EP3693687B1 - Adsorption cooling - Google Patents
Adsorption cooling Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3693687B1 EP3693687B1 EP20151979.0A EP20151979A EP3693687B1 EP 3693687 B1 EP3693687 B1 EP 3693687B1 EP 20151979 A EP20151979 A EP 20151979A EP 3693687 B1 EP3693687 B1 EP 3693687B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- working fluid
- gas
- sorption channel
- cooling
- housing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- 238000001179 sorption measurement Methods 0.000 title claims description 56
- 238000001816 cooling Methods 0.000 title claims description 24
- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 54
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 claims description 51
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 claims description 37
- 239000003463 adsorbent Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 239000003507 refrigerant Substances 0.000 claims description 23
- 239000002826 coolant Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Propane Chemical compound CCC ATUOYWHBWRKTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- 238000009413 insulation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon dioxide Chemical compound O=C=O CURLTUGMZLYLDI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 239000002156 adsorbate Substances 0.000 claims description 8
- 230000000274 adsorptive effect Effects 0.000 claims description 7
- 239000001294 propane Substances 0.000 claims description 7
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001514 detection method Methods 0.000 claims description 5
- 230000036961 partial effect Effects 0.000 claims description 5
- 229910002092 carbon dioxide Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001569 carbon dioxide Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N nitrogen dioxide Inorganic materials O=[N]=O JCXJVPUVTGWSNB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000011144 upstream manufacturing Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 description 12
- 238000005057 refrigeration Methods 0.000 description 11
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 description 7
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 6
- 230000015556 catabolic process Effects 0.000 description 5
- 238000006731 degradation reaction Methods 0.000 description 5
- 239000002594 sorbent Substances 0.000 description 5
- 239000000356 contaminant Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000003795 desorption Methods 0.000 description 4
- 238000009792 diffusion process Methods 0.000 description 3
- RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N imidazole Natural products C1=CNC=N1 RAXXELZNTBOGNW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N propylene Natural products CC=C QQONPFPTGQHPMA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 3
- QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonia Chemical compound N QGZKDVFQNNGYKY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000032683 aging Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000004378 air conditioning Methods 0.000 description 2
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 230000033228 biological regulation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000011109 contamination Methods 0.000 description 2
- NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N fluoromethane Chemical class FC NBVXSUQYWXRMNV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 238000011010 flushing procedure Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005338 heat storage Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000008188 pellet Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000002829 reductive effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 231100000331 toxic Toxicity 0.000 description 2
- 230000002588 toxic effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000009423 ventilation Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000010792 warming Methods 0.000 description 2
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 241000446313 Lamella Species 0.000 description 1
- 229910019142 PO4 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910021536 Zeolite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000010521 absorption reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910021529 ammonia Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000003990 capacitor Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002775 capsule Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003197 catalytic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000010730 cutting oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000018109 developmental process Effects 0.000 description 1
- HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N dioxosilane;oxo(oxoalumanyloxy)alumane Chemical compound O=[Si]=O.O=[Al]O[Al]=O HNPSIPDUKPIQMN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000006073 displacement reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000004088 foaming agent Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000005431 greenhouse gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000020169 heat generation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229930195733 hydrocarbon Natural products 0.000 description 1
- 150000002430 hydrocarbons Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000012535 impurity Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000011261 inert gas Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009434 installation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000001788 irregular Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002427 irreversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000007257 malfunction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 231100000252 nontoxic Toxicity 0.000 description 1
- 230000003000 nontoxic effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000003647 oxidation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007254 oxidation reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000003973 paint Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000021317 phosphate Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 150000003013 phosphoric acid derivatives Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 125000004805 propylene group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([*:1])C([H])([H])[*:2] 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000003134 recirculating effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000001105 regulatory effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 230000002441 reversible effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 150000003839 salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 1
- 150000005846 sugar alcohols Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000010457 zeolite Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
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- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B49/00—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices
- F25B49/005—Arrangement or mounting of control or safety devices of safety devices
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B25/00—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00
- F25B25/005—Machines, plants or systems, using a combination of modes of operation covered by two or more of the groups F25B1/00 - F25B23/00 using primary and secondary systems
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B45/00—Arrangements for charging or discharging refrigerant
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F24—HEATING; RANGES; VENTILATING
- F24D—DOMESTIC- OR SPACE-HEATING SYSTEMS, e.g. CENTRAL HEATING SYSTEMS; DOMESTIC HOT-WATER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; ELEMENTS OR COMPONENTS THEREFOR
- F24D17/00—Domestic hot-water supply systems
- F24D17/02—Domestic hot-water supply systems using heat pumps
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2339/00—Details of evaporators; Details of condensers
- F25B2339/04—Details of condensers
- F25B2339/047—Water-cooled condensers
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2400/00—General features or devices for refrigeration machines, plants or systems, combined heating and refrigeration systems or heat-pump systems, i.e. not limited to a particular subgroup of F25B
- F25B2400/12—Inflammable refrigerants
-
- F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
- F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
- F25B—REFRIGERATION MACHINES, PLANTS OR SYSTEMS; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS
- F25B2500/00—Problems to be solved
- F25B2500/22—Preventing, detecting or repairing leaks of refrigeration fluids
- F25B2500/222—Detecting refrigerant leaks
Definitions
- the invention relates to irregular conditions in refrigeration circuits in which a working fluid acting as a refrigerant is conducted in a thermodynamic cycle, such as the Clausius-Rankine cycle, as well as their adsorptive safety device.
- thermodynamic cycle such as the Clausius-Rankine cycle
- adsorptive safety device primarily heat pumps, air conditioning systems and cooling devices that are commonly used in residential buildings.
- Residential buildings are understood to mean private houses, rental house complexes, hospitals, hotels, restaurants and combined residential and commercial buildings in which people live and work permanently, in contrast to mobile devices such as vehicle air conditioning systems or transport boxes, or even industrial facilities or medical devices. What these cycles have in common is that they use energy to generate useful heat or cold and form heat displacement systems.
- thermodynamic cycle processes used have been known for a long time, as have the safety problems that can arise when using suitable working fluids. Aside from water, the most well-known working fluids at the time were flammable and toxic. In the last century, they led to the development of safety refrigerants made from fluorinated hydrocarbons. However, it turned out that these safety refrigerants lead to global warming and that their safety-related harmlessness led to design carelessness. Up to 70% of sales were attributable to the need to refill leaky systems and their leakage losses, which were accepted as long as this was perceived to be economically justifiable in individual cases and promoted the need for replacement procurement.
- Today's refrigeration circuits are equipped with these safety refrigerants of safety class A1, i.e. they are non-toxic and non-flammable.
- the most common refrigerants in heat pump applications are the refrigerants R134a, R407C and R410A, all of which are fluorocarbon compounds.
- the use of these refrigerants was not subject to any restrictions until January 2015; the introduction of the F-Gase Regulation (EU) 517/2014 on January 1, 2015 will restrict the use of fluorocarbon refrigerants in the future through quantity limits in the European Union in such a way that the prices of existing refrigerants will increase significantly.
