Classifications

• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K50/00—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals
  • A23K50/80—Feeding-stuffs specially adapted for particular animals for aquatic animals, e.g. fish, crustaceans or molluscs
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K10/00—Animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K10/20—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin
  • A23K10/22—Animal feeding-stuffs from material of animal origin from fish
• • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
  • A23—FOODS OR FOODSTUFFS; TREATMENT THEREOF, NOT COVERED BY OTHER CLASSES
  • A23K—FODDER
  • A23K20/00—Accessory food factors for animal feeding-stuffs
  • A23K20/10—Organic substances
  • A23K20/158—Fatty acids; Fats; Products containing oils or fats
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A40/00—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production
  • Y02A40/80—Adaptation technologies in agriculture, forestry, livestock or agroalimentary production in fisheries management
  • Y02A40/81—Aquaculture, e.g. of fish
  • Y02A40/818—Alternative feeds for fish, e.g. in aquacultures

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the field of aquaculture and feed for fish and crustaceans of breeding. Feeds used in the field of aquaculture are traditionally made from fish meal as a protein source.
• soybean meal It is known to use soybean meal, poultry by-product meal, wheat gluten, soy protein isolate, sorghum, rapeseed meal, and even peas as protein sources for feed for aquaculture.
• these ingredients are rather expensive and lend themselves poorly to a partial substitution of fish meal, due to their imbalance essential amino acids, limited amounts of highly unsaturated fatty acids, anti-nutritional factors and/or toxins.
• Com gluten meal is a by-product from the wet milling of com kernels to produce native starch.
• Com gluten meal normally contains 55-64% protein, 15-25% starch, 0-3% extractable lipid, and 0-3% crude fiber.
• com gluten meal is an underexploited by-product of the food industry, which production has a low impact on the environment and that also happens to be cheap.
• partial replacement of fish meal by com gluten meal alone led to a sharp decline in the survival and growth rates of the fed fish and/or crustaceans.
• An object of the invention is therefore to provide a feed for aquaculture based on fish meal comprising a cheap substitute to fish meal, which production is environment-friendly, and which has no significant impact on the rate of survival of the fed fish and/or crustaceans.
• a feed for aquaculture comprising fish meal, com gluten meal, and a source of docosahexaenoic acid.
• com gluten meal and docosahexaenoic acid has a synergistic effect which allows limiting the negative effects of com gluten meal taken alone on the survival and growth rates of fed fish and/or cmstaceans fed.
• the docosahexaenoic acid used in the feed according to the present invention is preferably obtained through algal biomass.
• a preferred way of obtaining the docosahexaenoic acid is thought whole cell powder of Schizochytrium sp., which is obtained through fermentation, followed by centrifugation to remove excess water and a further drying technology, such as spray drying .
• An example of obtaining Schizochytrium sp. biomass powder is mentioned in CN104968779A.
• the Schizochytrium sp. biomass contains at least 12% DHA.
• the feed for aquaculture according to the invention further comprises a source of arachidonic acid (ARA).
• ARA arachidonic acid
• the arachidonic acid used in the feed according to the present invention is preferably through the addition of the residue obtained after the cmde oil extraction of a dried and washed Mortierella alpine biomass cells.
• the Mortierella alpine biomass cells are obtained through fermentation followed by plate pressure filtration and a further drying technology, such as fluidized bed drying.
• the cmde oil was extracted from the dried biomass cells using solvent, such as hexanes, and the obtained oil high in ARA is further refined and used for ARA fortification in infant formula.
• the Mortierella alpine biomass residue after the cmde oil extraction normally contains 1-6% ARA and 30-40% protein, and hence it can also act as another protein source in the feed.
• Mortierella alpine biomass residue (a source of arachidonic acid and protein) also has an effect synergistic with the combined use of com gluten meal and docosahexaenoic acid. Indeed, Mortierella alpine biomass residue improves greatly the survival and growth rate of the fish and/or crustaceans fed by the feed according to the invention.
• Mortierella alpine biomass residue is a by-product of food industry and as such, it is very advantageous to use it and to value it.
• the ratio of Mortierella alpine biomass residue comprised in the present invention preferably ranges from 0 to 10% in weight.
• the feed for aquaculture according to the present inventions preferably comprises from 1% to 15 % in weight of com gluten meal.
• the feed for aquaculture according to the present inventions preferably comprises from 1% to 5% in weight of Schizochytrium sp. biomass.
• the feed for aquaculture according to the present inventions preferably comprises fish meal, such as Menhanden, Pern fish meal, and white fish meal.
• the feed for aquaculture according to the present inventions is preferably devoid of additional fish oil, such as Menhaden or fish liver oil, including cod liver oil.
• Another object of the present invention is a use of a feed for aquaculture according to the present invention to feed shrimps, preferably shrimps chosen amongst Penaeus monodon and Litopenaeus vannamei.
