Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C29/00—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring
  • C07C29/132—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group
  • C07C29/136—Preparation of compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to a carbon atom not belonging to a six-membered aromatic ring by reduction of an oxygen containing functional group of >C=O containing groups, e.g. —COOH
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
  • C07C31/00—Saturated compounds having hydroxy or O-metal groups bound to acyclic carbon atoms
  • C07C31/02—Monohydroxylic acyclic alcohols
  • C07C31/125—Monohydroxylic acyclic alcohols containing five to twenty-two carbon atoms

Definitions

• This disclosure relates to alcohol compounds, use thereof, and processes for making them.
• this disclosure relates to neo-alcohol compounds, use of neo-alcohol compounds, and processes for making neo-alcohol products.
• Branched aliphatic primary alcohols especially those having long carbon chains, have found use in many applications such as surfactants, solvents, wetting agents, solubilizing agents, emulsifiers, or as an intermediates for making derivatives such as esters and ethers that can be used as surfactants, solvents, wetting agents, solubilizing agents, emulsifiers, and lubricant base stocks or additives.
• a specific type of branched aliphatic alcohols are Guerbet alcohols, which are beta-
• R a branched primary alcohols having the following general structure: H , where R a and R b can be any hydrocarbyl group, preferably alkyl groups such as linear alkyl groups.
• Guerbet alcohol derivatives, such as esters, have found many use such as lubricant base stocks.
• Guerbet alcohols can be produced by Guerbet reaction, in which two primary alcohol molecules condense to produce a beta-branched primary alcohol molecule and water.
• a neo-alcohol having general structure R c can have similar properties and uses of a Guerbet alcohol with similar molecular structure.
• Derivatives of neo-alcohols can find similar use to those of similar derivatives of Guerbet alcohols.
• Neo-alcohols and their derivatives can be particularly useful because of the presence of the quaternary carbon on the beta-location.
• Neo-alcohols comprising one or more long carbon chains having at least 6 carbons can be particularly interesting. Neo-alcohols cannot be made by Guerbet reaction.
• the neo-alcohols have interesting properties useful for a surfactant and can be used as such, and can be converted into useful derivatives.
• R 1 and R 2 are independently each a hydrocarbyl group comprising at least two (2) carbon atoms (preferably a C2-C60 hydrocarbyl group).
• a second aspect of this disclosure relates to use of the compound of the first aspect in in at least one of the following: (i) a lubricating oil composition as an additive component; (ii) a detergent composition as a surfactant; (iii) a pharmaceutical composition as a surfactant and/or solvent; (iv) a pesticide as a surfactant and/or solvent; (v) a herbicide as a surfactant and/or solvent; and (vi) a plastic material as a plasticizer.
• a third aspect of this disclosure relates to a process for making a neo-alcohol a neo-alcohol compound having a formula (F-I) below: (F-I), wherein R 1 and R 2 are independently each a hydrocarbyl group comprising at least two (2) carbon atoms (preferably a C2-C60 hydrocarbyl group, more preferably a C2-C30 linear or branched alkyl group), the process comprising: (I) providing a neo-acid product comprising a neo-acid compound having a formula (F-II) below: (F-II); and (II) contacting the neo-acid product with a reducing agent under reducing conditions.
• F-I formula
• Alkyl group refers to a saturated hydrocarbyl group consisting of carbon and hydrogen atoms.
• Linear alkyl group refers to a non-cyclic alkyl group in which all carbon atoms are covalently connected to no more than two carbon atoms.
• Branched alkyl group refers to a non-cyclic alkyl group in which at least one carbon atom is covalently connected to more than two carbon atoms.
• Cycloalkyl group refers to an alkyl group in which all carbon atoms form a ring structure.
• Hydrocarbyl group refers to a group consisting of hydrogen and carbon atoms only.
• a hydrocarbyl group can be saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched, cyclic or acyclic, containing a cyclic structure or free of cyclic structure, and aromatic or non-aromatic.
• a "substituted” hydrocarbyl group is a hydrocarbyl group in which a hydrogen atom is substituted with another group.
• An "unsubstituted" hydrocarbyl group is a hydrocarbyl group.
• Cn group or compound refers to a group or a compound comprising carbon atoms at total number thereof of n.
• Cm-Cn or Cm to Cn group or compound refers to a group or compound comprising carbon atoms at a total number thereof in the range from m to n.
• a C1-C50 alkyl group refers to an alkyl group comprising carbon atoms at a total number thereof in the range from 1 to 50.
• “Mono-ester” refers to a compound having one ester (-C(O)-O-) functional group therein.
• Neo-acid refers to a carboxylic acid having the following general structure: , where R a , R b , and R c , the same or different, are independently hydrocarbyl groups.
• “Neo-alcohol” refers to an alcohol having the following general structure: , where R a , R b , and R c , the same or different, are independently hydrocarbyl groups.
• “Lubricating oil” refers to a substance that can be introduced between two or more surfaces and lowers the level of friction between two adjacent surfaces moving relative to each other.
• lubricating oils include those in liquid form during normal use thereof such as engine oils and gear box oils, and those in viscous liquid form during normal use such as grease.
• a lubricating oil “base stock” is a material, typically a fluid at various levels of viscosity at the operating temperature of the lubricating oil, used to formulate a lubricating oil by admixing with other components.
• base stocks suitable in lubricating oils include API Group I, Group II, Group III, Group IV, and Group V base stocks. If one base stock is designated as a primary base stock in the lubricating oil, any additional base stock may be called a co-base stock.
• KV100 Kinematic viscosity at 100°C
• KV40 kinematic viscosity at 40°C
• Unit of all KV100 and KV40 values herein is cSt unless otherwise specified.
• NV Noack volatility
• a lubricating oil base stock consisting essentially of a given ester compound comprises that ester compound at a concentration by weight of at least 90 wt%, based on the total weight of the lubricating oil base stock.
• One aspect of this disclosure is a novel category of alcohol compounds having a general formula (F-I) below:
• R 1 and R 2 are independently each a hydrocarbyl group comprising at least two (2) carbon atoms (preferably a C2 to C60 hydrocarbyl group, more preferably a C2 to C60 alkyl group, still more preferably a C2 to C60 linear or branched alkyl group, still more preferably a C2 to C30 linear or branched alkyl group).
