EP3608495B1 - Spacer device and frame comprising same - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a backing device for backing a frame and a frame provided with it. The invention also relates to uses of such a backing device and a method for assembling such a frame.

Frames are used in masonry reveals and are used to hold a door leaf. Conventional frames usually have at least three frame bars (hereinafter also called frame bars), which are connected to one another. Frames are usually made of wood materials or metal, such as steel. In the following, the main focus will be on these steel or metal frames.

To install known frames, they are first positioned in a masonry reveal. The frame is then connected to the masonry by means of suitable fastening elements, in particular screw fasteners. In many cases, a spacer element is placed between the masonry and the frame so that the frame retains its position during assembly. It is often difficult to introduce a spacer element between the frame spar and the wall reveal, especially when the distance between the frame spar and the wall reveal is very small.

From the DE 10 2014 116 290 A1 discloses an enclosing frame made of metal with an adjustable mouth width, which is provided with a first frame part bar designed as a metal profile part and a second frame part bar designed as a metal profile part, the frame part bars being designed to enclose a wall area and engage one another so that they can be displaced in relation to one another in order to set a mouth width. The frame is fastened using an inclined screw and dowel fastener using a fastening bracket or by foaming in with assembly foam. In addition to a simple structure and an aesthetic appearance, the surrounding frame is characterized by the fact that dry attachment is possible without subsequent mortar work or masonry work. More such frames with backfeed devices are from EP 3 342 970 A1 and the EP 3 282 075 A1 known.

From the EP 2 213 825 B1 a frame with one-piece frame struts with a backfeed device that can be adjusted in distance is known, which has adjusting wedges and is thus designed to be adjustable.

An adjustable window frame backing device is on the market by Stropex as part of the EMO window system under the designation Universal Positioning Spreader URP.

From the EP 2 196 613 B1 discloses a one-piece frame spar, a frame that can be provided with it, and a method for fastening such a frame spar, in which it can be fastened from a front side of the frame by means of fasteners. From the EP 2 290 186 B1 discloses a one-piece frame spar, a frame fastening device and a frame provided therewith, in which a backing device has a plurality of spacer elements. Another backfeed device for one-piece Zargenholme is from EP 2 333 221 B1 known. The frames according to the state of the art EP 2 213 825 B1 , the EP 2 196 613 B1 and the EP 2 290 186 B1 can also be installed dry, without subsequent mortar work or masonry work.

In the EP 0 477 684 A1 describes a spacer device comprising a first element and a second element. The two elements are arranged on one another in such a way that they have two essentially flat contact surfaces lying opposite one another. The first element and the second element have a working surface in the form of a helical ramp opposite the bearing surface. The contour of the working surfaces of the two elements are matched and the working surfaces are in sliding relationship with each other.

In the DE 198 21 078 C1 describes a device for blocking door elements with a double wedge. The device includes a base wedge and a clamping wedge with a tooth profile. An adjustable element with a coupling element is arranged on the base wedge. The wedge surfaces of the base wedge and the clamping wedge move towards each other.

From the EP 3 170 959 A1 discloses a window installation device consisting of at least one wedge-shaped spacer. The device consists of a body slidably connected to a clamp. Furthermore, the device comprises a spreader unit which is arranged between the clamp and the body. The spreading unit has at least one wedge and one threaded spindle.

From the DE 195 26 203 A1 a fixing device for positioning door and window frames emerges. The fixation device includes an adjustment screw. By turning the adjustment screw, the fixing device raises or lowers the frame.

Based on the closest prior art according to the EP 2 213 825 B1 , the EP 2 196 613 B1 , the EP 2 290 186 B1 , the EP 2 333 221 B1 , the DE 10 2014 116 290 A1 as well as the invention has set itself the task of creating a possibility for more cost-effective and simpler assembly of frames for different installation situations.

To solve this problem, the invention creates a backing device with the features of claim 1. A frame provided with it and advantageous uses of the backing device are specified in the subclaims.

Advantageous configurations are the subject matter of the dependent claims.

According to a first aspect thereof, the invention provides a backing device for backing a frame, which comprises at least one frame bar which is attached to a structural opening with a fastener bordering wall area is to be fastened, with the backing device having a first spacer element with a first support surface for support on the wall area, a second spacer element with a second support surface for support on the frame bar and an adjusting and tensioning device for adjusting the distance between the first and second support surface and for exerting clamping pressure between the support surfaces and an opening on the support surfaces for reaching through the fastener, by means of which the first rod is to be fastened to the wall area.

