EP3673526A1 - Pile a cathode liquide a architecture specifique - Google Patents
Pile a cathode liquide a architecture specifiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP3673526A1 EP3673526A1 EP18804358.2A EP18804358A EP3673526A1 EP 3673526 A1 EP3673526 A1 EP 3673526A1 EP 18804358 A EP18804358 A EP 18804358A EP 3673526 A1 EP3673526 A1 EP 3673526A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- anode
- cathode
- cylindrical
- solvent
- sulfur
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
Links
Classifications
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/38—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids of elements or alloys
- H01M4/381—Alkaline or alkaline earth metals elements
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/36—Selection of substances as active materials, active masses, active liquids
- H01M4/368—Liquid depolarisers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M4/00—Electrodes
- H01M4/02—Electrodes composed of, or comprising, active material
- H01M4/62—Selection of inactive substances as ingredients for active masses, e.g. binders, fillers
- H01M4/624—Electric conductive fillers
- H01M4/625—Carbon or graphite
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
- H01M—PROCESSES OR MEANS, e.g. BATTERIES, FOR THE DIRECT CONVERSION OF CHEMICAL ENERGY INTO ELECTRICAL ENERGY
- H01M6/00—Primary cells; Manufacture thereof
- H01M6/14—Cells with non-aqueous electrolyte
Definitions
- the present invention can find application in all fields requiring the production of electrical energy, in contexts where the temperature is particularly high, as is the case of petroleum applications such as drilling or well monitoring in production. or geothermal energy.
- the cells of the invention rely on liquid cathode battery technology, which means, in other words, that they rely on the particularity that the active compound used at the cathode is a compound liquid, which also acts as a solvent for the electrolyte, this active compound conventionally impregnating a porous carbon matrix.
- lithium-thionyl chloride battery typically consists of the following elements:
- a positive electrode or cathode generally comprising a matrix trapping the active liquid compound (hence the name liquid cathode), in this case thionyl chloride, which is reduced according to the following reaction:
- an electrolyte disposed between said negative electrode and said positive electrode which electrolyte comprises, as solvent, thionyl chloride, salts and optionally one or more additives,
- discharge By combining the electrochemical reaction with the positive electrode and the electrochemical reaction with the negative electrode, the global reaction (called discharge) can be represented by the following equation:
- lithium chloride is a crystalline material, it is progressively reorganized in the matrix in order to occupy the empty space, the matrix thus constituting a zone of recovery of the reaction products.
- the Li / SOC cells have a certain number of advantages (for example, a thermodynamic voltage of 3.64 V per cell based on the variation of free enthalpy due to above-mentioned global discharge reaction, a high theoretical mass energy of 1470 Wh / kg (of the order of 5273 kJ / kg), a very low self-discharge phenomenon (evaluated at 1% loss of capacity per year at a temperature of 20 ° C), an operating temperature ranging from -60 ° C (limitation imposed by the electrolyte) to 180 ° C (limitation imposed by lithium metal), a low internal pressure, because the reaction products gaseous, such as SO2, are partly soluble in the electrolyte), this system also has a certain number of disadvantages, in particular because of the reactivity of the lithium metal with the humidity of the air or of the water, to form hydrogen and Lithium LiOH with heat production. What's more, a passivation layer forms on the surface
- This type of battery conventionally consists of the following elements:
- a positive electrode also comprising a matrix capable of trapping the liquid active compound, in this case thionyl chloride, which is reduced according to the following reaction:
- the problem is different from the fact, as mentioned above, of the amorphous character of CaCl 2 .
- the calcium chloride does not reorganize within the carbon matrix of the positive electrode but rather deposits on its surface, gradually causing a clogging thereof, thus making it difficult to circulate catholyte and causing an increase in internal resistance and a degradation of performance.
- the fact of being able to work at high temperatures through the use of calcium as anodic material leads, on the other hand, to a greater self-discharge phenomenon than is known for Li / SOCI 2 batteries.
- the direct consumption between the calcium anode and the thionyl chloride of the electrolyte can lead to significant passivation of the anode, both at the interface but also at the contact between the collector of the anode and the thionyl chloride of the electrolyte. current and the anode.
- the inter-electrode distance can be gradually saturated and the electrical contact degraded.
- the improvement of the electrolyte to reduce the corrosion of the anode during discharges at high temperatures -Adaptation of the configuration of the positive electrode to have a structure having a suitable porosity while maintaining a good mechanical strength.
