Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
  • H02M5/40—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc
  • H02M5/42—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
  • H02M5/44—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices to convert the intermediate dc into ac
  • H02M5/453—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices to convert the intermediate dc into ac using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M5/458—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices to convert the intermediate dc into ac using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
  • H02M5/4585—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases with intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes or semiconductor devices to convert the intermediate dc into ac using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only having a rectifier with controlled elements
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
  • H02M1/12—Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output
  • H02M1/126—Arrangements for reducing harmonics from ac input or output using passive filters
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
  • H02M5/02—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc
  • H02M5/04—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
  • H02M5/10—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using transformers
  • H02M5/14—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using transformers for conversion between circuits of different phase number
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
  • H02M5/02—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc
  • H02M5/04—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
  • H02M5/22—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M5/275—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M5/293—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal using semiconductor devices only
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
  • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
  • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
  • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M7/4803—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode with means for reducing DC component from AC output voltage
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
  • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
  • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
  • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
  • H02M7/4835—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels comprising two or more cells, each including a switchable capacitor, the capacitors having a nominal charge voltage which corresponds to a given fraction of the input voltage, and the capacitors being selectively connected in series to determine the instantaneous output voltage
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M1/00—Details of apparatus for conversion
  • H02M1/0003—Details of control, feedback or regulation circuits
  • H02M1/0025—Arrangements for modifying reference values, feedback values or error values in the control loop of a converter
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M5/00—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases
  • H02M5/02—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc
  • H02M5/04—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters
  • H02M5/22—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M5/275—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal
  • H02M5/297—Conversion of ac power input into ac power output, e.g. for change of voltage, for change of frequency, for change of number of phases without intermediate conversion into dc by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode using devices of a triode or transistor type requiring continuous application of a control signal for conversion of frequency
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M7/00—Conversion of ac power input into dc power output; Conversion of dc power input into ac power output
  • H02M7/42—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal
  • H02M7/44—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters
  • H02M7/48—Conversion of dc power input into ac power output without possibility of reversal by static converters using discharge tubes with control electrode or semiconductor devices with control electrode
  • H02M7/483—Converters with outputs that each can have more than two voltages levels
  • H02M7/487—Neutral point clamped inverters

Definitions

• the present disclosure relates to a method and device for controlling a three- 5 to-single-phase power converter by means of an inner control loop.
• SFC static frequency converters
• the active power (P) cannot be stored and has to be continuously 10 controlled and fully transferred through the SFC. Active power control can be achieved by controlling the converter active current flow. Additionally, the voltage (U), reactive power (Q) and frequency (f) of both sides of the
• the inner control loop can be based on measurements taken either from the secondary side (towards the converter) of the transformer or from the
• the modulator (converter dynamics) synthesizes a
• the two control loops i.e. the fast inner control loop and the anti-saturation control loop, may be acting on the same signal (the converter voltage pulses) and they both measure the effect of each other's actions in their inputs. This implies that there is a risk that the whole system can become unstable if the two controllers of the control loops continuously try to correct each other's actions.
• control loops may be used, e.g. to cope with short circuit fault ride through requirements.
• additional control loops may be used, e.g. to cope with short circuit fault ride through requirements.
• such requirements are increasing continuously and consequently the traditional control loops may not be fast enough to cope with such requests.
• an SFC in order to cope with continuously growing railway intertie applications requirements, an SFC must be capable of fast and high performance inner (closed) loop control. Due to the complexity of the existing control architecture, the interplay of parallel control loops/ mechanisms, have been identified as a potential constraint for the SFC performance. Considering also that CT measurements errors could decrease the inner closed loop control performance even more, a new approach for control is herein presented.
• a method of an estimator of an inner control loop controlling a three-to-single-phase converter connected to an AC power grid via a transformer comprises obtaining a value of a voltage reference produced by the inner control loop for the converter, obtaining a value of a secondary side current produced by the converter and measured between the converter and the transformer, obtaining a value of a primary side current produced by the converter and measured between the grid and the transformer, and obtaining a value of a primary side voltage measured between the grid and the transformer.