According to the invention, the adjusting and clamping device has a wedge element, which can be adjusted in its position, between the spacer elements.

It is preferred that the first and/or the second spacer element are provided with at least one wedge surface.

It is preferred that the adjustment and tensioning device has at least one tensioning screw.

It is preferred that the first and the second spacer element each have a plate region which is provided with a through-opening for the fastener and on which the support surface is formed.

It is preferred that the first and second spacer elements each have an oppositely angled wedge surface.

It is preferred that the first and the second spacer element each have a guide element of a guide for guiding an adjustment movement.

It is preferred that the first and the second spacer element are ring-shaped or ring-segment-shaped.

It is preferable that the first and second spacer members are formed of a material from the group consisting of plastic, flame retardant plastic, fiber reinforced plastic, polyamide, metal and steel.

It is preferred that the first and second spacer elements are movable relative to each other in a direction transverse to the first and/or second spacer surface.

It is preferred that the first and the second spacer element can be tilted relative to one another in order to adapt an angle of the support surfaces relative to one another to local conditions.

It is preferred that the adjustment and tensioning device has a first and a second wedge element as well as a drive element for moving the first and the second wedge element towards and away from one another.

It is preferred that the adjustment and tensioning device has a hose clamp.

It is preferred that the adjusting and clamping device has a plurality of wedge elements in the form of ring segments.

It is preferred that the adjustment and tensioning device has a plurality of drive elements for moving at least one wedge element and a gear mechanism for coupling the drive elements for a common drive movement.

According to a further aspect, the invention creates a frame, comprising at least one frame bar for attachment to a wall area bordering a building opening, comprising at least one backing device according to one of the above configurations for backing the frame bar.

It is preferred that a fastener for fastening the frame bar to the wall area, which fastener preferably acts directly on the frame bar, is guided through the backing device inserted between the frame bar and the wall area.

It is preferred that the frame has several attachment points with fastener receiving openings for fasteners directly in the frame bars.

It is preferred that the frame has fastener receiving openings for the oblique fastening of screw-dowel combinations as fasteners.

It is preferred that the frame has at least one access opening for access to the adjustment and tensioning device.

The frame is preferably designed as a frame for a fire protection door.

According to a further aspect, the invention creates a fire protection door, comprising a frame according to one of the above configurations.

1. a) Einfügen der Zarge mit den Zargenstäben in die Bauwerköffnung unter Zwischenfügen von Hinterfütterungsvorrichtungen nach einer der voranstehenden Ausgestaltungen an Befestigungsstellen zwischen dem entsprechenden Zargenstab und einen die Bauwerksöffnung umrandenden Wandbereich,
2. b) Anbringen von Befestigern zur Befestigen der Zargenstäbe an den Befestigungsstellen mit dem Wandbereich, wobei der Befestiger in die Öffnung in der Hinterfütterungsvorrichtung eingefügt wird,
3. c) Einstellen des Abstandes zwischen den Abstützflächen mittels der Einstell- und Spanneinrichtung, um die Zarge zu hinterfüttern und vorzugsweise in der Bauwerksöffnung zu verspannen,
4. d) Befestigen des Befestigers.

According to a further aspect, the invention provides a method for installing a frame with a plurality of frame bars on a structural opening, comprising:

1. a) Insertion of the frame with the frame bars in the building opening with the interposition of backing devices according to one of the above configurations at fastening points between the corresponding frame bar and a wall area bordering the building opening,
2. b) applying fasteners for attaching the frame bars to the attachment points to the wall section, the fastener being inserted into the opening in the backing device,
3. c) Adjusting the distance between the support surfaces using the adjusting and clamping device in order to back the frame and preferably clamp it in the building opening,
4. d) Fastening the fastener.

• Vorbefestigen der Hinterfütterungsvorrichtungen an der Zarge und Einfügen der Zarge mit den vorbefestigten Hinterfütterungsvorrichtungen in die Bauwerksöffnung oder
• Einfügen der Zarge in die Bauwerksöffnung und Einschieben der Hinterfütterungsvorrichtungen zwischen die Zarge und den Wandbereich.