• a compound having molecular structure of (F-I) is a type of neo-alcohol, and is referred to as "neo-alcohol of this disclosure" herein.
• R 1 and R 2 each independently comprise cl to c2 carbon atoms, where cl and c2 can be, independently, any integer from 2 to 60, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, or 60, as long as cl ⁇ c2.
• R 1 and R 2 each independently comprise even number of carbon atoms.
• At least one of R 1 and R 2 can be a branched alkyl group, preferably a branched alkyl group having the following formula (F-IV):
• R a and R b are independently hydrocarbyl groups, preferably alkyl groups, more preferably linear or branched alkyl groups, still more preferably linear alkyl groups, m is a non- negative integer, preferably m > 2, more preferably m > 3, still more preferably m > 4, still more preferably m > 5, still more preferably m > 6, still more preferably m > 7.
• R 1 and/or R 2 can be a group branched at the 1-location, i.e., the carbon directly connected to the quaternary carbon atom.
• branched alkyls for R 1 and R 2 include: 2-ethylhexyl, 2-propylheptanyl, 2-butyloctyl, and 3,5- dimethyloctyl.
• At least one of R 1 and R 2 can be linear alkyl groups such as: ethyl, n -propyl, n -butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n- decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-heptadecyl, n-octadecyl, n-nonadecyl, n-icosyl, n-henicosyl, n-docosyl, n-tricosyl, n-tetracosyl, n- pentacosyl, n-hexacosyl,
• the total number of carbon atoms in linear R 1 and R 2 is an even number.
• the total number of carbon atoms in the linear R 1 and/or R 2 combined is from al to a2, where al and a2 can be, independently, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 80, 96, or 100, as long as al ⁇ a2.
• the total number of carbon atoms in the linear R 1 and R 2 combined is from 8 to 96, more preferably from 8 to 80, more preferably from 8 to 64, still more preferably from 8 to 48, still more preferably from 8 to 40, still more preferably from 8 to 32, still more preferably from 8 to 28, still more preferably from 8 to 26, still more preferably from 8 to 24, still more preferably from 8 to 22, and still more preferably from 8 to 20.
• the total number of carbon atoms in R 1 and R 2 combined is from bl to b2, where bl and b2 can be, independently, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 80, 96, or 100, as long as bl ⁇ b2.
• the total number of carbon atoms in R 1 and R 2 is in a range from 8 to 96, more preferably from 8 to 80, still more preferably from 8 to 64, still more preferably from 8 to 48, still more preferably from 8 to 40, still more preferably from 8 to 32, still more preferably from 8 to 28, still more preferably from 8 to 26, still more preferably from 8 to 24, still more preferably from 8 to 22, and still more preferably from 8 to 20.
• R 1 and R 2 are identical. In such case, it is particularly preferred that R 1 and R 2 contain even number of carbon atoms. It is also particularly preferred that R 1 and R 2 are identical linear alkyl groups. Where R 1 and R 2 in formula (F-I) differ, it is highly desirable that they differ in terms of molar mass thereof by no greater than 145 (or 130, 115, 100, 85, 70, 55, 45, 30, or even 15) grams per mole. Preferably, in such cases, R 1 and R 2 differ in terms of total number of carbon atoms contained therein by no greater than 10 (or 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or even 1).
• neo-alcohol compounds the following are even more preferred: 2-ethyl-2-methylhexan-l-ol; 2-butyl-2-methyloctan-l-ol; 2-hexyl-2-methyldecan-l-ol; 2- methyl-2-octyldodecan-l-ol; 2-decyl-2-methyltetradecan-l-ol; and 2-dodecyl-2- methylhexadecan- 1 -ol.
• Each molecule of neo-alcohols of this disclosure features a hydroxyl group that imparts polarity and hydrophilic properties.
• the hydrocarbon chains in the molecule especially those relatively long chains having a carbon backbone comprising at least 6 carbon atoms, imparts hydrophobicity to the molecule at the end opposite to the hydroxyl group.
• the amphiphilic nature of the neo-alcohol molecule renders it suitable as a surfactant useful as detergents, wetting agents, emulsifiers, foaming agents, and dispersants.
• the neo-alcohols of this disclosure can have many applications.
• One contemplated application is a lubricating oil composition (e.g., an additive package for a lubricating oil formulation; or a lubricating oil formulation).
• Other examples of applications include: detergents such as household laundry detergents and soaps; personal care products such as lotions, hair products, and the like; pharmaceutical products such as medicinal syrups; industrial products such as degreasers and industrial cleaners; pesticides; herbicides; and the like.
• the neo-alcohols of this disclosure can also be used as a plasticizer in plastic materials.
• neo-alcohols of this disclosure can be used in mining operations as a modifier of the formulation; as a compatibilizer in printing products such as ink formulations and toner formulations; and as a solvent or diluent in many chemical mixtures. All of these different products comprising neo-alcohol of this disclosure constitute individual aspects of this disclosure as well.
• neo-alcohols of this disclosure can be conveniently converted into many useful derivatives such as esters, ethers, and the like. Such derivatives can be conveniently used in many applications.
• a lubricating oil formulation means a lubricating oil product ready for its intended use.
• examples of lubricating oil formulations include: engine oils ready for putting into the crankcase of an internal combustion engine; gear oils ready for being dispensed into a gear box; greases ready for being applied to apparatus in need of greasing; and the like.
• a lubricating oil composition can be any portion or the entirety of a lubricating oil formulation.
• a lubricating oil composition can be: (i) a base stock; (ii) an additive package comprising one or more additives; (iii) a mixture of two or more base stocks absent any additive; (iv) a mixture of one or more base stocks with one or more additives but not the entirety of a lubricating oil formulation; and (v) a lubricating oil formulation in its entirety.
• the neo-alcohols of this disclosure are useful as an additive component in formulating lubricating oil compositions.
• additional components such as other base stocks, additional quantities of the materials already present in the lubricating oil composition, additive components, and the like, to the lubricating oil composition.
