to a load coupled to the first output voltage node.
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to condition depending on an operating state (for example, depending on whether an up-conversion or down conversion takes place, or depending on a relation between an amount of the potential difference between the first input voltage node and the first Trustpan voltage node on the one hand and an amount the output voltage on the other hand) choose ausaus, by which the control elements, a current flow for control (for example, to compensate for the Walesstromrippeis the clocked voltage converter) should be made.
- the voltage converter arrangement is further designed to select that one of the control elements over which a voltage drop is smallest (for example compared to voltage drops across the other control elements that can be used for regulation).
- the voltage converter arrangement is for example designed to allow the flow of current through the control elements so that a smallest possible voltage drop across a path that includes the control element occurs, over which the current flow is made light, compared with a path via another control element.
- the voltage converter arrangement has a second control element, wherein the second control element is connected between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node.
- the voltage converter arrangement further has a third control element, wherein the third control element is connected between the first output voltage node and a reference potential node (for example, the second output voltage node).
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to enable (for example selectively) a flow of current across the third control element when an output voltage is less than a difference of the input voltage and the output voltage and when the input voltage is greater than the output voltage.
- the voltage converter assembly is further configured to enable (eg, selectively) current flow across the third regulator when the output voltage from the input voltage is at most 0.1
- the voltage converter assembly is further configured to enable (for example, selectively) current flow across the second regulator when the output voltage is greater than the difference of the input voltage and the output voltage and when the input voltage is greater than the output voltage.
- the voltage converter assembly is further configured to enable (eg, selectively) current flow across the second regulator and the third regulator when the output voltage deviates from the difference of the input voltage and the output voltage by at most 10% (or deviates by a predetermined amount, for example - depending on absolute values of input voltage and output voltage - between 0.1 V and 20
- the voltage converter assembly is further configured to enable (eg, selectively) current flow across the first regulator when the input voltage is less than the output voltage.
- the control or the compensation of the Walesstromrippe is the clocked voltage converter at all ver different operating points of the voltage converter assembly can suc conditions suc in an efficient manner.
- a regulation via the first control element and the second control element can be poor or not done if the difference between the input voltage and the output voltage is too low.
- the control devices or control transistors used as control elements typically require a sufficient voltage drop to their Effective exercise of the task. While it is therefore quite desirable that the voltage drop across the control elements is small, he was aware that a too small voltage drop significantly affects the quality of the control. Therefore, with a small voltage difference between the input voltage and the output voltage, the third control element is used for regulation, even if this involves greater losses than the use of the first control element or the second control element.
- the voltage converter arrangement comprises a second control element, wherein the second control element is connected between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node.
- the voltage transformer arrangement further comprises a third control element, wherein the third control element node between the first output voltage node and a reference potential (for example, the second output voltage node) is connected.
- the voltage transformer arrangement is designed to provide a control current to the first control element, the second control element and / or the third control element in dependence on the output voltage of the voltage converter arrangement and a voltage setpoint so that a voltage drop that occurs across one of the control elements, the one Control current is provided, is smaller than a voltage drop, which is present over another control element of the control elements.
- the corresponding control can be done for example by a linear regulator control, which is part of the voltage converter arrangement.
- the voltage converter arrangement comprises an input control element connected between the first input voltage node and a second input voltage node, the second input voltage node having a reference potential (and being coupled to the second output voltage node, for example).
- the input control element is designed to allow a current flow to counteract variations of the input current of the voltage converter arrangement (resulting, for example, as the sum of the current through the control element and the input current of the voltage converter) (for example, US Pat. that fluctuations of an input current of the clocked voltage converter are at least partially compensated).
- a topology of the clocked voltage converter with a current-smoothing input inductance should preferably also be selected.
- an input current of the clocked voltage converter has a RESIZE ßeren DC component as AC component.
- the input control element can be achieved, for example, that an input current of the voltage converter arrangement has lower fluctuations than the A input current of the voltage converter arrangement.
- the input control element can at least partially compensate for example by a correspondingly fast control characteristic fluctuations of the input current of the clocked voltage converter arrangement by, for example, the input control element a variable current flow, for example, the variations of the input current of the clocked voltage transformer wall mirror image (or with opposite signs) follows, dissipates to mass. This allows a—sstromrippei the voltage converter assembly significantly reduces the who, without the need for consuming, large and often life limiting filter components (in particular inductors or capacitors) must be used, or it can also the size of the filter components with the same requirements for a disturbance suppression be reduced.
- the voltage converter arrangement has a second control element, wherein the second control element is connected in parallel (or antiparallel, for example, by the second control element opposite to the current flow through the first control element opposite current flow) to the first control element.
- the voltage converter arrangement furthermore has a third control element, the third control element being connected between the first output voltage terminal and a reference potential node.
- the voltage converter arrangement further comprises an input control element connected between the first input voltage node and a second input voltage node, the second input voltage node having a reference potential.
- the voltage converter arrangement can distinguish, for example, a whole series of operating states.
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to operate in a first operating state (for example, also explained as case 1 1) in which an amount of the input voltage is greater than an amount of the output voltage and in which an amount of the output voltage is smaller than an amount of one Difference between the input voltage and the output voltage, at least temporarily to allow current flow between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node by the second control element and at least temporarily enable a current flow between the first output voltage node and the reference potential node by the third re gelelement.
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to be in a second operating state (also explained here as case 12, for example) in which an amount of the input voltage approximately (for example with a tolerance of +/- 1% to +/- 10% or with a tolerance of +/- 1V or +/- 2V or +/- 5V) is equal to an amount of the output voltage, at least temporarily to allow and at least a current flow between the first input voltage node and the second input voltage node by the input control element temporarily allow a current flow between the first output voltage node and the reference potential node by the third Regelele element.
- a second operating state also explained here as case 12, for example
- an amount of the input voltage approximately for example with a tolerance of +/- 1% to +/- 10% or with a tolerance of +/- 1V or +/- 2V or +/- 5V
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to be in a third operating state (also explained here as case 13, for example) in which an amount of the input voltage is greater than an amount of the output voltage and in which an amount of the output voltage is greater than an amount of one Difference between the input voltage and the output voltage, at least temporarily to allow a current flow between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node by the second control element and at least temporarily allow a current flow between tween the first output voltage node and the reference potential node by the third control element, or in the third operating state at least temporarily enable a current flow between the first input voltage node and the second input voltage node by the input control element and at least temporarily a current flow between the first output S voltage node and the reference potential node by the third control element to enable.
- a third operating state also explained here as case 13, for example
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to be in a four th operating state (for example, also explained as case 14) in which an amount of Input voltage is greater than an amount of output voltage and in which an amount of the output voltage is approximately equal (for example, with a tolerance of +/- 1% or +/- 10% or with a tolerance of +/- 1 V or +/- 2V or +/- 5V) an amount of Dif difference between the input voltage and the output voltage is at least temporarily to allow current flow between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node by the second control element and at least temporarily a current flow between the first output voltage node and the Be zugspotentialknoten allow by the third control element, or at least temporarily in the fourth operating state current flow between the first input voltage node and the second input voltage node by the materialssre gelelement allow and at least temporarily a current flow between the first output voltage node and the reference potential node through the third te control element to allow.
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to be in a fifth operating state (also explained here as case 15, for example), in which an amount of the input voltage is smaller than an amount of the output voltage and in which an amount of the input voltage is smaller than an amount of one Difference between the output voltage and the input voltage, at least temporarily to allow a current flow between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node by the first control element and at least temporarily allow a current flow between tween the first input voltage node and the second
- the voltage converter arrangement is configured to be in a sixth operating state (also referred to herein as case 16, for example) in which an amount of the input voltage is less than an amount of the output voltage and in which an amount of the input voltage is greater than an amount of one Difference between the output voltage and the input voltage, at least temporarily allow current flow between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node by the first control element and at least temporarily enable current flow between the first input voltage node and the second input voltage node through the input control element, or in the six th operating state, at least temporarily, a current flow between the first output voltage node and the second output voltage node by the third crizele element to enable and at least temporarily a current flow between the he th Input voltage node and the second input voltage node by the input rule element to enable.
- a sixth operating state also referred to herein as case 16, for example
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to be in a seventh operating state (for example also explained here as case 17) in which an amount of the input voltage is less than an amount of the output voltage and in which an amount of the input voltage is approximately (for example with a tolerance of +/- 1% or +/- 10% or with a tolerance of +/- 1V or +/- 2V or +/- 5V) is equal to an amount of a difference between the output voltage and the input voltage, at least temporarily Allow current flow between the first input voltage node and the first output voltage node by the first control element and at least temporarily allow a current flow between the first input voltage node and the second input voltage node by the input control element, or at least temporarily in the seventh operating state, a current flow between the first output voltage node and the second exit S voltage node to enable by the third control element and at least temporarily enable current flow between the first input voltage node and the second input voltage node through the input control element.
- a seventh operating state for example also explained here as case 17
- an amount of the input voltage is less
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to enable, for example by a STEU, corresponding functionalities in one of said operating conditions, in meh eral of said operating conditions or, for example, in all of said operating conditions, it is achieved that a compensation of an input current ripple of clocked voltage converter and / or a combination of the output current ripple of the clocked voltage converter can be carried out in an energy-efficient manner.
- an appropriate control which takes into account several (for example, at least two) of said operating conditions, an adaptation to a current Re can be done between input voltage and output voltage.
- At least one switching transistor used in the clocked voltage converter is a gallium nitride transistor or a silicon carbide transistor.
- at least one diode used in the clocked voltage converter is a gallium nitride diode or a silicon carbide diode. It has been found that such components are particularly well suited.
- a further embodiment according to the present invention provides a method for operating a voltage converter arrangement having a clocked voltage converter and a first control element, which is connected between a first input voltage node, which is different from a reference potential node, and a first output voltage node, which is different from a reference potential node, is switched.
- the method includes generating an output voltage based on an input voltage using the voltage converter such that an amount of the output voltage is greater than an amount of the input voltage.
- a current flow is at least temporarily activated by the first control element (for example, to at least partially compensate for the current fluctuations caused by the clocked voltage converter).
- Fig. 1 is a block diagram of a linearly assisted buck converter according to a conventional solution
- FIG. 2 is a block diagram of an embodiment of a buck converter (down-converter).
