EP3628601A1 - Machine de remplissage et d'emballage - Google Patents

Machine de remplissage et d'emballage Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3628601A1
EP3628601A1 EP19198328.7A EP19198328A EP3628601A1 EP 3628601 A1 EP3628601 A1 EP 3628601A1 EP 19198328 A EP19198328 A EP 19198328A EP 3628601 A1 EP3628601 A1 EP 3628601A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
web
shoot
hopper
filling
support member
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP19198328.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3628601B1 (fr
Inventor
Kiyoshi Sawada
Akira Hosho
Norio Imaoka
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Shibuya Packaging System Corp
Original Assignee
Shibuya Packaging System Corp
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Shibuya Packaging System Corp filed Critical Shibuya Packaging System Corp
Publication of EP3628601A1 publication Critical patent/EP3628601A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3628601B1 publication Critical patent/EP3628601B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B43/00—Forming, feeding, opening or setting-up containers or receptacles in association with packaging
    • B65B43/42—Feeding or positioning bags, boxes, or cartons in the distended, opened, or set-up state; Feeding preformed rigid containers, e.g. tins, capsules, glass tubes, glasses, to the packaging position; Locating containers or receptacles at the filling position; Supporting containers or receptacles during the filling operation
    • B65B43/54—Means for supporting containers or receptacles during the filling operation
    • B65B43/60—Means for supporting containers or receptacles during the filling operation rotatable
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B39/00—Nozzles, funnels or guides for introducing articles or materials into containers or wrappers
    • B65B39/12—Nozzles, funnels or guides for introducing articles or materials into containers or wrappers movable towards or away from container or wrapper during filling or depositing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B39/00—Nozzles, funnels or guides for introducing articles or materials into containers or wrappers
    • B65B39/14—Nozzles, funnels or guides for introducing articles or materials into containers or wrappers movable with a moving container or wrapper during filling or depositing
    • B65B39/145—Nozzles, funnels or guides for introducing articles or materials into containers or wrappers movable with a moving container or wrapper during filling or depositing in an endless path
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B41/00—Supplying or feeding container-forming sheets or wrapping material
    • B65B41/18—Registering sheets, blanks, or webs
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B65—CONVEYING; PACKING; STORING; HANDLING THIN OR FILAMENTARY MATERIAL
    • B65B—MACHINES, APPARATUS OR DEVICES FOR, OR METHODS OF, PACKAGING ARTICLES OR MATERIALS; UNPACKING
    • B65B9/00—Enclosing successive articles, or quantities of material, e.g. liquids or semiliquids, in flat, folded, or tubular webs of flexible sheet material; Subdividing filled flexible tubes to form packages
    • B65B9/06—Enclosing successive articles, or quantities of material, in a longitudinally-folded web, or in a web folded into a tube about the articles or quantities of material placed upon it
    • B65B9/08—Enclosing successive articles, or quantities of material, in a longitudinally-folded web, or in a web folded into a tube about the articles or quantities of material placed upon it in a web folded and sealed transversely to form pockets which are subsequently filled and then closed by sealing
    • B65B9/087—Enclosing successive articles, or quantities of material, in a longitudinally-folded web, or in a web folded into a tube about the articles or quantities of material placed upon it in a web folded and sealed transversely to form pockets which are subsequently filled and then closed by sealing the web advancing continuously