• a particularly preferred embodiment of the lubricating oil composition of this disclosure is a lubricating oil formulation.
• the neo-alcohol can be present in a lubricating oil formulation as an additive component in an amount from about cl to c2 wt%, based on the total weight of the oil composition, where cl and c2 can be, independently, 0.01, 0.05, 0.1, 0.5, 1, 2, 3, 4, or 5, as long as cl ⁇ c2.
• a wide range of lubricating oil base stocks known in the art can be used in conjunction with the neo-alcohol in the lubricating oil compositions of this disclosure, as a primary base stock or a co-base stock.
• Such base stocks can be either derived from natural resources or synthetic, including un-refined, refined, or re-refined oils.
• Un-refined oil base stocks include shale oil obtained directly from retorting operations, petroleum oil obtained directly from primary distillation, and ester oil obtained directly from a natural source (such as plant matters and animal tissues) or directly from a chemical esterification process.
• Refined oil base stocks are those un-refined base stocks further subjected to one or more purification steps such as solvent extraction, secondary distillation, acid extraction, base extraction, filtration, and percolation to improve the at least one lubricating oil property.
• Re-refined oil base stocks are obtained by processes analogous to refined oils but using an oil that has been previously used as a feed stock.
• API Groups I, II, III, IV, and V are broad categories of base stocks developed and defined by the American Petroleum Institute (API Publication 1509; www.API.org) to create guidelines for lubricating oil base stocks.
• Group I base stocks generally have a viscosity index of from about 80 to 120 and contain greater than about 0.03% sulfur and less than about 90% saturates.
• Group II base stocks generally have a viscosity index of from about 80 to 120, and contain less than or equal to about 0.03% sulfur and greater than or equal to about 90% saturates.
• Group III base stocks generally have a viscosity index greater than about 120 and contains less than or equal to about 0.03% sulfur and greater than about 90% saturates.
• Group IV includes polyalpha-olefins (PAO).
• Group V base stocks include base stocks not included in Groups I- IV. The table below summarizes properties of each of these five groups.
• Natural oils include animal oils (e.g. lard), vegetable oils (e.g., castor oil), and mineral oils. Animal and vegetable oils possessing favorable thermal oxidation stability can be used. Of the natural oils, mineral oils are preferred. Mineral oils vary widely as to their crude source, e.g., as to whether they are paraffinic, naphthenic, or mixed paraffinic-naphthenic. Oils derived from coal or shale are also useful in this disclosure. Natural oils vary also as to the method used for their production and purification, e.g., their distillation range and whether they are straight run or cracked, hydrorefined, or solvent extracted.
• Group II and/or Group III base stocks are generally hydroprocessed or hydrocracked base stocks derived from crude oil refining processes.
• Synthetic base stocks include polymerized and interpolymerized olefins (e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers).
• polymerized and interpolymerized olefins e.g., polybutylenes, polypropylenes, propylene isobutylene copolymers, ethylene-olefin copolymers, and ethylene-alphaolefin copolymers.
• PAO base stocks are placed into Group IV.
• Advantageous Group IV base stocks are those made from one or more of C6, C8, CIO, C12, and C14 linear alpha-olefins (“LAO"s). These base stocks can be commercially available at a wide range of viscosity, such as a KV100 in the range from 1.0 to 1,000 cSt.
• the PAO base stocks can be made by polymerization of the LAO(s) in the presence of Lewis-acid type catalyst or a metallocene compound-based catalyst system.
• High quality Group IV PAO commercial base stocks include the SpectraSynTM and SpectraSyn EliteTM series available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company having an address at 4500 Bayway Drive, Baytown, Texas 77520, United States.
• esters not in the neo-acid-derived ester category in a minor amount may be useful in the lubricating oil compositions of this disclosure.
• Additive solvency and seal compatibility characteristics may be imparted by the use of esters such as the esters of dibasic acids with monoalkanols and the polyol esters of monocarboxylic acids.
• Esters of the former type include, e.g., the esters of dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, succinic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid, etc., with a variety of alcohols such as butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, etc.
• dicarboxylic acids such as phthalic acid, succinic acid, sebacic acid, fumaric acid, adipic acid, linoleic acid dimer, malonic acid, alkyl malonic acid, alkenyl malonic acid, etc.
• alcohols such as butyl alcohol, hexyl alcohol, dodecyl alcohol, 2-ethylhexyl alcohol, etc.
• esters include dibutyl adipate, di(2-ethylhexyl) sebacate, di-n-hexyl fumarate, dioctyl sebacate, diisooctyl azelate, diisodecyl azelate, dioctyl phthalate, didecyl phthalate, dieicosyl sebacate, etc.
• Useful ester- type Group V base stock include the EsterexTM series commercially available from ExxonMobil Chemical Company.
• One or more of the following maybe used as a base stock in the lubricating oil of this disclosure as well: (1) one or more Gas-to-Liquids (GTL) materials; and (2) hydrodewaxed, hydroisomerized, solvent dewaxed, or catalytically dewaxed base stocks derived from synthetic wax, natural wax, waxy feeds, slack waxes, gas oils, waxy fuels, hydrocracker bottoms, waxy raffinate, hydrocrackate, thermal crackates, foots oil, and waxy materials derived from coal liquefaction or shale oil.
• Such waxy feeds can be derived from mineral oils or non-mineral oil processing or can be synthetic (e.g., Fischer-Tropsch feed stocks).
• Such base stocks preferably comprise linear or branched hydrocarbyl compounds of C20 or higher, more preferably C30 or higher.
• the lubricating oil compositions of this disclosure can comprise one or more Group I, II, III, IV, or V base stocks in addition to the neo-alcohol.
• Group I base stocks if any, are present at a relatively low concentration if a high quality lubricating oil is desired.
• Group I base stocks may be introduced as a diluent of an additive package at a small quantity.
• Groups II and III base stocks can be included in the lubricating oil compositions of this disclosure, but preferably only those with high quality, e.g., those having a VI from 100 to 120.
• Group IV and V base stocks, preferably those of high quality, are desirably included into the lubricating oil compositions of this disclosure.
