EP3624968A1 - Verfahren zur herstellung eines objekts mittels generativer fertigung, bauteil, insbesondere für ein luft- oder raumfahrzeug, und computerlesbares medium - Google Patents
Verfahren zur herstellung eines objekts mittels generativer fertigung, bauteil, insbesondere für ein luft- oder raumfahrzeug, und computerlesbares mediumInfo
- Publication number
- EP3624968A1 EP3624968A1 EP18725207.7A EP18725207A EP3624968A1 EP 3624968 A1 EP3624968 A1 EP 3624968A1 EP 18725207 A EP18725207 A EP 18725207A EP 3624968 A1 EP3624968 A1 EP 3624968A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- support
- support structure
- component
- sheet
- planar component
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Pending
Links
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Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/40—Structures for supporting workpieces or articles during manufacture and removed afterwards
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/40—Structures for supporting workpieces or articles during manufacture and removed afterwards
- B22F10/47—Structures for supporting workpieces or articles during manufacture and removed afterwards characterised by structural features
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/40—Structures for supporting 3D objects during manufacture and intended to be sacrificed after completion thereof
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y10/00—Processes of additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y80/00—Products made by additive manufacturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F10/00—Additive manufacturing of workpieces or articles from metallic powder
- B22F10/20—Direct sintering or melting
- B22F10/28—Powder bed fusion, e.g. selective laser melting [SLM] or electron beam melting [EBM]
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B33—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING TECHNOLOGY
- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
- B33Y50/00—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing
- B33Y50/02—Data acquisition or data processing for additive manufacturing for controlling or regulating additive manufacturing processes
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P10/00—Technologies related to metal processing
- Y02P10/25—Process efficiency
Definitions
- the present invention relates to methods for producing an object by means of generative manufacturing. Moreover, the invention relates to components, in particular for an aircraft or spacecraft, which can be produced with the aid of such methods. The invention further relates to a computer readable medium having computer readable instructions.
- Generative manufacturing processes are used to produce three-dimensional objects such as semi-finished products, prototypes or prefabricated components. Such manufacturing processes have also become known as "3D printing” or “rapid prototyping”. With such methods, the most varied, often geometrically very complex, three-dimensional structures can be produced by one and the same device, the production of which is associated with conventional methods such as material-removing machining or casting processes with great difficulty or which is difficult to achieve.
- the object for example, a semi-finished product to be subsequently subjected to further processing steps, along a printing direction or mounting direction Layer by layer from bottom to top.
- this can be done in a powder bed process, wherein the starting material is applied in the form of a powder and exposed in layers, for example by means of a laser, in order to achieve sintering or melting of the powder at the exposed locations.
- EP 3 026 638 A1 and US 2016/0144574 A1 describe a method for adapting a 3D printing model in which a layer representation of the object is adapted so that in overhanging regions the local overhang angle remains below a predetermined threshold value. In this way, structures are to be created that support themselves during the printing process.
- the "over-flat" sections can be supported by means of a support structure to be removed later, for example by means of a relatively filigree and brittle support structure provided by a company Materialize, Leuven, Belgium offered software called “magics" done.
- the object to be generated should deform as little as possible, but not tear in or tear off the base;
- the support of sections of the object to be created should be effective, i. H. Reliably avoid distortions of geometry, deformations and impairments of quality;
- connection and / or support should be implemented as expediently as possible;
- the object of the present invention is to propose improved solutions for the connection and / or support of objects which are to be produced in a generative manufacturing process. With a view to one, some or more of the aforementioned requirements for the connection and / or support this improvement should be achieved in comparison to previously known connection and support solutions.
- this object is achieved by a method for producing an object having the features of claim 1 and / or by a method for producing an object having the features of claim 3 and / or by a method for producing an object having the features of Claim 6 and / or by a method for producing an object with the features of claim 9 and / or by a method for producing an object with the features of claim 11 and / or by a method for producing an object with the features of claim 13 and / or by a component having the features of claim 15 and / or by a computer-readable medium having the features of claim 16.
- a first method for producing an object by means of generative production by layer-by-layer construction of the object wherein a support structure is built up in layers in order to produce the object to be produced. jekt to bind by means of the support structure to a substrate.
- the support structure is formed with a flat, protruding from the base component.
- the planar component is formed with a plurality of bumps.
- the planar component of the support structure is to some extent provided with elasticity and / or plastic deformability, which enables a considerable improvement in the connection of an object to be produced to the base.
- Generatively manufactured objects may be subject to stresses that may be due to the welding process, for example in the case of 3D printing with metal materials.
- the proposed bump structure can be advantageously prevented that such residual stresses lead to an undesirable deformation of the object or it comes to cracks.
- a deliberate deformation of the support structure is permitted to a certain extent for this purpose.
- the proposed according to the first aspect of the invention support structure is thus not completely rigid, but has a compliance, which can also be controlled by appropriate design of the bumps.
- the support structure can be partially elastic but also partially plastically deformed.
- the plastic compliance of the bump-equipped and with respect to the object less rigid support structure contributes advantageously to avoid plastic deformation of the object.
- Further advantages of the first method are that not only tearing or crack formation in the support structure is avoided, but also process reliability is increased as a result.
- the first method according to the invention can be implemented in a comparatively simple manner on already existing systems for additive manufacturing.
- a second method for producing an object by means of generative production by layered construction of the object is also proposed, in which additionally a support structure is built up in layers in order to support at least one overhanging section of the object to be generated by means of the support structure.
- the support structure is in this case formed with at least one arc.
- the arc is formed with arcuate portions, wherein the arcuate portions converge toward one another substantially in the direction of construction of the object and meet in a point of the arc.
- a support structure with such a bow makes it possible to bridge relatively large distances in the direction of construction of the object in a simple and secure manner. This is particularly advantageous in cases in which the overhanging section of the object to be produced and supported has a relatively large distance from the base on which the object is produced generatively, ie should arise at a comparatively great height above this base.
- the at least one arc contributes to a material-saving construction of the support structure.
- the sheet can be geometrically adjusted in a relatively simple manner, for example for the purpose of saving space.
- the geometry of the arc is not necessarily formed with a sharp edge and / or sharp notch, but with a rounding to limit the resulting mechanical Tension can be provided. Such a rounding may be preferred in various embodiments of the invention.
- a peak of the arc with low radii for stress limitation should be considered in this context to be encompassed by the term "tip".
- a third method for producing an object by means of generative production by layered construction of the object wherein additionally a support structure is built up in layers to support at least one portion of the object to be generated by means of the support structure and / or at least one to be generated Stabilize section of the object.
- the support structure is in this case formed with at least one strut with a cloverleaf-like cross-sectional shape, wherein the cross-sectional shape may in particular be a cross-sectional shape in the manner of a four-leaf clover.
- the at least one section can in particular be overhanging, wherein the third method can also be used advantageously on non-overhanging sections.
- the object can be connected to a support and / or a section or a plurality of sections of the object to be generated can be selectively and massively supported.
- the punctual support saves material for providing the support structure, in particular if surface support is not required.
- the proposed strut can be contributed to achieve the desired geometry of the object to be produced as well as possible.
- the object is supported in the generative structure, fixed in the correct position, and lifting of the object is prevented, and more stability can be imparted to the object.
- the proposed strut is also over long distances, such as in the direction of construction of the object, in particular at high altitudes, effectively.