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a rotary-type filling and packaging machine that produces bags by feeding out a beltlike web, folding the web in half and then side-sealing the folded web at a predetermined interval, wherein contents, such as a packing bag, is filled into each bag from above.
  • a rotary-type filling and packaging machine folds a drawn out beltlike web upward in half and entrains the web on heat sealers that are provided along the periphery of a rotary body at a predetermined interval, whereby the web runs on the heat sealers.
  • the heat sealers sandwich the web to produce bags out of the web through heat sealing. Hoppers arranged along the periphery of the rotary body are inserted into each of the bags, so that contents are filled into the bags through the hoppers.
  • 4855856 that discloses a configuration for adjusting a deviation between a long film (a web) and the rotary body by detecting the deviation amount by monitoring detection marks, which are provided on the long film at regular intervals along the logitudinal direction, and controlling the feed-out speed of the long film using a powder brake while providing a deformable portion on the cylindrical lower part of a filling hopper shoot, which is inserted in the bag.
  • the deformable portion is positioned inside a bag when filling the bag and is deformable from the outside toward the inside according to the tension acting on the bag.
  • the deformable portion is attached to the outer surface of the filling hopper shoot, the structure becomes complicated, and the back side of the deformation portion is difficult to clean, which can cause sanitary conditions to deteriorate.
  • a primary aspect of the present invention is to provide a filling and packaging machine capable of adjusting the positional deviation of the web while maintaining a high level of sanitation.
  • a filling and packaging machine comprises a web-feeding means for feeding out a beltlike web having marks at predetermined intervals; a web-folding means for folding the fed-out web in half with an opening facing upward; a plurality of side-sealing means provided around the circumference of a rotary body for sealing the web at predetermined intervals in a web-conveying direction to form bags by sandwiching the web; a hopper shoot attached to a support member and having a horizontally elongated section in a lower area; a lift means for lifting and lowering the support member; a mark detector for detecting the marks; and a controller for controlling the web-feeding means on the basis of a signal from the mark detector.
  • the hopper shoot is pivotally attached to the support member, which makes the hopper shoot rotatable toward a direction crossing the web-conveying direction of the web held by the sidesealers.
  • a tilt angle of the horizontally elongated section of the hopper shoot is varied in response to a variation in the feed-out quantity of the web from the web-feeding means. The tilt angle is accommodated during a period from the point when the horizontally elongated section of the hopper shoot is inserted through the upper opening into the folded-in-half web until the point when the bag is formed by the sidesealers.
  • the filling and packaging machine may further comprise a biasing member for biasing the hopper shoot toward the direction crossing the web-conveying direction of the web, which is held by the side-sealers, with respect to the support member.
  • the filling and packaging machine may further comprise an actuator for rotating the hopper shoot toward the direction crossing the web-conveying direction of the web, which is held by the side-sealers, with respect to the support member.
  • Fig. 1 is a perspective view of a filling and packaging machine of the present embodiment.
  • Fig. 2 is a plan view of the filling and packaging machine illustrated in Fig. 1 .
  • the filling and packaging machine 10 of the present embodiment includes a web-feeding machine (a web folding means and a web feeding means) 12 and a filling wheel 14.
  • the web-feeding machine feeds out a web (a long beltlike film) W while folding it in half with the opening facing upward.
  • the drawn-out web W is entrained around the filling wheel 14 and side seals are applied at predetermined intervals along the traveling direction to form the bag portion B, and the filling material is discharged from the upper opening of the bag portion B.
  • the web, which is drawn out from the filling machine is fed out via a guide roller 16 to a top sealer 18 that seals the upper edge of the opening.
  • the top sealer 18 preheats the top-seal portion S2 of the web W with the top-seal preheater 18A and in turn seals the top-sealed portion S2 with the thermocompression bonding roller 18B.
  • the web W is drawn out from an original roll 12A via a feed-out roller 12C rotated by a feed-out motor 12B.
  • the web W for example, is oriented horizontally through a plurality of guide rollers 12D and folded upward in half along the longitudinal direction and in turn fed to the filling wheel 14.
  • the filling wheel 14 is rotated about a vertical axis and the filling wheel 14 is provided with a plurality of side sealers (a side-seal means) 20 along the periphery of a rotary body at predetermined intervals.
  • the web, which has been folded upwards in half, is routed around the side sealers 20 provided along the periphery of the filling wheel 14 that is rotated at a predetermined speed.
  • the web W separates from the filling wheel 14 via the guide roller 16 and is fed to the top sealer 18.
  • the filling wheel 14 is rotated by a motor (not shown).
  • the web W is provided with marks M for detecting its position, as an identifying portion, along the longitudinal direction at predetermined intervals.
  • a sensor 22 for detecting the transition of the marks M on the transported web is provided on the web-feeding machine 12.
  • the sensor 22 is arranged at a predetermined position along the conveyance path of the web W from the feed-out roller 12C to the farthest downstream guide roller 12D.
  • the filling wheel 14 may be provided with an encoder 24 for detecting its rotational speed.
  • a mark detection signal from the sensor 22 and a signal from the encoder 24 are input to a controller 26.