• the neo-alcohols of this disclosure can be advantageously used as an additive component in a lubricant oil composition.
• a lubricating oil composition containing a neo-acid of this disclosure may additionally contain one or more of other commonly used lubricating oil performance additives including but not limited to dispersants, detergents, viscosity modifiers, antiwear additives, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, metal deactivators, extreme pressure additives, anti-seizure agents, wax modifiers, viscosity modifiers, fluid-loss additives, seal compatibility agents, lubricity agents, anti-staining agents, chromophoric agents, defoamants, demulsifiers, densifiers, wetting agents, gelling agents, tackiness agents, colorants, and others.
• Additives including the neo- alcohol(s) of this disclosure and other additives, are commonly delivered with varying amounts of diluent oil that may range from 5 wt% to 50 wt% based on the total weight of the additive package before incorporation into the formulated oil.
• the additives useful in this disclosure do not have to be soluble in the lubricating oil compositions. Insoluble additives in oil can be dispersed in the lubricating oil compositions of this disclosure.
• additive package can be conveniently combined with other lubricating oil components, such as a primary base stock, one or more optional co-base stocks, and other additive packages, at desired quantities to make the final lubricating oil formulation (such as an engine oil) that can be directly used in its intended applications (such as in the crankcase of an internal combustion engine).
• lubricating oil formulation such as an engine oil
• an additive package for lubricating oil compositions is a special type of lubricating oil composition.
• additives are shipped from the additive manufacturer as a concentrate, containing one or more additives together, with a certain amount of base oil diluents.
• the neo-alcohol(s) of this disclosure as a lubricating additive and additive packages containing the neo-alcohols of this disclosure may be shipped as a concentrate as well, with a certain amount of base oil diluents.
• lubricating oil compositions contain one or more of the additives discussed above, the additive(s) are blended into the oil composition in an amount sufficient for it to perform its intended function.
• the neo-alcohols of this disclosure owing to the presence of a hydroxyl group and one or more hydrocarbon chain(s) in its molecule, exhibit amphiphilic properties, and thereby can be used as a surfactant in detergent compositions, pharmaceutical compositions, pesticide compositions, insecticide compositions, and herbicide compositions, to name a few. It can also function as a solvent in these compositions.
• the neo-alcohols of this disclosure can be conveniently converted into various derivatives, which can be used as surfactants in the above compositions as well.
• Plasticizers are incorporated into a resin (usually a plastic or elastomer) to increase the flexibility, workability, or distensibility of the resin.
• the largest use of plasticizers is in the production of "plasticized” or flexible polyvinyl chloride (PVC) products.
• PVC polyvinyl chloride
• Typical uses of plasticized PVC include films, sheets, tubing, coated fabrics, wire and cable insulation and jacketing, toys, flooring materials such as vinyl sheet flooring or vinyl floor tiles, adhesives, sealants, inks, and medical products such as blood bags and tubing, and the like.
• Other polymer systems that use small amounts of plasticizers include polyvinyl butyral, acrylic polymers, nylon, polyolefins, polyurethanes, and fluoroplastics.
• Plasticizers can also be used with rubber (although often these materials fall under the definition of extenders for rubber rather than plasticizers).
• a listing of the major plasticizers and their compatibilities with different polymer systems is provided in "Plasticizers," A. D. Godwin, in Applied Polymer Science 21st Century, edited by C. D. Craver and C. E. Carraher, Elsevier (2000); pp. 157-175.
• plasticizer performance characteristics such as melting or chemical and thermal stability, pour point, glass transition, increased compatibility, good performance and low temperature properties
• neo-alcohol of this disclosure can be advantageously used as a plasticizer described above.
• neo-alcohols of this disclosure can be advantageously used as an intermediate for making various chemical derivatives thereof.
• Such derivatives can include, but are not limited to, esters, ethers, polyethers (polyethylene oxide, polypropylene oxide, etc.) polyure thanes, sulfates, etc.
• One aspect of this disclosure relates to a process for making a neo-alcohol product compound having a formula (F-I) below: I), wherein R 1 and R 2 are each independently a hydrocarbyl group comprising at least two (2) carbon atoms (preferably a C2 to C60 hydrocarbyl group, more preferably a C2 to C60 alkyl group, still more preferably a C2 to C60 linear or branched alkyl group, and still more preferably a C2 to C30 linear or branched alkyl group), the process comprising: (I) providing a neo-acid product comprising a neo-acid compound having a
• the neo-acid product used in the process consists essentially of a single mono-neo-acid, which will result in a neo-alcohol product consists essentially of a single neo-alcohol compound, though a mixture of multiple neo-acids having different formula (F-II) can be used as well, which will result in the production of a neo-alcohol product comprising multiple corresponding neo-alcohol compounds.
• the latter may be economically more advantageous where a mixture of different but similar neo-acids can be procured at a lower cost than a high-purity neo-acid compound, and a mixture of neo-alcohol derived from such neo-acid mixture is acceptable for the intended use thereof.
• R 1 and R 2 each independently comprise cl to c2 carbon atoms, where cl and c2 can be, independently, any integer from 2 to 60, such as 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48 50, 52, 54, 56, 58, or 60, as long as cl ⁇ c2.
• R 1 and R 2 each independently comprise even number of carbon atoms.
• At least one of R 1 and R 2 can be a branched alkyl group, preferabl group having the following formula (F-IV): (F-IV),
• R a and R b are independently hydrocarbyl groups, preferably alkyl groups, more preferably linear or branched alkyl groups, still more preferably linear alkyl groups, m is a non-negative integer, preferably m > 2, more preferably m > 3, still more preferably m > 4, still more preferably m > 5, still more preferably m > 6, still more preferably m > 7.
• R 1 and/or R 2 can be a group branched at the 1-location, i.e., the carbon directly connected to the quaternary carbon atom.
• branched alkyls for R 1 and R 2 include: 2-ethylhexyl, 2- propylheptanyl, 2-butyloctyl, and 3,5-dimethyloctyl.