- the aim of the F-Gases Regulation is the medium-term banishment of refrigerants that promote greenhouse gases and their replacement with natural refrigerants or chemical refrigerants with significantly reduced global warming potential.
- the DE 10 2011 116 863 A1 describes a method for securing a device for a thermodynamic cycle, which is operated with a process fluid that contains or consists of at least one environmentally dangerous, toxic and/or flammable substance.
- a process fluid that contains or consists of at least one environmentally dangerous, toxic and/or flammable substance.
- an adsorbent with the process fluid in particular ammonia, propane or Propene, brought into contact and the substance is selectively bound by the adsorbent.
- the adsorbent is regenerated after use.
- Zeolite also in combination with imidazole or phosphates, and CuBTC are suggested as adsorbents; the adsorbent can be in the form of a bed, a shaped body, a paint, a spray film or a coating.
- the support structure of the shaped body can consist of a microstructure, lamella structure, tube bundle, tube register and sheet metal and must be mechanically stable and have a large surface area. Circulation of the potentially contaminated air usually occurs continuously, but can also be initiated by a sensor that switches on the ventilation after a threshold value is reached or when an accident is detected.
- Adsorption can be carried out inside or outside a closed space.
- the DE 195 25 064 C1 describes a refrigeration machine with a gas-tight housing which accommodates all refrigerant-carrying components of the machine, a space connecting the interior of the gas-tight housing with an outlet is provided, and the space is filled with a substance that absorbs the refrigerant.
- the amount of sorbing substance is dimensioned so that the entire amount of any refrigerant that may escape can be absorbed and kept away from the environment.
- the space filled with the sorbent substance is open to the surroundings. For refrigerants that are heavier than air, the space is open at the bottom and for those that are lighter, it is open at the top, so a delivery fan is not necessary.
- the sorbent is introduced into the housing and completely encloses the refrigeration machine or the refrigerant-carrying devices. On its way out, baffles are provided to prevent short-circuit flows and force escaping gas through the sorbent.
- a double-walled embodiment, in which the sorbent is arranged in the double jacket, is also possible.
- a measuring device for refrigerant can be provided at the outlet of the space filled with the sorbent substance to the environment.
- the EP 3 106 780 A1 describes a heat pump system that is housed in an airtight housing lined with a binder.
- An adsorption unit with forced ventilation can be arranged within this housing, which cleans the air in the housing in recirculation mode.
- This recirculating air operation can take place continuously or only in the event of a fault or at regular intervals.
- a pilot burner, a pilot flame, a catalytic burner or a heating wire can also be arranged downstream of this sorption stage, which burns any remaining combustible impurities.
- a supply of fresh air in conjunction with the removal of cleaned exhaust air is also conceivable.
- the JP 2000 105003 A describes a refrigeration unit that is operated with a flammable working fluid, whereby the unit can consist of two parts, one of which is installed inside a building and the other outside in the open air.
- the inner walls of the inner housing are lined with adsorbent material and the lines of the outside part are coated with a coating of adsorbent material.
- Activated carbon among others, is suggested as an adsorbent.
- DE 41 14 529 A1 shows a device according to the preamble of claim 1.
- activated carbon as an adsorbent
- activated carbon ages in air over time because slow oxidation processes take place. Due to the requirements of a safety concept for the availability over the service life of devices in which counterclockwise cycle processes are operated, such as heat pumps, degradation of the adsorbent must be avoided at all costs, especially if it could happen unnoticed.
- the sorption bed is located in a channel with an inflow side and an outflow side within the housing, in which the counterclockwise circular process is also carried out.
- the aggregates of the cycle process carried out can also be arranged in a separate capsule housing, which is located within the common housing with the sorption channel, and are also included in the invention, as well as those in which the sorption process takes place outside the housing.
- the contamination of such sorption beds that are open inwards and outwards in relation to the housing is caused by diffusion and convection of contaminants, in the case of adsorption by the contaminating adsorptive.
- the contaminants can cause reversible or irreversible degradation of the sorption capacity of the sorption bed compared to the emerging working fluid.
- the diffusion flow is driven solely by the concentration gradient, while convective inputs are caused by weather-induced air pressure or temperature gradients between the housing and the environment. The resulting pressure differences lead to equalizing flows into the housing and thus also through the sorption bed and to the transport of contaminants into the sorption bed.
- Contaminants from the housing in which the cycle is carried out include oxygen, mono- and polyhydric alcohols, moisture, drawing greases, cutting oils, foaming agents and RCM oils.
- aging or degradation is determined by the temperature and the total amount of gas flowing through.
- the sorption channel is equipped with a gas outlet and is connected to it. Furthermore, according to the invention it is provided that a switchable induced draft fan is connected to the gas outlet of the sorption channel.
- the adsorber, the sorption channel as well as the gas inlet and gas outlet are arranged within the housing.
- the gas inlet and gas outlet of the sorption channel are closed with the activated carbon adsorber.
- the activated carbon is kept at a very low temperature by the cooling medium, which is well below the interior temperature of the housing. This reduction in temperature has two effects: on the one hand, aging and degradation slow down, and on the other hand, the absorption capacity of the activated carbon increases. To do this, the adsorber must be kept permanently cool, which is why good thermal insulation is required.
- the device has a leak detection system which automatically opens the closures at the gas inlet and, if present, at the gas outlet and automatically switches on the induced draft fan, if present, when a leak is detected.
- the leak detection system is usually a gas detector, although a propane gas detector can be used, but other detection systems are also suitable. In the event of a power failure, the induced draft fan should always have a charged battery.
- cooling medium It is certainly possible to use an external cooling medium if it is available cheaply, but Two options can also be used to use cooling media that are used as working fluids in the cycle. Alternatively, it can be provided that either the cooling medium is expanded working fluid, which flows in the flow direction after the expansion device and in front of the heat exchanger acting as an evaporator, or that the cooling medium is expanded working fluid, which flows in the flow direction after the heat exchanger acting as an evaporator to the compressor.
- the cooling lines must be laid in the cooling channel in such a way that the adsorbent material remains accessible so that it can be removed and replaced if necessary. At the same time, enough heat transfer surface should be installed. This can be done by laying a cooling line in the middle of the sorption channel and equipping it with cooling fins in the longitudinal direction. The distance between the cooling fins should be larger than the activated carbon particles if an activated carbon bed is used as an adsorbent.
- latent heat storage can be used to slow down such standstill-related temperature compensation. This can be done either as an additional layer on the thermal insulation or in the form of pellets that are mixed into the activated carbon bed. Salts that carry out phase changes in the relevant temperature range can serve as materials, and they must be provided with protective covers. Such materials are described in the prior art.
- the activated carbon adsorber Since the activated carbon adsorber is closed during normal operation, it can be preloaded with a medium that has a lower adsorptive binding than the flammable working fluid that has to be separated in the event of a leak. During the adsorption of the working fluid, the heat of adsorption causes the activated carbon adsorber to heat up, which is undesirable. In contrast, the desorption of the displaced medium causes cooling.