  • the controller 26 controls the operation of the feed-out motor 12B in a later described position deviation adjustment operation on the basis of the mark detection signals from the sensor 22 and the signals from the encoder 24.
  • the rotary body of the filling wheel 14 includes a disk-shaped base plate 140.
  • the base plate 140 is rotatably attached to a fixed shaft 142 via a bearing 141.
  • the base plate 140 is rotated at a predetermined speed by a drive mechanism (not shown).
  • the plurality of side-sealers 20, around which the folded web W for the inner bags is routed, is arranged along the periphery of the base plate 140 at the predetermined intervals.
  • the side-sealers 20 include a fixed seal bar 20A and a swing seal bar 20B.
  • the fixed seal bar 20A stands upright from the base plate 140.
  • the swing seal bar 20B is arranged outside the fixed bar 20A and its base end is journalled to the outer periphery of the base plate 140.
  • the swing seal bar 20B is swingable between a lying state in which its tip end is directed radially outward and an upright state in which it is lifted up and pressed against the fixed seal bar 20A.
  • the rotation of the swing seal bar 20B about the base end is controlled by the engagement of a cam follower 28A, which is provided on the tip end of a swing lever 26 for rotating the swing seal bar 20B, with a cam groove 28B.
  • the folded web W runs in a state bearing on the fixed seal bar 20A.
  • the swing seal bar 20B is swung upward and pressed against the fixed seal bar 20A, the folded web W is sandwiched between the seal bars 20A and 20B, which side seals the folded web W by welding it between the fixed seal bar 20A and the swing seal bar 20B.
  • the swing seal bar 20B is illustrated in a prone position on the left side and the swing seal bar 20B is illustrated in a standing position on the right side.
  • a hopper shoot 30 is arranged above each sealer 20 between two side-sealers 20.
  • Each hopper shoot 30 is supported by a shoot-operating mechanism (a lift means) 32 that lifts up/down and rotates about a vertical axis.
  • a shoot-operating mechanism 32 is provided along the periphery of the base plate 140 for each of the hopper shoots 30.
  • the shoot-operating mechanism 32 includes a vertically extended rod 32A that is liftable and rotatably supported with respect to the base plate 140.
  • a support member (a support means) 32B is integrally provided on the top end of the rod 32A.
  • the hopper shoot 30 is pivotably supported about a vertical axis at the tip end of the support member 32B.
  • a lift cam follower 34A is provided on the bottom end of a rod 32A via a rotating member 33 pivotal about the rod 32A.
  • Each of the lift cam followers 34A engages with a lift cam 34B provided along the circumference of the filling wheel 14 so that each of the lift cam followers 34A is lifted, respectively.
  • a lever support 35 is in spline engagement with the rod 32A and a lever 36A for rotating the rod 32A is attached to the lever support 35.
  • a swing cam follower is provided on the tip end of the lever 36A and the swing cam engages with a swing cam 36C provided along the circumference of the filling wheel 14.
  • each of the rods 32A is integrally moved along the circumference of the filling wheel 14 so that the lift cam follower 34A engaged with the lift cam 34B and the swing cam follower 36B engaged with the swing cam 36C are moved along each of the cam surfaces.
  • the rod 32A is lifted and/or rotated in accordance with the profiles of the lift cam 34B and the swing cam 36C.
  • the hopper shoot 30 attached to the tip end of the support member 32B is lowered or lifted with the rod 32A while rotated about the rod 32A when passing through a predetermined section whereby the hopper shoot 30 is inserted into or retracted from the folded web W.
  • the hopper shoot 30 lifted to the retracted position is positioned above the web W that is tensioned between two side-sealers, and a bottom end portion 30A of the hopper shoot 30 lowered to the insert position is inserted into a bag portion B formed from the web web W.
  • Fig. 5 is an enlarged side elevational view showing the structure of the hopper shoot 30 and the support member 32B.
  • a block 40A for supporting the hopper shoot 30 is attached on the side face of the hopper shoot 30.
  • the block 40A is rotatably supported at the tip end of the support member 32B via a pivot shaft 40B.
  • a torsion spring (a biasing member)40C is wound around the pivot shaft 40B.
  • One end of the torsion spring 40C is engaged with the block 40A and the other end is engaged with the support member 32B.
  • the torsion spring 40C rotatably biases the hopper shoot 30 about the pivot shaft 40B.
  • the rotation of the hopper shoot 30 induced by this rotating biasing force is restricted within a predetermined range by an engagement with a stopper 40D provided on the support member 32B.
  • a stopper 40D provided on the support member 32B.
  • the hopper shoot 30 is biased in the clockwise direction when viewed from the top, the hopper shoot 30 may also be biased in the counterclockwise direction.
  • a tank 38 in which material to be filled into the bags B is stored. Beneath the base of the tank 38, a plurality of filling nozzles 38A is provided. Each filling nozzle 38A guides the material inside the tank 38 to the corresponding hopper shoot 30.
  • the bags B are formed in a sealing section A1 of Fig. 2 by the sidesealer 20 (welded at the both side sealing ends). A filling operation is performed in a subsequent filling section A2.
  • the hopper shoot 30 is lowered to the insert position before reaching a contact position P1 where the web W, which is folded in half, makes contact with the first sidesealer 20 and the web W is pinched between the fixed seal bar 20A and the swing seal bar 20B. Namely, the hopper shoot 30 is inserted through the upper opening of the folding web W before the web W is completely folded in half. Incidentally, the hopper shoot 30 is radially pushed outward by a rotation of the rod 32A so that the long axis of the hopper shoot 30 follows the web W that travels along the tangential direction of the filling wheel 14 in this section where the hopper shoot 30 is inserted.