• At least one of R 1 and R 2 can be linear alkyl groups such as: ethyl, n -propyl, n -butyl, n-pentyl, n-hexyl, n-heptyl, n-octyl, n-nonyl, n- decyl, n-undecyl, n-dodecyl, n-tridecyl, n-tetradecyl, n-pentadecyl, n-hexadecyl, n-heptadecyl, n-octadecyl, n-nonadecyl, n-icosyl, n-henicosyl, n-docosyl, n-tricosyl, n-tetracosyl, n- pentacosyl, n-hexacosyl
• the total number of carbon atoms in linear R 1 and R 2 is an even number.
• the total number of carbon atoms in the linear R 1 and/or R 2 combined is from al to a2, where al and a2 can be, independently, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 80, 96, or 100, as long as al ⁇ a2.
• the total number of carbon atoms in the linear R 1 and R 2 combined is from 8 to 96, more preferably from 8 to 80, still more preferably from 8 to 64, still more preferably from 8 to 48, still more preferably from 8 to 40, still more preferably from 8 to 32, still more preferably from 8 to 28, still more preferably from 8 to 26, still more preferably from 8 to 24, still more preferably from 8 to 22, and still more preferably from 8 to 20.
• the total number of carbon atoms in R 1 and R 2 combined is from bl to b2, where bl and b2 can be, independently, 8, 10, 12, 14, 16, 18, 20, 22, 24, 26, 28, 30, 32, 34, 36, 38, 40, 42, 44, 46, 48, 52, 56, 60, 64, 80, 96, or 100, as long as bl ⁇ b2.
• the total number of carbon atoms in R 1 and R 2 is in a range from 8 to 96, more preferably from 8 to 80, still more preferably from 8 to 64, still more preferably from 8 to 48, still more preferably from 8 to 40, still more preferably from 8 to 32, still more preferably from 8 to 28, still more preferably from 8 to 26, still more preferably from 8 to 24, still more preferably from 8 to 22, and still more preferably from 8 to 20.
• R 1 and R 2 are identical. In such case, it is particularly preferred that R 1 and R 2 contain even number of carbon atoms. It is also particularly preferred that R 1 and R 2 are identical linear alkyl groups. Where R 1 and R 2 differ, it is highly desirable that they differ in terms of molar mass thereof by no greater than 145 (or 130, 115, 100, 85, 70, 55, 45, 30, or even 15) grams per mole. Preferably, in such cases R 1 and R 2 differ in terms of total number of carbon atoms contained therein by no greater than 10 (or 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or even 1).
• the neo-acid product useful in the process for making the neo-alcohols of this disclosure can be made from a process comprising the following steps: (la) providing a vinylidene olefin feed comprising a vinylidene olefin having the following formula (F-III):
• R 1 R 2 (F-III), where R 1 and R 2 correspond to the R 1 and R2 in formula (F-I); (lb) contacting the vinylidene olefin with carbon monoxide in a reactor in the presence of an acid catalyst (preferably at a carbon monoxide partial pressure of at least 1.0 MPa, more preferably at least 3.5 MPa, still more preferably at least 5.0 MPa) to obtain a reaction mixture; (Ic) contacting the reaction mixture with water to obtain an acid product mixture; and (Id) obtaining at least a portion of the neo-acid product from the crude acid mixture.
• an acid catalyst preferably at a carbon monoxide partial pressure of at least 1.0 MPa, more preferably at least 3.5 MPa, still more preferably at least 5.0 MPa
• the oligomerization product mixture obtainable from step (Ia.2) may comprise up to four vinylidene olefins as dimers of the two terminal olefins, which may be separated to obtain the desirable vinylidene olefin feed in step (la.3) comprising one, two, three, or all four vinylidene olefins, as the case may be.
• Nine vinylidene olefin dimers can result from three terminal olefins in the monomer feed.
• vinylidene olefins if contained in the vinylidene olefin feed in step (la) of the process for making the neo-acid described above, can be converted into corresponding neo-acids in the neo-acid product, which, in turn, can be converted into corresponding neo-alcohols in the neo-alcohol product.
• the vinylidene olefin useful in the process of this disclosure for making the neo- acid product has a formula (F-II (F-III),
• R 1 and R 2 correspond to the R 1 and R 2 groups in formula (F-II) of the neo-acid, respectively, which, in turn, correspond to the R 1 and R 2 groups in formula (F-I) of the neo- alcohol, respectively.
• R 1 and R 2 are identical.
• examples of preferred vinylidene olefin having a formula (F-III) useful in the process of this disclosure are: 3-methyleneheptane; 4-methylenenonane; 5-methyleneundecane; 7- methyleneheptadecane; 9-methylenenonadecane; 11-methylenetricosane; 13- methyleneheptacosane; and 15-methylenehentriacontane, and mixtures thereof.
• R 1 and R 2 in formula (F-III) differ, it is highly desirable that they differ in terms of molar mass thereof by no greater than 145 (or 130, 115, 100, 85, 70, 55, 45, 30, or even 15) grams per mole. In such cases, preferably, R 1 and R 2 differ in terms of total number of carbon atoms contained therein by no greater than 10 (or 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or even 1).
• a single vinylidene olefin having a formula (F-III) where R 1 and R 2 are identical can be advantageously made in the dimerization process, which can be used as the vinylidene olefin feed in step (I) of the process of this disclosure for making a neo-acid product.
• the monomer feed may comprise multiple terminal olefins having differing formulas (F-III).
• multiple vinylidene olefins having different formulas (F-III) may be produced in the dimerization reaction, which can be used together as the vinylidene olefin feed for making a neo-acid product comprising multiple neo-acid compounds.
• the monomer feed comprises multiple terminal olefins, it is highly desirable that they differ in terms of molecular weight thereof by no greater than 145 (or 130, 115, 100, 85, 70, 55, 45, 30, or even 15) grams per mole.
• the multiple terminal olefins contained in the monomer feed differ in terms of total number of carbon atoms contained therein by no greater than 10 (or 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or even 1).
• Such dimerization can be carried out advantageously in the presence of a catalyst system comprising a metallocene compound.