- the selective support can already be helpful in generative creation of the object in order to avoid faulty objects or the termination of a production cycle (print jobs). Furthermore, it is possible with the help of the strut, in the case of protruding or floating sections of the object to support their stabilization by the strut. With the third method according to the invention, it is advantageously possible to produce an object which undergoes no undue delay under the effect of the inherent weight of such projecting sections, for example in a subsequent heat treatment step, which may be, for example, hot isostatic pressing.
- the at least one strut can advantageously stabilize protruding or projecting portions of the object during processing. By thus allowing greater stability can be avoided that the protruding or cantilevered portions are vibrated during the machining process. Vibrations during machining can thus be minimized. Optical defects and / or a reduced quality of the machined surface, such as by "chatter marks" are avoided.
- the strut offers the advantage that in the generative production of the support structure together with the object by stratified construction of the same an excessive stress on the device used for generative production can be avoided.
- a coater blade is undesirably unduly stressed.
- Such a coater blade can follow the cloverleaf cross-sectional shape of the strut relatively easily and gently.
- the cloverleaf-like cross-sectional shape increases an optimized stability, in particular improved torsional stiffness, the strut at.
- a fourth method for producing an object by means of generative production by layered construction of the object is also proposed.
- a support structure is built up in layers in order to support at least one overhanging section of the object to be generated by means of the support structure.
- the support structure is formed in the fourth method with a planar component, wherein the planar component is connected to the object and formed in the mounting direction of the object obliquely forward of the object projecting.
- the planar component of the support structure By protruding forwardly away from the object in the direction of construction of the object, the planar component of the support structure can be placed comparatively close to the overhanging portion of the object and does not need to extend from the support to an overhanging portion to be created at a greater height above the support of the object.
- the formation of the planar component obliquely forward in the direction of construction of the object makes it possible for the planar component to be supported independently in its layered structure, that is to say the planar component can be designed in such a way that it acts with respect to the direction of action of gravity not too flat, so do not overhang too much.
- the support structure is provided with a support surface on which a different type of support substructure or support geometry can be set up at a relatively small distance from the overhanging portion of the object to be produced.
- the attachment of support geometries to support object contours is thus facilitated.
- a fifth method for producing an object by means of generative production by layer-by-layer construction of the object is provided.
- a support structure is built up in layers in order to support at least one overhanging portion of the object to be generated by means of the support structure linear.
- the support structure is formed with a flat component extending essentially along the construction direction of the object, wherein the planar component is formed with a large number of openings.
- a sixth method for producing an object by means of generative production by layer-wise construction of the object is furthermore provided, wherein a support structure is built up in layers in order to support at least a portion of the object to be produced by means of the support structure.
- the support structure is in this case formed with a planar component, wherein the planar component connected to the object and in the region of a transition thereof to the object to be created, in which the planar component is attached to the object, along a contour of the object with a perforation and / or a predetermined breaking edge is provided.
- the section to be supported can be overhanging.
- the planar component of the support structure With the aid of the formation of the planar component of the support structure with a perforation and / or a predetermined breaking edge, the planar component can be removed manually in a simple manner after generative generation of the object, whereby the outlay for subsequent machining processes for removing the support structure is reduced. In this case, furthermore, only a small residue of the planar component remains on the object, so that only small remnants of the planar component still remaining on the object after the separation of the planar component are then still to be removed, whereby the effort for plastering is reduced.
- the removal of the residue can z. B. manually.
- the perforation may alternatively or additionally contribute to material savings and to a safe manufacturing process.
- the perforation may advantageously, in particular in powder bed processes, contribute to the fact that the powder used as starting material does not or less easily accumulates at the transition between the planar component of the support structure and the object, as the perforation makes trickling through of the powder possible. Powder losses can thus be reduced.
- a component in particular for an aircraft or spacecraft, wherein the component can be produced with the aid of one of the methods according to the invention.
- the invention proposes a computer-readable medium, the computer-readable medium having computer-readable instructions.
- the computer-readable instructions upon execution of the same on a data processing device, cause a device or arrangement for additive manufacturing, which comprises or with the data processing device communicates to perform at least one of the methods of the invention.
- the invention particularly advantageously helps to minimize costs due to aborted print jobs as well as erroneous or inaccurate objects.
- the flat component is formed in two mutually transverse directions, each with a waveform to form the bumps.
- a resilience can be provided by elastic and / or plastic deformability of the planar component by more than one axis and / or in more than one direction, which further enhances the effectiveness of the support structure for a connection of the object to be generated with a defined and controllable compliance increases.
- the process reliability can thus be further increased.
- the planar component may be bulged to form the bulges on both sides of the main extension surface of the sheet-like component. In this way, it is advantageously possible to expediently provide resilience in the main extension surface of the flat component.
- the planar component is formed in such a way that the main extension surface of the planar component, with respect to which the bumps are defined, is substantially planar. In this way, compliance at this level can be provided.
- the support structure can be formed in such a way that the planar component is constructed substantially upright on the base.
- the planar component can in particular be constructed at a right angle relative to the base on this standing. Other angles are also conceivable.
- the tips of the bumps, or a part of the bumps are omitted in the layered structure of the support structure, in other words, in this embodiment, the sheet-like component is formed with bumps whose tips are cut.
- the planar component can be made thinner or even each have a passage. In this way, the resilience of the support structure can be additionally influenced.
- a bow structure in a first region of the support structure, a bow structure is formed with the at least one arc, and that in a second region of the support structure is formed in comparison to the at least one arc different type of support substructure ,
- the support substructure may be comparatively filigree and / or brittle compared to the arch.
- the arch structure and the support substructure are formed such that the arch structure for the supporting part structure. In this case, in the structure of the overhanging portion of the object, the overhanging portion is supported by the supporting partial structure flat against the arch structure.
- the supporting partial structure can be designed as a lattice structure which is finely divided in comparison with the arches.
- the arch structure it is possible to bridge larger distances, which for example must be bridged between a base and the overhanging section in order to support the overhanging section, without the support substructure having to be provided over this entire distance.
- this support substructure is provided only over a limited length.
- the length of the support substructure in the height direction is limited to a maximum of about 50 mm.
- the arcs allow the support substructure to be shortened, allowing it to act effectively to precisely support the overhanging portion and to ensure the accuracy of the object geometry.
- the field of application of such a support substructure is thus advantageously extended.
- material and printing time is needed only for a shorter support substructure.
- this embodiment with the arch structure thus offers the possibility of shortening a large-area "support" provided by the support substructure and thus of increasing stability Erroneous objects, or aborting the generative manufacturing process ("print jobs") due to insufficient support, can be avoided.
- the support structure is formed with a plurality of sheets, wherein the sheets are formed in at least two floors arranged one above the other. The arches of adjacent floors are in this case formed interconnected. In this way it is possible to bridge even greater distances, in particular greater heights, with the help of the arch structure.
- the arrangement of the sheets in two or more stories, in the upper areas of each of the sheets still allows to work with self-building, so self-supporting bow sections. It can be avoided that the angle between the direction of gravity and the arc portion is locally so large that the sheet itself would have to be supported.
- the arch structure can bridge a relatively large distance and effectively shorten a fragile support substructure without being prone to error in generative generation.