It is preferred that step a) contains:

• Pre-fastening the backing devices to the frame and inserting the frame with the pre-fastened backing devices into the building opening or
• Insertion of the frame into the building opening and insertion of the backing devices between the frame and the wall area.

Fig. 1

eine erste perspektivische Ansicht einer ersten Ausführungsform einer H interfütterungsvorrichtung;

Fig. 2

eine schematische Darstellung einer Modifikation der ersten Ausführungsform zur Erläuterung des Wirkungsprinzips;

Fig. 3

eine schematische Darstellung eines Zargenstabs einer Zarge mit der Hinterfütterungsvorrichtung von Fig. 1;

Fig. 4

eine erste Seitenansicht einer zweiten Ausführungsform einer H interfütterungsvorrichtung;

Fig. 5

eine weitere Seitenansicht der Hinterfütterungsvorrichtung von Fig. 4;

Fig. 6

eine Draufsicht auf die Hinterfütterungsvorrichtung der Fig. 4;

Fig. 7

eine Explosionsdarstellung einer dritten Ausführungsform einer Hinterfütterungsvorrichtung;

Fig. 8

einen Schnitt durch die dritte Ausführungsform der Hinterfütterungsvorrichtung;

Fig. 9

einen Schnitt durch eine Modifikation der dritten Ausführungsform der Hinterfütterungsvorrichtung;

Fig. 10

eine schematische perspektivische Darstellung eines Zargenstabs an einer Zarge mit der Hinterfütterungsvorrichtung von Fig. 8 sowie einem Befestiger zur Befestigung der Zarge;

Fig. 11

eine Draufsicht auf eine vierte Ausführungsform einer Hinterfütterungsvorrichtung;

Fig. 12

eine Seitenansicht der vierten Ausführungsform der Hinterfütterungsvorrichtung.

Exemplary embodiments of the invention are explained in more detail below with reference to the accompanying drawings. It shows:

1

a first perspective view of a first embodiment of a rear feeding device;

2

a schematic representation of a modification of the first embodiment to explain the principle of operation;

3

a schematic representation of a frame bar of a frame with the backing device from 1 ;

4

a first side view of a second embodiment of a rear feeding device;

figure 5

another side view of the backing device of FIG 4 ;

6

a plan view of the backing device of FIG 4 ;

7

an exploded view of a third embodiment of a backing device;

8

a section through the third embodiment of the backing device;

9

a section through a modification of the third embodiment of the backing device;

10

a schematic perspective view of a frame bar on a frame with the backing device from 8 and a fastener for attaching the frame;

11

a plan view of a fourth embodiment of a backing device;

12

a side view of the fourth embodiment of the backing device.

In the Figures 1, 2 , 4 to 9 as well as 11 and 12 different embodiments of a backing device 10 for backing a frame 12 are shown, from which a frame bar 14 together with the backing device 10 and a fastener 16 in 4 and 10 is shown.

The frame 12 has, for example, two frame bars 14 (only one shown) to be arranged vertically, which are to be connected to a wall region bordering a building opening by means of several fasteners 16 at fastening points 18 . The building opening and the wall area are not shown in the figures; Exemplary embodiments of this can be seen in the prior art mentioned at the outset. The respective frame bar 14 is fastened by means of the fastener 16, with the frame bar 14, which is to be fastened directly with the fastener 16, so that a head of the fastener 16 engages directly on a profile 20 of the frame bar 14, to be backed by means of the backing device 10 is. The frame bar 14 allows an inclined mounting of the fastener 16; this is also known in principle from the prior art mentioned at the outset.

All embodiments of the backing device 10 have a first spacer element 22, on which a first support surface 24 is formed, and a second spacer element 26, on which a second support surface 28 is formed. When the backing device 10 is used as intended, the first support surface 24 supports the frame bar 14 from, and the second support surface 28 is supported on the wall area not shown here.

The different embodiments of the backing device 10 also have an adjustment and clamping device 30, by means of which the distance between the support surfaces 24, 28 can be adjusted. By increasing the distance between the support surfaces 24, 28, the frame 12 can be braced in the building opening.