- the medium to be displaced can be adsorbed beforehand under high partial pressure, whereby the typical hysteresis curves mean that complete desorption does not initially occur at reduced partial pressure.
- the housing can be either closed or designed with openings. If the gas is to remain within the housing, either a forced circulation system must be provided, which is operated by a conveyor fan, or the adsorption of the escaping working fluid takes place solely through diffusion. If the gas that has been depleted or completely freed of working fluid can be allowed to escape, either a conveyor fan can suck the gas out of the sorption channel and transport it to the outside via an outlet opening, whereby at the same time an air flow of the same size must be supplied from the outside through an opening, or the The excess pressure that may arise in the housing in the event of a leak forces the gas out of the outlet opening through the sorption channel.
- Fig. 1 shows a heat pump with a cooled adsorber and forced circulation based on a schematic sketch of a refrigeration circuit 1 with a compressor 2, a condenser 3, a pressure reduction 4 and an evaporator 5 in a housing 6.
- the heat pump has a heat source connection 7, a heat source flow 8 , a heat sink flow 9 and a heat sink connection 10.
- the sorption channel 11 with the activated carbon adsorber 12 is arranged in the housing.
- the sorption channel 11 is equipped with the cooling line 17, and also optionally with the Peltier elements 19 and latent heat storage pellets.
- the cooling line 17 is integrated into the cycle; the cooling medium is also the working fluid. It is tapped behind the expansion device 4, which is usually a regulated expansion valve, and fed back through the cooling line 17 into the refrigeration circuit 1, where it reaches the evaporator 5.
- the sorption channel is thermally insulated on all sides, with great importance being placed on the thermal insulation 15.
- the refrigeration circuit 1 is operated with the flammable working fluid propane, which is also known as R290.
- propane which is also known as R290.
- Propane is heavier than air, so if there is a leak in the refrigeration circuit 1, it tends to sink down in the housing 6, although it mixes well in the case of small leaks. Such a leak is detected by the gas detector 18.
- an opening with a lockable gas inlet 13 is therefore provided, through which an air-propane mixture from the interior reaches the sorption channel 11 with the activated carbon adsorber 12 when the gas inlet 13 and gas outlet 14 are opened at the instigation of the gas detector 18.
- the suction fan 16 which is also automatically activated by the gas detector 18, draws a defined amount of gas through the activated carbon adsorber, with purified air, optionally enriched with the inert gases nitrogen and carbon dioxide, being introduced into it Housing can be returned. If possible, the refrigeration circuit 1 continues to operate for a while in order to ensure the cooling performance for the activated carbon adsorber 12. As soon as the activated carbon adsorber is loaded, the gas inlet 13 and gas outlet 14 are closed again and the induced draft fan 16 as well as the rest of the heat pump are switched off and the service is called.
- Fig. 2 shows an exemplary embodiment in which forced circulation is dispensed with.
- the flammable gas components diffuse through the gas inlets 13, which in this example are located on both the top and bottom of the sorption channel 11, into the activated carbon adsorber 12.
- Fig. 3 shows an exemplary embodiment in which an induced draft fan 16 discharges the loaded gas, as in Fig. 1 shown, the gas is drawn through the sorption channel 11 as soon as a leak is detected. Deviating from this, however, the gas is not circulated within the housing 6, but is directed outwards via the outlet opening 21. A corresponding amount of air is supplied from the outside through the inlet opening 20.
- Fig. 4 shows an exemplary embodiment in which an induced draft fan is dispensed with.
- the resulting excess pressure causes gas to escape to the outside through the outlet opening 21. Since the working fluid that has escaped in the housing 6 is subsequently completely separated in the activated carbon adsorber 12, the resulting negative pressure in the housing 6 must be compensated for by opening the inlet opening 20.
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Thermal Sciences (AREA)
- General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Compressor (AREA)
- Separation Of Gases By Adsorption (AREA)
- Solid-Sorbent Or Filter-Aiding Compositions (AREA)
Description
Die Erfindung betrifft irreguläre Zustände in Kältekreisen, in denen ein als Kältemittel wirkendes Arbeitsfluid in einem thermodynamischen Kreisprozess, wie zum Beispiel dem Clausius-Rankine-Kreisprozess, geführt wird, sowie deren adsorptive Sicherheitseinrichtung. Vorwiegend sind dies Wärmepumpen, Klimaanlagen und Kühlgeräte, wie sie in Wohngebäuden gebräuchlich sind. Unter Wohngebäuden werden dabei Privathäuser, Miethauskomplexe, Krankenhäuser, Hotelanlagen, Gastronomie und kombinierte Wohn- und Geschäftshäuser verstanden, in denen Menschen dauerhaft leben und arbeiten, im Unterschied zu mobilen Vorrichtungen wie KFZ-Klimaanlagen oder Transportboxen, oder auch Industrieanlagen oder medizintechnischen Geräten. Gemeinsam ist diesen Kreisprozessen, dass sie unter Einsatz von Energie Nutzwärme oder Nutzkälte erzeugen und Wärmeverschiebungssysteme bilden.The invention relates to irregular conditions in refrigeration circuits in which a working fluid acting as a refrigerant is conducted in a thermodynamic cycle, such as the Clausius-Rankine cycle, as well as their adsorptive safety device. These are primarily heat pumps, air conditioning systems and cooling devices that are commonly used in residential buildings. Residential buildings are understood to mean private houses, rental house complexes, hospitals, hotels, restaurants and combined residential and commercial buildings in which people live and work permanently, in contrast to mobile devices such as vehicle air conditioning systems or transport boxes, or even industrial facilities or medical devices. What these cycles have in common is that they use energy to generate useful heat or cold and form heat displacement systems.
Die zum Einsatz kommenden thermodynamischen Kreisprozesse sind seit langem bekannt, ebenso die Sicherheitsprobleme, die bei der Verwendung geeigneter Arbeitsfluide entstehen können. Abgesehen von Wasser sind die bekanntesten damaligen Arbeitsfluide brennbar und giftig. Sie führten im vergangenen Jahrhundert zur Entwicklung der Sicherheitskältemittel, die aus fluorierten Kohlenwasserstoffen bestanden. Es zeigte sich jedoch, dass diese Sicherheitskältemittel zur Klimaerwärmung führen und dass ihre sicherheitstechnische Unbedenklichkeit zu konstruktiven Unachtsamkeiten führte. Bis zu 70 % des Umsatzes entfiel auf den Nachfüllbedarf undichter Anlagen und deren Leckageverluste, der hingenommen wurde, solange dies im Einzelfall als wirtschaftlich vertretbar empfunden wurde und Bedarf an Ersatzbeschaffung förderte.The thermodynamic cycle processes used have been known for a long time, as have the safety problems that can arise when using suitable working fluids. Aside from water, the most well-known working fluids at the time were flammable and toxic. In the last century, they led to the development of safety refrigerants made from fluorinated hydrocarbons. However, it turned out that these safety refrigerants lead to global warming and that their safety-related harmlessness led to design carelessness. Up to 70% of sales were attributable to the need to refill leaky systems and their leakage losses, which were accepted as long as this was perceived to be economically justifiable in individual cases and promoted the need for replacement procurement.