- the arch structure can be realized with two floors, but also with more than two floors. Already with two floors can be bridged in a relatively simple way a long distance. For example, three floors or four floors would also be conceivable.
- the arch, or the arches of the lowest floor of the arch structure, built up in layers from a base can each be constructed with two mutually symmetrical arc sections.
- the arch, or arcs may instead be made asymmetrical in an alternative design.
- a symmetrical design of the sheet or bows is particularly simple and quick to implement, whereas if necessary with an asymmetrical design, consideration can be given to a limited amount of space available for the bows, if necessary.
- each of the sheet portions is formed as a portion of a circular arc or, alternatively, the sheet portions are each composed of two or more circular arc portions.
- the arc geometry to save space, as well as to provide a sufficient footprint for the different type of support substructure, can be varied. It may be advantageous to form each of the arc sections with one to two circular arc sections, which on the one hand geometric adjustment options are created, on the other hand, the arch structure is kept as simple as possible. In this way, a fast and effective solution for bridging larger distances can be provided.
- the sheet, or arches are rounded in the areas where the nib (s) are formed and / or in areas where sheet portions stand up on the substrate or other sheet educated. This can reduce stresses near sharp edges and notches in these areas.
- the arch structure is formed in such a way that arc sections of arches of one of the floors are constructed starting from the tips of the arches of the floor below.
- arcuate portions of the arches of a storey are constructed from outside of arcuate portions of arches of the underlying floor of the arched structure.
- the strut is formed so that it extends between a pad and the portion of the object, or alternatively, the strut is formed such that it extends between the portion of the object and another portion of the object. If the strut extends from a support to the section of the object, in this way the section to be generated can be selectively supported in the generative manufacturing process and the strut serve to connect the object to the support. Also, by means of the strut effective heat dissipation during the manufacturing process can be effected.
- the struts with the cloverleaf-like cross-sectional shape are thus constructed generatively in layers starting from the base or support platform and thus "grow" with the object, so in other words can be printed on the support
- the strut is constructed between two sections of the object, support for at least one of these sections during the additive manufacturing process can be made possible as well, such a strut may also be advantageous remain within the object during a subsequent machining operation and stabilize the sections of the object relative to one another, in this way vibrations of the object during machining can be reduced, whereby the resulting surface is reduced. quality is improved.
- “chatter marks" during milling can be avoided and the quality of the finished object or component can be further improved
- the strut can be elongated and straight or curved along the extension direction of the strut.
- the support structure has a plurality of struts, which are constructed in layers.
- the cross-sectional shape of the strut is formed with a plurality, preferably four, sheet-like subregions which extend outward from a center of the cross-sectional shape.
- the partial regions each terminate at their end remote from the middle with a circular arc shape, in particular a semicircular shape, with a first radius, wherein adjacent partial regions mediated in the circumferential direction are interconnected by a circular arc shape, in particular a quarter circle shape, with a second radius.
- a trefoil-like shape is provided for the cross-section of the strut, which is particularly gentle to a coater blade, such as rubber, since the coater blade can move relatively smoothly over the curves provided with such geometry.
- such a cross-sectional shape provides a strut with advantageous stability and torsional rigidity.
- adjoining pieces of a circumferential outer contour of the cross-sectional shape are always formed tangentially into one another.
- edges on the circumference of the struts avoided cross-section, which also contributes to a conservation of about the coater blade.
- the second radius is about two-thirds of the first radius.
- circle centers, on which the semicircular shapes are respectively defined by the first radius are spaced apart from one another over the middle of the cross-sectional shape by a distance which is approximately four times the first radius.
- the strut (s) is / are removed before a post-machining of the generatively generated object, or at the end or after the machining. If the struts are to be used to absorb vibrations during the cutting process, the strut (s) will be separated from the object only after machining or at the end of the cutting process.
- the support structure is further formed with a different compared to the sheet-like component, in particular comparatively filigree and / or brittle, support substructure.
- the planar component and the support substructure are in this case formed in such a way that the support substructure is supported by the planar component and the overhanging portion of the object is supported by the support substructure surface against the planar component.
- the distance over which the different and in particular filigree, small-sized and / or brittle supporting partial structure is built up in layers can again advantageously be reduced.
- the support substructure is thus not over the entire height of the object from the pad to the supporting, overhanging build the section of the object.
- Manufacturing time is saved in this way, moreover, in particular in cases in which the support substructure is formed feinlegiedriedr and brittle, high accuracy of the generated geometry of the generatively manufactured object allows. With only a limited distance over which the support substructure is provided, its cracking or warping can be avoided. Also, material that would otherwise be needed for the support structure part can be saved. Costs associated with high consumption of material and / or printing time can thus be avoided.
- the length of the support substructure can be limited with this embodiment in the vertical direction, in particular to a maximum of about 50 mm.
- the planar component is constructed such that its main extension surface at an angle of between about 40 ° and about 60 ° with respect to a base, or alternatively at an angle of about 30 ° to about 50 ° with respect to a direction of action of gravity from which the object protrudes. In this way, it is possible to avoid having to support the planar component itself during the generative production process, that is to say during its layered construction.
- the geometry of the planar component in a region in which the planar component is connected to the object is adapted to a contour of the object.
- the contour of the object can in particular be rounded.
- the planar component can be constructed in such a way that, after its completion, it protrudes from the object in the manner of a tongue or a flap. According to a development of the fourth and / or fifth method, the planar component in the region of a transition thereof to the object to be generated, in which the planar component is connected to the object, is formed along a contour of the object with a predetermined breaking edge.
- the predetermined breaking edge can be provided, for example, by providing the flat component with a reduced cross section near a surface of the object to be produced, to which the planar component is connected to the object.
- the sheet-like component can thus be relatively easily manually peeled off from the finished object to remove it.
- the planar component is formed along a contour of the object with a perforation in the region of a transition thereof to the object to be generated, in which the planar component is connected to the object.
- a perforation can also facilitate the removal of the sheet component after it has served its purpose from the object.
- the cost of a subsequent Zerspanrind is reduced because the planar component can be removed to a large extent already manually. Only slight residues of the sheet-like component remain on the component, which also reduces the expense of plastering or deburring.
- the perforation of the sheet-like component can offer the further advantage that, in powder bed processes in particular, a powder which constitutes the starting material passes through the openings the perforation can trickle through and does not accumulate in certain areas, for example at an angle between the object and the sheet component.
- This can help to improve the safety during additive manufacturing using powder materials, in particular often reactive metal powder, and also helps to reduce material losses. This in turn can have an advantageous effect on the production costs, since less of the powdery starting material is lost.
- the planar component in the region of the transition thereof to the object to be produced, in which the planar component is connected to the object can be formed along a contour of the object with a perforation and a predetermined breaking edge.
- the planar component can be constructed in such a way that the openings are diamond-shaped.
- Diamond-shaped apertures offer the advantage that they can have surfaces inclined relatively steeply relative to the base, flat sections are avoided, and as a result the flat component with the diamond-shaped openings in turn builds up by itself without additional support.
- diamond-shaped breakthroughs can be nested to save material.
- the perforation can be formed with circular or oval or diamond-shaped openings in the planar component.
- openings may be provided to form the perforation in the sheet-like component whose inner surface forms a portion of a spherical surface.
- a perforation, for example, with oval openings may be particularly advantageous when the planar component is constructed obliquely to the direction of construction of the object. Due to the oval, for example elliptical geometry of the holes, a smoother cross-sectional change of the planar component can be made possible.