• Another object of the present invention is a use of a feed for aquaculture according to the present invention to feed fish, preferably fish chosen among Japanese seabass, gilthead seabream, Solea senegalensis, turbot, common carp, Paralichthys olivaceus, and puffer.
• Another object of the present invention is a use of a combination of com gluten meal and a source of docosahexaenoic acid as a substitute for fish meal, preferably for aquaculture.
• such combination can also comprise a source of arachidonic acid.
• Seven different samples of feeds were prepared in order to test the properties of the feeds according to the present invention, among which were two control compositions with low and high contents of fish meal.
• the protein content of the low fish meal control was compensated by adding com gluten meal.
• the major components of the ingredients were smashed and passed through an 80-mesh sieve (180 pm openings), and gradually mixed with the micro components (such as vitamins and minerals).
• the mixture was granulated using an electric meat grinder, dried at 80°C in an oven , smashed and passed through a 40-mesh sieve (425 pm openings) for feed at early growth stage and passed through a 20-mesh sieve (850 pm openings) for feed at latter growth stage.
• the feed samples were kept at 4°C until they were used, where they were mixed with water to obtain a dough consistency for feeding.
• the five other feeds comprised com gluten meal and different amounts of Schizochytrium mangrovei biomass as a source of DHA, which was obtained through fermentation, followed by centrifugation to remove excess water and spray drying as mentioned in CN104968779A.
• the Schizochytrium mangrovei biomass contained 12% DHA.
• the other ingredients were supplied by Hangzhou Haihuang Feed Development Co., Ltd., Hangzhou, China.
• Two groups further comprised Mortierella alpine biomass residue as a source of ARA, as per illustrated in Table 1.
• the Mortierella alpine biomass residue was obtained through, in sequence, fermentation, plate pressure filtration, fluidized bed drying, and finally solvent extraction.
• the Mortierella alpine biomass residue after the crude oil extraction contained 4% ARA and 36% protein.
• Chromic oxide (0.5%) was mixed with a 1 diets to determine apparent digestibility coefficients.
• one kilogram of vitamin mix contained vitamin A 100,000 IU, vitamin D 200,000 IU, tocopherol acetate 3 g, menadione 1 g, thiamine 0.5 g, riboflavin 1.5 g, nicotinic acid 4 g, Ca-pantothenate2.5 g, pyridoxine 0.8 g, vitamin B12 2 mg, folic acid 0.25 g, biotin 8 mg, and inositol 15 g.
• One kilogram of mineral mix contained Ca(H 2 P0 4 ) 2,600 g, KCr(S0 4 ) 20.55 g, CuC0 3 0.3 g, FeC 6 H 5 0 7 10 g, MgO 30 g, MnS0 4 3.5 g, C 6 H 5 K 3 0rH 2 0 220 g, KI 0.02 g, K 2 S0 4 52 g, NaCl 74 g, Na 2 SeO 30.02 g, and ZnC0 3 3 g.
• Table 2 shows the contents of crude proteins (CP), crude fat (EE or ether extract), crude ash, water and gross energy (GE) of the seven trial samples.
• GE was a calculated value and others were measured values.
• the water content was determined by drying method following GB /T 6435-2014.
• the crude ash content was determined at high temperature (550°C) following GB /T 6438-2007.
• the solutions were combined and then dried in a vacuum drying oven (DZF-6050; Boxun Industry & 5 Commerce Co., Ltd., Shanghai, China).
• the crude fat content was determined gravimetrically, and the lipids were resolubilized in 10 mL chloroform and stored at -20°C until further analysis.
• Table 3 shows the essential amino acid contents of the seven trial samples.
• the proteins in the feed samples were completely hydrolyzed using hydrochloric acid and the amino acid was analyzed using an automatic amino acid analyzer S- 433D (Sykam Co., Germany).
• the shrimps were fed thrice a day, at
• the feeding rate was adapted based on the weight of the shrimps (5-10%).
• Body weight gain per shrimp Final body weight gain - Initial body
• Feed conversion ratio Feed intake per shrimp/Body weight gain per
• Apparent digestibility coefficients (ADC) of dry matter, lipid, protein, and amino acids were analyzed and results are reported in Table 5.
• Chromic oxide (0.5%) was mixed with all diets to determine apparent digestibility coefficients.
• Fecal samples were collected via a siphonage approach every day during the final 3 weeks. Fresh excrements with intact envelops were selected, centrifuged (3,200 rpm at 6°C for 15 minutes), pooled, dried, and ground. Proximate (AO AC 1990) and chromic oxide analyses (Bolin et al. 1952) were performed on the feed and fecal samples.
• Schizochytrium sp. biomass and Mortierella alpine biomass residue used in the feed according to the present invention therefore improve the digestibility of crude fat, crude protein and essential amino acids, so as to make up for the shortcomings of com gluten meal in low fish meal feed.

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• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Polymers & Plastics (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Food Science & Technology (AREA)
• Animal Husbandry (AREA)
• Zoology (AREA)
• Marine Sciences & Fisheries (AREA)
• Biotechnology (AREA)
• Molecular Biology (AREA)
• Physiology (AREA)
• Biomedical Technology (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Insects & Arthropods (AREA)
• Birds (AREA)
• Fodder In General (AREA)
• Feed For Specific Animals (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Publications (1)

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ID=65010742

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Family Cites Families (6)

• 2017
  • 2017-12-20 CN CN201711385119.5A patent/CN109938193A/zh active Pending
• 2018
  • 2018-12-19 CN CN201880076034.5A patent/CN111386047A/zh active Pending
  • 2018-12-19 EP EP18833028.6A patent/EP3727018A1/en not_active Withdrawn
  • 2018-12-19 WO PCT/EP2018/085784 patent/WO2019121878A1/en unknown

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