• the method also comprises estimating a control current iCtrl component of the primary or secondary side current which results from the voltage reference, based on the obtained values of the voltage reference, the secondary side current, the primary side current and the primary side voltage, and feeding the estimated control current to the inner control loop.
• a computer program product comprising computer-executable components for causing an estimator to perform an embodiment of the method of the present disclosure when the computer-executable components are run on processing circuitry comprised in the estimator.
• an estimator for an inner control loop controlling a three-to-single-phase converter connected to an AC power grid via a transformer.
• the estimator comprises processing circuitry, and data storage storing instructions executable by said processing circuitry whereby said estimator is operative to obtain a value of a voltage reference produced by the inner control loop for the converter, obtain a value of a secondary side current produced by the converter and measured between the converter and the transformer, obtain a value of a primary side current produced by the converter and measured between the grid and the transformer, and obtain a value of a primary side voltage measured between the grid and the transformer.
• the estimator is also operative to estimate a control current component of the primary or secondary side current which results from the voltage reference, based on the obtained values of the voltage reference, the secondary side current, the primary side current and the primary side voltage.
• the estimator is also operative to feed the estimated control current to the inner control loop.
• control arrangement for a three-to-single-phase converter.
• the control arrangement comprises an embodiment of the estimator of the present disclosure, the inner control loop associated with the estimator, and at least one additional control loop configured to control the primary or secondary side current based on measurements thereof.
• a converter arrangement comprising a three-to-single-phase converter, a first transformer connected between the converter and a three-phase grid, a second transformer connected between the converter and a single-phase railway grid, and an embodiment of the control arrangement of the present disclosure.
• Fig 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of an embodiment of a converter arrangement comprising a three-to-single-phase converter connected between a three-phase grid and a single-phase grid via respective
• Fig 2 is a schematic functional block diagram of an embodiment of a control arrangement of a three-to-single-phase converter, in accordance with the present invention.
• Fig 3 is a schematic circuit diagram in more detail of one side of a converter arrangement comprising a three-to-single-phase converter connected between a three-phase grid and a single-phase grid via respective
• FIG 4 is a schematic flow chart of an embodiment of a method of the present invention.
• Figure 1 illustrates a converter arrangement comprising a three-to-single- phase power converter 1 connected to a three-phase AC grid 3a, e.g. a public/ distribution grid, via a first transformer 2a, and connected to a single- phase AC grid 3b, e.g. a railway grid, via a second transformer 2b.
• the converter may be an SFC, e.g. a Modular Multilevel Converter (MMC) in any suitable configuration such as in a double-star (also called double- Y/ wye) configuration.
• MMC Modular Multilevel Converter
• NPC Neutral-Point Clamped
• the active power P is not stored and is continuously controlled and transferred through the converter, as illustrated by the vertical arrow in the figure. Active power control may be achieved by controlling the converter active current flow. Additionally, either or both of the respective voltages Ul and U2, reactive powers Ql and Q2 and frequencies fl and f2 of the three-phase and single-phase sides of the converter 1 may be controlled individually.
• the frequency fl of the three-phase grid 3a may e.g. be 50 or 60 Hz, which are examples of frequencies in power distribution grids in different countries.
• the frequency f2 of the single-phase grid 3b may e.g. be 16.7 Hz (e.g. 50/ 3 Hz) or 25 Hz, which are examples of frequencies used in railway grids in different countries.
• the frequency f2 of the single-phase grid may be 50 or 60 Hz, e.g. be the same as the frequency fl of the three-phase grid 3a.
• FIG. 2 illustrates an embodiment of a control arrangement interacting with converter dynamics 23 of a converter 1, in accordance with the present invention.
• the control arrangement may relate to either of the three-phase or the single-phase side of the converter 1. Typically, two such control arrangements may be used, one for each side of the converter 1.
• An inner control loop 21, typically a closed control loop, produces a voltage reference uRef based on a current reference iRef and a measured output current iMeas of the converter.
• iMeas is the measured current at the side of the converter which the control arrangement relates to and may be measured on either the primary or the secondary side of the transformer 2 at that side of the converter 1.
• the voltage reference is used by the converter dynamics 23, e.g.
• a modulator of the converter 1 to produce the control current iCtrl.