- the invention relates to a battery comprising a calcium anode, a cathode constituted by a carbon matrix impregnated with a liquid active material, which is a sulfur and / or phosphorus oxidizing solvent, the anode and the cathode being separated from each other by an inter-electrode gap comprising an electrolyte comprising at least one salt and a solvent identical to that constituting the liquid active material and the cathode being arranged around the anode.
- the anode is in the form of a cylinder full of calcium
- the cathode is in the form of a cylindrical envelope of a carbon material.
- the cathode when it is mentioned that the cathode is disposed around the anode, it means otherwise that the cathode has a first surface (which can be described as internal surface) facing the outer surface of the anode , which means otherwise that the cathode forms an envelope around the anode, the envelope consisting of the cathode not being in contact with the anode but being separated therefrom by an inter-electrode space comprising the electrolyte.
- the anode and the cathode are arranged coaxially with respect to each other.
- cathode is meant conventionally, in the foregoing and the following, the electrode which is the seat of a reduction reaction, in this case, here the reduction of the liquid cathode, when the battery delivers from current, that is to say when it is in the process of discharge.
- the cathode can also be described as a positive electrode.
- anode is meant conventionally, in what precedes and what follows, the electrode which is the seat of an oxidation reaction, when the battery delivers current, that is to say when it is in discharge process.
- the anode can also be described as a negative electrode.
- active material conventionally means, in the foregoing and the following, the material which is directly involved in the reduction reaction taking place at the cathode, this active material being a liquid material, which is an oxidizing solvent. sulfur and / or phosphorus (hence the term liquid cathode battery sometimes used to designate this type of battery, where the active material is a liquid, which is found, in our case, to the solvent of the electrolyte).
- the anode is, in turn, a calcium anode (that is to say an anode exclusively composed of calcium).
- Calcium has the advantage of having a high melting point (of the order of 847 ° C.).
- calcium has a volume capacity of 2.06 Ah / cm 3 equal to that of lithium. This allows, for equal volume, to introduce the same calcium capacity in a stack.
- the lower planar face may form a single piece with the cylindrical surface
- the upper planar face may be constituted by a separate piece welded to the cylindrical surface, said part being electrically conductive, such as a piece comprising glass and metal, which piece can advantageously make it possible to establish electrical contact with the cylindrical anode.
- the metal rod may have a diameter having a value of 10 to 30% of that of the diameter of the cylindrical anode and the height of the cylindrical hole may have a value of 10 to 95%, preferably 40 to 90% of that the height of the cylindrical anode and may have a diameter corresponding to a value of 10 to 95%, preferably 88 to 95% of that of the diameter of the rod.
- FIG. 2 A specific battery 1 according to the invention is shown in FIG. 2 in a longitudinal section and a cross section and comprises:
- a cylindrical envelope forming an envelope around the cathode in direct contact with it via its internal cylindrical surface and having two parallel flat faces forming the two ends of the envelope, the lower plane face forming a single piece with the cylindrical surface and the upper flat face 15 being constituted by a piece of glass and metal welded to the cylindrical surface
- said anode being provided on its upper plane face with a cylindrical hole placed in the center of the face, in which is stuck, by one of its ends, a metal rod 17 forming a current collector, the other end of this metal rod being nested at the level of the glass and metal part constituting the upper surface of the cylindrical envelope.
- the constituent carbon matrix of the cathode forms an envelope around the aode without being in contact with it, the node and the cathode being separated by an inter-electrode space occupied by an electrolyte.
- the carbon matrix is in the form of a hollow cylinder occupied in its hollow portion by the cylindrical anode, the cylinder being in direct contact, via its external cylindrical surface (that is to say the cylindrical surface, which is not in contact with the electrolyte in opposition to its internal cylindrical surface, which is in contact with the electrolyte) with the inner cylindrical surface of the cylindrical enclosure.
- the matrix may be provided with one or more conductive metal tabs (for example, nickel) fixed (s) by simple welding.
- conductive metal tabs for example, nickel
- sulfur and / or phosphorus oxidizing solvent acting as a liquid active material and also an electrolyte solvent can be:
- the oxidizing solvent is thionyl chloride (SOCI2).
- the cells of the invention also comprise an electrolyte occupying the inter-electrode space between the anode and the cathode, the electrolyte comprising a sulfur and / or phosphorus oxidizing solvent identical to the cathode liquid active material and further comprising at least one salt.