- a powder bed process in which surfaces are to be exposed by means of a laser, an abruptly increased heat input through the oval configuration is avoided. By the heat input related cracks can thus be avoided.
- planar component of the fourth, fifth and / or sixth method is designed in particular as a support plate.
- the planar component is constructed essentially perpendicular to a base or carrier platform between the object and the base or carrier platform.
- the flat component an effective linear support can be achieved.
- a powder bed process is used for the additive production of the object and the support structure.
- Selective laser fabrication selective laser sintering, SLS), selective laser melting (SLM) or electron beam melting (EBM), in which a starting material in powder form is suitable for generative production in embodiments of the invention - wise applied to a substrate and irradiated in regions by means of a laser or electron beam.
- DMLS Direct Metal Laser Sintering
- SHS Selective Heat Sintering
- FDM Fused Deposition Modeling
- LOM Laminated Object Manufacturing
- DIW Direct Ink Writing
- Binder Jetting Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication (EBF), Stereolithography (SL) or Rapid Plasma Deposition
- EBF Electron Beam Freeform Fabrication
- SL Stereolithography
- Rapid Plasma Deposition may be considered.
- the object and the support structure can be generated by generative production of a metal material. In other words, the object and the support structure are thus produced by 3D printing from metal.
- suitable metal materials for the formation of the object and the support structure are metals which can be selected from a group comprising aluminum, aluminum alloys, titanium, titanium alloys, steels such as in particular nickel-based steels, or nickel-base alloys.
- metals suitable for the object and processable by means of generative production processes could also be considered.
- the present invention may find particular utility in connection with the additive fabrication of the object and the metal support structure, use in connection with the fabrication of an object and support structure from other materials, such as suitable plastics or ceramic materials, is also contemplated .
- the object together with the support structure may be subjected to a heat treatment, in particular a hot isostatic pressing (HIP) using elevated temperature and elevated pressure.
- HIP hot isostatic pressing
- the object may be subjected to a machining operation, wherein the support structure may be removed already before the machining, during the machining or at the end or after the machining.
- the support structure may already be removed immediately upon completion of the layered construction of the object.
- the sheet components, the sheet or arches, the struts and the support substructure of the same starting material can be built up in layers as the object.
- the sheet-like component, the sheet or sheets, and the strut or the struts are constructed in layers by means of a device for additive production by means of the same processing parameters as the object actually to be generated.
- the different type of support substructure which is constructed particularly filigree and / or brittle, is built up in layers, with the choice of processing parameters, which differ from the processing parameters for the construction of the object, the flat components, the arches, and the struts.
- the support substructure can be created using the software "magics" offered by the company Materialize, Leuven, Belgium.
- the above refinements and developments can, if appropriate, be combined with one another as desired
- implementations of the invention include combinations of features of the invention described above or below with respect to embodiments, which are not explicitly set forth, and in particular those skilled in the art will also add individual aspects as improvements or additions to the respective basic form of the present invention.
- FIG. 3 shows an arc with two curved sections, wherein each of the curved sections is formed with a single circular arc section, for use in a method according to a second exemplary embodiment of the invention
- Figure 4 shows a support structure with an arch structure and a different type
- FIG. 5 shows an arch structure of a support structure, as well as a section of a
- FIG. 7 shows in perspective an object and a strut-shaped support structure which have been constructed in a method according to a fifth exemplary embodiment of the invention
- Figure 8 shows a portion of an object, and parts of a support structure with
- FIG. 11 shows a section of an object and parts of a support structure
- FIG. 12 is an illustration illustrating the cross-sectional shape of the struts used in the method according to the fifth, sixth, seventh, eighth or ninth embodiment
- FIG. 13 is a perspective view of a portion of an object, as well as parts of support structures with planar components and different support substructures, which have been constructed in a method according to a tenth embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 14 shows in perspective a section of an object as well as parts of a support structure with a planar component and a support substructure which have been constructed in a method according to an eleventh exemplary embodiment of the invention
- FIG. 15 shows a section of an object as well as a planar component of an object
- Support structure which were constructed in a method according to a twelfth embodiment of the invention, in perspective;
- Figure 16 is a schematic representation of a sheet component for use in a method according to a thirteenth embodiment of the invention; a cross-sectional view of the sheet-like component of Figure 16; a detailed view D of Figure 17; a perspective view of a planar component and a portion of an object, as they were constructed in a method according to a fourteenth embodiment of the invention, wherein the sheet-like component has a perforation;
- FIG. 20 is a detail view illustrating the perforation shown in Figure 19;
- FIG. 21 shows a section of an object as well as a planar component of a support structure, which in a method according to a fifteenth Embodiment of the invention have been constructed, wherein the sheet-like component has a perforation;
- Figure 22 is a schematic illustration illustrating the positioning of perforation openings as shown in Figure 21;
- Figure 23 is a further schematic representation of the shape of an opening of
- FIG. 24 is a perspective view of a support structure with a planar component, as well as a section of an object constructed in a method according to a sixteenth exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 25 is a perspective view of a support structure with a planar component and with struts, and a section of an object constructed in a method according to a seventeenth exemplary embodiment.
- FIG. 1 shows a partial component 4 in sections.
- a main extension surface H which is additionally illustrated by arrows P in FIG just.
- the sheet-like component 4 is built up in layers in a generative manufacturing process in the direction of assembly A.
- the sheet-like component 4 is formed with a plurality of bumps 5.
- the bumps 5 are on both sides of the main extension surface H, schematically indicated in Figure 1, from the main extension surface H out.
- the bumps 5 are formed by forming the planar component 4 in two transverse directions R 1 and R 2, each with a wave shape 6 a or 6 b, see FIG. 1.
- FIG. 2 shows that in this case the planar component 4 protrudes upright from the base 3, in particular particular substantially along the construction direction A, along which the layered structure of the object 1 and the support structure 2 takes place.
- the construction direction A corresponds in the first embodiment of a vertical direction parallel and opposite to a direction of action W of gravity, thus the main extension plane H of the sheet-like component 4 is substantially perpendicular to the substantially horizontal pad 3 aligned.
- the sheet-like component 4 is connected via a foot 7 to the base 3, which forms a support platform.
- the object 1 and the support structure 2 are manufactured in the first embodiment additively from a metal material.
- the object 1 and the support structure 2 are subject to stresses by the welding process.
- the support structure 2 fixes the object 1 relative to the base 3, prevents impermissible deformations of the object 1 due to such stresses, but is sufficiently yielding by the bump structure to prevent the formation of cracks in the support structure 2.
- the process reliability in the construction of the object 1 is considerably increased, whereby such a connection by means of the support structure 2 can be implemented simply.
- the bumps 5 a limited deformation of the support structure 2 is allowed.
- the sheet-like component 4 forms a yielding structure which, due to its bulging on both sides of the main extension surface H, produces a compliance in the flat surface H.
- the sheet-like component 4 can thus yield, for example, slightly in the directions indicated by the arrows P in FIG.
- the Compliance can be controlled in detail. Both a compliance by deformation in the main extension surface H by stretching or upsetting, as well as by bending the sheet-like component 4 about an axis in the main extension surface H, are conceivable.
- a sheet 15 is shown schematically in Figure 3, wherein the sheet 15 is formed with two arc sections 16a, 16b.