- FIG. 3a is a simplified circuit diagram of a control function of a buck converter combined with two linear regulators according to a conventional solution
- FIG. 3b shows a graph of curve characteristics of a control function of a converter combined with linear regulators according to a conventional solution
- FIG. 4 shows a block diagram of a linearly supported up / down range combined with three linear regulators, according to an arrangement according to the invention and / or according to an exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 5 shows a simplified circuit diagram of a ZETA converter combined with three linear controllers according to an embodiment according to the invention and / or according to an exemplary embodiment
- FIG. 6a shows a simplified circuit diagram of a circuit (or an exemplary embodiment) for the function according to the invention of a linearly assisted ZETA converter
- FIG. 6b shows a block diagram of a control function of the linearly assisted ZETA converter according to FIG. 6a according to an exemplary embodiment, wherein the functionality is to be regarded as optional;
- FIG. 6c shows a circuit diagram of an implementation of a control function according to the invention of the linearly assisted ZETA converter according to FIG. 6a and / or 6b according to an exemplary embodiment, wherein functionality and implementation are to be regarded as optional;
- FIG. 6d shows a circuit diagram of an implementation of a control function according to the invention of the linearly assisted ZETA converter according to FIG. 6a and / or 6b with combined function LR1 and LR2 for case B (ly-0) according to an exemplary embodiment, wherein functionality and implementation as to be seen as optional;
- FIG. 7a shows a schematic representation of a ridge current compensation of the pulse-width modulated converter (PWM converter) by linear regulators LR1 and LR2 (for example according to case 4 of Table 1, position B of switch S1 according to FIG. 6c), a red line representing the current through linear regulators LR1 and LR2 describes and wherein a blue line describes an output current of the clocked voltage converter;
- PWM converter pulse-width modulated converter
- Fig. 7b is a schematic representation of a Rippeistromkompensation the PWM converter (or pulse width modulated converter) by linear regulator LR1 (according to case 3 of Table 2, position A of switch Sl after Figure 6c), wherein a red line describes the current through linear regulator LR1 and a blue line describing an output current of the clocked voltage converter;
- Fig. 7c is a schematic representation of a rippistromkompensation of the PWM converter by linear regulator LR2 or LR3 (according to cases 1, 2 and 5 of Table 1, position C of switch S1 to Figure 6c), wherein a red line is a current through linear regulator LR2 and LR3 and wherein a blue line describes an output current of the clocked voltage converter;
- FIG. 8a is a simplified circuit diagram of one embodiment of a linearly-assisted buck converter for approximately 30 watts (LR3 not shown, but insertable in anti-parallel to LR1); FIG.
- 8b is a simplified circuit diagram of an embodiment of a linearly assisted ZETA converter for about 30 watts;
- FIG. 9 is a schematic representation of efficient workspaces of linearly supported buck and ZETA converters based on the embodiments of FIG. 8 of the same size (conventional solutions compared to the embodiment according to the invention);
- FIG. 10 is a simplified circuit diagram of a transformer-coupled Cuk converter, combined with four linear regulators, according to an embodiment
- 11 is a block diagram of a voltage converter arrangement according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- 12 is a flowchart of a method according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- FIG. 13 shows a tabular representation of an activation function of the linear regulators for an embodiment according to FIG. 6 (linear regulator control) according to one example (Table 1);
- Fig. 14 is a tabular representation of an activation function of the linear regulators for an embodiment of Fig. 10 (Table 2);
- FIG. 11 shows a block diagram of a voltage converter arrangement 1100 according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- Voltage transformer assembly 1 100 is configured to receive an input voltage VIN from an input voltage source 1110 and to provide an output voltage V 0 UT or output current I L for a load 1120 (where input voltage source 1110 and load 1120 are typically not part of the voltage converter assembly 1100 ).
- the voltage converter arrangement 1100 includes a clocked voltage converter 1130 that is capable of generating an output voltage V 0 UT, based on an input voltage V
- the input voltage may be applied between a first input voltage node 1132 and a second input voltage node 1 134, and the output voltage may be applied, for example, between a first output voltage node 1142 and a second output voltage node 1144.
- the second input voltage node 1134 and the second output voltage node 1144 may be electrically conductively connected (for example, low-resistance), for example, lying on a reference potential or being considered as a reference potential node.
- Voltage transformer arrangement 1100 includes a first control element 150 that includes a first input voltage node 1132 that is different from a reference potential node (eg, nodes 1134, 1144) and a first output voltage node 1 142 that is different from a reference potential node Reference potential node (for example node 1134, 1144) is different, is connected.
- the first control element 1 150 is designed, for example, to enable a current flow at least temporarily in the event that an amount of the output voltage VOUT is greater than an amount of the input voltage VIN.
- the clocked voltage converter 1 130 may have a current-smoothing output inductance.
- the second input voltage node 1 134 and the second output voltage node 1144 are at a reference potential and that both the input voltage VIN and the output voltage VOUT are positive, with the output voltage VOUT being greater than the input voltage V IN .
- a potential at the first output voltage node 1142 is higher than a potential at the first input voltage node 1132, and, for example, a current ILR3 may flow from the first output voltage node 1142 to the first input voltage node 1 132 via the first control element 150.
- the output current IOUT of the clocked voltage converter 1 130 which is supplied to the first output voltage node 1 142, fluctuations, for example, at least approximately periodic, wherein the period of the switching period of the clocked voltage converter 1 130 corresponds ,
- the output current IOUT of the clocked voltage converter 1 130 typically deviates from the current required by the load 1120, RL.
- the current I LR 3 flowing through the first control element 150 follows the short-term fluctuations Ripple of the output current IOUT at least approximately and thus ensures that the load RL is supplied to a substantially constant from the current ripple of the output current IOUT, over a switching period of the clocked voltage converter approximately constant current.
- the supplied to the load current L over a longer ren period (which is typically much longer than a switching period or as ten switching periods of the clocked voltage converter 1130) change, if this is desired accordingly.
- the first control element at least approximately compensates for an output current ripple of the clocked voltage converter (ie a ripple of the output current IOUT) by the first control element in a loading state in which the output voltage Vout is greater (or significantly greater, for example) play at least 1V or at least 2V or at least 5V larger) than the input voltage Vin is, a current from the first output voltage node 1142 leads to the first input voltage node 1 132, which at least approximately follows the current ripple of the output current IOUT.
- a current ripple in the load current I I which is the difference between the output current IOUT of the clocked voltage converter 1 130 and the current I LR 3 by the first control element 1 150 results, at least approximately compensated.
- the voltage converter 1100 according to FIG. 11 is supplemented opti onal by all features, functionalities and details which are described here in the reference to the other voltage transformers.
- the corresponding features, functionalities and details can be recorded individually or in combination in the voltage converter 1100, for example.
- the voltage converter arrangement 400 is designed to provide an output voltage Vout for a load 420 based on an input voltage Vin and an input voltage source 410.
- the input voltage source 410 is connected, for example, between a first input voltage node 432 and a second input voltage node 434, wherein the second input voltage node 434 may have a reference potential.
- the load is connected between a first output voltage node 442 and a second output voltage node 444, wherein the second output voltage node 444 may have the reference potential, for example, and may be coupled to the second input voltage node 434 in a low-impedance manner, for example.
- Voltage transformer assembly 400 includes an up / down converter 430, which is typically a clocked voltage converter.
- An input of the buck-boost converter 430 is coupled to the first input voltage node, for example, and preferably (but not necessarily) to the second input voltage node 434.
- An output of the buck-boost converter 430 is coupled to the first output voltage node 442, for example
- the voltage converter assembly 400 includes a first regulator 450 connected between the first output voltage node 442 and the first input voltage node 432 and configured, for example, to receive a current from the first output voltage node 442 to the first input voltage node 432 (eg, when the potential at the first output voltage node 442 is higher than the potential at the first input voltage node 432).
- a second control element 460 is connected.
- the second regulator 460 is configured, for example, to feed a current from the first input voltage node 432 to the first output voltage node 442, for example when a potential of the first input voltage node 432 is higher than a potential of the first output voltage node 442.
- Voltage transformer arrangement 400 further includes a third control element 470 connected between first output voltage node 442 and second output voltage node 444.
- the third control element 470 is designed, for example, to conduct a current from the first output voltage node 442 to the second output voltage node 444, for example when a potential at the first Output voltage node 442 is higher than a potential at the second output clamping node 444.
- control elements which can be, for example, linear regulators or control transistors
- the control of the voltage converter arrangement can make the selection of the control element to be activated, for example, dependent on information about the relation between the input voltage and the output voltage.
- the controller may be designed to determine which of the control elements has a lowest possible (but still sufficient) voltage drop in order to be able to compensate the output current ripple of the clocked voltage converter 430.
- N so it is most energy efficient when the first control element 450 a current from the first output voltage node 442 towards the first input voltage node 432 dissipates (depending as long as a voltage across the first control element 450 is sufficiently large to operate the control element effectively can). If the output voltage example, approximately equal to the input voltage, for example, the voltage across the first control element 450 and the voltage across the second control element 460 is too small to a sufficient current flow or a sufficiently good control by the first control element 450 or the second control element 460 to achieve.
- control transistors used as the control element often do not operate satisfactorily when a collector-emitter voltage or drain-source voltage is smaller than a certain voltage value (eg, 1V or 2V or 3V or 5V) ,
- a certain voltage value eg, 1V or 2V or 3V or 5V
- the first regulator 450 may not operate (as typically it only allows current flow or regulation when the output voltage is greater than the input voltage). Rather, in this case typically the second control element 460 and / or the third control element 470 are used to compensate for the output current ripple, the decision as to which of these control elements are activated, typically by the controller, depending on a relation between the input voltage and the output voltage is set.
- the second regulator 460 (but typically not the third regulator 470) is activated to pass a current from the first input voltage node 432 to the first output voltage node 442 to the output current ridge i of the output current IOUT of the clocked voltage converter 430 (at least partially).
- a voltage drop across the second crizele element 460 is typically smaller than a voltage drop across the third control element 470, so that the power loss across the second control element 460 is smaller than the power loss across the third control element 470 would be.
- the output voltage is "significantly" less than half the input voltage (for example at least 10% smaller or at least 20% smaller or at least 30% smaller, or at a certain voltage value, for example 1 V or 2V or 5V, smaller)
- third control element 470 is activated (but not second control element 460) to divert current from first output voltage node 442 to second output voltage node 444, thereby at least partially augmenting the current ripple of output voltage IOUT of clocked voltage converter 430 compensate.