For example, both frame bars 14 of the frame 12 to be arranged vertically are fastened to the wall area at a plurality of fastening points 18 spaced apart in the longitudinal direction of the frame bar 14 by means of a fastener 16 passed through an opening in the frame bar 14, with a backing device 10 being located at each of these fastening points 18 between the frame bar 14 and the wall area is inserted. The fastener 16 is designed, for example, as a screw-dowel fastener, only the screw 32 being shown in the figures.

The backing device 10 has a through opening 34 for the fastener 16 to reach through. The passage opening 34 is formed by an opening 36 in the first support surface 24 and in the second support surface 28 . The openings 36 in the support surfaces 24, 28 are preferably provided so as to at least partially overlap one another.

The setting and clamping device 30 can be designed differently; different versions are explained in more detail below.

The first spacer element 22 preferably has a base plate 38 which can be pushed in, for example with fastening flanges 40, on corresponding hook attachments of the frame bar 14, not shown here.

The second spacer element 26 has a clamping plate or cover plate 42, for example.

Furthermore, a guide 44 for guiding a relative movement of the spacer elements 22, 26 in a direction transverse to the support surfaces 24, 28 is provided.

The guide 44 has, for example, a guide groove 46 on one or both of the spacer elements 22, 26 and a guide engagement element 48 engaging in the guide groove 46. In some embodiments, the guide engagement element 48 is formed integrally on the other of the spacer elements 22, 26 and is formed, for example, as a projection 50 engaging in the guide groove 46. In other embodiments, guide engagement element 48 is a separate element, such as a sliding block 52.

Preferably, two guides 44 are provided on opposite sides of the backing device 10 .

The adjusting and clamping device 30 preferably has at least one wedge surface 54 on at least one of the spacer elements 22, 26 and a wedge element 58 that can be driven by means of a drive element 56. In another embodiment, a thread 60 or a toothing is formed on at least one of the spacer elements 22, 26, wherein a rotary element 62 which engages in the thread 60 and can be driven by the drive element 56 is formed on the other of the spacer elements 22, 26.

The first embodiment of the backing device 10, as shown in FIGS Figures 1 to 3 is shown, explained in more detail. The other embodiments can be designed accordingly, apart from the differences that are explained explicitly.

The first spacer element 22 has the base plate 48 and side plates 64 on which the guide groove 46 is formed in an inward direction. At the end regions running transversely to the side plates 64, the first spacer element 22 has first wedge surfaces 54a.

The second spacer element 26 includes the backing plate or cover plate 42 . On the side opposite the second support surface 28, the base plate 38 is provided with bevels which form second wedge surfaces 54b, which are formed at corresponding points as the first wedge surfaces 54a, but with an opposite slope.

The adjusting and tensioning device 30 has a first wedge element 58a and a second wedge element 58b and an adjusting screw as drive element 56 .

The wedge members 58a, 58b have threaded openings through which the set screw 66 passes. By turning the adjusting screw 66, the position of the wedge elements 58a, 58b relative to one another is changed. Each of the wedge elements 58a, 58b engages on one side with the first wedge surface 54a and on the second side with the second wedge surface 54b. Thus, by moving the wedge elements 58a, 58b towards one another and moving the wedge elements 58a, 58b away from one another via the wedge surfaces 54, 54a, 54b, the distance between the support surfaces 24, 28 is adjusted.

The spacer elements 22, 26 can be made of fiber-reinforced plastic, for example glass-fiber-reinforced polyamide. The plastic is particularly preferably provided with flame retardants. In other configurations, the spacer elements 22, 26 are formed of metal. The wedge elements 58 are preferably formed from the same material as the spacer elements 22,26.

The backing device 10 is thus formed, for example, from four plastic parts which are connected via a screw 66 . The thread in the openings of the wedge elements 58a, 58b can be formed by a rivet nut, for example. By turning the adjusting screw 66, the wedge elements 58a, 58b acting as clamping wedges are pushed towards one another and form an inclined plane with the base plate 38 and the clamping plate or cover plate 42 and thus raise the clamping plate or cover plate 42.

The spacer elements 26, 22 have several guides and thus enable controlled tensioning in the Z-direction.