- the arcuate portions 16a, 16b converge toward each other in an assembly direction A and meet in a tip 17 of the arch 15.
- the arcuate portions 16a and 16b are symmetrical about a centerline M15 of the arch 15, each of the arched portions 16a, 16b being a portion of a circular arc is formed with the radius R16.
- the construction direction A substantially corresponds to a vertical direction.
- the sheet 15 for the second embodiment is shown in two-dimensional cross-sectional view, it being understood that the sheet 15 is constructed as a three-dimensional body, but in a direction perpendicular to the drawing plane of Figure 3 is substantially constant in FIG 3 has shown cross-sectional profile.
- Reference number 11 in FIG. 3 denotes an object to be produced in layers by means of generative production, a base being designated by reference numeral 13.
- the arch 15 is part of a support structure 12 for an overhanging portion IIa of the object 11.
- the sheet 15 is constructed from the base 13 in layers.
- the overhanging portion IIa which is of limited lateral extent in FIG. 3, and may for example be narrow and long in this embodiment, against the action of gravity, in FIG.
- the arc 15 forms a bow structure 14 in a first one Area 12a of the support structure 12.
- the generative, layered structure of the support structure 12 in a second area 12b thereof a small-part, filigree and brittle support substructure 18, which is indicated only schematically in Figure 3, constructed in layers on portions of the outside of the sheet 15.
- the overhanging portion IIa of the object 11 can be supported in a planar manner. A large part of a distance between the base 13 and the overhanging portion IIa of the object 11 can thus be bridged by the arch 15, whereby the overhanging portion IIa can be precisely and accurately supported by means of the supporting partial structure 18. Over short distances is such, compared to the arch 15 different type, filigree and brittle support substructure 18 effective for surface support.
- a narrow overhanging portion IIa of the object 11 could be supported directly by the upper portion of the sheet 17 without interposition of the filigree, brittle support substructure 18.
- a wall thickness t of the sheet 15 may be, for example, 1.5 mm.
- the arcuate portions 16a, 16b are in the region of the tip 17 mediated by a fillet 17a (not shown in detail in FIG. 3) on the inner side of the base. 15 is connected, and the tip 17 itself may also be provided on the outside of the sheet 15 with a rounding 17 b.
- curves 17c may be provided in areas where the arcuate portions 16a, 16b stand up on the base 13.
- FIG. 4 shows how, in accordance with the third exemplary embodiment, a support structure 22 has additionally been constructed in layers on a support 23, which in turn is a support platform.
- an arch structure 24 with a plurality of sheets 25, 27, 29 has been constructed in layers.
- Three arcs 25 are provided, each of which is constructed symmetrically in itself and each having two arc sections 26a and 26b, which converge in a tip 26c in each case.
- the arc sections 26a, 26b thus run towards each other in the direction of construction A.
- the arc 27 is likewise symmetrical in itself and has two arc sections 28a and 28b which, in turn, converge in the direction of construction A and meet in a point 28c.
- the arc 29 is also symmetrical in itself and has two arcuate portions 30a and 30b which meet in a point 30c.
- the support structure 22, see Figure 4 is constructed in such a way that the sheets 25, 27, 29 are arranged on two floors 33 and 34 one above the other.
- the side-by-side arches 25 form a lowermost floor 33, the arches 25 of which have been built up directly on the support 23 in layers, while the two differently high-trained sheets 27 and 29 form the next, above the floor 33 arranged second floor 34.
- the sheets 29 and 27 are respectively connected to two sheets 25 at their respective tip 26c.
- the arches 25, 27, 29 of the arch structure 22 form a stable support structure which is able to bridge a comparatively large distance between the support 23 and the object 21 in the direction of assembly A, ie along the vertical.
- the support structure 22 also has a second region 22b, wherein the support structure 22 is embodied in the region 22b with a support substructure 38 that has a different design compared to the arches 25, 27, 29.
- the support substructure 38 is comparatively filigree and small-sized, and thus able to support the overhanging portion 21 a of the object 21 in a large-scale manner.
- the support substructure 38 has also been constructed in a layered manner so that it is relatively brittle, which facilitates its removal after it has served its purpose.
- FIG. 4 illustrates how, with the aid of the arch structure 24, the support substructure 38 along the construction direction A is considerably shortened.
- the support substructure 38 need not fill the entire distance between the support 23 and the portion 21 a of the object 21, but the arch structure 24 and the support substructure 38 are formed such that the support substructure 38 is supported by the arch structure 24 and the support of the portion 21a against the arch structure 24 takes place.
- the sheets 27 and 29 each provide a part of their outsides for this purpose.
- the arcuate configuration significantly shortens the support substructure 38, wherein the arcuate sections 28a, b and 30a, b are constructed such that they can support themselves while being generated generatively in layers. In other words, when printing the sheets 27 and 29, the sheets 27, 29 need not be supported by themselves. The same applies to the sheets 25 and their arc sections 26a, b.
- the flat "support" which is achieved by the support structure part 38, even at a greater height above the base 23, and for the support of extensive overhanging portions 21a, in their Material for the support substructure 38 is saved, in addition, the portion 21a of the object 21 can advantageously be supported in a more stable and accurate manner, the geometry of the portion 21a and its position is better preserved in 3D printing, and error costs due to demolition a manufacturing cycle or by a faulty object are avoided.
- the sheet portions 26a, b, 28a, b and 30a, b are each constructed of two circular arc portions. This is particularly clear in Figure 4 for the bows 25 of the lowest floor 33, in which in the upper region near the top 26c a lesser radius R26 "is provided while the radius R26 'in the lower region of the arc 25 is greater than R26" selected is.
- FIG. 4 additional arcuate pieces 35 and 36 are shown, which are constructed so as to protrude from outwardly directed sides of the arcuate portion 28a and the arcuate portion 30b of the arc 27 and 29, respectively.
- These elbows increase the support or support surface available for the support substructure 38.
- foot areas 25a in which the arches 25 have been constructed starting from the base 23 upwards, fillets are provided.
- the notch with a radius of the notch formed by the convergence of the arch sections 26a-b, 28a-b, 30a-b may also be preferred between about 0.5 mm and about 1.0 mm to reduce stress.
- a wall thickness t of the sheets 25, 27, 29 can be, for example, 1.5 mm.
- the connection region of the sheets 27 and 29 to the tips 26c can be designed and rounded in such a way that in these connection regions the wall thickness t is approximately maintained or at least not substantially undershot. Fillets may also be provided at locations where the elbows 35, 36 connect to the arcuate portions 28a, 30b, respectively, to mitigate notch stresses at these locations.
- FIGS. 5 and 6 show an overhanging section 41a of an object 41, wherein again a support structure 42 has been constructed which represents a variant of the support structure 22 of FIG. 4 and has a curved structure 44 in a first region 42a.
- Figures 5 and 6 illustrate that between the two sheets 27 and 29, between the mutually facing sheet portions 30a and 28b, an additional, further sheet 45 has been constructed, arc sections 46a and 46b of the sheet 45 meeting in a point 46c, from outside surfaces of the arcuate portions 28b and 30a, respectively. Furthermore, z. B. from Figure 5 also seen that the arc 45 may be slightly inclined with the symmetry or center axis against the mounting direction A.