• U.S. Patent No. 4,658,078 discloses a process for making a vinylidene olefin dimer from a terminal olefin monomer, the content of which is incorporated herein by reference in its entirety. The batch processes as disclosed in U.S. Patent
• 4,658,078 may contain 1,2-di-substituted vinylene(s) and tri-substituted vinylenes at various levels. To the extent the concentrations of the 1,2-di-substituted vinylene(s) and tri-substituted vinylenes are acceptable to the intended application of this disclosure, the batch processes as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,658,078 may be used to produce the dimer having formula (F- III) above useful in the process for making the neo-acid product in tis disclosure.
• Such dimerization can also be carried out in the presence of trialkylaluminium such as tri(tert-butyl)aluminum as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,987,788, the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• trialkylaluminium such as tri(tert-butyl)aluminum as disclosed in U.S. Patent No. 4,987,788, the content of which is incorporated by reference in its entirety.
• the vinylidene olefin having formula (F-III) feed used in the process of this disclosure for making neo-acid product comprises a single vinylidene olefin having formula (F-III) having a purity thereof of at least 90 wt%, preferably, at least 92 wt%, more preferably at least 94 wt%, still preferably at least 95 wt%, still more preferably 96 wt%, still more preferably at least 97 wt%, still more preferably at least 98 wt%, still more preferably at least 99 wt%, based on the total weight of the olefins contained in the feed.
• the individual vinylidene olefins contained in the mixture have similar molecular weights, i.e., having molecular weights that differ by no more than, e.g., 145, 130, 115, 100, 85, 70, 55, 45, 30, or even 15 grams per mole.
• the individual vinylidene olefins contained in the mixture differ in terms of total number of carbon atoms contained therein by no more than 10, 9, 8, 7, 6, 5, 4, 3, 2, or even 1.
• the individual vinylidene olefins contained in the mixture can be structural isomers.
• the vinylidene olefins having different chemical formulas and/or molecular weight can be converted into neo-acid compounds having different chemical formulas and/or molecular weight under the same reaction conditions following the same reaction mechanism.
• the corresponding mixture of vinylidene olefin can be used as the vinylidene olefin feed for making the neo-acid product by using the process of this disclosure.
• the vinylidene olefin feed used in the process for making neo-acid product comprises 1,2-di-substituted vinylene(s) and tri-substituted vinylene(s) as impurities at a total concentration no greater than 5 wt%, preferably no greater than 4 wt%, still more preferably no greater than 3 wt%, still more preferably no greater than 2 wt%, still no greater than 1 wt%, based on the total weight of olefins contained in the feed.
• a catalyst system such as one comprising a metallocene compound.
• Koch chemistry can be employed to make neo-acids from the vinylidene olefins described above.
• the Koch chemistry involves a step (called “carboxylation” herein) of reacting the olefin with carbon monoxide in the presence of a strong acid at effective reaction temperature and an effective partial pressure of CO.
• the reaction mixture from the carboxylation step of reacting with CO is allowed to contact with water to produce a carboxylic acid.
• the step of reacting the vinylidene olefin with CO is carried out in a batch reactor due to the pressurized nature.
• the reactions can be schematic
• the acid catalyst used in the carboxylation step can be any strong organic or inorganic acids.
• Non-limiting examples are: (i) Br(
• the amount of the acid catalyst used expressed in terms of molar ratio of the catalyst to the vinylidene olefin can range from rl to r2, where R 1 and R 2 can be, independently, 0.01, 0.02, 0.04, .0.05, 0.06, 0.08, 0.1, 0.2, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.8, 1, 2, 4, 5, 6, 8, 10, 20, 40, or 50, as long as rl ⁇ r2.
• the quantity of the catalyst by mole means the quantity by mole of molecules, ions, or functional groups that provide the catalytic effect in the carboxylation reaction between the vinylidene olefin and CO in the catalyst material.
• the quantity by mole of a BF3 catalyst means the quantity by mole of BF3- I.IH2O.
• BF3 2H2O is believed to be not catalytically effective for the reaction between the vinylidene olefin and CO.
• subsequent addition of anhydrous BF3 into the reaction system can convert BF3 2H2O into catalytically active form BF3- I.IH2O.
• BF3 2H2O and anhydrous BF3 are introduced into the reaction system separately at stoichiometric quantities to form BF3- I.IH2O
• all BF3 is present in the reaction system in the form of BF3 I.IH2O for the purpose of calculating the molar quantity of the BF3 catalyst.
• the quantity of a HF catalyst by mole means the quantity by mole of protons provided by the catalyst (considered as equal to the quantity of HF because of the strong acidity of HF).
• the quantity by mole means the quantity by mole of the functional groups or ions provided by the catalyst material.
• the active acid catalyst is not allowed to contact the olefin until after the olefin has already formed a mixture with CO at a high CO partial pressure in the reaction mixture.
• the active acid catalyst is added to the reaction system only after the partial pressure of CO in the reaction system has reached 2.0 mega Pascal ("MPa"), preferably 2.5 MPa, more preferably 3.0 MPa, still more preferably 3.5 kPa, still more preferably 5.0 MPa, still more preferably 7.0 MPa.
• BF3 is used as an acid catalyst for the reaction between the vinylidene olefin and CO
• a quantity of BF3- 23 ⁇ 40 is admixed with the vinylidene olefin feed in the reactor before CO partial pressure inside the reactor is increased to 2.0 MPa.
• the BF3 2H2O is not catalytically effective for the oligomerization of the vinylidene olefin or the carboxylation reaction between the vinylidene olefin and CO.
• anhydrous BF3 is introduced into the reactor to effect the carboxylation reaction between the vinylidene olefin and CO.
• the quantities of BF3 2H2O and anhydrous BF3 are at a substantially stoichiometric ratio to form BF3- I.IH2O.
• the temperature elevation process starts after at least a portion of the active catalyst is introduced into the reactor.
• the catalyst can be added to the carboxylation reaction system as a solution in an inert solvent, as a substantially pure material, or as a dispersion in an inert dispersant.