• additional control loop(s) 22 e.g. comprising a control loop for avoiding saturation of the transformer 2 at the subject converter side, provide other reference(s) to the same converter dynamics 23, resulting in an additional current iAdd outputted from the converter.
• the measured current iMeas that is used in the inner control loop 21 contains also the components iAdd generated by the additional control loops 22.
• Such additional current components iAdd cannot be easily measured since they are the result of altering the modulator 23 voltages.
• the complexity of the state space model plays a role in terms of processor load of the control arrangement. Since the estimator 20 reacts on the fast inner control loop 21, it may have to have the same sampling period. Therefore, having a complex state space model on a faster task may not be feasible due to the processor load limitations.
• the estimated control current iCtrl* is calculated by the estimator 20 based on the measured output current iMeas, the voltage reference uRef from the inner control loop 21 and some other measurements 24.
• the other measurements 24 may include voltages uG, e.g. one voltage per phase of the grid 3, at a Point of Common Coupling (PCC) with the grid 3, i.e. at the primary side of the transformer 2.
• the estimator 20 may use current measurements iG and ig from both the primary and secondary sides of the transformer 2.
• iMeas is measured at the primary side of the transformer (being the same as iG)
• the measured current ig at the secondary side of the transformer is included in the other measurements 24.
• the measured current iG at the primary side of the transformer 2 is included in the other measurements 24. It follows that iMeas may be either iG or ig, which implies that the control current iCtrl and the additional current component iAdd may be components of the measured current iMeas either at the primary side or the secondary side of the transformer 2. If a filter 31 is used, a measured current iFil of said filter may be included in the other measurements 24.
• the estimated control current iCtrl* is then compared with the current reference iRef to obtain the difference there between as an error, and the inner control loop 21 adjusts the voltage reference uRef in order to minimize this error.
• the error is then only related to the difference between the current reference iRef and the component iCtrl of the converter output current ig or iG which is resultant from the voltage reference uRef, independent on any additional current components iAdd of the measured output current iMeas.
• the estimator 20 may thus be simplified where no inputs are considered from any additional control loops 22. Also, any measurement errors may be ignored. Further, what is estimated by the estimator 20 may be regarded as the current flow into the circuit, and since the above mentioned additional current component(s) iAdd are not considered, the estimated current iCtrl* is an estimation of only the control loop component iCtrl of the measured output current iMeas.
• Figure 3 illustrates one side of the converter arrangement, between the converter 1 and the grid 3, which may be either of the three-phase grid 3 a or the single-phase grid 3b, via the transformer 2. Also, only one phase is shown while any number of 1-3 phases may be present, depending on the
• the converter 1 comprises a phase leg reactor 32 for each phase, via which the converter is connected with the transformer 2.
• the transformer 2 has a primary side 2p towards the grid 3, and a secondary side 2s towards the converter 1.
• An optional filter 31 may be connected to each phase between the transformer and the PCC with the grid 3 , typically between the transformer and the position(s) where the PCC voltage uG and/ or the primary side current iG are measured.
• the simplified estimator 20 may use the following:
• the primary side currents iG of each phase at the primary side 2p of the transformer 2 i.e. between the transformer 2 and the PCC, e.g. between the filter 31, if used, and the PCC
• secondary side currents ig of each phase at the secondary side 2s of the transformer i.e. between the transformer 2 and the converter 1
• filter currents iFil, if a filter 31 is used, e.g. connected between the transformer 2 and the PCC
• state space model may use a simplified equivalent impedance model that includes the grid 3 (and cables between PCC and transformer 2), filter 31, power transformer 2 and phase leg reactors 32 (for direct SFCs).
• a state space model for estimations by an estimator is generally well-known in the art. The difference between the different measured parameters called "inputs" and “measurements” relate to the common nomenclature relating to state space models, in which the inputs are states in the model and the measurements relate to measurement equations of said model.
• Processor load saving comparing with the approach of estimating iAdd, from the number of parameters point of view the new estimator state space model is substantially smaller. Therefore, the load on the processor is no longer a problem and the estimator 20 may be used directly in the fastest task/ sampling period available.