- a voltage drop across the third control element 470 is significantly smaller than a voltage drop over the second control element 460, so that a power loss in the third re gelelement 470 is smaller than a power loss in the second control element 460 would be.
- the controller of the voltage converter arrangement can decide, for example, that the second control element 460 and the third control element 470 are to be activated alternately during a switching period of the clocked voltage converter.
- the control of the voltage converter arrangement, the clocked voltage converter for example, drive so that the output current IOUT (due to the Eatstromrippeis) during a switching period of the clockedderswand lers 430 temporarily larger than a (during said switching period) required by the load current l L and temporarily smaller than a current required by the load (during said switching period).
- the second control element 460 may for example supply a current from the first input voltage node 432 to the first Output voltage node 442 out so that the supplied to the load current l L (which here is the sum of IOUT and ILRI) corresponds to the current required by the load.
- the third regulator 470 may receive a current from the first output voltage node 442 derive the second output voltage node 444.
- the current L supplied to the load which results as the difference between the output current IOUT of the clocked voltage converter 430 and the current R 2 flowing through the third control element 470, has a desired current value.
- both the second control element and the third control element become active within a switching period of the clocked voltage converter, it can be achieved that the rms value of the current over the switching period is significantly smaller than if only one of the control elements would be active, thereby the power loss can be reduced.
- the current desired by the load be approximately halfway between a minimum value of the output current IOUT of the clocked voltage converter and a maximum value of the output current IOUT of the clocked voltage converter (based on one switching period).
- a tolerance of +/- 10% or +/- 20% or +/- 30% or of a given voltage value for example, +/- 1 V or +/- 2V or +/- 5V
- the control of the voltage converter arrangement can therefore control the clocked voltage converter 430 accordingly when the controller detects that the output voltage is approximately equal to one half of the input voltage.
- the three control elements 450, 460, 470 in various loading operating states of the voltage converter by the control of the voltage converter can be activated ak.
- the three control elements 450, 460, 470 in various loading operating states of the voltage converter by the control of the voltage converter can be activated ak.
- not all three crizele elements must be present if certain relations between the input clamping voltage and the output voltage in the concrete realization of the voltage converter are not provided or do not occur.
- voltage transformer assembly 400 may be supplemented with all features, functionalities, and details described herein, both individually and in combination.
- Fig. 5 shows a circuit diagram of a voltage converter assembly 500, according to an embodiment of the present invention Auss.
- the voltage converter assembly 500 is configured to receive an input voltage V IN from an input voltage source 510 and to provide an output voltage V OUT for a load 520 R L based thereon.
- the input voltage source 510 is connected between a first input voltage node 532 and a second input voltage node 534.
- the load 520 is connected between a first output voltage node 542 and a second output voltage node 544.
- the voltage converter arrangement 500 comprises a ZETA converter or ZETA converter 530 whose input is coupled to the first input voltage node 532 and the second input voltage node 534.
- An output of the ZETA converter is with the first output voltage node 542 and the second output voltage node 544 coupled (wherein the second input voltage node 534 and the second output voltage node 544, for example, have a low resistance and a reference potential).
- the voltage converter arrangement 500 comprises a first control transistor 550, which acts as a first control element.
- the first regulation transistor 550 is, for example, a PNP bipolar transistor whose emitter-collector path is coupled between the first output voltage node 542 and the first input voltage node 532.
- the emitter terminal of the first regulation transistor 550 is coupled to the first output voltage node 542, and the collector of the first regulation transistor 550 is coupled to the first input voltage node 532.
- a base terminal of the first Re geltransistors 550 is driven for example by a controller, as example, with regard to the other embodiments will be described.
- Voltage transformer assembly 500 further includes a second control transistor 560 that acts as a second control element.
- the second control transistor 560 is, for example, a PNP bipolar transistor, wherein an emitter-collector path is connected between the first input voltage node 532 and the first output voltage node 542.
- the emitter terminal of the second regulation transistor 560 is coupled to the first input voltage node 532, and the collector of the second regulation transistor 560 is coupled to the first output voltage node 542.
- a base connection of the second control transistor 560 is triggered, for example, by a control or by a control circuit, as described in greater detail in the other exemplary embodiments.
- the first regulation transistor 550 may, for example, carry a current from the first output voltage node 542 to the first input voltage node 532 and that the second regulation transistor 560 may carry a current from the first input voltage node 532 to the first output voltage node 542.
- the voltage converter arrangement 500 further comprises a third control transistor 570, which acts as a third control element.
- the third control transistor 570 is, for example, a PNP bipolar transistor whose collector-emitter path is connected between the first output voltage node 542 and the second output voltage node 544.
- a collector terminal of the third regulation transistor 570 is coupled to the first output voltage node 542, and an emitter terminal of the third one Control transistor 570 is coupled to the second output voltage node 544.
- a base terminal of the third control transistor 570 is driven, for example, by a control or by a control circuit, for example, as described in more detail in the other embodiments.
- the third regulation transistor 570 may derive a current from the first output voltage node 542 to the second output voltage node 544.
- the ZETA converter 530 includes an input side switch 535a connected between the first input voltage node 532 and a first inner node 536.
- a first inductor or coil 537a is connected between the first inner node 536 and the second input voltage node 534.
- the ZETA converter 530 includes a capacitor (or capacitor) 537b connected between the first inner node 536 and a second inner node 538.
- the ZETA converter 530 further includes a diode 539a connected between the second input voltage node 534 and the second inner node 538, wherein an anode is coupled to the second input voltage node 534 and a method is coupled to the second inner node 538 is.
- the ZETA converter 530 further includes a second inductor 539b coupled between the second inner node 538 and the first output voltage node 542.
- the first inductance 538a and the second inductance 539b are magnetically coupled, for example via a magnetic flux guide or via a common magnetic core.
- the input-side switch 535a of the ZETA converter is driven, for example, by a control or regulation circuit of the voltage converter arrangement, so that the zeta converter supplies a desired current IOUT to the first output voltage node 542 or so that the ZETA converter provides a desired output voltage between the output voltage nodes 542, 544.
- the voltage converter assembly 500 example can take over the functionality of the voltage converter 400, wherein the ZETA converter 530 can take the place of the up / down converter 430, where in the first control transistor 550 in place of the first Control element 450 may occur, wherein the second control transistor 560 take the place of the second control element 460 can, and wherein the third control transistor 570 can take the place of the third control element 470.
- the voltage converter assembly 500 may be supplemented with all features, functionalities, and details described herein with respect to the other voltage converter assemblies. These features, functionalities and details can be set in the voltage converter assembly 500 individually or in combination.
- the control transistors 550, 560, 570 in the voltage converter arrangement 500 can be driven in the same way as will be described in the light of the other voltage converter arrangements.
- FIG. 6 a shows a circuit diagram of a voltage converter arrangement 600, according to an exemplary embodiment of the present invention.
- the voltage converter arrangement 600 according to FIG. 6a is similar to the voltage converter arrangement 500 according to FIG. 5, so that identical features, functionalities and details will not be explained again here.
- the voltage converter assembly 600 is configured to receive an input voltage V IN from an input voltage source 610 and to provide an output voltage VOUT to a load 620.
- the input voltage source is connected between a first input voltage node 632 and a second input voltage node 634.
- the load is connected between a first output voltage node 642 and a second output voltage node 644.
- the voltage converter arrangement 600 comprises a ZETA converter or ZETA converter 630 whose internal structure corresponds to the structure of the ZETA converter 530.
- the ZETA converter 630 is also connected in the same manner to the input voltage source 610 and the load 620 and to the input voltage nodes 632, 634 and the output voltage nodes 642, 644, respectively, as the ZETA converter 530 with the associated input voltage source 510, the associated one Load 520 and associated input voltage nodes 532, 534 and associated output voltage nodes 542, 544.
- the voltage converter arrangement 600 further comprises a first regulation transistor 650, which corresponds to the first regulation transistor 550 in terms of the interconnection.
- the voltage converter assembly 600 further includes a second control transistor 660, with respect to corresponds to the interconnection of the second control transistor 560.
- the voltage converter arrangement 600 further comprises a third control transistor 670, which corresponds to the third control transistor 570 with regard to the circuit.
- the voltage converter assembly 600 includes (optionally) an output voltage divider with voltage divider resistors 672, 674.
- the output voltage divider having the voltage divider resistors 672, 674 is between the first output voltage node 642 and the second output voltage node 644 connected, wherein at a tap 673 of the output voltage divider a divided output voltage vout is applied.
- the voltage converter assembly 600 further includes a current measuring device 676 (for example, a current measuring resistor in conjunction with a measuring amplifier or a Hall sensor-based current measuring device or other Strommesseinrich device) which is designed to a sum of the through the control transistors 650, 660, 670 to the first Output voltage node 642 (for example, taking into account a sign, so taking into account the fact that the first control transistor 650 and the third control transistor 670 conduct a current away from the first output voltage node) and thus to obtain a current measurement signal ireg, this (signed ) Describes the sum of the currents passed through the regulation transistors 650, 660, 670 to the first output voltage node 642.
- a current measuring device 676 for example, a current measuring resistor in conjunction with a measuring amplifier or a Hall sensor-based current measuring device or other Strommesseinrich device
- the current measuring device 676 is generally speaking designed to detect how large the current passed through the control transistors 650, 660, 670 toward the first output voltage node (or the current passed through said control transistors from the first output voltage node) in sum, where, for example, an indication of the current sense signal ireg can describe whether (in sum) a current is passed to the first output voltage node 642 through the control transistors 650, 660, 670, or through the control transistors 650, 660, 670 (in total) a current is dissipated from the first output voltage node.
- the output voltage signal vout and the current measurement signal ireg can be used, for example, in a regulation of the voltage converter arrangement 600, as will be explained below, for example.
- the output voltage signal vout can be used in conjunction with the current measurement signal ireg in order, on the one hand, to control the input-side switch to drive the ZETA converter 630 and on the other hand, the control transistors 650, 660, 670 to control.
- the control function 680 is designed, for example, to obtain a voltage reference or reference voltage information Vref, the (scaled-down) output voltage signal vout and the current measurement signal ireg. Furthermore, the control function 600 is also designed to obtain current offset information I1 indicating, for example, whether a mean output current of the ZETA converter (or generally a clocked voltage converter) is larger, smaller, or equal (for example, during a switching period) should be a desired load current.
- the control of the voltage converter arrangement for example, the current offset information ly depending on an operating state of the voltage converter arrangement, for example, depending on a re lation between the input voltage and the output voltage set.