Heutige Kältekreise sind ausgestattet mit diesen Sicherheitskältemitteln der Sicherheitsklasse A1, d.h. sie sind nicht giftig und nicht brennbar. Die gebräuchlichsten Kältemittel im Bereich der Wärmepumpenanwendungen sind die Kältemittel R134a, R407C bzw. R410A, allesamt Fluorkohlenwasserstoffverbindungen. Der Einsatz dieser Kältemittel war bis Januar 2015 keinerlei Restriktionen unterworfen, die Einführung der F-Gase- Verordnung (EU) 517/2014 zum 01. Januar 2015 schränkt zukünftig die Anwendung von Fluorkohlenwasserstoff- Kältemitteln über Mengenbegrenzungen in der Europäischen Union derartig ein, dass die Preise bisheriger Kältemittel deutlich ansteigen werden. Ziel der F-Gase-Verordnung ist die mittelfristige Verbannung der treibhausgasfördernden Kältemittel und den Ersatz durch natürliche Kältemittel bzw. gegen chemische Kältemittel mit erheblich reduziertem Treibhauspotenzial.Today's refrigeration circuits are equipped with these safety refrigerants of safety class A1, i.e. they are non-toxic and non-flammable. The most common refrigerants in heat pump applications are the refrigerants R134a, R407C and R410A, all of which are fluorocarbon compounds. The use of these refrigerants was not subject to any restrictions until January 2015; the introduction of the F-Gase Regulation (EU) 517/2014 on January 1, 2015 will restrict the use of fluorocarbon refrigerants in the future through quantity limits in the European Union in such a way that the Prices of existing refrigerants will increase significantly. The aim of the F-Gases Regulation is the medium-term banishment of refrigerants that promote greenhouse gases and their replacement with natural refrigerants or chemical refrigerants with significantly reduced global warming potential.
Nachteilig ist jedoch, dass nahezu alle Kältemittelalternativen zur Gruppe der brennbaren Kältemittel gehören, insbesondere die technisch vielversprechendsten Kältemittel wie z.B. R290 (Propan) und R1270 (Propylen).The disadvantage, however, is that almost all refrigerant alternatives belong to the group of flammable refrigerants, especially the technically most promising refrigerants such as R290 (propane) and R1270 (propylene).
Es ist daher einerseits äußerst problematisch, die konstruktiven Prinzipien für Kältemittel-führende thermodynamische Prozesse zu übernehmen, die sich bei Sicherheitskältemitteln scheinbar gut bewährt haben, andererseits auf die Anlagenkonzepte aus der Zeit vor Einführung der Sicherheitskältemittel aufzusetzen. Dies liegt auch daran, dass inzwischen aus Einzelgeräten komplexe Anlagen geworden sind, was die Anzahl der Möglichkeiten für Störungen und deren Folgen vervielfältigt hat.It is therefore extremely problematic, on the one hand, to adopt the design principles for refrigerant-carrying thermodynamic processes, which have apparently proven to work well with safety refrigerants, and, on the other hand, to build on the system concepts from the time before safety refrigerants were introduced. This is also due to the fact that individual devices have now become complex systems, which has multiplied the number of possibilities for malfunctions and their consequences.
Die
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Problematisch ist beim Einsatz von Aktivkohle als Adsorbens, dass Aktivkohle mit der Zeit an der Luft altert, weil langsame Oxidationsvorgänge stattfinden. Aufgrund der Anforderungen eines Sicherheitskonzeptes an die Verfügbarkeit über die Lebensdauer von Geräten, in denen linksdrehende Kreisprozesse betrieben werden, wie zum Beispiel Wärmepumpen, muss eine Degradation des Adsorptionsmittels aber unbedingt vermieden werden, vor allem wenn sie unbemerkt geschehen könnte.The problem with using activated carbon as an adsorbent is that activated carbon ages in air over time because slow oxidation processes take place. Due to the requirements of a safety concept for the availability over the service life of devices in which counterclockwise cycle processes are operated, such as heat pumps, degradation of the adsorbent must be avoided at all costs, especially if it could happen unnoticed.
Je nach Bauart, Aufstellungsort und Betriebsweise beispielsweise einer Wärmepumpe ergeben sich unterschiedliche Anforderungen an eine mögliche Belastung des Adsorptionsmittels durch Co-Adsorbenzien, also etwa VOC, Wasserdampf aus Luftfeuchte, Luftsauerstoff, Temperaturwechseln, und anderen. Zu unterscheiden ist dabei zwischen Auskleidungen und durchströmten Sorptionsbetten. Bei den durchströmten Sorptionsbetten ist zu unterscheiden zwischen solchen, die innerhalb eines Gehäuses im Umluftbetrieb sind und solchen, die nach außen hin entlüften. Die Erfindung betrifft hierbei erstere, wobei jedoch auch Kombinationen mit den davor erwähnten umluftbetriebenen Sorptionsbetten und Auskleidungen einsetzbar sind.Depending on the design, installation location and mode of operation of a heat pump, for example, there are different requirements for possible contamination of the adsorbent by co-adsorbents, such as VOC, water vapor from atmospheric humidity, atmospheric oxygen, temperature changes, and others. A distinction must be made between linings and flowed through sorption beds. When it comes to the sorption beds through which flow occurs, a distinction must be made between those that are in recirculation mode within a housing and those that vent to the outside. The invention relates to the former, although combinations with the air-operated sorption beds and linings mentioned above can also be used.
Es wird im Folgenden zwar angenommen, dass sich das Sorptionsbett in einem Kanal mit einer Einströmseite und einer Ausströmseite innerhalb des Gehäuses befindet, in dem auch der linksdrehende Kreisprozess durchgeführt wird. Statt eines langgestreckten, linearen Sorptionskanals können aber auch andere Bauformen von Sorptionskanälen zur Anwendung kommen und die Aggregate des durchgeführten Kreisprozesses können auch in einem separaten Kapselgehäuse angeordnet sein, welches sich innerhalb des gemeinsamen Gehäuses mit dem Sorptionskanal befindet, und sind ebenfalls von der Erfindung umfasst, ebenso solche, bei denen der Sorptionsvorgang außerhalb des Gehäuses stattfindet..It is assumed below that the sorption bed is located in a channel with an inflow side and an outflow side within the housing, in which the counterclockwise circular process is also carried out. Instead of an elongated, linear sorption channel, other types of sorption channels can also be used and the aggregates of the cycle process carried out can also be arranged in a separate capsule housing, which is located within the common housing with the sorption channel, and are also included in the invention, as well as those in which the sorption process takes place outside the housing.