Thus, the backing device 10 is designed as a tensioner. The tensioner can preferably only generate pressure. The second spacer element 26 is preferably not secured with an end stop and can therefore be removed upwards. Once the second spacer element 26 has been removed, the wedge elements 58 can be removed. A relatively large height adjustment, in particular from 10 mm to 30 mm, is possible. In the setting with the smallest distance between the support surfaces 24, 28, an expansion of the entire backing device in the Z-direction of a maximum of 13 mm is preferably provided.

A fastening system (eg a hook element) for the backing device 10 (not shown in detail here) is installed on the frame 12 . This can consist of a simple bent metal sheet, which can be welded, for example, to the frame bar 14 at each fastening point 18 opposite each other as a pair, so that the backing device 10 can be pushed in with its fastening flanges 40 . Alternatively, it can be attached using an adhesive. In particular, if the first spacer element 22 is made of metal, welding can also take place, as is shown in 9 is indicated by weld noses 84.

In the case of a full wall frame, the frame bar has an opening at each of the attachment points for reaching the set screw 66 (not shown).

The backing device 10 is preferably made of flame-retardant materials so that it can be used on frames for fire protection doors.

In a modification, instead of the rigid guide 44, an articulated guide is provided so that an angle between the support surfaces 24, 28 can also be adjusted to compensate for an uneven wall. The backing device 10, which is designed as a tensioner, offers a very convenient alternative to the backing devices with lining plates explained in the prior art mentioned at the outset. The backing device 10 enables precise alignment of the frame. The respective fitter does not have to worry about missing pieces of lining on the construction site.

The fastener 16 can be guided through the opening 36 . A fastening screw of the frame can be guided through the backing device 10 in this way. The support surfaces 24, 28 thus support the respective frame bar 14 at the attachment point 18, so that distortions of the frame bar itself are kept very low.

The in the Figures 4 to 6 The second embodiment of the backing device shown is very similar to the first embodiment, so that reference can be made to the description of this. In addition to the adjusting screw 66, the adjusting and tensioning device 30 also has a second drive element 56, for example a threaded pin 68. The plurality of drive elements 56 are coupled to one another in a synchronized manner by a corresponding transmission 70, which can have a gear wheel, a belt or the like, for example.

A parallel drive 72 is thereby created.

At the in the Figures 7 to 9 In the illustrated third embodiment of the backing device 10, the spacer elements 22, 26 are ring-shaped and, in particular, ring-shaped. The wedge surfaces 54a, 54b are correspondingly designed as conical surfaces. The wedge elements 58 are designed as ring segments 64 . Their displacement is radial. A hose clamp 76 can serve as drive element 56 , for example.

In this embodiment, a tilting of the spacer elements 22, 26 is also made possible due to the conical surfaces.

The openings 36 in the support surfaces 24, 28 can be edged obliquely to allow a diagonal attachment of the fastener 26, see 9 .

At the in the 11 and 12 illustrated fourth embodiment, the second spacer element 26 is provided on its outside with an external thread. Here, too, the spacer elements 22, 26 are ring-shaped and pushed into one another. The first spacer element 22 can be embodied as a housing 78 , inside which a rotary ring 80 is rotatably accommodated, which can be driven as a drive element 56 via a worm wheel or the like or a movement spindle. By rotating the rotary ring 80 in the housing 78 relative to the external thread 82, the relative movement of the spacer elements 22, 26 and thus the adjustment of the distance between the support surfaces 24, 28 takes place Guide groove 46 engages on the second spacer member 26 to prevent rotation thereof.

Reference list:

10

backfeed device

12

frame

14

frame bar

16

fastener

18

attachment point

20

profile

22

first spacer element

24

first support surface

26

second spacer element

28

second support surface

30

Adjusting and clamping device

32

screw

34

passage opening

36

opening

38

base plate

40

mounting flanges

42

cover plate

44

guide

46

guide groove

48

guide element

50

head Start

52

slot nut

54

wedge surface

54a

first wedge surface

54b

second wedge surface

56

drive element

58

wedge element

58a

first wedge element

58b

second wedge element

60

thread

62

rotary element

64

side plate

66

adjustment screw

68

grub screw

70

transmission

72

parallel drive

74

ring segment

76

hose clamp

78

Housing

80

rotating ring

82

external thread

84

sweat nose

Claims (15)