- the strobe offset information may also indicate how much a center output current of the pulsed voltage converter should be greater or less than a desired load current.
- the current offset information ly may also indicate how large the current supplied by the control transistors to the first output voltage node should be on average (or effective or maximum) and whether current is to be supplied through the control transistors the node should be guided to the first output voltage or whether a current should be dissipated by the control transistors from the Ers th output voltage node.
- the control function 680 includes, for example, a linear regulator controller 682, which receives, for example, the reference voltage Vref, the output voltage signal vout, and optionally also the current offset information ly, and based thereon provides control signals 682a, 682b, 682c for linear amplifiers 683a, 683b, and 683c ,
- a first control signal 682a activates a first linear amplifier 683a whose output signal 684a drives, for example, a second control element or a second regulation transistor 560 (LR1) (for example, serves as the base drive signal).
- LR1 second regulation transistor 560
- a second control signal 682b supplied by the linear regulator controller 682 controls, for example, a second linear amplifier 683b, whose output signal 684b drives, for example, the third control transistor or the third control element 570 (LR2) (for example, serves as a base drive signal).
- a third control signal 682c provided by the linear regulator controller 682 controls a third linear amplifier 683c whose output signal 684c, for example, drives a first control transistor or a first control element 550 (for example, serves as a base drive signal).
- the control function 680 further comprises a regulator 685, which receives, for example, the current measuring signal ireg, and further a combination input signal 685a, for example, by subtracting the second control signal 682b and the third control signal 682c from the first control signal 682a (by the linear regulator controller 682 delivered) arises.
- the linear regulator 685 further provides a drive signal 685b for a pulse width modulation modulator gate driver 686 which, for example, drives a control connection (eg a gate connection) of the input-side switch 535a of the ZETA converter ( For example, assume that the input side switch 535a of the ZETA converter is formed by a field effect transistor having a gate terminal.
- control transistors 684a, 684b, 684c are provided for the control transistors, for example, in such a way that the output voltage (represented by the output voltage signal vout) reaches a desired value (for example by the voltage reference or voltage reference) is represented by the reference voltage Vref).
- the linear regulator control 682 can decide, for example based on information about the operating state or based on information about a relation between the input voltage and the output voltage, which of the control elements or which of the control elements should be fourth or should be acti.
- the control function 680 may further regulate the control of the (eg input side) switch of the switching voltage converter so that a represented by the current measurement signal ireg current has a desired setpoint or a ge desired setpoint comes as close as possible, the setpoint, for example, by the power offset Information ly is represented.
- the controller 685 can (optionally) take into account the control signals 682a, 682b, 682c.
- control function 680 It should be noted that details regarding the functionality of the control function 680 will be described below.
- control function 680 can be used, for example, in conjunction with other types of clocked voltage transformers, and not only in ZETA converters.
- control elements can of course also be implemented by a different type of transistors, for example, by transistors that are complementary to the transistors shown or by field effect transistors. The type of transistor used in each case, for example, by the expert in the generation of the corresponding An Vilsig signals are readily taken into account.
- the voltage transformer arrangement 600 and the control function 680 can optionally be supplemented by all the features, details and functionalities which are also explained herein with regard to other voltage transformer arrangements or control functions or control functionalities.
- the corresponding features, functionalities and details, for example, individually or in combination for the order according to FIGS. 6a and 6b are taken.
- Fig. 6c shows a circuit diagram of a voltage converter assembly 688, according to an embodiment of the present invention Auss.
- the voltage converter arrangement 688 is similar to the voltage converter arrangement 600 according to FIG. 6, so that identical or equivalent components are not explained again, but reference is made to the above explanations.
- an NPN control transistor 660 is used as the second control transistor.
- a collector terminal is coupled to the first input voltage node 632, and an emitter terminal is coupled to the first output voltage node 642 (via the current measuring device 676).
- an NPN regulation transistor 670 instead of an NPN regulation transistor 670 as the third regulation transistor, in the voltage converter arrangement 688 a PNP regulation transistor 670 'is used as the third regulation transistor.
- An emitter terminal is coupled (via the current measuring device 676) to the first output voltage node 642, and a collector terminal is coupled to the second output voltage node 644.
- the voltage converter arrangement 688 further comprises a differential amplifier 689 whose inverting input (-) is coupled, for example, to the first output voltage node 642 so that the output voltage (or alternatively a scaled version thereof) at the inverting input of the differential amplifier or Regulating amplifier is applied.
- a reference voltage or a reference voltage signal Vref which describes, for example, a desired value of the output voltage VOUT (ie the voltage to be supplied to the load 620).
- An output of the differential amplifier 689 is for example coupled via a switch 690 with base terminals of the control transistors or coupled.
- the output of the differential amplifier 689 is coupled in a first switching state of the switch 690 to the Basisan circuit of the second control transistor 660 ', in a second switching state of the switch 690 with the base terminal of the third control transistor 670' and in a third switching state with a base terminal of
- the switch 690 by appropriate control of the switch 690 (for example, by control of the voltage converter arrangement 688) it can be determined which of the three control transistors 650, 660 ', 670' is to be activated. This switching can be determined, for example, depending on an operating state of the voltage converter arrangement 688, for example, depending on a relation between the input voltage V I and the output voltage VOUT, by the controller.
- the voltage converter arrangement is designed to regulate the voltage applied to the load 620 by a corresponding drive of the control transistors 650, 660 ', 670' to a desired value (for example defined by Vref).
- a desired value for example defined by Vref.
- the regulation takes place in that, for example-depending on the switch position of the switch 690-the first control transistor or the third control transistor 670 'is brought into a conductive state when the output voltage is too high (greater than the desired value).
- the differential amplifier 689 supplies, for example, a drive signal to the base terminal of the first regulation transistor 650 or the second regulation transistor 670 'whose potential is below the potential applied to the first output voltage node 642, whereby the PNP Control transistors 650 and 670 '(depending on the switch position of the switch 690) are placed in the conductive state and a current from the first output voltage node 642 dissipate. This reduces the output voltage VOUT. If, on the other hand, the output voltage VOUT is too low (smaller than the desired value), the reference amplifier supplies a drive signal to the base terminal of the second control transistor 660 ', which is above the potential applied to the output voltage node 642. Thereby, the second regulation transistor 660 'is brought into a conductive state, and an additional current is passed through the second regulation transistor 660' to the first output voltage node 642, which leads to an increase of the voltage VOUT.
- the regulation of the clocked voltage converter 630 takes place, for example, as a function of the current measuring signal I re g (also denoted by ireg), which is obtained by the current measuring device 676.
- the voltage converter arrangement 688 comprises for this purpose a preferably hysteresis-related comparator 691, to whose non-inverting input (+) the current measurement signal i re g (or a signal derived therefrom) obtained by the current measuring device 676 is applied, and at whose inverting input (-) ) is set to a current offset value l y , which is set, for example, depending on an operating condition to a value greater than zero, a value equal to zero or a value less than zero, as will ing in the fol lowing explained.
- An output signal of the comparator 691 is used, for example, to control the (for example input side) switch of the clocked voltage converter (for example the switch 535a in the case of a ZETA converter or another switch in the case of another converter type) (for example, "hard”). or “binary” on and off).
- the switch of the clocked voltage converter for example the switch 535a in the case of a ZETA converter or another switch in the case of another converter type
- the input-side switch 535 of the ZETA converter can be realized by a field effect transistor, wherein a source terminal of the field effect transistor is coupled to the first input voltage node 632, wherein a drain terminal of the switching transistor is connected to the first internal node (for example, the node 536 of FIG. 5) is coupled and wherein a gate terminal to the output of the comparator 691 is coupled (or by the comparator 691 is driven directly or indirectly).
- the comparator thus switches the switch or switching transistor of the clocked voltage converter (for example, the input-side switch of the ZETA converter) depending on the current measurement signal i reg and depending on the (depending on the operating state) current offset value l y .
- the clocked voltage converter is regulated to provide more current when the current supplied to the first output voltage node 642 due to voltage regulation or voltage regulation by one of the control transistors (or by several of the control transistors). too large "(for example greater than a setpoint or greater than desired).
- the clocked voltage converter is controlled so that the ge supplied by the clocked voltage converter output current is reduced when the due to the voltage regulation or as part of the voltage regulation of the first output voltage node 642 by one of the control transistors (or by a plurality of control transistors) dissipated power too becomes large (ie becomes larger than a target value or becomes larger than a maximum desired value, for example).
- This control functionality is based on the consideration that the clocked voltage converter (for example on average) supplies too much current when the control transistors have to dissipate too much current from the first output voltage node in the context of the voltage regulation (for example, more than to compensate for the current ripple of the clocked voltage converter is required). Furthermore, the control concept is based on the consideration that the clocked voltage converter supplies too little power, if by the criztran transistors (or by one of the control transistors) in the context of the voltage control "too much" power to the first output voltage node 642 must be supplied (ie at For example, more than is required for the compensation of the Uberstromrippeis the clocked voltage converter).
- the switch of the clocked voltage converter can be efficiently controlled based on the supplied by the current measuring device 676 current pattern information ireg, since the current measurement information or the current measurement signal at a voltage regulation by the control transistors provides relevant information about whether the clocked voltage transformers (for example, on average) should deliver more or less power.
- control target for the ge by the control elements or control transistors supplied or discharged
- the control target which is defined for example by the signal applied to the inverting (-) input of the comparator 691, depending on the loading operating state.
- the control transistors it may be advantageous that only current is passed to the first output voltage node 642 through the control transistors or that only current is removed from the first output voltage node 642 by the control transistors (depending on which or which the control transistors in the respective operating state on most energy efficient work).
- the current supplied by the control transistors to the first output voltage node 642 be approximately zero on average (eg, over a switching period of the clocked voltage converter).
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter is greater than (or equal to) the output current of the clocked voltage converter, for example current value required by the load is (case A) or that the output current supplied by the clocked voltage converter during the entire switching period of the clocked voltage converter is less than or equal to the current required by the load (case C), or that the output current of the clocked voltage transformer during a switching period of the clocked voltage converter varies around the current required by the load around (case B).
- the voltage regulation can then take place by means of the most suitable regulating transistor (for example, that regulating transistor which has the lowest loss performance).
- voltage converter assembly 688 may be supplemented (optionally) with all of the features, functionalities and details described herein with respect to the voltage converter assemblies.