• the inert solvent and/or dispersant include: benzene, toluene, any xylene, ethylbenzene, and mixtures thereof; n-pentane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-hexane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; cyclohexane and saturated isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-heptane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-octane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-nonane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-decane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; and any mixture of the above; Iso
• the carboxylation reaction of the vinylidene olefin with CO is desirably conducted in the presence of an atmosphere comprising CO at an absolute partial pressure of CO in a range from pi to p2 MPa, where pi and p2 can be, independently, 3.0, 3.5, 4.0, 4.5, 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, 7.0, 7.5, 8.0, 8.5, 9.0, 9.5, 10.0, 10.5, 11.0, 11.5, 12.0, 12.5, 13.0, 13.5, or 14.0, as long as pi ⁇ p2.
• a high total partial pressure of CO is conducive to a high conversion of the vinylidene.
• the conversion of vinylidene in the carboxylation reaction is at least 70%, preferably at least 75%, more preferably at least 80%, more preferably at least 85%, more preferably at least 90%, still more preferably at least 95%.
• the carboxylation reaction of the vinylidene olefin with CO is desirably conducted at a temperature in a range from tl °C to t2 °C, where tl and t2 can be, independently, -20,-15, -10, -5, 0, 5, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 55, 60, 65, 70, 75, 80, 85, 90, 95, 100, 110, or 120, as long as tl ⁇ t2.
• reaction time can range from 0.5 hour to 96 hours, preferably 1 hour to 60 hours, more preferably no longer than 48 hours, still more preferably no longer than 36 hours, still more preferably no longer than 24 hours, still more preferably no longer than 12 hours, still more preferably no longer than 6 hours.
• the reactor is cooled down and depressurized, and the carboxylation product mixture, comprising unreacted vinylidene olefin, catalyst, the desired neo-acid product, and other undesired by-products, can be advantageously separated to obtain the neo-acid product.
• the carboxylation reaction between the vinylidene olefin and CO may be conducted with or without the presence of an inert solvent.
• the inert solvent include: benzene, toluene, any xylene, ethylbenzene, and mixtures thereof; n-pentane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-hexane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; cyclohexane and saturated isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-heptane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-octane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-nonane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-decane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; and any mixture of the above; Isopar® solvent; and the like.
• water may be included in the reactants at a small quantity, to the extent the presence of water does not reduce the activity of the catalyst.
• the reaction mixture is typically allowed to contact with water to complete the carboxylation of the vinylidene olefin to produce the desired neo-acid product.
• the contact with water can result in the formation of a mixture including an aqueous phase and an organic phase.
• the acid is typically preferentially distributed in the organic phase, and any acid catalyst soluble in water or reactive with water can be preferentially distributed in the aqueous phase.
• a solid catalyst such as solid zeolites, solid acids, and acid resin
• the catalyst can be conveniently filtered from the liquid, dried and reused as appropriate in the carboxylation reaction.
• the neo-acid product in the organic phase may be further purified to obtain a neo- acid product comprising primarily the intended acid having a formula (F-II) with desired purity. Purification can be done via one or more of traditional methods such as water washing, solvent extraction, distillation, liquid or gas chromatography, or by using a sorbent.
• neo-acid product from vinylidene olefins
• a high selectivity of the vinylidene olefin toward the desired neo-acid can be achieved in the carboxylation process if the active catalyst is not added to the reaction until a high CO partial pressure (e.g., a partial pressure of at least 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, or 7.0 MPa) in the reaction system has been established, resulting in a neo-acid product having a purity of the desired neo-acid after removal of the vinylidene and heavy components of at least 95 wt%, 96 wt%, at least 97 wt%, at least 98 wt%, or even at least 99 wt%, based on the total weight of the neo-acid product.
• a high CO partial pressure e.g., a partial pressure of at least 5.0, 5.5, 6.0, 6.5, or 7.0 MPa
• terminal olefins useful in the process of this disclosure include but are not limited to: 1-butene, 1-pentene, 1-hexene, 1-octene, 1-decene, 1-dodecene,
• 1- tetradecene, 1-hexadecene, 1-octadecene, 1-icosene, and the like can be conveniently used to fabricate neo-acids 2-ethyl-2-methylhexanoic acid, 2-methyl-2-propylheptanoic acid, 2-butyl-2-methyloctanoic acid, 2-hexyl-2-methyldecanoic acid, 2-methyl-2-octyldodecanoic acid, 2-decyl-2-methyltetradecanoic acid, 2-dodecyl-2-methylhexadecanoic acid, 2-methyl-2- tetradecyloctadecanoic acid, 2-hexadecyl-2-methylicosanoic acid, and 2-methyl-2- octadecyldocosanoic acid, respectively.
• Non-limiting examples of neo-acids obtainable by the process described above and useful in the process of this disclosure for making neo-alcohol products include the following:
• Reduction of the neo-acid having a formula (F-II) yields the neo-alcohol of this disclosure having a formula (F-I).
• Reduction of a carboxylic acid can be effected in many known ways by contacting the acid with a reducing agent under reducing conditions. Among them, mention can be made of hydrogenation in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst, or contacting with other reducing agents in a solution or dispersion.
• Hydrogenation of the neo-acid can be desirably effected by contacting the neo-acid with hydrogen atmosphere in the presence of a hydrogenation catalyst comprising a hydrogenation metal.
• the hydrogen atmosphere can have an absolute hydrogen partial pressure in a range from, e.g., pi to p2 mega Pascal ("MPa"), where pi and p2 can be, independently, 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 2.0, 4.0, 5.0, 6.0, 8.0, 10, 15, 20, 25, 30, 35, 40, 45, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 200, 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, or even 1,000, as long as pi ⁇ p2.
• MPa mega Pascal
• the hydrogenation metal can be selected from Fe, Co, Ni, Ru, Rh, Pd, Os, Ir, Pt, and combinations thereof.
• the hydrogenation metal may be supported on an inorganic support such as silica, alumina, and the like.
• One having ordinary skill in the art can choose the proper reaction temperature to effect the reduction of the neo-acid to neo-alcohol with desired conversion of the neo-acid and the desired selectivity toward the neo-alcohol.