- the salt present in the electrolyte can result from the reaction of a Lewis acid and a Lewis base, this reaction can take place ex situ, that is to say before introduction into the cell or in situ, that is to say within the stack, when the Lewis acid and the Lewis base are introduced into the stack.
- the salt can be produced by reaction:
- This and these additives may be chosen from hydrofluoric acid HF,
- This and these additives can be present in a content ranging from 0 to 50% of the salt concentration.
- the batteries of the invention may, in addition, be adapted to different types of formats, such as AAA, AA, C and D formats.
- FIG. 1 represents a battery not in accordance with the invention with a wound configuration in a cross section and a longitudinal section.
- Figure 2 shows a specific battery according to the invention in a cross section and a longitudinal section.
- FIG. 3 is a discharge curve illustrating the evolution of the battery voltage U (in mV) as a function of time (in h) at constant current (10 mA) and at 165 ° C. for cells exemplified in the example 1.
- FIG. 4 is a discharge curve illustrating the evolution of the battery voltage U (in mV) as a function of time (in h) at constant current (10 mA) and at 220 ° C. for cells exemplified in the example 2.
- the purpose of this example is to demonstrate the performance of a battery according to the invention in terms of discharge at a high temperature (165 ° C) in comparison with a battery not in accordance with the invention.
- the battery 1 according to the invention is that represented in FIG. 2 and more specifically comprises the following elements: a negative electrode 3 or a cylindrical full calcium anode placed in the center of the stack and having a height of 42 mm and a diameter of 9 mm;
- a cylindrical cathode forming an envelope around the anode without contact with it, said cylindrical cathode having an internal diameter of 16.8 mm and an external diameter of 22 mm and a thickness of 2.6 mm, said cylindrical cathode being composed of a composite material comprising 25% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride (Teflon ®), 37.5% by mass of Y50A acetylene black and 37.5% by mass of acetylene black YS deposited on a nickel grid expanded 300 ⁇ thick;
- Teflon ® polyvinylidene fluoride
- an inter-electrode space 7 of 3.6 mm comprising an electrolyte (1.5 M Sr (AlCl 4 ) 2 + 1.25 M S0 2 in thionyl chloride SOCI 2 ) impregnating a separator 9 consisting of a woven fiberglass having a thickness of 150 ⁇ thick;
- a cylindrical casing 11 made of stainless steel 305 having a thickness of 0.9 mm, an internal diameter of 22.9 mm and a height of 51 mm, forming a casing around the cathode in direct contact with it via its internal cylindrical surface and presenting two parallel flat faces forming the two ends of the envelope, the lower plane face 13 forming a single piece with the cylindrical surface and the upper planar face 15 consisting of a piece of glass and metal welded to the cylindrical surface
- said anode being provided on its upper planar face with a cylindrical hole having a diameter of 1.9 mm and a height of 15 mm, said hole being placed in the center of said face, in which is stuck, by one of its ends, a metal rod 17 made of stainless steel 304L and having a diameter of 2 mm for a length of 35 mm forming a current collector, the other end of this metal rod being fitted at the level of the glass piece and metal constituting the top-up surface of the cylindrical envelope.
- the battery not in accordance with the invention is of a different structure from that of the battery according to the invention, since it has a wound configuration, this battery being illustrated in FIG. 1 in a longitudinal section and a cross-section and comprising the following elements:
- a cylindrical external envelope 19 made of stainless steel 305 and having a thickness of 0.9 mm, an internal diameter of 22.9 mm and a height of 51 mm and having two parallel flat faces forming the two ends of the envelope, the face lower plane 21 forming a single piece with the cylindrical surface and the upper planar face 23 being constituted by a piece of glass and metal welded to the cylindrical surface;
- a negative electrode having a thickness of 1.3 mm, a height of 30 mm and a length of 60 mm, said electrode being directly in contact with the cylindrical internal surface of the envelope, this electrode being initially in the form of a rectangular rectangular calcium electrode which is wound on itself, so as to form a hollow cylinder whose outer diameter substantially corresponds to the inside diameter of the envelope;
- a separator 27 consisting of a hollow cylinder made of carbon fiber woven material 150 ⁇ in thickness whose external diameter corresponds substantially to the internal diameter of the cylinder formed by the negative electrode, this separator being in direct contact with the cylindrical surface internal of the negative electrode and being impregnated with an electrolyte (1.5 M Sr (AlCl 4 ) 2 + 1.25 M S0 2 in thionyl chloride SOCI 2 );
- a positive electrode 29 having a thickness of 2.6 mm, a height of 30 mm and a width of 40 mm directly in contact with the cylindrical internal surface of the separator, this electrode being initially in the form of a rectangular flat electrode and which is wound on itself so as to form a hollow cylinder whose outer diameter corresponds substantially to the internal diameter of the separator, said electrode being composed of a composite material comprising 25% by weight of polyvinylidene fluoride (Teflon ®), 37 5% by mass of Y50A acetylene black and 37.5% by mass of YS acetylene black deposited on an expanded nickel grid 300 ⁇ thick; a blade 31 connected to the piece of glass and metal welded to the cylindrical surface of the envelope, this blade being fixed by one of its slices over the entire height of the positive electrode.