- Fig. 6d shows a circuit diagram of a voltage converter assembly 694, according to an embodiment of the present invention Auss approximately.
- control of the control transistors 650, 660 ', 670' is changed.
- the switch 690 is a switch 696 is used, the
- Output of the differential amplifier or control amplifier 689 in a first switching state simultaneously to the base terminals of the second control transistor 660 'and the third control transistor 670' applies and applies the output of the Differenzverstär amplifier or control amplifier 689 in a second switching state to the base terminal of the first control transistor 650 ,
- Such an approach is advantageous because the second control transistor 660 'and the third control transistor 670' are of complementary types so that they do not conduct simultaneously. Rather, the second control transistor 660 'becomes active when the output voltage of the differential amplifier 689 has a potential higher than the potential applied to the first output voltage node 642.
- the third control transistor 670 ' is conductive when the voltage applied to the output of the differential amplifier or control amplifier 689 output signal has a potential which is smaller than the knot 642 applied to the first output voltage potential.
- the voltage converter assembly 648 can be operated in a very simple manner in an operating mode in which, for example, within a switching period of the clocked voltage converter, both the second Re geltransistor 660 'and the third control transistor 670' to be active, without the switch 696 must be switched within the switching period of the clocked voltage converter.
- the switch 696 determines whether the first control transistor 650 is to become active (which, for example, typically only makes sense if the output voltage is greater than the input voltage), or if the second control transistor 660 'and / or the third control transistor 670 '(which is typically the case when the output voltage is not greater than the input voltage).
- the switch 696 can thus be brought into the first switching state, for example, by a control if the output voltage is not greater than the input voltage, and the switch 696 can be switched to the second switching state by a controller, for example, if the output voltage (for example by a sufficient amount that allows the control operation of the first control transistor 650) is greater than the input voltage.
- the voltage converter assembly 694 may optionally be supplemented with all of the features, functionalities, and details described herein with respect to the other voltage converter assemblies, both individually and in combination.
- the functionality of the voltage converter arrangement 688, 694 will be explained below with reference to Table 1 and with reference to FIGS. 7a, 7b and 7c.
- the embodiments can also be transferred to the other voltage converter arrangements.
- Fig. 7a shows a schematic representation of a Rippeistromkompensation the pulsewei tenmodul strivising converter (for example, the clocked voltage converter assembly 630) by the linear regulator LR1 (second control transistor) and LR2 (third control transistor), for example according to case 4 of Table 1, position B of switch Sl of FIG 6c.
- an abscissa 710 describes a time and an ordinate 712 describes a current.
- a first curve 720 describes an output current of the clocked voltage converter
- a second curve 722 describes a current through the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 (ie through the second control transistor 660 'and the third control transistor 670').
- a positive current contribution to the current through the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 is typically provided by the second regulator transistor 660 ', since this can supply current to the first output voltage node 642 while negatively contributing to the current through the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 are typically provided by the third regulation transistor 670 ', since this can derive a current from the first output voltage node 642.
- this current is typically provided by the second control transistor 660 'and at times similar to those in the curve 722 is negative by the linear regulators LR1 and LR2, this current typically flows through the third regulating transistor 670 '.
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter increases from a time t_start, reaches a desired load current Io at a time ti, reaches a maximum value at a time t 2 , and then decreases again.
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter again reaches the desired load current Io and then continues to drop until the time t 4 .
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter rises again and then "ripples" around the desired load current Io.
- the current through the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 increases to the value Io at the time t_start and then drops in the same way as the output current of the clocked voltage converter 720 increases.
- the current through the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 increases to the value Io at the time t_start and then drops in the same way as the output current of the clocked voltage converter 720 increases.
- the current through the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 reaches a minimum (a local maximum) at time t 2 and then rises again to positive values.
- the current through the linear regulator LR1 and LR2 to zero and at time t 4 he reaches (local) maximum.
- the current through the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 fluctuates around a zero value, that is to say temporarily positive and temporarily negative.
- the current through the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 is "mirror-inverted" or "complementary" to the current ripple of the output current of the pulsed voltage converter.
- the sum of the output current of the clocked voltage converter and the current through the linear regulator LR1 and LR2 from the time t_start is approximately equal to the desired load current Io.
- the current through the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 compensates (at least approximately) deviations of the output current of the clocked voltage converter from the desired load current Io and, in particular, also the output current ripple of the clocked voltage converter 630.
- the operating mode according to FIG it makes sense if the output voltage is approximately equal to half the input voltage. This corresponds to the case 4 shown in Table 1.
- the clocked voltage converter is regulated, for example, such that the current through the linear regulators LR1 and LR2 is approximately equal to zero on the average, since this achieves the result that both the linear regulator LR1 (second control transistor 660 ') as well as the linear regulator LR2 (third control transistor 670') become active.
- Fig. 7b shows a Rippeistromkompensation of the PWM converter by the linear regulator LR1 (second control transistor 660 '), for example according to case 3 according to Table 2, position A of switch Sl of Fig. 6c.
- An abscissa 730 describes the time, and an ordinate 732 describes a current.
- a first curve 740 describes an output current of the clocked voltage converter, and a second curve 742 describes a current through the linear regulator LR1.
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter for example, starting at the time t_start, up to the time tio increases and reaches the desired load current Io, for example, at time t-io.
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter then drops, for example, until the time tu and reaches a (local) minimum at the time tu.
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter then rises again up to the time ti 2 and again reaches the desired output current at time ti 2 .
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter on a ripple, but remains, for example, smaller or at most equal to the desired load current Io.
- the current through the linear regulator LR1 rises to the value of the desired load current Io at the time t_start and then drops until the time tio in the same way as the output current of the clocked voltage converter increases. At the time tio he reaches the current through the linear regulator LR1 a minimum and is for example 0. In response, the current through the linear regulator LR1 rises again until the time tu, and then drop again until the time ti 2 .
- a sum of the output current of the clocked voltage converter and of the current through the linear regulator is, for example, approximately equal to the desired load current Io.
- the current through the linear regulator thus follows, for example, "mirror-image” or “complementary” the fluctuations or the ripple of the output current of the clocked voltage converter.
- the current through the linear regulator LR1 is always positive.
- the clocked voltage converter is controlled, for example, so that its output current is less than or equal to the desired load current Io. This is in turn achieved, for example, by a suitable choice of the offset current value Ig (Ig greater than zero).
- the clocked voltage converter is regulated in the said operating state by setting a suitable offset current value Ig such that the current required for the regulation of the load voltage VOUT (which is supplied by the regulating transistors 650, 660 ', 670') is always ( or at least on average) is greater than zero, thereby enabling the current required to control the output voltage VOUT to be supplied by the second control transistor 660 '(LR1).
- Fig. 7c shows a Rippeistromkombination of the PWM converter by linear regulator LR2 or LR3, for example, according to cases 1, 2 and 5 according to Table 1, position C of switch Sl of Fig. 6c.
- An abscissa 750 describes the time, and an ordinate 752 describes the current.
- a first curve 760 describes the output current of the clocked voltage converter 630 and a second curve 762 describes the current through the linear regulators LR2 and LR3 (typically only one of the linear regulators LR2 or LR3 is active, namely the linear regulator LR3, depending on the operating state of the voltage converter arrangement. if the output voltage is greater than the input voltage, and otherwise linear regulator LR2 (unless using LR1 or using a combination of linear regulators LR1 and LR2 is more advantageous). As can easily be seen in FIG.
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter increases starting at the time t_start and reaches the desired load current Io at a time t 20 .
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter then continues to increase until a time t 2i and reaches a (local) maximum at the time t 2i .
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter falls until the time t 22 again and reaches at time t 22 a (local) minimum, the example, equal to the desired load current Io.
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter shows a ripple-prone curve, but preferably always remains greater than or equal to the desired output current Io.
- the linear arrays LR2 and LR3 typically can not supply current to the first output voltage node, since the linear regulators LR2 and LR3 can typically only dissipate one current from the first output voltage node .
- the current profile between the times t_start and t_20 can be achieved, for example, by the assistance of the linear regulator LR1.
- the current profile between the mentioned time points could also be different, so that, for example, the current supplied to the load in the mentioned time period is smaller than the desired load current Io.
- the current through the linear regulator LR2 or LR3 "mirror image" or “complementary” follows the ripple of the output current of the clocked voltage converter, so that the current through the Linearreg LR2 and LR3 the Touchstromrippei the clockedactswandiers at least partially compensated.
- the output current of the clocked voltage converter (preferably permanently, but at least in the middle) is greater than the desired load current Io.
- the desired load current is achieved by the linear regulator LR2 or LR3 typically dissipates only a current from the first output voltage clamping node.
- the corresponding control is achieved, for example, by setting the offset current value Ig to a value less than zero. This can be seen for example in Table 1.
- the regulation of the output voltage to a setpoint value ensures that (for a given load having a predetermined relationship between current and voltage), a load current also has a desired value.
- the corresponding regulation by a re gelelement which is selected according to the operating state or also by two control elements (typically LR1 and LR2) selected according to the operating state, wherein, for example, the pulsed voltage converter is regulated as a function of the operating state or depending on the selected control element in that the appropriately selected control element can take over the control.
- the clocked voltage converter is controlled so that the current required for regulation by the selected control element is positive so far as the selected control element can supply the current to the first output voltage node, and that the current required for regulation by the selected control element is negative if the selected control element can dissipate a current from the first output voltage node. If, however, two control elements are used for the control, which alternately conduct a current to the first output voltage node or dissipate a current from the first output voltage node, then the clocked voltage converter is regulated such that the corresponding operating state results.
- FIG. 8 shows a circuit diagram of a linearly assisted buck converter for about 30 watts, according to an embodiment of the present invention.
- the voltage converter assembly 800 of FIG. 8 is configured to receive an input voltage from an input voltage source 810 and to provide an output voltage for a load 820.
- the voltage source 810 is connected between a first input voltage node 832 and a second input voltage node 834.
- the load is connected between a first output voltage node 842 and a second output voltage node 844.
- Voltage transformer assembly 800 includes a clocked voltage converter 830, which is a buck converter.
- the voltage converter arrangement 800 comprises a second control transistor 860, which is an NPN bipolar transistor.
- a collector terminal of the second regulating transistor 860 is coupled to the first input voltage node, and an emitter terminal of the second regulating transistor 860 is coupled to the first output clamping node 842.