- the arch structure 44 has, analogous to Figure 4, further, the two arcuate pieces 35 and 36, wherein, see Figure 5, in particular the arcuate piece 35 is provided with a curvature in two directions.
- a further, asymmetrical arc 49 with arc sections 50a, b and a tip 50c can be constructed on the sheet piece 36, for which the above explanations on the sheets 25, 27, 29, 45, if appropriate, apply mutatis mutandis be valid.
- the sheet 45 may also be considered as an additional, third floor 47 of the arch structure 44 forming.
- the support substructure 18, 38, 48 can each be created in particular by means of the software "magics" offered by Materialize, Leuven, Belgium
- the arch structure 14, 24, 44 can be a vertical one by way of example Bridge distance of 50 mm or more.
- FIG. 7 shows a support structure 62 with a plurality of struts 64 that is likewise built up in layers according to a fifth embodiment during a layered construction of an object 61 during its generative production.
- Each of the struts 64 extends substantially along a construction direction A of the object 61 from a support 63 vertically straight upward, sitting on the base 63 and supports an overhanging portion 61a of the object 61 from point to point.
- the struts 64 extend in Fig. 7 between the pad 63 and each section 61a.
- a cross-sectional shape 65 of each of the struts 64 is shown in FIG.
- the cross-sectional shape 65 is of a cloverleaf shape, like a four-leaf clover.
- Blatts formed, and has four leaf-like portions 66 a, 66 b, 66 c, 66 d, which extend from a center 67 of the cross-sectional shape 65 to the outside.
- Each of the partial regions 66a-d terminates at its end 68a-d, which is remote from the middle 67, with a semicircular shape 69a-d having a first radius R69, wherein, for the sake of clarity, only the semicircular shape 69a has the radius R69 in FIG.
- Adjacent portions 66a and 66b, 66b and 66c, 66c and 66d as well as 66d and 66a are connected to one another in the circumferential direction U of the cross-sectional shape 65 via a quadrilateral form 70ab, 70bc, 70cd or 70da.
- the quadrant forms 70ab, 70bc, 70cd and 70da each have a second radius R70, which in turn is sketched for clarity only for the quadrant shapes 70ab, 70bc in FIG. All adjoining sections of the peripheral outer contour of the cross-sectional shape 65, see FIG. 12, merge tangentially into one another, as a result of which the cross-sectional shape 65 has no edges or sharp corners in its outer contour. A coater blade can be effectively protected in this way.
- the generatively generated object 61 after the complete additive construction of a heat treatment, for. B. by hot isostatic pressing.
- the struts 64 are then removed, and preferably before a post-machining.
- a supporting structure 82 which according to a sixth embodiment has been built up in layers during a layered construction of an object 81 during the generative production thereof, is shown in FIG.
- the object 81 may have, for example, a main body indicated in sections in FIG. 8 and one or more body regions (e) projecting therefrom. While some struts 84 of the support structure 82 support, for example, overhanging portions 81a of the main body of the object 81, one or more further ones of the struts 84 may support an overhanging portion 81b of a projecting body portion of the object 81.
- the struts 84 have been constructed additively in layers together with the object 81 and project substantially vertically, thus along the construction direction A and parallel to a direction of action W of gravity, straight up from a support 83.
- a further support structure 92 which according to a seventh exemplary embodiment was built up in layers during a layered construction of an object 91 during the generative production thereof, is shown in FIG.
- struts 94 of the support structure 92 extend from a pad 93 as a whole substantially vertically along a construction direction A up to a plate-like portion 91a of the object 91 which is obliquely overhanging and supported by the struts 94.
- the object 91 is in the seventh embodiment with a plurality of long, branched and curved Poor trained, but only partially shown in Figure 9.
- the struts 94 can effectively support the object 91, particularly during a subsequent heat treatment.
- the above explanations on the cross-sectional shape 65 of the struts 64 also apply to the likewise cloverleaf-like cross-sectional shape of the struts 94 of FIG. 9.
- connection of each of the struts 94 has been made to the portion 91a in that the struts 94 are each formed curved, in particular in an upper Area 94a of the same.
- FIG. 10 shows, in sections, a support structure 102 which has been constructed in layers in accordance with an eighth exemplary embodiment during a layered construction of an object 101.
- the object 101 is formed in the embodiment of Figure 10 with a flange 101b.
- Struts 104 of the supporting structure 102 support overhanging portions 101a of the flange 101b, and thus also the object 101, against a base 103 on which the generative production is carried out.
- the struts 104 extend in FIG. 10 substantially vertically along the construction direction A and parallel to the direction of action W of the force of gravity away from the substrate 103.
- FIG. 11 shows a support structure 112 which has been constructed in layers in accordance with a ninth embodiment during a layered construction of an object 111.
- the support structure 112 stabilizes generatively generated portions IIIa and IIIb of the object 111 against each other.
- struts 114 of the support structure 112 each extend between the sections IIIa and IIIb.
- a base 113, on which the layered structure of the object 111 and the support structure 112 has been made, as well as a construction direction A, are also indicated in FIG.
- a stabilization of, for example, the portion 111b against the base 113 can thus be achieved, which in turn can prove advantageous in a subsequent hot isostatic pressing, for example.
- the struts 114 advantageously stabilize the sections 15 a and 111 b against one another during a machining process carried out in the further production process. Swinging or vibrating the portions purple, 111b relative to each other is thus avoided or reduced. The achieved quality of the machined surfaces of the object 111 can be further improved in this way. In particular, it becomes possible to avoid "chatter marks" when milling the object 111.
- the cross-sectional shape of the struts 114 of Figure 11 is clover-shaped as above for the cross-sectional shape 65 of the struts 64 executed in detail.
- a heat treatment such as by hot isostatic pressing, can take place and the support structure 82, 92, 102 is removed after the heat treatment before or in the course of machining
- the support structure 112 remains in the ninth embodiment according to Figure 11 both during such a heat treatment and during the machining with the sections lilac and 111b connected. In this way, the support structure 112 can fulfill its stabilizing function during machining.
- the support structure 112 with the struts 114 is separated in the embodiment of Figure 11 only after the machining process or at the end of the object 111.
- FIG. 13 A method for producing an object 121 by means of additive manufacturing according to a tenth embodiment is illustrated in FIG. 13.
- the object 121 only partially shown in FIG. 13 has a protruding part, which in FIG. 13 has the form of a tab with an opening or an eye.
- the protruding part projects substantially horizontally from a substantially vertical outer surface of the object 121 and thus forms an overhanging section 121a of the object 121.
- a construction direction A, along which the layered structure of the object 121 takes place, is also shown in FIG.
- the support structure 122 is likewise built up layer-by-layer in the construction direction A at least at times during the generative build-up of the object 121 and serves to support the portion 121a which extends at an angle of approximately 90 degrees with respect to the construction direction A.
- the construction direction A corresponds to the vertical direction and is thus parallel to the direction of action W of gravity. Therefore, the portion 121a can not support itself in the layered structure.
- the section 121a is constructed in the method according to the tenth embodiment at a greater height above a not shown in Figure 13 underlay. A height extent of the support structure 122 which is limited along the construction direction A is achieved in FIG. 13 in that the support structure 122 has a planar component 124 designed as a support plate.
- the sheet-like component 124 is built up in layers during the production of the object 121, ie printed.