Die Belastung solcher in Bezug auf das Gehäuse nach innen und nach außen offenen Sorptionsbetten durch Kontamination wird durch Diffusion und Konvektion von Kontaminaten, im Falle der Adsorption vom konterminierenden Adsorptiv verursacht. Die Kontaminaten können dabei reversible oder auch irreversible Degradationen der Sorptionskapazität des Sorptionsbettes gegenüber dem austretenden Arbeitsfluid verursachen. Die Diffusionsströmung wird dabei einzig durch das Konzentrationsgefälle angetrieben, während konvektive Einträge durch wetterinduzierte Luftdruck- oder auch Temperaturgradienten zwischen Gehäuse und Umgebung verursacht werden. Die resultierenden Druckunterschiede führen zu Ausgleichsströmungen in das Gehäuse und damit auch durch das Sorptionsbett und zum Stofftransport von Kontaminaten in das Sorptionsbett.The contamination of such sorption beds that are open inwards and outwards in relation to the housing is caused by diffusion and convection of contaminants, in the case of adsorption by the contaminating adsorptive. The contaminants can cause reversible or irreversible degradation of the sorption capacity of the sorption bed compared to the emerging working fluid. The diffusion flow is driven solely by the concentration gradient, while convective inputs are caused by weather-induced air pressure or temperature gradients between the housing and the environment. The resulting pressure differences lead to equalizing flows into the housing and thus also through the sorption bed and to the transport of contaminants into the sorption bed.
Aus dem Gehäuse, in dem der Kreisprozess durchgeführt wird, kommen als Kontaminaten Sauerstoff, ein- und mehrwertige Alkohole, Feuchte, Ziehfette, Schneidöle, Schäummittel und RCM-Öle in Betracht. Im Falle von Aktivkohle als Adsorbensmaterial ist die Alterung bzw. Degradation von der Temperatur und der insgesamt durchströmten Gasmenge bestimmt.Contaminants from the housing in which the cycle is carried out include oxygen, mono- and polyhydric alcohols, moisture, drawing greases, cutting oils, foaming agents and RCM oils. In the case of activated carbon as an adsorbent material, aging or degradation is determined by the temperature and the total amount of gas flowing through.
Die Aufgabe der Erfindung ist daher, eine sichere Vorrichtung zur Verfügung zu stellen, die die beschriebenen Nachteile nicht mehr aufweist und deren Degradation des Aktivkohleadsorbers minimal wird. Die Erfindung löst die Aufgabe durch eine Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 zur sicheren Durchführung eines linksdrehenden thermodynamischen Kreisprozesses mittels eines entzündlichen Arbeitsfluids, welches in einem geschlossenen, hermetisch dichten Arbeitsfluidumlauf geführt wird, aufweisend
- mindestens einen Verdichter für Arbeitsfluid,
- mindestens eine Entspannungseinrichtung für Arbeitsfluid,
- mindestens zwei Wärmeübertrager für Arbeitsfluid mit jeweils mindestens zwei Anschlüssen für Wärmeüberträgerfluide,
- ein Gehäuse, welches wenigstens den Verdichter und die Entspannungseinrichtung für Arbeitsfluid umfasst und weitere Einrichtungen umfassen kann,
- mindestens einen Sorptionskanal mit einem Aktivkohle enthaltenden Adsorber, der von Gas durchströmt werden kann
- und der Sorptionskanal mit dem Adsorber sowie seinem Gaseinlass verbunden ist, wobei
- der Sorptionskanal gegenüber dem Inneren des Gehäuses durch eine thermische Dämmung begrenzt wird,
- der Sorptionskanal am Gaseinlass verschließbar ist, und
- im Sorptionskanal mindestens eine Kühlleitung verlegt ist, die an ein Kühlmedium angeschlossen ist.
- at least one compressor for working fluid,
- at least one expansion device for working fluid,
- at least two heat exchangers for working fluid, each with at least two connections for heat transfer fluids,
- a housing which includes at least the compressor and the expansion device for working fluid and may include further devices,
- at least one sorption channel with an adsorber containing activated carbon through which gas can flow
- and the sorption channel is connected to the adsorber and its gas inlet, whereby
- the sorption channel is limited to the inside of the housing by thermal insulation,
- the sorption channel at the gas inlet can be closed, and
- At least one cooling line is laid in the sorption channel and is connected to a cooling medium.
Gemäß der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass der Sorptionskanal mit einem Gasauslass ausgestattet und mit ihm verbunden ist. Ferner ist gemäß der Erfindung vorgesehen, dass am Gasauslass des Sorptionskanals ein schaltbares Saugzuggebläse angeschlossen ist.According to the invention it is provided that the sorption channel is equipped with a gas outlet and is connected to it. Furthermore, according to the invention it is provided that a switchable induced draft fan is connected to the gas outlet of the sorption channel.
Weiterhin sind gemäß der Erfindung der Adsorber, der Sorptionskanal sowie Gaseinlass und Gasauslass innerhalb des Gehäuses angeordnet.Furthermore, according to the invention, the adsorber, the sorption channel as well as the gas inlet and gas outlet are arranged within the housing.
Im Normalfall sind Gaseinlass und Gasauslass des Sorptionskanals mit dem Aktivkohleadsorber verschlossen. Die Aktivkohle wird durch das Kühlmedium auf einer sehr niedrigen Temperatur gehalten, die deutlich unter der Innenraumtemperatur des Gehäuses liegt. Diese Temperaturabsenkung hat zwei Wirkungen: Einerseits verlangsamen sich die Alterung und die Degradation, andererseits erhöht sich die Aufnahmekapazität der Aktivkohle. Dazu muss der Adsorber aber dauerhaft kühlgehalten werden, weshalb eine gute Wärmedämmung erforderlich ist.Normally, the gas inlet and gas outlet of the sorption channel are closed with the activated carbon adsorber. The activated carbon is kept at a very low temperature by the cooling medium, which is well below the interior temperature of the housing. This reduction in temperature has two effects: on the one hand, aging and degradation slow down, and on the other hand, the absorption capacity of the activated carbon increases. To do this, the adsorber must be kept permanently cool, which is why good thermal insulation is required.
In einer Ausgestaltung der Erfindung verfügt die Vorrichtung über ein Leckageerkennungssystem, welches die Verschlüsse am Gaseinlass und, sofern vorhanden, am Gasauslass automatisch öffnet und das Saugzuggebläse, sofern vorhanden, automatisch einschaltet, wenn eine Leckage erkannt wird. Das Leckageerkennungssystem ist üblicherweise ein Gasdetektor, wobei ein Propangasmelder zum Einsatz kommen kann, andere Erkennungssysteme sind jedoch ebenfalls geeignet. Für den Fall eines Stromausfalls sollte das Saugzuggebläse über einen stets geladenen Akku verfügen.In one embodiment of the invention, the device has a leak detection system which automatically opens the closures at the gas inlet and, if present, at the gas outlet and automatically switches on the induced draft fan, if present, when a leak is detected. The leak detection system is usually a gas detector, although a propane gas detector can be used, but other detection systems are also suitable. In the event of a power failure, the induced draft fan should always have a charged battery.