  • the sealing section A1 starts from the position where the folded web W is sandwiched by the sidesealer 20 on the trailing end side of the hopper shoot 30, of which the tip end is inserted between the web W. Both side-sealed portions S1 of the web W at the leading and trailing edges of the bottom end portion 30A of the hopper shoot 30 are heat-sealed by the sidesealer 20 in this sealing section A1.
  • the content is supplied from the tank 38 to the filling nozzles 38A and falls through the hopper shoot 30 into a bag portion B.
  • the filling operation completes within the filling section A2 and the hopper shoot 30 is lifted toward the retracted position after it passes through the filling section A2.
  • the hopper shoot 30 is retracted from the web W to the original position, which is above the web W, before it reaches a separating position P2 (see Fig. 2 ) where the web W separates from the sidesealer 20.
  • Fig. 6 and Fig. 7 are horizontal sectional views indicating the relationship between the hopper shoot 30 inserted in the bag portion B and the position of the web W.
  • the bottom end portion 30A of the hopper shoot 30 is configured as a tubular member having an elongated horizontal section; in this embodiment an oval or stadium shape.
  • the hopper shoot 30 is biased clockwise by a rotational biasing force of the torsion spring 40C, whereby the block 40A rotates until it engages the stopper 40D.
  • the hopper shoot 30 is pivoted at a tilt angle ⁇ , which is formed between the long axis X of the oval of the bottom end portion 30A and a tangential direction (a transfer direction of the web retained by the sidesealers) T of the filling wheel 14, becomes a maximum angle ⁇ .
  • the tilt angle ⁇ is a crossing angle of the line X with the line T in the horizontal plane.
  • a center line of the the filling wheel 14 is represented as a segment R.
  • the bottom end portion 30A of the hopper shoot 30 is swung about the pivot shaft 40B by the rotational biasing force (torque) Qs of the torsion spring 40C and in turn the block 40A is engaged with the stopper 40D.
  • the bottom end portion 30A of the hopper shoot 30 is inserted into the web W, which is folded in half, from the upper side at this posture in which the long axis X forms angle ⁇ from the tangential direction T.
  • a rotational force (a counterclockwise force in Fig.
  • the web W is fed out from the web-feeding machine 12 at a standard speed and at a standard feeding quantity (length) toward the filling wheel 14 rotating at the standard speed.
  • the tension F of the web W is kept at a standard tension Fo (F ⁇ Fo).
  • the feed-out motor 12B is decelerated by the controller 26 (see Fig. 3 ) and in turn the quantity (length) of web W fed out from the web-feeding machine 12 is decreased, as previously mentioned.
  • the feed-out quantity of the web W is less than the standard feed-out quantity (length), the length of the web W between the web-feeding machine 12 and the contact position P1 is reduced.
  • the bottom end portion 30A of the hopper shoot 30, which is inserted between the folded web W from above at the maximum tilt angle ⁇ , is rotated in the counterclockwise direction until the tilt angle ⁇ reaches an angle ⁇ A ( ⁇ ⁇ A, 0 ⁇ A ⁇ o) and this state is maintained until a bag portion B is formed by the sidesealers 20, so that the length of the web W between two sidesealers 20 is shortened.
  • the deficit of the web W which is fed out at a quantity (length) less than the standard feed-out quantity, is absorbed by the rotation of the bottom end portion 30A of the hopper shoot 30 so that the position of the mark M is adjusted in place and the tension F of the web W is kept at a standard tension Fo (F ⁇ Fo).
  • the feed-out motor 12B is accelerated by the controller 26 (see Fig. 3 ) and in turn the quantity (length) of web W fed out from the web-feeding machine 12 is increased.
  • the feed-out quantity of the web W is greater than the standard feed-out quantity (length)
  • the length of the web W between the web-feeding machine 12 and the contact position P1 is increased.
  • the bottom end portion 30A of the hopper shoot 30, which is inserted between the folded web W from above at the maximum tilt angle ⁇ , is rotated in the counterclockwise direction until the tilt angle ⁇ reaches an angle ⁇ B ( ⁇ ⁇ B, ⁇ o ⁇ B ⁇ ) and this state is maintained until a bag portion B is formed by the sidesealers 20, so that the length of the W between two sidesealers 20 is increased.
  • the surplus of the web W which is fed out at a quantity (length) greater than the standard feed-out quantity, is absorbed by the rotation of the bottom end portion 30A of the hopper shoot 30 so that the position of the mark M is adjusted in place and the tension F of the web W is kept at a standard tension Fo (F ⁇ Fo).
  • the misregistration of the web is compensated without providing any mechanical deformable portion on an external surface of the hopper shoot so that a filling and packaging machine can be provided with improved washability and sanitation.
  • the sectional profile of the bottom end portion of the hopper shoot has an oval or stadium shape.
  • the sectional profile is not limited to the oval or stadium shape and an ellipse, rectangle, triangle shape and the like may also be applied as long as the length of the web between two neighboring sidesealers can be adjusted by rotating the hopper shoot with respect to the support member.
  • the deviation between the web and the filling wheel is adjusted by absorbing the variation of the web feed-out quantity (length) by applying the rotational biasing force to the hopper shoot using the torsion spring.
  • the deviation may also be eliminated by rotating the hopper shoot with an actuator such as a servo motor and the like to compensate for the detected deviation.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Containers And Plastic Fillers For Packaging (AREA)
  • Supply Of Fluid Materials To The Packaging Location (AREA)
  • Basic Packing Technique (AREA)
EP19198328.7A 2018-09-25 2019-09-19 Machine de remplissage et d'emballage Active EP3628601B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
JP2018178536A JP7208476B2 (ja) 2018-09-25 2018-09-25 充填包装機