- the construction of the planar component 124 takes place in such a manner that the planar component 124 is connected to the object 121 in a region 125 and also protrudes obliquely forwards from the object 121 in the direction of construction A.
- an angle ⁇ at which a main extension surface of the sheet-like component 124 extends is between about 30 degrees and about 50 degrees, at most about 53 degrees.
- this main extension surface is inclined at an angle ⁇ of between 40 degrees and 60 degrees, at least about 37 degrees. With such an angle selection can be avoided to have to support the planar component 124 itself in turn.
- the object 121 of Fig. 13 is formed with a rounded cross section and may have an elongated shape in the vertical direction.
- FIG. 13 shows that the planar component 124 in the transition area 125, in which it adjoins and is connected to the object 121, is geometrically adapted to the outer contour of the object 121, thus follows this rounded outer contour, and, after complete construction of the object planar component 124 tongues or lobes extending from the object 121 projecting.
- the sheet-like component 124 carries on its upward side in FIG. 13 a structure 128 which supports the planar support of the overhanging projection. serves cut 121 a, itself supported on the sheet-like component 124, and is formed differently in comparison with the sheet-like component 124.
- Structure 128 is hereinafter referred to as support substructure 128, forms part of support structure 122, and has been constructed in a layered manner in the method according to the tenth embodiment such that support substructure 128 has a relatively brittle and filigree structure.
- the support substructure 128 used for surface support can be advantageously shortened.
- the support substructure 128 does not have to be constructed on a support that is possibly far away in the vertical direction, thus in the direction of assembly A. In this way, a precise planar support of the section 121a succeeds. Deformation or tearing of the support substructure 128 is avoided, and material and printing time for these can be saved.
- a further support structure 122 'for a further overhanging section of the object 121 which is not illustrated in the drawing, which is similar to the support structure 122, is likewise sketched in FIG. 13, wherein the support structure 122' in turn has a planar component 124 'which is analogous to the component 124 protrudes from the object 121, is connected to the object 121 in a region 125 'of a transition of the component 124' to the object 121, and carries a support substructure 128 '.
- the support structures 122 and 122 'of FIG. 13 have been provided with a perforation 129 or 129' in the layered construction thereof in the region 125, 125 'along a contour of the object 121.
- the perforation 129, 129 'on the one hand in powder bed processes avoids the accumulation of powdered starting material in a corner region between the object 121 and an upper side of the flat component 124 or 124'.
- the separation can be done manually, for example, along the perforation 129, 129 ', such as by breaking, whereby a subsequent machining to remove remaining remnants of the sheet-like components 124, 124' and the plastering or deburring be facilitated.
- FIG. 14 shows that the geometric shape of the planar component 134, in particular in the region of an outer edge 134a thereof, can be varied to adapt to an overhanging portion 131a of the object 131 to be supported. Also in the eleventh exemplary embodiment, a perforation 139 is provided in the area 135.
- the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 14 represents a variant of the exemplary embodiment of FIG. 13, so that reference may additionally be made to the statements relating to FIG. 13.
- the easily removable support substructures 128, 128 'and 138 in FIGS. 13, 14 can be generated, for example, by means of the software "magics" offered by the company Materialis, Leuven, Belgium.
- FIG. 15 illustrates a method for producing an object 141 by means of generative production according to a twelfth exemplary embodiment, which in turn represents a variant of the tenth exemplary embodiment.
- a support structure is provided with a sheet-like component 144, wherein the sheet-like component 144 also has a perforation 149 along a contour of the object 141 and a fragile support substructure not shown in Figure 15 analogous Structures 128, 128 ', 138 carries.
- An outer edge 144a of the sheet-like component 144 has been formed in the method according to the twelfth exemplary embodiment in such a way that the sheet-like component 144 has two pronounced projecting tongue-like portions 144b and 144c.
- a planar component 154 in the area 155 of Transition thereof to an object to be generated in which the planar component 154 is connected to the object to be formed with a predetermined breaking edge 156.
- the predetermined breaking edge or predetermined breaking point 156 can simplify manual peeling off of the flat component 154 when it is no longer needed, from the object.
- a planar component 154 in accordance with the thirteenth embodiment is outlined in FIGS.
- planar component 154 as in the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 13 to 15, together with the object not shown in FIGS. 16-18 is built up in layers.
- the planar component 154 is designed as a support plate and is provided, for example, essentially with the shape of a truncated cone jacket section, see FIG. 16.
- a cross section BB through the planar component 154 is shown in FIG. 17, again with an inclination angle ⁇ of the planar component 154 against the direction of action W of gravity is shown.
- angle ⁇ the above statements on FIG. 13 apply.
- FIG. 17 shows a detail D from FIG. 18.
- the planar component 154 in the transition region 155 is connected to the object to be produced generatively (also not shown in FIG. 18).
- the predetermined breaking edge 156 is provided in such a way that the flat component 154 is provided with a reduced cross-section 160 in the region 155 and thus in the vicinity of a surface of the object at which the planar component 154 is connected to the object via the surface 157 ,
- the planar component 154 in the region 155 has a recess 162 whose base with a Fillet is provided with radius R162.
- the perforation 129, 129 ', 139, 149 described above with reference to FIGS. 13-15 can be achieved by arranging the planar component 124, 124', 134, 144 in the region of the perforation with a plurality of along a line Openings is provided, which are formed in the layered structure of the sheet-like component 124, 124 ', 134, 144.
- FIG. 19 shows a planar component 174 of a support structure which is used in a method for the generative production of an object 171. Along a contour of the object 171, the planar component 174 is provided with a perforation 179 in a region 175 in which it is connected to the object 171, the planar component 174 for forming the perforation 179 having a multiplicity of openings 180.
- FIG. 20 shows diagrammatically how, for example with the aid of a construction software, for each opening 180, a ball element 182 is subtracted from the basic shape of the flat component 174, which is initially thought through throughout.
- FIG. 21 to 23 shows diagrammatically how, for example with the aid of a construction software, for each opening 180, a ball element 182 is subtracted from the basic shape of the flat component 174, which is initially thought through throughout.
- FIG. 21 to 23 shows diagrammatically how, for example with the aid of a construction software, for each opening 180, a ball element 182 is subtracted from the basic shape of the flat component 174, which is initially thought through throughout.
- FIG. 20 shows diagrammatically how, for example with the aid of a construction software, for each opening 180, a ball element 182 is subtracted from the basic shape of the flat component 174, which is initially thought through throughout.
- FIG. 21 to 23 shows diagrammatically how, for example with the aid of a construction software, for each opening 180, a ball element 182 is
- the perforation 199 is formed with openings 200 which have an oval cross-section.
- oval openings 200 can somewhat mitigate somewhat abrupt changes in the area to be exposed and thus abrupt changes in the heat input.
- the openings 200 may be elliptical, for example, as shown in FIGS. 22 and 23.
- Openings arranged along a line along the contour of the object to form the perforation 129, 129 ', 139, 149, 179, 199 may be provided at a distance of about 0.1 mm to about 1.5 mm to the contour of the object , where the At the center of adjacent openings, they can be spaced from each other along the contour of the object at a distance of from about 1.0 mm to about 2.0 mm.
- Corresponding center distances D200 of the elliptical openings 200 along a line 201 parallel to the contour of the object 191, with D200 of approximately 1.0 mm to approximately 2.0 mm, are sketched by way of example in FIG.