- Teflon ® polyvinylidene fluoride
- Y50A acetylene black 37.5% by mass of YS acetylene black
- the discharge curve is determined, that is to say the curve illustrating the evolution of the battery voltage U (in mV) as a function of time t (in h) at constant current (10 mA) and at 165 ° C (in Figure 3, respectively solid curve for the battery according to the invention and dashed curve for the battery not according to the invention).
- Example 2 This example is similar to Example 1, except that the discharge experiment is performed at 220 ° C instead of 165 ° C.
- the discharge curve ie the curve illustrating the evolution of the battery voltage U (in mV) as a function of time t (in h) at constant current (10 mA) and at 220 ° C ( respectively solid curve for the battery according to the invention and dashed curve for the battery not according to the invention), is shown in Figure 4.
- This example illustrates the comparative performance of batteries according to the invention and geometries in accordance with what is shown in FIG. 2 but with distinct thicknesses for the positive electrode (respectively a thickness of 2.6 mm, which corresponds to the thickness of the positive electrode of Example 1 and a thickness of 1.3 mm). As a result, the inter-electrode gap is increased by 1.3 mm.
- the discharge curve is determined, that is to say the curve illustrating the evolution of the battery voltage U (in mV) as a function of time t (in h) at constant current (10 mA) and at 165 ° C (in FIG. 5, respectively solid curve for the cell whose positive electrode has a thickness of 1.3 mm and dashed curve for the cell having a thickness of 2.6 mm) .
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
- Electrochemistry (AREA)
- General Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Primary Cells (AREA)
- Battery Electrode And Active Subsutance (AREA)
- Secondary Cells (AREA)
- Cell Electrode Carriers And Collectors (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
---|---|---|---|
FR1759135A FR3071967B1 (fr) | 2017-09-29 | 2017-09-29 | Pile a cathode liquide a architecture specifique |
PCT/FR2018/052389 WO2019063949A1 (fr) | 2017-09-29 | 2018-09-28 | Pile a cathode liquide a architecture specifique |
Publications (1)
Publication Number | Publication Date |
---|---|
EP3673526A1 true EP3673526A1 (fr) | 2020-07-01 |
Family
ID=60955183
Family Applications (1)
Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
---|---|---|---|
EP18804358.2A Withdrawn EP3673526A1 (fr) | 2017-09-29 | 2018-09-28 | Pile a cathode liquide a architecture specifique |
Country Status (3)
Country | Link |
---|---|
EP (1) | EP3673526A1 (fr) |
FR (1) | FR3071967B1 (fr) |
WO (1) | WO2019063949A1 (fr) |
Families Citing this family (1)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
CN110323461A (zh) * | 2019-06-20 | 2019-10-11 | 武汉孚安特科技有限公司 | 一种高容量锂亚硫酰氯能量型电池及其制备方法 |
Family Cites Families (3)
Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
---|---|---|---|---|
US4032696A (en) * | 1976-02-18 | 1977-06-28 | Union Carbide Corporation | Discrete anode bodies for use in various cylindrical cell systems |
IL55428A0 (en) * | 1977-08-29 | 1978-10-31 | Catanzarite Vincent Owen | High energy electro-chemical power cells |
FR3032559B1 (fr) * | 2015-02-10 | 2021-03-19 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Pile a cathode liquide specifique pouvant fonctionner a hautes temperatures |
-
2017
- 2017-09-29 FR FR1759135A patent/FR3071967B1/fr active Active
-
2018
- 2018-09-28 WO PCT/FR2018/052389 patent/WO2019063949A1/fr unknown
- 2018-09-28 EP EP18804358.2A patent/EP3673526A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
Also Published As
Publication number | Publication date |
---|---|
FR3071967B1 (fr) | 2021-04-16 |
FR3071967A1 (fr) | 2019-04-05 |
WO2019063949A1 (fr) | 2019-04-04 |
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