Weitere Ansprüche betreffen das Kühlmedium. Es ist zwar problemlos möglich, ein extern vorhandenes Kühlmedium zu verwenden, wenn dies günstig zur Verfügung steht, aber es können auch zwei Möglichkeiten genutzt werden, Kühlmedien zu nutzen, die als Arbeitsfluide im Kreisprozess verwendet werden. So kann alternativ vorgesehen werden dass entweder das Kühlmedium entspanntes Arbeitsfluid ist, welches in Strömungsrichtung nach der Entspannungsvorrichtung und vor dem als Verdampfer wirkenden Wärmeübertrager, strömt, oder dass das Kühlmedium entspanntes Arbeitsfluid ist, welches in Strömungsrichtung nach dem als Verdampfer wirkenden Wärmeübertrager zum Verdichter strömt.Further claims relate to the cooling medium. It is certainly possible to use an external cooling medium if it is available cheaply, but Two options can also be used to use cooling media that are used as working fluids in the cycle. Alternatively, it can be provided that either the cooling medium is expanded working fluid, which flows in the flow direction after the expansion device and in front of the heat exchanger acting as an evaporator, or that the cooling medium is expanded working fluid, which flows in the flow direction after the heat exchanger acting as an evaporator to the compressor.
Im Normalbetrieb muss hierbei nur der Wärmeverlust, der trotz der thermischen Dämmung auftritt, ausgeglichen werden, was nur einen geringen Verlust bedeutet. Sofern der Kreisprozess eine Wärmepumpe ist, welche die Energie aus dem Verdampfer bezieht, bedeutet die Nutzung als Kühlmedium sogar eine Verbesserung der Wärmeausbeute. Ansonsten kann es bei sehr geringen, auszugleichenden Wärmeeinträgen durch die thermische Dämmung auch sinnvoll sein, nur einen kleinen Teilstrom des Arbeitsfluids durch die Kühlleitungen hindurchzuleiten.In normal operation, only the heat loss that occurs despite the thermal insulation has to be compensated for, which means only a small loss. If the cycle is a heat pump that draws energy from the evaporator, using it as a cooling medium actually improves the heat yield. Otherwise, if there is very little heat input that needs to be compensated for by the thermal insulation, it can also make sense to only pass a small partial flow of the working fluid through the cooling lines.
Die Kühlleitungen sind im Kühlkanal so zu verlegen, dass das Adsorbensmaterial zugänglich bleibt, um es gegebenenfalls entnehmen und austauschen zu können. Gleichzeitig sollte aber genügend Wärmeübertragungsfläche installiert werden. Dies kann dadurch geschehen, dass man eine Kühlleitung mittig im Sorptionskanal verlegt und diese mit Kühlrippen in Längsrichtung ausstattet. Die Abstände der Kühlrippen sollten größer sein als die Partikel der Aktivkohle, sofern eine Aktivkohleschüttung als Adsorbens zum Einsatz kommt.The cooling lines must be laid in the cooling channel in such a way that the adsorbent material remains accessible so that it can be removed and replaced if necessary. At the same time, enough heat transfer surface should be installed. This can be done by laying a cooling line in the middle of the sorption channel and equipping it with cooling fins in the longitudinal direction. The distance between the cooling fins should be larger than the activated carbon particles if an activated carbon bed is used as an adsorbent.
Oft werden linksdrehende Kreisprozesse nicht das ganze Jahr über kontinuierlich betrieben. Nach längeren Stillständen kann es daher sein, dass längere Zeit kein Kühlmedium durch die Kühlleitungen geflossen ist und der Aktivkohleadsorber warm geworden ist. Da solche Wiederanfahrvorgänge gleichzeitig die Betriebszustände sind, bei denen das höchste Leckagerisiko besteht, ist es sinnvoll, den Adsorber stets gekühlt zu halten. Diese Kühlhaltung kann durch Peltier-Elemente erfolgen, deren Aufgabe es ist, während der Stillstandszeiten den Temperaturausgleich durch die thermische Dämmung zu kompensieren.Often left-handed cycle processes are not operated continuously all year round. After longer downtimes, it may be that no cooling medium has flowed through the cooling lines for a long time and the activated carbon adsorber has become warm. Since such restart processes are also the operating conditions in which there is the highest risk of leakage, it makes sense to always keep the adsorber cooled. This cooling attitude can be done using Peltier elements, whose task is to compensate for the temperature compensation through thermal insulation during standstill times.
Weiterhin können Latentwärmespeicher zur Verlangsamung eines solchen stillstandsbedingten Temperaturausgleichs eingesetzt werden. Dies kann entweder als zusätzliche Schicht an der thermischen Dämmung oder in Form von Pellets, die in die Aktivkohleschüttung hinzugemischt werden, erfolgen. Als Materialien können Salze, die Phasenänderungen im relevanten Temperaturbereich durchführen, dienen, wobei sie mit Schutzhüllen zu versehen sind. Derartige Materialien sind im Stand der Technik beschrieben.Furthermore, latent heat storage can be used to slow down such standstill-related temperature compensation. This can be done either as an additional layer on the thermal insulation or in the form of pellets that are mixed into the activated carbon bed. Salts that carry out phase changes in the relevant temperature range can serve as materials, and they must be provided with protective covers. Such materials are described in the prior art.
Da der Aktivkohleadsorber während des Normalbetriebs verschlossen ist, kann er zuvor mit einem Medium vorbeladen werden, welches eine geringere adsorptive Bindung als das entzündliche Arbeitsfluid, welches im Leckagefall abzuscheiden ist, aufweist. Während der Adsorption des Arbeitsfluids bewirkt die Adsorptionswärme eine Erwärmung des Aktivkohleadsorbers, was unerwünscht ist. Dagegen bewirkt die Desorption des verdrängten Mediums eine Abkühlung. Das zu verdrängende Medium kann dabei schon vorher unter hohem Partialdruck adsorbiert werden, wobei die typischen Hystereseverläufe bewirken, dass bei reduziertem Partialdruck zunächst keine vollständige Desorption erfolgt. Diese Überladung mit einem zu verdrängenden Medium kann also dazu führen, dass die Wärmetönung durch die Adsorption vollständig kompensiert wird, obwohl die geringere adsorptive Bindung des Mediums tendenziell auch weniger Bindungsenergie verbraucht. Die höhere Menge an desorbiertem Medium gleicht dies aus. Als bevorzugte Medien werden Stickstoff und Kohlendioxid verwendet, deren Desorption in das Gehäuse verringert darüber hinaus die Entzündungsgefahr im Fall einer Leckage.Since the activated carbon adsorber is closed during normal operation, it can be preloaded with a medium that has a lower adsorptive binding than the flammable working fluid that has to be separated in the event of a leak. During the adsorption of the working fluid, the heat of adsorption causes the activated carbon adsorber to heat up, which is undesirable. In contrast, the desorption of the displaced medium causes cooling. The medium to be displaced can be adsorbed beforehand under high partial pressure, whereby the typical hysteresis curves mean that complete desorption does not initially occur at reduced partial pressure. This overloading with a medium that is to be displaced can lead to the heat generation being completely compensated for by adsorption, although the lower adsorptive binding of the medium also tends to consume less binding energy. The higher amount of desorbed medium compensates for this. Nitrogen and carbon dioxide are used as preferred media; their desorption into the housing also reduces the risk of ignition in the event of a leak.