- a distance of the line 201 to the contour of the object 191 is denoted by D202 and may be about 0.1 mm to about 1.5 mm.
- a perforation 129, 129 ', 139, 149, 179, 199, as described above with reference to FIGS. 13-15 and 19-23, can also be combined with the predetermined breaking edge 156 of FIGS. 16 to 18.
- the perforation may primarily improve the powder trickle out in powder bed processes and prevent accumulation of material, while the predetermined breaking edge 156 serves to improve the removal of the sheet component.
- the sheet-like components 124, 124 ', 134, 144, 154, 174, 194 can each be considered as support plates, which support the support substructure (shown only in the examples of FIGS. 13 and 14) and enable their shortening.
- the object produced in each case additively for example the object 121, 131, 141, 171 or 191, together with the respective support structure, is subjected to a heat treatment, in particular hot isostatic pressing (HIP).
- HIP hot isostatic pressing
- the objects obtained according to the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 13 to 23 can be subjected to a subsequent machining operation.
- the support structure is, for example, removed manually before the machining, for example, but instead could also be removed during the machining or only at the end or after.
- the support structure can be removed manually directly after the generative construction of the object.
- a support structure 212 which is used in a method for producing an object 211 by means of generative production according to a sixteenth exemplary embodiment, is shown in FIG. 24.
- the object 211 is illustrated only in sections by way of drawing.
- the support structure 212 which is layered like the object 211, serves to support an overhanging portion 211a of the object 211 in a layered structure along a line.
- the support structure 212 has a planar component 214 which projects upright from a support 213 and is built up in layers in such a way that it extends along the assembly direction A of the object 211.
- the planar component 214 is in the form of a support plate having a plurality of supports standing vertically on the support 213 Breakthroughs 215 formed.
- the openings 215 are formed diamond-shaped, whereby the openings 215 due to the advantageous not too great inclination of their inner surfaces against the direction of action W of gravity need not be supported again.
- planar component 214 is provided with ribs 216, which likewise extend along the construction direction A away from the substrate 213.
- the ribs 216 do not extend over the full height of the planar component 214, see FIG. 24.
- the planar component 214 is substantially planar.
- the ribs 216 stabilize the relatively thin sheet-like component 214 against unwanted deformation, such as by heat input in the layered structure.
- FIG. 24 furthermore shows that the planar component 214 has been formed along a contour of the object 211 with a perforation 219 in a region 217 in which it is linearly connected to the object 211.
- the perforation 219 is formed with a plurality of apertures unspecified in FIG. 24, which are circular, oval, elliptical, diamond-shaped, or with a spherical inner surface, as described for the exemplary embodiments of FIGS. 13-15 and 19-23 could be.
- the openings of the perforation 219 are considerably smaller than the openings 215.
- openings of the perforation 219 are used in the embodiment of Figure 24 for easier separation of the sheet-like component 214 of the object 211, if the support structure 212 is not more is needed.
- a support structure 222 which is used in a method for producing an object 221 by means of generative manufacturing according to a seventeenth embodiment, is shown in FIG.
- An overhanging portion 221a of the object 221 is supported against a support 223 by means of the support structure 222.
- the support structure 222 has a surface component 224 connected to the object 221, which, as in the sixteenth embodiment, is designed as a support plate perpendicular to the mounting direction A on the support 223 or support platform with a plurality of diamond-shaped openings 225 and provides a linear support ,
- the planar component 224 is also reinforced against deformation by ribs 226, which run essentially along the construction direction A.
- a height H226 of the ribs 226 along the mounting direction A may be, for example, between about 80 percent and about 90 percent of the height H224 of the planar components 224 at this point. The same applies to the height of the ribs 216 in relation to the planar component 214 of FIG. 24.
- portion 221a provides a plurality of struts 227 extending along the mounting direction A, each having a quadrilateral clover-shaped cross-sectional shape, as further described above with reference to FIG. With respect to the struts 227, reference is made to the above statements.
- the respectively additively generated object 211, 221, together with the support structure 212 or 222 can be subjected to a heat treatment, in particular a hot isostatic pressing (HIP).
- a heat treatment in particular a hot isostatic pressing (HIP).
- the support structures 212, 222 can in turn counteract a deformation of the object in the hot isostatic pressing.
- the objects 211, 221 obtained can also be machined after such a heat treatment, wherein the support structure 212, 222 can be removed even before the machining, during the machining or only at the end or after the machining.
- both of the object in particular of the object 1, 11, 21, 41, 61, 81, 91, 101, 111, 121, 131, 141, 171, 191, 211, 221, as
- the respective support structure in particular the support structure 2, 12, 22, 42, 62, 82, 92, 102, 112, 122, 132, 212, 222 used a powder bed method in which a starting material as a powder applied in layers and for example by means of a Laser beam is exposed locally and thereby sintered or melted.
- selective laser sintering, selective laser melting or electron beam melting are possible.
- a generative production by Rapid Plasma Depositing into consideration The construction direction A is aligned in the embodiments described above parallel to the vertical and thus parallel and opposite to the direction of action W of gravity.
- the object and the support structure are made additive from a metal material such as aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, a steel such as a nickel-based steel, or a nickel base alloy, for example, for high temperature applications .
- a metal material such as aluminum, an aluminum alloy, titanium, a titanium alloy, a steel such as a nickel-based steel, or a nickel base alloy, for example, for high temperature applications .
- the flat composite nents 4, 124, 124 ', 134, 144, 154, 174, 194, 214, 224, the ribs 216, 226, the arch or sheets 15, 25, 27, 29, 45, 49, the arched pieces 35, 36 , the struts 64, 84, 94, 104, 114, 227 and the support substructure 18, 38, 48, 128, 128 ', 138, if present, are each built up in layers of the same starting material as the object.
- the pad, on which the layered structure takes place such as the pad 3, 13, 23, 63, 83, 93, 103, 113, 213, 223, is formed in the described embodiments as a metal plate, for example of titanium, and may also be referred to as a carrier platform or base plate.
- a metal plate for example of titanium
- the sheet component, the ribs, the sheet or sheets, the sheet pieces, and the strut or struts, if present, are stacked by means of a generative manufacturing apparatus using the same processing parameters become like the actual object to be created.
- processing parameters for the dissimilar, filigree and brittle support substructure 18, 38, 48, 128, 128 ', 138 used in some of the embodiments may differ from the processing parameters for constructing the object. In this way, the support substructure can be made brittle with the help of other processing parameters and built up faster than the object.
- components for aircraft or spacecraft can be produced.
- the additively produced objects can represent semi-finished products for the production of the components, wherein the component is produced in particular via intermediate steps of a hot isostatic pressing and a machining of the semifinished product.
- the methods described above are particularly suitable for improving dimensional stability and quality and reducing manufacturing costs.
- the methods according to the exemplary embodiments explained above can in particular be carried out in such a way that computer-readable instructions stored on a computer-readable medium are executed on a data processing device, which instructions cause a device or arrangement for additive manufacturing to carry out the method according to one of the preceding exemplary embodiments.
- the data processing device can in this case form part of the device or arrangement for generative production or communicate therewith.
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US11504771B2 (en) | 2022-11-22 |
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CN115722684A (zh) | 2023-03-03 |
WO2018210951A1 (de) | 2018-11-22 |
US20200139436A1 (en) | 2020-05-07 |
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