- the voltage converter arrangement further comprises a third Control transistor 870, which is a PNP bipolar transistor. An emitter terminal of the third regulation transistor 870 is coupled to the first output voltage node 842, and a collector terminal of the third regulation transistor 870 is coupled to the second output voltage node.
- a first control transistor may also be added to the voltage converter arrangement, which may be designed, for example, to conduct a current in a controllable manner from the first output voltage node 842 to the first input voltage node 832.
- This may be, for example, a bipolar transistor.
- the first control transistor may, for example, correspond to the first control transistor 650 according to FIGS. 6a to 6d.
- a control of the control terminals or base terminals of the control transistors 860, 870 is not shown here, but can for example be done in the same manner as described in the other voltage converter assemblies.
- the Buck converter includes an input side switch 835a connected in series with an input side resistor 835b between the first input voltage node 832 and an internal node 836.
- the resistor 835b is to be regarded as optional.
- the buck converter further includes a diode 837a connected, for example, in series with a bias source 837b between the second input voltage node 834 and the internal node 836, the anode being coupled to the second input voltage node via the bias source 837b, for example, and the cathode the diode 837a is coupled to the internal node 836.
- the buck converter further includes an inductor 838a connected in series with an output side resistor 838b (which is considered optional) between the internal node 836 and the first output voltage node 842.
- the input-side switch 835a may be, for example, a switching transistor such as a field effect transistor whose gate terminal is driven in a suitable manner.
- the triggering of the switch 835a can be carried out, for example, in the same way as the triggering of the input-side switch of the clocked voltage converter 630.
- the control of the control transistors 860, 870 (or of the additional first control transistor, which are optionally used can) can be realized for example in the same manner as has been described in the voltage converter assemblies of FIGS. 6a to 6d.
- voltage converter arrangement 800 according to FIG. 8 can optionally be supplemented with all the features, functionalities and details described herein also with regard to the other voltage converter arrangements, both individually and in combination.
- FIG. 8b shows a circuit diagram of a linearly assisted ZETA converter for about 30 watts, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the voltage converter assembly 800 is configured to receive an input voltage from an input voltage source 810 and provide an output voltage for a load 820.
- the input voltage source is connected between a first input voltage node 832 and a second input voltage node 834.
- the load 820 is connected between a first output voltage node 842 and a second output voltage node 844, wherein the second input voltage node 834 and the second output voltage node 844 may be connected in a low-impedance manner and may, for example, carry a reference potential.
- Voltage transformer assembly 800 further includes a clocked voltage converter 880, which is, for example, a ZETA converter.
- a clocked voltage converter 880 which is, for example, a ZETA converter.
- an input of the clocked voltage converter is coupled to the first input voltage node 832 and the second input voltage node 834
- an output of the clocked voltage converter is coupled to the first output voltage node 842 and the second output voltage node 844, for example.
- the voltage converter assembly 800 includes, for example, a first regulating transistor 850, which may act as a first regulating element, and which is, for example, a PNP bipolar transistor whose emitter terminal is coupled to the first output clamping node 842 and whose collector terminal is connected to the collector terminal, for example first input voltage node 832 is coupled.
- the voltage converter arrangement further comprises a second control transistor 860, which is second, for example Can act regulating element and which may be, for example, a PNP bipolar transistor whose emitter terminal is coupled to the first input clamping voltage node 832 and whose collector terminal voltage node with the first output 842 is coupled.
- the voltage converter arrangement further comprises a third control transistor 870, which is, for example, an NPN bipolar transistor acting as a third control element, whose collector terminal is coupled to the first output voltage node 842 and whose emitter terminal is coupled to the second output voltage node 844 is coupled.
- a third control transistor 870 which is, for example, an NPN bipolar transistor acting as a third control element, whose collector terminal is coupled to the first output voltage node 842 and whose emitter terminal is coupled to the second output voltage node 844 is coupled.
- control of the base terminals of the control transistors 850, 860, 870 it should be noted that the control can be carried out, for example, as was also explained with regard to the voltage converter arrangements according to FIGS. 6a to 6d (with the person skilled in the art common adjustments, for example, to the type of control transistor, can be made by, for example, the drive signal is inverted or implemented in the level).
- the ZETA converter includes, for example, input side switch 885a, which is connected, for example, in series with an (optional) resistor 885b between the first input voltage node 832 and a first internal node 886.
- the ZETA converter 880 further includes a first inductor 887a, for example, connected in series with an (optional) resistor 887b between the internal node 886 and the second input voltage node 834.
- the ZETA converter 880 further includes a capacitor or capacitor 887c, for example, connected in series with an optional resistor 887d between the first internal node 886 and a second internal node 888.
- the ZETA converter 880 further includes a diode 889a connected, for example, in series with a bias source 889b between the second input voltage node 834 and the second internal node 888, wherein an anode of the diode is coupled to the second input voltage node 834 via the bias voltage source 889b and wherein a cathode of the diode 889a is coupled to the second internal node 888.
- the ZETA converter 880 further includes a second inductor 889c connected in series with an associated (optional) resistor 889d between the second internal node 888 and the second output voltage node 842.
- the first inductance 887a and the second inductance 889c are, for example, fluxically or magnetically coupled, for example, by being applied to a common magnetic core.
- FIG. 8b it should be pointed out that the component values shown therein are to be regarded as exemplary, and that the values can be adapted to the respective task in accordance with the usual knowledge of the person skilled in the art. Supplementary it should be noted that the shown in Fig. 8b (and in Fig. 8a) shown counterclaims, for example, can be omitted and, for example, were also used only for modeling losses.
- the voltage converter arrangement 880 according to FIG. 8b can optionally also be supplemented by all the features, functionalities and details described herein with regard to the voltage converter arrangement according to the invention, both individually and in combination.
- FIG. 10 shows a circuit diagram of a transformer-coupled cuk-converter combined with four linear regulators, according to one embodiment of the present invention.
- the voltage converter assembly 1000 is configured to receive an input voltage from an input voltage source 1010 coupled between a first input voltage node 1032 and a second input voltage node 1034.
- the voltage converter arrangement is configured to provide an output voltage to a load 1020 coupled between a first output voltage node 1042 and a second output voltage node 1044.
- the voltage converter assembly 1000 includes a transformer coupled cuk converter 1030, which is a clocked voltage converter.
- the voltage converter arrangement further comprises a first control transistor 1050, which is, for example, a PNP bipolar transistor, and acts as the first re gelelement.
- An emitter terminal of the first regulation transistor 1050 is, for example coupled to the first output voltage node 1042 and a collector terminal of the first control transistor 1050 is coupled to the first input voltage node 1032, for example.
- Voltage transformer arrangement 1000 further comprises a second control transistor 1060 (for example an NPN transistor), which for example acts as a second control element.
- An emitter terminal of the second regulation transistor 1060 is coupled, for example, to the first input voltage node 1032, and a collector gate of the second regulation transistor 1060 is coupled to, for example, the first output voltage node 1042.
- Voltage transformer arrangement 1000 further comprises a third control transistor 1070, which is, for example, an NPN bipolar transistor and acts, for example, as a third control element.
- a collector terminal of the third regulator transistor 1070 is coupled to the first output voltage node 1042, and an emitter terminal of the third regulator transistor 1070 is coupled to the second output voltage node 1044, for example.
- the voltage converter arrangement 1000 further comprises a fourth control transistor 1080, which is, for example, an NPN bipolar transistor.
- a collector terminal of the fourth regulation transistor 1080 is coupled to the first input voltage node 1032, and an emitter terminal of the fourth regulation transistor 1080 is coupled to the second input voltage node, for example.
- an input of the transformer-coupled cuk converter 1030 is coupled to the first input voltage node 1032 and the second input voltage node 1034.
- An output of the transformer-coupled cuk converter 1030 is coupled, for example, to the first output voltage node 1042 and to the second output voltage node 1044.
- the second input voltage node 1034 and the second output voltage node 1044 may, for example, be coupled to one another in a low-impedance manner and, for example, may be based on a reference potential.
- the transformer-coupled Cuk converter 1030 has, for example, an input-side inductance or coil 1035a, which is connected between the first input voltage node 1032 and a first internal node 1036.
- Cuk converter 1030 also includes a switch 1037a coupled between first internal node 1036 and second input voltage node 1034, for example.
- the Cuk converter 1030 further includes a transformer 1037b, wherein a primary winding of the Transformer 1037 b is connected in series with a capacitor 1037 c between the first internal node 1036 and the second input voltage node 1034.
- a secondary winding of the transformer 1037b is connected, for example, in series with a capacitor 1037d between a second internal node 1038 and the second input voltage node 1034.
- the Cuk converter 1030 further includes a diode 1039a connected between the second internal node 1038 and the second input voltage node 1034. For example, one anode of the diode is coupled to the second input voltage node 1034 and a cathode to the second internal node 1038.
- the cuk converter 1030 further includes a second inductor 1039b, for example, between the second internal node 1038 and the first output voltage node 1042 is coupled.
- the first inductor 1035a may be magnetically coupled to the second inductor 1039b, for example by arranging the two inductances or coils on a common magnetic core.
- the first regulation transistor 1050, the second regulation transistor 1060 and the third regulation transistor 1070 can be driven, for example, in the same manner as described, for example, with regard to the voltage converter arrangements according to FIGS 6d and 8a and 8b has been described.
- the voltage converter arrangement 1000 also makes possible at least partial compensation of an input current ripple of the clocked voltage converter 1030, wherein here as well-depending on the operating state-the fourth regulation transistor or the fourth regulation element 1080 can also be used.
- a current from the first input voltage node 1032 to the second input voltage node 1034 may be dissipated by the fourth control element 1080, for example, if a current input current of the clocked voltage converter 1030 is less than desired (eg, less than a maximum current value within a switching diode of the clocked one Voltage converter 1030).
- a controller can decide, for example, which or which of the linear regulators is to be activated in order to detect fluctuations (eg a ripple) of the input current of the clocked voltage converter 1030 and / or fluctuations (eg. Ripple) of the output current of the clocked voltage converter 1030 (at least partially).
- the voltage converter 1000 can be operated in different operating states, wherein, for example, the output voltage can be greater or less than the input voltage.
- the voltage converter is equally capable, in the various operating states, of efficiently compensating for the input current ripple and / or the output current ripple of the clocked voltage converter 1030.
- cases 1 to 5 may be distinguished, depending on the relation between the input voltage and the output voltage, and the control of the voltage converter arrangement 1000 can then be the activated regulating transistors or linear regulators Select as shown in the cases 1 to 5 in Table 2.