In bevorzugten Ausführungsformen ist daher vorgesehen, dass
- das Adsorbens mit einem Adsorbat vorbeladen ist, welches vom Adsorptiv verdrängt wird und dabei das Adsorbens kühlt,
- das Adsorbat, mit dem das Adsorbens vorbeladen ist, Stickstoff oder Kohlendioxid ist,
- das Adsorbens, welches mit dem Adsorbat vorbeladen ist, Aktivkohle ist,
- das Adsorptiv, welches das Adsorbat verdrängt, das Kältemittel R290 ist.
- the adsorbent is preloaded with an adsorbate, which is displaced by the adsorbent and thereby cools the adsorbent,
- the adsorbate with which the adsorbent is preloaded is nitrogen or carbon dioxide,
- the adsorbent, which is pre-loaded with the adsorbate, is activated carbon,
- the adsorptive that displaces the adsorbate is the refrigerant R290.
Das Gehäuse kann entweder geschlossen oder mit Öffnungen ausgeführt sein. Wenn das Gas innerhalb des Gehäuses bleiben soll, ist entweder ein Zwangsumlauf vorzusehen, der von einem Fördergebläse betrieben wird, oder die Adsorption des ausgetretenen Arbeitsfluids findet allein durch Diffusion statt. Falls das Austreten des von Arbeitsfluid abgereichertem oder ganz befreitem Gas zugelassen werden kann, kann entweder ein Fördergebläse das Gas aus dem Sorptionskanal absaugen und über eine Auslassöffnung nach außen befördern, wobei gleichzeitig durch eine Öffnung ein gleich großer Luftstrom von außen nachgeführt werden muss, oder der bei der Leckage möglicherweise entstehende Überdruck im Gehäuse treibt das Gas durch den Sorptionskanal aus der Auslassöffnung nach außen.The housing can be either closed or designed with openings. If the gas is to remain within the housing, either a forced circulation system must be provided, which is operated by a conveyor fan, or the adsorption of the escaping working fluid takes place solely through diffusion. If the gas that has been depleted or completely freed of working fluid can be allowed to escape, either a conveyor fan can suck the gas out of the sorption channel and transport it to the outside via an outlet opening, whereby at the same time an air flow of the same size must be supplied from the outside through an opening, or the The excess pressure that may arise in the housing in the event of a leak forces the gas out of the outlet opening through the sorption channel.
Sobald jedoch nach erfolgtem Druckausgleich das restliche Arbeitsfluid in den Sorptionskanal diffundiert, würde ein Unterdruck entstehen, der ausgeglichen werden muss. Würde man hier eine Rückströmung durch die Auslassöffnung und den damit verbundenen Sorptionskanal zulassen, müsste auch mit einer Teildesorption gerechnet werden, was unerwünscht ist. Aus diesem Grund wird eine separate Einlassöffnung ins Gehäuse vorgesehen, die als Unterdrucksicherung ausgeführt wird.However, as soon as the remaining working fluid diffuses into the sorption channel after pressure equalization, a negative pressure would arise that must be equalized. If one were to allow a backflow through the outlet opening and the associated sorption channel, partial desorption would also have to be expected, which is undesirable. For this reason, a separate inlet opening is provided in the housing, which acts as a vacuum safety device.
Die Erfindung wird nachfolgend anhand von vier Prinzipskizzen näher erläutert. Hierbei zeigen Abbildungen 1-4 Ausführungsbeispiele gemäß der Erfindung. Es zeigen:
- Figur 1:
- eine Wärmepumpe mit einem Sorptionskanal und Zwangsumluft,
- Figur 2:
- eine Wärmepumpe mit einem Sorptionskanal und Lufteinleitung,
- Figur 3:
- eine Wärmepumpe mit einem Sorptionskanal und Zwangsspülung,
- Figur 4:
- eine Wärmepumpe mit einem Sorptionskanal und passiver Spülung.
- Figure 1:
- a heat pump with a sorption channel and forced air circulation,
- Figure 2:
- a heat pump with a sorption channel and air inlet,
- Figure 3:
- a heat pump with a sorption channel and forced flushing,
- Figure 4:
- a heat pump with a sorption channel and passive flushing.
Weiterhin ist im Gehäuse der Sorptionskanal 11 mit dem Aktivkohleadsorber 12 angeordnet. Der Sorptionskanal 11 ist mit der Kühlleitung 17 ausgestattet, ferner optional mit den Peltier-Elementen 19 und Latentwärmespeicherpellets. Die Kühlleitung 17 ist eingebunden in den Kreisprozess, das Kühlmedium ist gleichzeitig das Arbeitsfluid. Es wird hinter der Entspannungsvorrichtung 4, die üblicherweise ein geregeltes Entspannungsventil ist, abgegriffen und durch die Kühlleitung 17 wieder zurück in den Kältekreis 1 geführt, wo es in den Verdampfer 5 gelangt. Weiterhin ist der Sorptionskanal nach allen Seiten thermisch gedämmt, wobei auf die thermische Dämmung 15 großer Wert gelegt wird.Furthermore, the
Der Kältekreis 1 wird in diesem Beispiel mit dem entzündlichen Arbeitsfluid Propan, welches auch unter der Bezeichnung R290 bekannt ist, betrieben. Propan ist schwerer als Luft, daher sinkt es im Falle einer Leckage im Kältekreis 1 tendenziell im Gehäuse 6 nach unten, wenngleich es sich bei kleinen Leckagen gut vermischt. Eine solche Leckage wird durch den Gasdetektor 18 erkannt. Im unteren Bereich des Gehäuses 6 ist daher eine Öffnung mit einem absperrbaren Gaseinlass 13 vorgesehen, durch die ein Luft-Propangemisch aus dem Innenraum in den Sorptionskanal 11 mit dem Aktivkohleadsorber 12 gelangt, wenn Gaseinlass 13 und Gasauslass 14 auf Veranlassung des Gasdetektors 18 geöffnet werden.In this example, the
In einem solchen Fall zieht das ebenfalls von Gasdetektor 18 automatisch aktivierte Saugzugsgebläse 16 eine definierte Menge Gas durch den Aktivkohleadsorber, wobei gereinigte Luft, gegebenenfalls angereichert mit den Inertgasen Stickstoff und Kohlendioxid, in das Gehäuse zurückgeführt werden. Wenn möglich wird dabei der Kältekreis 1 noch etwas weiterbetrieben, um die Kühlleistung für den Aktivkohleadsorber 12 sicherzustellen. Sobald der Aktivkohleadsorber beladen ist, werden Gaseinlass 13 und Gasauslass 14 wieder geschlossen und das Saugzuggebläse 16 wird ebenso wie die übrige Wärmepumpe abgeschaltet und der Service wird gerufen.In such a case, the
- 11
- Kältekreisrefrigeration circuit
- 22
- Verdichtercompressor
- 33
- Kondensatorcapacitor
- 44
- DruckreduzierungPressure reduction
- 55
- VerdampferEvaporator
- 66
- GehäuseHousing
- 77
- Wärmequellen-AnschlussHeat source connection
- 88th
- Wärmequellen-VorlaufHeat source flow
- 99
- Wärmesenken-VorlaufHeat sink flow
- 1010
- Wärmesenken-AnschlussHeat sink connection
- 1111
- Sorptionskanalsorption channel
- 1212
- AktivkohleadsorberActivated carbon adsorber
- 1313
- GaseinlassGas inlet
- 1414
- GasauslassGas outlet
- 1515
- Thermische DämmungThermal insulation
- 1616
- Saugzuggebläseinduced draft fan
- 1717
- KühlleitungCooling line
- 1818
- Gasdetektorgas detector
- 1919
- Peltier-ElementPeltier element
- 2020
- EinlassöffnungInlet opening
- 2121
- AuslassöffnungExhaust opening
Claims (17)
- Device for safely performing an anti-clockwise thermodynamic cycle (1) by means of an ignitable working fluid, which is guided in a closed, hermetically sealed working fluid circuit, having- at least one compressor (2) for working fluid,- at least one expansion apparatus (4) for working fluid,- at least two heat exchangers (3, 5) for working fluid, each having at least two connections (7, 8, 9, 10) for heat exchanging fluids,- a housing (6), which comprises at least the compressor (2) and the expansion apparatus (4) and may comprise further apparatuses,- at least one sorption channel (11) with an adsorber (12) containing activated carbon, through which gas can flow- and the sorption channel (11) is connected to the adsorber (12) and its gas inlet (13), characterised in that- the sorption channel (11) is equipped with a gas outlet (14) and is connected to it,- a switchable induced draught fan (16) is connected to the gas outlet (14) of the sorption channel (11)- the adsorber (12), the sorption channel (11), as well as the gas inlet (13) and gas outlet (14), are arranged inside the housing (6),- the sorption channel (11) is delimited with respect to its exterior by thermal insulation (15),- the sorption channel (11) can be closed at the gas inlet (13), and- at least one cooling line (17) is laid in the sorption channel (11) and is connected to a cooling medium.