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3628601A1 true EP3628601A1 (fr) 2020-04-01
EP3628601B1 EP3628601B1 (fr) 2022-02-09

Family

ID=67998125

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP19198328.7A Active EP3628601B1 (fr) 2018-09-25 2019-09-19 Machine de remplissage et d'emballage

Country Status (2)

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EP (1) EP3628601B1 (fr)
JP (1) JP7208476B2 (fr)

Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH08282635A (ja) * 1995-04-13 1996-10-29 Topatsuku:Kk 自動包装機のシール間隔自動調整装置
JP2004099134A (ja) * 2002-09-11 2004-04-02 Topack Co Ltd 粉剤充填包装機
JP2005306444A (ja) * 2004-04-22 2005-11-04 Sanko Kikai Kk ロータリー式自動包装機の充填シュート支持機構
JP2005350123A (ja) * 2004-06-14 2005-12-22 Sanko Kikai Kk ロータリー式自動包装機における充填シュート装置
JP2008018981A (ja) * 2006-07-13 2008-01-31 Topack Co Ltd 充填包装機
JP2018020788A (ja) * 2016-08-01 2018-02-08 三光機械株式会社 横型ロータリー式自動充填包装機及びシュートアダプタ

Patent Citations (7)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPH08282635A (ja) * 1995-04-13 1996-10-29 Topatsuku:Kk 自動包装機のシール間隔自動調整装置
JP2004099134A (ja) * 2002-09-11 2004-04-02 Topack Co Ltd 粉剤充填包装機
JP2005306444A (ja) * 2004-04-22 2005-11-04 Sanko Kikai Kk ロータリー式自動包装機の充填シュート支持機構
JP2005350123A (ja) * 2004-06-14 2005-12-22 Sanko Kikai Kk ロータリー式自動包装機における充填シュート装置
JP2008018981A (ja) * 2006-07-13 2008-01-31 Topack Co Ltd 充填包装機
JP4855856B2 (ja) 2006-07-13 2012-01-18 株式会社トパック 充填包装機
JP2018020788A (ja) * 2016-08-01 2018-02-08 三光機械株式会社 横型ロータリー式自動充填包装機及びシュートアダプタ

Non-Patent Citations (6)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Title
DATABASE WPI Week 199702, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 1997-016819, XP002797547 *
DATABASE WPI Week 200426, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 2004-275936, XP002797548 *
DATABASE WPI Week 200576, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 2005-740641, XP002797546 *
DATABASE WPI Week 200602, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 2006-015153, XP002797549 *
DATABASE WPI Week 200811, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 2008-B57508, XP002797545 *
DATABASE WPI Week 201812, Derwent World Patents Index; AN 2018-12294U, XP002797550 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP7208476B2 (ja) 2023-01-19
JP2020050357A (ja) 2020-04-02
EP3628601B1 (fr) 2022-02-09

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