• the estimator 20 may be independent of the current measurement iMeas position: with the classical approach, two different estimators are needed to be implemented based on the placement of the current measurement:
• the same estimator 20 may be used for both instances. 4. It is no longer necessary to know or calculate the high-pass behaviour of the CT.
• the additional control loops 22 may be ignored by the estimator 20 :
• FIG. 4 is a schematic flow chart illustrating some embodiments of the method of the present invention. The method is performed in/by the estimator 20 of the inner control loop 21 which is controlling the three-to- single-phase converter 1 connected to an AC power grid 3 via a transformer 2.
• the converter being a three-to-single-phase converter, is typically connected to both the three-phase grid 3a (via the first transformer 2a) and the single- phase grid 3b (via the second transformer 2b).
• the method is only concerned with the control of either one of the three-phase or the single- phase side of the converter, the AC power grid 3 thus being either the three- phase grid 3a connected via the first transformer 2a, or the single-phase grid 3b connected via the second transformer 2b.
• the estimator obtains (M1-M4/ M5) values of some variables/ properties of the side of the converter controlled by the inner control loop 21 with which the estimator is associated.
• the same estimator 20 may be used also for a corresponding inner control loop 21 for the other side of the converter, the estimator being associated with the inner control loops 21 of both the three- phase and the single-phase sides of the converter 1.
• the values may be obtained e.g. from sensors arranged to perform measurements of the variables/ properties, typically in real-time with the same sampling
• the method comprises obtaining Ml a value of the voltage reference uRef produced by the inner control loop for the converter, obtaining M2 a value of the secondary side current ig produced by the converter and measured between the converter 1 and the transformer 2, obtaining M3 a value of the primary side current iG produced by the converter and measured between the grid 3 and the transformer 2, and obtaining M4 a value of a primary side voltage uG measured between the grid 3 and the transformer 2.
• the method may also comprise obtaining M5 a value of a filter current (iFil) in a filter 31 connected to primary side 2p of the transformer 2, between the transformer and the grid 2.
• the obtained (M1-M4/ M5) parameter values are then used for estimating M6 a control current iCtrl component of the primary or secondary side current iG or ig which results from the voltage reference uRef.
• the estimated control current iCtrl* is then fed M7 to the inner control loop 21.
• any additional component iAdd of the primary or secondary side current iG or ig i.e. the measured output current iMeas
• is not included in the estimated control current iCtrl* not allowing it to influence the calculation of the voltage reference uRef by the inner control loop 21.
• Embodiments of the method of the present invention may be performed by a control arrangement of the converter 1, e.g. by the estimator 20 thereof, which control arrangement/ estimator comprises processing circuitry associated with data storage.
• the processing circuitry may be equipped with one or more processing units CPU in the form of microprocessor(s) executing appropriate software stored in associated memory for procuring required functionality.
• ASIC application specific integrated circuit
• FPGA field programmable gate array
• CPLD programmable logic device
• Embodiments of the present invention may be conveniently implemented using one or more conventional general purpose or specialized digital computer, computing device, machine, or microprocessor, including one or more processors, memory and/ or computer readable storage media programmed according to the teachings of the present disclosure.
• the present invention includes a computer program product which is a non-transitory storage medium or computer readable medium (media) having instructions stored thereon/ -in which can be used to program a computer to perform any of the methods/ processes of the present invention.
• Examples of the storage medium can include, but is not limited to, any type of disk including floppy disks, optical discs, DVD, CD-ROMs, microdrive, and magneto-optical disks, ROMs, RAMs, EPROMs, EEPROMs, DRAMs, VRAMs, flash memory devices, magnetic or optical cards, nanosystems (including molecular memory ICs), FPGA or any type of media or device suitable for storing instructions and/ or data.
• the data storage of the control arrangement or the estimator 20 may be a computer program product as discussed herein.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
• Rectifiers (AREA)
• Inverter Devices (AREA)
• Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

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• 2017
  • 2017-06-21 EP EP17736886.7A patent/EP3642946A1/de active Pending
  • 2017-06-21 WO PCT/EP2017/065223 patent/WO2018233822A1/en active Search and Examination
  • 2017-06-21 US US16/625,404 patent/US10985668B2/en active Active
  • 2017-06-21 CN CN201780092347.5A patent/CN110771019B/zh active Active

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