- Device according to claim 1, characterised in that a leakage detection system (18) is provided in the housing which opens the closure at the gas inlet (13).
- Device according to any one of claims 1 or 2, characterised in that when opening the closure at the gas inlet (13) the closure at the gas outlet (14) also opens and the induced draught fan (16) is switched on when a leakage is detected.
- Device according to claim 2, characterised in that the leakage detection system (18) is a gas detector for ignitable gas, in particular propane.
- Device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the cooling medium is expanded working fluid which flows in the direction of flow downstream of the expansion device (4) and upstream of the heat exchanger (5) acting as an evaporator.
- Device according to any one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the cooling medium is expanded working fluid, which flows in flow direction downstream of the heat exchanger (5) acting as an evaporator to the compressor (2).
- Device according to any one of claims 5 or 6, characterised in that a partial flow of the working fluid is used as cooling medium.
- Device according to any one of claims 5 or 6, characterised in that the entire working fluid is used as cooling medium.
- Device according to any one of claims 1 to 8, characterised in that the at least one cooling line (17) has cooling fins in longitudinal direction.
- Device according to any one of claims 1 to 9, characterised in that Peltier elements (19) are additionally used for cooling or maintaining the cooling.
- Device according to any one of claims 1 to 10, characterised in that latent heat accumulators are additionally provided for maintaining the cooling in the sorption channel.
- Device according to any one of claims 1 to 11, characterised in that the adsorbent is preloaded with an adsorbate, which is displaced by the adsorptive and thereby cools the adsorbent.
- Device according to claim 12, characterised in that the adsorbate, with which the adsorbent is preloaded, is nitrogen or carbon dioxide.
- Device according to claim 12, characterised in that the adsorbent, which is preloaded with the adsorbate, is activated carbon.
- Device according to claim 12, characterised in that the adsorptive, which displaces the adsorbate, is the refrigerant R290.
- Device according to any one of claims 1 to 15, characterised in that the housing is connected to an inlet opening (20) and an outlet opening (21).
- Device according to claim 16, characterised in that the outlet opening (21) is connected to a conveying fan (16).
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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DE102019102925 | 2019-02-06 | ||
DE102019118977.2A DE102019118977A1 (en) | 2019-02-06 | 2019-07-12 | Adsorber cooling |
Publications (4)
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EP3693687A2 EP3693687A2 (en) | 2020-08-12 |
EP3693687A3 EP3693687A3 (en) | 2020-10-21 |
EP3693687C0 EP3693687C0 (en) | 2024-03-06 |
EP3693687B1 true EP3693687B1 (en) | 2024-03-06 |
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EP20151979.0A Active EP3693687B1 (en) | 2019-02-06 | 2020-01-15 | Adsorption cooling |
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Families Citing this family (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US11231198B2 (en) | 2019-09-05 | 2022-01-25 | Trane International Inc. | Systems and methods for refrigerant leak detection in a climate control system |
DE102021111808A1 (en) * | 2021-05-06 | 2022-11-10 | Vaillant Gmbh | Adsorber regeneration with VOC reduction |
DE102022100269A1 (en) | 2022-01-07 | 2023-07-13 | Vaillant Gmbh | Catalytic exhaust air treatment for a heat pump |
Family Cites Families (8)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US5165247A (en) * | 1991-02-11 | 1992-11-24 | Rocky Research | Refrigerant recycling system |
DE4114529A1 (en) * | 1991-05-03 | 1993-02-11 | Aero Tech Klima Kaelte | Safety arrangement esp. for ammonia-filled refrigeration plate - provides gas-tight container for take=up of material leaking from either of two interconnected pressure vessels |
DE19525064C1 (en) * | 1995-07-10 | 1996-08-01 | Joachim Dr Ing Paul | Refrigeration machine with housing for containing coolant |
EP1014015A4 (en) * | 1998-06-11 | 2001-03-14 | Sanyo Electric Co | Refrigerant collecting device, refrigerant collecting method, refrigerator having refrigerant collecting device, control method for refrigerant in refrigerant circuit or regeneration device and regeneration method for refrigerant collecting device |
JP2000105003A (en) | 1998-09-28 | 2000-04-11 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | Refrigerating machine unit |
JP3149871B2 (en) * | 1999-07-05 | 2001-03-26 | 松下電器産業株式会社 | Replacement gas recovery trap container and air conditioner installation method |
DE102011116863A1 (en) | 2011-10-25 | 2013-04-25 | Fraunhofer-Gesellschaft zur Förderung der angewandten Forschung e.V. | Method for securing device for closed thermodynamic cycle, involves contacting adsorbent with environmentally hazardous, toxic and/or flammable material, and selectively binding flammable substance by adsorbent |
DK3106780T3 (en) | 2015-06-17 | 2018-02-26 | Vaillant Gmbh | HEAT PUMP SYSTEM |
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EP3693687C0 (en) | 2024-03-06 |
EP3693687A3 (en) | 2020-10-21 |
EP3693687A2 (en) | 2020-08-12 |
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