• Typical reducing agents that may be used to convert the neo-acid to neo- alcohol of this disclosure include, but are not limited to: sodium borohydride (NaBH 4 ); lithium aluminum hydride; dithionate; thiosulfates; hydrazine; a mixture of NaBH 4 and iodine; a mixture of NaBH 4 and fhS0 4 ; a mixture of NaBH 4 , catechol, and CF3COOH; a mixture of NaBH 4 and ZnCb; and a mixture of NaBH 4 and cyanuric chloride.
• NaBH 4 sodium borohydride
• Li aluminum hydride lithium aluminum hydride
• dithionate thiosulfates
• hydrazine a mixture of NaBH 4 and iodine
• NaBH 4 and fhS0 4 a mixture of NaBH 4 , catechol, and CF3COOH
• NaBH 4 and ZnCb catechol, and CF3
• Stoichiometric quantity of the reducing agent can be used to convert substantially all of the neo-acid into neo-alcohol.
• the reducing conditions are relatively mild, such as a temperature in the range from 0 to 100°C, preferably 0 to 80°C, more preferably 10 to 60°C, and still more preferably 20 to 50°C, and a reaction time in the range from 0.5 to 24 hours, preferably in the range from 0.5 to 20 hours, more preferably from 0.5 to 18 hours, more preferably from 0.5 to 15 hours, still more preferably from 1 to 12 hours, still more preferably from 1 to 6 hours.
• the reduction reaction of the neo-acid can be conducted with or without the presence of an inert solvent.
• the inert solvent include: benzene, toluene, any xylene, ethylbenzene, and mixtures thereof; n-pentane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-hexane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; cyclohexane and saturated isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-heptane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-octane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-nonane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; n-decane and branched isomers thereof, and mixtures thereof; and any mixture of the above; Isopar® solvent; and the like.
• the reaction mixture resulting from the reduction reaction can comprise, among others, unreacted residual neo-acid, the desired neo-alcohol compound, catalyst if used, and the inert solvent if used.
• Known methods such as filtration, solvent extraction, distillation, chromatography, using sorbents, and the like, can be employed to obtain a neo-alcohol product comprising one or more neo-alcohol compounds of this disclosure at desirable purity thereof.
• filtration can be used to separate solid materials such as hydrogenation catalyst particles from liquid. Solid catalyst thus separated can be regenerated and recycled.
• washing with alkaline aqueous solutions such as water solutions of NaCCb, NaHCCb, and NaOH, and the like, can result in the conversion of organic metal salts (such as NaBH 4 ) and the residual neo-acid into water-soluble salts, and their distribution in an aqueous phase and the distribution of neo-alcohol in an organic phase when two immiscible phases (aqueous/organic phases) are present in and extraction mixture. Removal of organic solvent from the organic phase can result in a crude neo-alcohol product.
• organic metal salts such as NaBH 4
• the crude neo-alcohol product can be further purified by distillation, washing, extraction, sorbents, and the like, to obtain a neo-alcohol product comprising one or more neo-alcohol compounds of this disclosure with desired purity.
• the neo-alcohol product consists essentially of neo-alcohol compound(s) of this disclosure.
• the neo-alcohol product comprises neo-alcohol compound(s) of this disclosure at a concentration, based on the total weight of the neo-alcohol product, of at least 95 wt%, more preferably at least 96 wt%, still more preferably at least 97 wt%, still more preferably at least 98 wt%, still more preferably at least 99 wt%.
• the neo-alcohol product consists essentially of a single neo-alcohol of this disclosure.
• the neo-alcohol product comprises a single neo-alcohol compound of this disclosure at a concentration, based on the total weight of the neo-alcohol product, of at least 95 wt%, more preferably at least 96 wt%, still more preferably at least 97 wt%, still more preferably at least 98 wt%, still more preferably at least 99 wt%.
• the neo-alcohol product made from the process of this disclosure can be desirably used for various applications.
• One contemplated application is as an additive component in a lubricating oil composition.
• Other examples of applications include: detergents such as household laundry detergents and soaps; personal care products such as lotions, hair care products, and the like; pharmaceutical products such as medicinal syrups; industrial products such as degreasers and industrial cleaners; pesticides; herbicides; and the like.
• the neo-alcohol product made from the process of this disclosure can also be used as a plasticizer in plastic materials.
• Examples of techniques that can be employed to characterize the neo- alcohol described above include, but are not limited to, analytical gas chromatography, nuclear magnetic resonance, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and volatility and viscosity measurements.
• TGA thermogravimetric analysis
• DSC differential scanning calorimetry
• kinematic viscosity at 100°C (“KV100”) and 40°C (“KV40”) of fluids were determined pursuant to ASTM standards D-445; viscosity index (“VI”) was determined pursuant to ASTM standard D-2270; and Noack volatility (“NV”) were determined using thermal gravimetric analysis (“TGA”).
• reaction mixture was then pressured into a 12-liter flask containing 4 liters of water. Nitrogen gas was bubbled through the mixture for 3 hours to remove residual BF3. Excess water was then drained off. The resultant mixture was then water washed seven (7) times, each time using one (1) liter of deionized water to remove the residual catalyst. Residual water in the resultant mixture was subsequently removed from with a rotary evaporator to obtain a crude product.
• the total conversion of the vinylidene olefin in the carboxylation step was measured (by gas chromatography) to be 90.7%, with a yield to heavy dimer species of the vinylidene olefin measured to be 6.6%, and thus a yield to the desired neo-acid product at 84.1%.
• the final neo-acid product was measured to have a KV100 of 8.51 cSt, and a KV40 of 64.0 cSt. 13 C-NMR spectra indicates that the final neo-acid product contained 2- methyl-2-octyldodecanoic acid at a purity of 98.1 wt%.
• 2-methyl-2-octyldodecanoic acid 2-methyl-2-octyldodecan- 1 -ol
• 7.0 g NaBH 4 was dissolved in anhydrous 75 ml THF in 500 ml four necked round bottom flask with stirring. Then 30 grams of 2-methyl-2-octyldodecanoic acid (MW 326.57, 0.092 mol, made pursuant to Part A of the Examples of this disclosure above) in 50 ml THF solution was added drop wise very slowly over 2h. The mixture was stirred for 1 hour until hydrogen gas evaluation stops.

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