- the functionality according to cases 1 to 5 corresponds to the functionality described above with regard to the voltage converter arrangements according to FIGS. 6a to 6b and 8a to 8b.
- a Rippeistromkombination done only for the input current of the clocked voltage converter 1030, so can be activated to be activated rule transistors or linear regulator according to the cases 6 to 10 of Table 2, for example, depending on the relation between the input voltage and the output voltage.
- that of the control transistors or linear regulators 1050, 1060, 1080 can be selected for a compensation of the input ripple from the said linear regulators a lowest voltage drop (and thus a lowest power loss) (if the voltage drop is suffi accordingly) ,
- the control becomes, for example, the fourth Control transistor 1080 (LR4) is selected for the compensation of the input current ripple, this control transistor deriving a current from the first input voltage node 1032 to the second input voltage node 1034.
- LR4 the fourth Control transistor 1080
- the output voltage is approximately equal to the input voltage, for example in a tolerance of at most 10% or at most 20% or at most 30%, or with a deviation that is less than or equal to a predetermined maximum voltage value, eg. B. is a volt or two volts or five volts, so also the fourth control transistor 1080 (LR4) is activated, since in this case the voltage drop across the first control transistor 1050 and via the second control transistor 1060 is too small to To be able to ensure a reliable control or sufficient current flow through the corresponding control transistor (case 7).
- a predetermined maximum voltage value eg. B. is a volt or two volts or five volts
- the controller preferably selects the first control transistor 1050 for the compensation of the input fins, this control transistor then supplying a current from the first Output voltage node 1042 leads to the first input voltage clamping node 1032, which follows, for example, approximately the input current of the clocked voltage converter 1030 (Case 8).
- the compensation of the input current for example, within a switching period of the clocked voltage converter take place alternately through the first control transistor 1050 and the fourth control transistor 1080 (Case 9).
- the first regulation transistor 1050 temporarily supplies a current to the first input voltage node 1032
- the fourth regulation transistor 1080 temporarily carries a current from the first input voltage node within the switching period of the clocked voltage converter 1030.
- This type of compensation of the populationsstromrippeis corresponds approximately to the Kom compensation of Truststromrippeis as explained with reference to FIG. 7a and offers similar advantages.
- the compensation of the input ripple is typically performed by the second control transistor 1060 (case 10), since the lowest voltage drops across this transistor.
- transistor 1060 conducts a current from first input voltage node 1032 to first output voltage node 1042, which current mirrors, for example, the input current ripple of clocked voltage converter 1030 (case 10).
- the voltage converter arrangement 1000 also permits a simultaneous compensation of both the input current ribs and the output current ribs. If such a compensation of both the input current ripple and the output current ripple is desired, then the controller can, for example, select between cases 11 and 17 as a function of the operating state of the voltage converter and activate the regulating transistors or linear regulators accordingly. Typically, or before given to compensate for both the matterssstromrippeis and the Stahlstrippels - depending on the operating condition or the relation between the input voltage and the output voltage - two linear regulators activated.
- the input voltage is approximately equal to the output voltage
- sufficient current can not flow through the first control transistor 1050 and the second control transistor 1060, for example, so that the compensation of the input current ripple occurs through the fourth control transistor 1080, and so that the compensation of the output current ripple by the third control transistor 1070 (case 12).
- the compensation of the input current ribs and of the output current ribs can be achieved, for example, by activating the second regulating transistor 1060 and the third regulating transistor 1070 (cases 11, 13 and 14). Under some conditions (shown, for example, in Table 2 in Cases 13 and 14), it may also be advantageous to achieve the compensation of the input current and the output current through the third regulation transistor 1070 and the fourth regulation transistor 1080 (see Case 13 and Figs Case 14). Which of the possible benefits is more advantageous, depends on the particular circumstances, for example, on the size and shape of the mattersstromrippeis or the Twistromrippeis from.
- the output voltage is greater than the input voltage, as example, the compensation of the possiblesstromrippeis and toaststromrippeis by activation of the first control transistor 1040 and the fourth control transistor 1080 suc conditions, as shown for example in cases 15 to 17.
- the compensation of the input ripple and output ripple can also be accomplished by the activation of the third control transistor 1070 and the fourth control transistor 1080 (as shown alternatively in cases 16 and 17, for example).
- a combination of control transistors or linear regulators is the most advantageous, often results from the specific circumstances, for example, the size of the matters, for example, the size of the Insstromrippeis and the toaststromrippeis.
- a first variable for example the output voltage
- a second setpoint value for example, the input current supplied by the input voltage source 1010
- a second control transistor for example, separate controls can be used to control, on the one hand, the second control transistor 1060 and, on the other hand, the third control transistor 1070.
- the second regulation transistor 1060 may be driven, for example, in cases 1 1, 13, and 14 to at least partially compensate the input current ripple, and the current supplied by the second regulation transistor 1060 to the first output voltage node 1042 may be directly or indirectly applied to drive the current third control transistor 1070, to compensate the Tonstromrippeis taken into account.
- the current supplied by the second regulation transistor 1060 to the first output voltage node 1042 may already contribute to the compensation of the output current ripple, so that in this case the third regulation transistor 1070 only has to take on a smaller proportion of current than if the second regulation transistor 1060 were inactive ,
- the first control transistor 1050 used who the to control the output voltage to a desired setpoint, wherein a current from the first output voltage node 1042 to the first input clamping voltage node 1032 is dissipated.
- Another regulator can then achieve the at least partial compen sation of propertiessstromrippeis for example by suitable control of the fourth control transistor 1080 (for example, by the by Current source 1010 supplied input current is regulated to a desired value).
- This control for compensating the input ripple may directly or indirectly take into account the current supplied by the first regulation transistor 1050 from the first output voltage node 1042 to the first input voltage node 1032.
- the voltage converter arrangement 1000 according to FIG. 10 enables compensation of the input current ripple and / or the output current ripple in completely different operating states (for example with quite different relation between input voltage and output voltage), and thus clearly with conventional solutions is superior.
- circuitry 1000 of FIG. 10 may optionally be supplemented with all features, functionality, and details as described herein with respect to the voltage converter assemblies.
- An embodiment of the invention is given for example by the basic Anord tion of an up / down converter, which can be preferably designed as a zeta converter, with two antiparallel linear regulators LR1 and LR3 of FIG. 4, where in addition (optional), a linear regulator LR2 is arranged above the load.
- the input voltage can be both larger and smaller than the output voltage.
- this arrangement provides the ability to increase the efficiency over a down converter with linear assistance by the minimum voltage drop between the output voltage and the input voltage is further reduced, and thus the power loss of the linear regulator is smaller.
- Fig. 5 shows a typical embodiment of the invention (embodiment) of all we sentlichen components.
- a zeta converter supplies the load RL from an input voltage Vin, and converts it either up or down to the desired output voltage.
- the linear regulators LR1, LR2 and LR3 are designed, for example, as fast bipolar transistors, where LR1 can supply a current from the input voltage to the load if the input voltage is greater than the output voltage and LR3 can supply a current from the output voltage to the input voltage, if the output voltage is greater than the input voltage, and LR2 preferably dissipates a current across the load when the output voltage is less than the difference between the input and output voltages, assuming that the input voltage is greater than the output voltage and downconverting.
- the zeta converter preferably consists of an active switch Q1, two magnetically coupled inductors L1 and L2, a passive switch D1 as a diode, and a small coupling capacitance C1, which is much smaller than a comparatively smoothing capacitance at the output from the suppression of the ripple a switching regulator.
- FIG. 6 shows the preferably (optional) function of the embodiment according to the invention according to FIG. 5.
- the output voltage Vout is compared via a proportional to her measured value vout with a desired setpoint vref and optionally to one or two of the three linear controller LR1, LR2 or LR3 via a fast controller ("Linear Regulator Controller” or “linear controller control” ) to regulate the output voltage by supplying a sufficiently large current to the load via LR1 or dissipating it via LR2 or LR3, and maintaining the output voltage at the targeted control value.
- Linear Regulator Controller or “linear controller control”
- Table 1 is shown as an example under which conditions LR1, LR2 and LR3 are activated preferably before.
- the ripple current of the PWM converter is compensated by denje nigen linear regulator, over which the lowest voltage drop is pending, so that the losses are minimized in the linear regulator, as these as a product of the voltage difference across the linear regulator and the rms of the ripple current of the red marked Curves are calculated in Figures 3b, 7a and 7b.
- the inductors L1 and L2 are dimensioned for example so that the zeta converter operates in continuous operation (CCM).
- CCM continuous operation
- FIG. 6c an implementation of the control function according to the invention in FIG. 6c is shown as an example.
- the switch SL By the switch SL, the output of the control amplifier Amp of the output voltage control is optionally switched to one of the linear regulator.
- the switching occurs, for example, depending on the case assignment in Table 1.
- the switch SL can be switched, for example, either to the clock of the drive signal of Q1 between tween LR1 and LR 2, ie the positions 1 and 2, or the positions 1 and 2 are electrically connected so that the switch is switched only between the two options "Position 3" and combined "Position 1 + 2", as shown in Figure 6d.
- the switch S1 is switched over to positive or negative current reference or to zero reference (positions A, B and C).
- the switch Q1 of Fig. 6a is preferably implemented in Figs. 6c and 6d as a high frequency switching MOSFET.
- CCM continual operation
- the zeta converter according to the invention has the advantage that the inductors L1 and L2 can be coupled, so that they can completely compensate the current ripple at least at one operating point without having to compensate for this via the linear regulator (magnetic coupling of the inductors as in FIG Figs. 5, 6a and 6c). At least outside this operating point, however, a current ripple occurs, which should or should be compensated by linear regulators.
- FIGS. 7a to 7c show preferred waveforms of the output current of the up-down converter according to the invention (blue curve), the linear regulator or a linear regulator (red curve) and the output direct current Io (black curve).
- the respectively preferred according to the invention curve is assigned to the cases 1 to 5 from Table 1 to.
- the comparator Komp switches the mosfet Q1 back to "off", as well as the linear regulator LR1 by switching SL to position 1, so that negative ripple current from L2 through LR1 l_reg> 0 is positively compensated (see Fig. 7a). As soon as the negative threshold of the hysteresis of Komp is reached, the comparator Komp switches on again.