1. Spacer device (10) for spacing a frame (12) comprising at least one frame bar (14) to be secured by a fastener (16) to a wall portion bounding a building opening, said spacer device (10) comprising a first spacer element (22) having a first support surface (24) for supporting against said wall portion, a second spacer element (26) having a second support surface (28) for supporting against said frame bar (14), and adjusting and clamping device (30) for adjusting the spacing between said first and second support surfaces (24, 28) and for applying a clamping pressure between the support surfaces (24, 28), and an opening (36) on the support surfaces (24, 28) for passage of the fastener (16) by means of which the first bar is to be secured to the wall portion,
   characterized in that
   the adjusting and clamping device (30) comprises a wedge element (58) adjustable in its position between the spacer elements (22, 26).
2. Spacer device (10) according to claim 1, wherein the first and/or the second spacer element (22, 26) are provided with at least one wedge surface (54) and/or each has a wedge surface (54) extending at an opposite angle and/or is annular or ring segment-shaped.
3. Spacer device (10) according to any one of the preceding claim, wherein the adjusting and clamping device (30) comprises at least one clamping screw (66).
4. Spacer device (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and second spacer elements (22, 26) are each provided with a plate portion provided with a through hole (34) for the fastener (16) on which the support surface (24, 28) is formed.
5. Spacer device (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and second spacer elements (22, 26) are formed of a material selected from the group consisting of plastic, flame retardant plastic, fiber reinforced plastic, polyamide, metal and steel.
6. Spacer device (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and second spacer elements (22, 26) each comprise a guide element of a guide device (44) for guiding the adjusting movement.
7. Spacer device (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the first and the second spacer elements (22, 26) are movable relative to each other in a direction transverse to the first and/or second support surfaces (24, 28) and/or are tiltable relative to each other in order to adapt an angle of the support surfaces (24, 28) relative to each other to local conditions.
8. Spacer device (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adjusting and clamping device (30)

   8.1 comprises a first and a second wedge element (58a, 58b) and a drive element (56) for moving the first and the second wedge elements (58a, 58b) towards and away from each other and/or

   8.2 comprises a hose clamp (76) and/or

   8.3 has a plurality of ring-segment-shaped wedge elements (58).
9. Spacer device (10) according to any one of the preceding claims, wherein the adjusting and clamping device (30) comprises a plurality of drive elements (56) for moving at least one wedge element (58a, 58b), and a transmission (70) for coupling the drive elements (56) for a common driving movement.
10. Frame (12) comprising at least one frame bar (14) for fastening to a wall region bordering a building opening, comprising at least one spacer device (10) according to any one of the preceding claims for spacing the frame bar (14).
11. Frame (12) according to claim 10, wherein a fastener (16) for fastening the frame bar (14) to the wall region, the fastener (16) preferably engaging directly on the frame bar (14), is guided through the spacer device (10) inserted between the frame bar (14) and the wall region.
12. Frame (12) according to any one of claims 10 or 11, wherein the frame (12) has

    12.1 has a plurality of fastening points with fastener-receiving openings for fasteners (16) directly in the frame bars (14) and/or

    12.2 has fastener-receiving openings for the oblique fastening of screw-dowel combinations as fasteners (16) and/or

    12.3 has at least one access opening for access to the adjusting and clamping device (30).
13. Fire door comprising a frame (12) according to any one of claims 10 to 12.
14. Method of mounting a frame (12) having a plurality of frame bars (14) to a building opening, comprising:

    14.1 inserting the frame (12) with the frame bars (14) into the building opening while interposing spacer devices (10) according to any one of claims 1 to 9 at fastening points between the corresponding frame bar (14) and a wall area surrounding the building opening,

    14.2 applying fasteners (16) for fastening the frame bars (14) at the fastening points with the wall area, wherein the fastener (16) is inserted into the opening (36) of the spacer device (10),

    14.3 adjusting the distance between the support surfaces (24, 28) by means of the adjusting and clamping device (30) in order to space the frame (12) and preferably to clamp it in the building opening,

    14.4 securing the fastener (16).
15. Method according to claim 14, wherein step 14.1 includes:
    pre-fastening the spacer devices (10) to the frame (12) and inserting the frame (12) with the pre-fastened spacer devices (10) into the building opening or inserting the frame (12) into the building opening and inserting the spacer devices (10) between the frame (12) and the wall area.

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