- the electrical combination of the positions 1 and 2 as shown in Fig. 6d may be used. Then, the switch SL is not switched at high frequency in case 4 of Table 1. In the event that LR2 or alternatively LR3 are active (not both at the same time), the current ly is forwarded via the summation element as a negative reference to the controller of the switching regulator, ie position C of the switch S1 in FIG 6c set. In Fig. 6d, the switch SL is switched only in the two positions 3 (Case 5, Table 1) and in the position 1 + 2 (Cases 1 to 4, Table 1). The pulse width modulation (PWM) of the switching regulator then takes place via the module shown in Fig. 6b (PWM modulator, gate driver or gate driver) to control the switching transistor Q1, or in Fig. 6c via the hysteretic comparator Komp as described.
- PWM pulse width modulation
- AV Vout-Vin ⁇ AVmin can be switched from LR3 to LR2 only when there is a voltage difference.
- Embodiments are shown in FIG. 8a) for a typical buck converter and in FIG. 8b) for a zeta converter according to the invention, each providing an output current of 350 mA to a variable load, as is the case, for example, with LED strings , which are described here by RL.
- the input voltage of the buck converter should always be greater than the output voltage, and the output voltage is assumed to be variable, for example within the limits of 10 V to 80 V, at a constant load current.
- regulated or unregulated DC input voltage such as solar panel or battery with Discharge characteristic.
- the following typical parameters are used to assess the total losses, and thus the efficiency, as a comparison between the prior art and a erfindungsge MAESSEN execution:
- the winding losses of the inductance of the buck converter L1 are the same.
- the size of the inductance L1 of the buck converter and the coupled inductance L1 and L2 of the zeta converter are the same, which is expressed in a larger inductance value in the buck converter, as the current in the zeta converter in L1 is greater and requires more winding cross-section than in the buck converter.
- the intermediate capacitor C1 of the zeta converter is made as small as possible with a typical ESR loss component
- the two converters in size are the same size and comparable in terms of components. Both converters have no output smoothing capacitors, or have at the output at most additional RF filter capacitors which are less than or equal to the value of the intermediate capacitor C1 in the zeta converter and are not shown in the figure.
- the loss balance of the two converters is compared.
- the zeta converter has a higher efficiency with the same size in the green area, the buck Converter has a higher efficiency than the zeta converter in Be shown in red rich.
- the zeta converter is superior to the buck converter in efficiency in this embodiment as soon as the fluctuation width of the input voltage AVin is about half the output voltage.
- the egg ner approximate function of the form follows.
- the minimum voltage Vout_min with an advantageous improvement of the efficiency of the zeta converter according to the invention is the same effort and the same volume of the components compared to a Buck converter with about 10 watts output power reached.
- a further embodiment of the invention is a transformer-coupled Cuk converter as shown in FIG. 10.
- This has the disadvantage of a higher circuit complexity by an additional transformer, which keeps the polarity of the output voltage in the same direction as that of the input voltage to the same ground potential.
- this design has the additional advantage that the input current can also be compensated linearly.
- the embodiment in Fig. 10 thus allows a compensation of the current ripple of the output voltage by the linear regulator LR2 against the ground potential or by the regulator LR1 from the input voltage, if it is greater than the output voltage. If the output voltage is greater than the input voltage, the current ripple can be compensated by LR2 or LR3.
- the current ripple of the input voltage is compensated either against the ground potential by LR4 or LR3 if the output voltage is greater than the input voltage, or by LR1 if the output voltage is lower than the input voltage.
- this embodiment can also compensate either only the current ripple of the input voltage or the output voltage, or at the same time the current ripple of the input and the output voltage.
- FIG. 10 may be used for applications where either a ripple free current is to be taken from a source such as a battery, or where the input buffer capacitor is to be saved as well as the output buffer capacitor. This is especially useful if the input buffer capacitor can not be avoided because the input voltage would fluctuate due to current fluctuations at the input as well.
- FIG. 12 shows a flow diagram of a method 1200 of operating a clocked voltage converter arrangement having a clocked voltage converter and a first regulating element that is different between a first input voltage node other than a reference potential node and a first output voltage node different from a reference potential is, is switched.
- the method includes generating 1210 an output voltage based on an input voltage using a voltage converter such that an amount of the output voltage is greater than an amount of the input voltage.
- the method further comprises at least temporarily activating a current flow through the first control element in the event that an amount of the output voltage is greater than an amount of the input voltage to at least partially compensate for current fluctuations caused by the clocked voltage converter.
- the method 1200 may optionally be supplemented with all features, functionalities and details described herein also with respect to the voltage converter arrangements, both individually and in combination.
- the advantages of embodiments of the present invention are in particular that the advantages of a linearly-assisted switched mode power supply with down-converted voltage from the input to the load (linearly-assisted buck converters) are combined with an up-conversion of the voltage to the load.
- the advantages of the linearly-assisted buck converter are, for example
- the most important advantage of the invention is, for example, the possibility of voltage conversion in the upward and downward direction.
- the invention can only be circumvented by the effort over the fiction, contemporary circuit design is increased.
- the Vininduktivi ity of a switching power supply must always be connected directly to the load, or the input inductance are connected directly to the input voltage, while other compo elements can be inserted into the switching power supply. This is not usually economic and will negate the elementary cost of the efficiency improvement in the same construction, above all.
- the DC output voltage is preferably greater than the DC input voltage of the converter and at the same time can be preferably measured rippleoker DC at an output load, the output load is directly connected to an inductance of the transducer ver prevented, which can be easily detected visually and electrically.
- the DC input voltage may be greater than or less than or equal to the output voltage and a ripple-free DC current may be measured at the input, with the input source directly connected to an inductance of the transducer.
- the Circuit complexity correspond to that of an approximately equal power PWM converter and should not be significantly greater than such.
- the maximum potential of the output voltage (positive pole) should not be at ground or below the lowest potential of the input voltage (negative pole).
- the largest potential of the input voltage (plus pole) should also not be at ground or below the lowest potential of the output voltage (negative pole).
- the advantage of the invention for LED lighting applications is in a Unitedtreung or complete bypass of charging capacitors, thus increasing the life of the operating devices for LED to see.
- flicker-free or flicker-free operation is achieved by ideal DC current and ideal edge steepness of the PWM pulses for LEDs, ie a particularly high quality of light.
- the reliability of special LEDs such as UV-LED is also significantly increased by an ideal DC, while also any input voltage range can be selected or even an optimal voltage range of a battery or a rechargeable battery increases the level of efficiency.
- An example of a typical application is the LED flash on the smartphone, which is to be produced in an extremely small volume and still functions flawlessly even when the battery is low, by enabling an upward conversion of the battery voltage.
- the invention is used to avoid the buffer capacitors or to extremely reduce.
- the property of the zeta converter is used to boost the voltage from a solar panel to operate an inverter with mains voltage output.
- the solar inverter is thereby realized in a smaller volume by the volume-intensive buffer condensers can be saved. At the same time, this increases the life of the micro-inverter, since electrolytic capacitors usually fail first.
- Explosion-proof switching power supplies must be encapsulated very expensive and are reliable only up to a certain temperature. In the event of fire, electrolytic capacitors may fail or explode at high temperatures.
- the low overhead of a linearly-assisted converter and low additional losses in the linear regulators can be tolerated by allowing increased reliability and a significantly higher temperature without the power supply failing.
- the invention offers the possibility of supply from small or greatly decreasing supply voltages, which can not provide a linearly assisted buck converter, and by another boost converter (boost converter or upwards Converter, cuttlefish converter, conventional Cuk converter) with linear support can not be achieved with sufficiently high efficiency.
- boost converter boost converter or upwards Converter, cuttlefish converter, conventional Cuk converter
- one or more switching transistors of the switching regulators may be gallium nitride (GaN) transistors or silicon carbide (SiC) transistors.
- one or more diodes or rectifier diodes may be the switching regulator (eg, the clocked voltage converter) (or even all the diodes or rectifier diodes of the switching regulators), gallium nitride (GaN) diodes or silicon carbide (SiC) diodes. 15. Conclusions
- Embodiments according to the invention thus make it possible to use advantages of the switching regulator and of the linear regulator at the same time and to avoid their disadvantages in each case. Possible advantages are thus a high efficiency, the avoidance of large smoothing capacity, avoiding mains filters, a high control dynamics, ripple-free DC and ripple-free DC voltage at the output load or at the input source, and arbitrary selectable input voltage.
- Embodiments according to the present invention eliminate, in addition to all (or at least some) disadvantages, which are overcome by the conventional solutions to the described technical problem, in addition the restriction that the input voltage must be greater than the output voltage of the converter.
- a work area is opened by the invention, in which the con verter a better efficiency with the same geometric size of its compo th and can achieve only minor overhead on components as a down converter with linear assistance.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP17210520 | 2017-12-22 | ||
| PCT/EP2018/086789 WO2019122428A1 (de) | 2017-12-22 | 2018-12-21 | Spannungswandleranordnung und verfahren zum betrieb einer spannungswandleranordnung mit einem reglerelement, das zwischen einen ersten eingangsspannungsknoten und einen ersten ausgangsspannungsknoten geschaltet ist |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP3729622A1 true EP3729622A1 (de) | 2020-10-28 |
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| EP18825726.5A Pending EP3729622A1 (de) | 2017-12-22 | 2018-12-21 | Spannungswandleranordnung und verfahren zum betrieb einer spannungswandleranordnung mit einem reglerelement, das zwischen einen ersten eingangsspannungsknoten und einen ersten ausgangsspannungsknoten geschaltet ist |
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| WO (1) | WO2019122428A1 (de) |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2014006440A1 (en) * | 2012-07-06 | 2014-01-09 | Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. | Voltage regulator circuit and method therefor |
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| FR2991833B1 (fr) * | 2012-06-06 | 2015-12-18 | Valeo Sys Controle Moteur Sas | Circuit d'absorption d'une ondulation de puissance procede associe |
| US9256238B1 (en) * | 2013-05-10 | 2016-02-09 | Sridhar Kotikalapoodi | Method and apparatus for fast, efficient, low noise power supply using multiple regulators |
-
2018
- 2018-12-21 EP EP18825726.5A patent/EP3729622A1/de active Pending
- 2018-12-21 WO PCT/EP2018/086789 patent/WO2019122428A1/de not_active Ceased
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
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| WO2014006440A1 (en) * | 2012-07-06 | 2014-01-09 | Freescale Semiconductor, Inc. | Voltage regulator circuit and method therefor |
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