EP3599298B1 - Dispositif de filature à rotor à bout libre - Google Patents

Dispositif de filature à rotor à bout libre Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3599298B1
EP3599298B1 EP19187696.0A EP19187696A EP3599298B1 EP 3599298 B1 EP3599298 B1 EP 3599298B1 EP 19187696 A EP19187696 A EP 19187696A EP 3599298 B1 EP3599298 B1 EP 3599298B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
rotor
spinning
open
housing
pneumatic line
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Active
Application number
EP19187696.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3599298A1 (fr
Inventor
Andreas Jakobinski
Lothar Winzen
Dr. Tai Mac
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Saurer Spinning Solutions GmbH and Co KG
Original Assignee
Saurer Spinning Solutions GmbH and Co KG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
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Application filed by Saurer Spinning Solutions GmbH and Co KG filed Critical Saurer Spinning Solutions GmbH and Co KG
Publication of EP3599298A1 publication Critical patent/EP3599298A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3599298B1 publication Critical patent/EP3599298B1/fr
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    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01HSPINNING OR TWISTING
    • D01H4/00Open-end spinning machines or arrangements for imparting twist to independently moving fibres separated from slivers; Piecing arrangements therefor; Covering endless core threads with fibres by open-end spinning techniques
    • D01H4/04Open-end spinning machines or arrangements for imparting twist to independently moving fibres separated from slivers; Piecing arrangements therefor; Covering endless core threads with fibres by open-end spinning techniques imparting twist by contact of fibres with a running surface
    • D01H4/08Rotor spinning, i.e. the running surface being provided by a rotor
    • D01H4/12Rotor bearings; Arrangements for driving or stopping
    • D01H4/14Rotor driven by an electric motor
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01HSPINNING OR TWISTING
    • D01H4/00Open-end spinning machines or arrangements for imparting twist to independently moving fibres separated from slivers; Piecing arrangements therefor; Covering endless core threads with fibres by open-end spinning techniques
    • D01H4/30Arrangements for separating slivers into fibres; Orienting or straightening fibres, e.g. using guide-rolls
    • D01H4/34Arrangements for separating slivers into fibres; Orienting or straightening fibres, e.g. using guide-rolls using air-jet streams
    • DTEXTILES; PAPER
    • D01NATURAL OR MAN-MADE THREADS OR FIBRES; SPINNING
    • D01HSPINNING OR TWISTING
    • D01H1/00Spinning or twisting machines in which the product is wound-up continuously
    • D01H1/14Details
    • D01H1/16Framework; Casings; Coverings ; Removal of heat; Means for generating overpressure of air against infiltration of dust; Ducts for electric cables

Definitions

  • the invention relates to an open-end rotor spinning device with a single-motor driven spinning rotor, the rotor cup of which rotates in a rotor housing which is closed by the cover element during the spinning process and is connected to a vacuum source via a pneumatic line.
  • the rotor housings of open-end rotor spinning devices are usually connected to a negative pressure source, for example, in the spinning machine itself, via a pneumatic line.
  • the individual fibers which are pneumatically fed into the rotating spinning rotor via the fiber guide channel due to the prevailing spinning negative pressure, are spun into a thread in the spinning rotor, which is then drawn off from the open-end rotor spinning device and wound onto a cross-wound bobbin.
  • the speed of the spinning rotors has been increased to well over 100,000 rpm.
  • the spinning elements, especially the spinning rotors significantly reduced in size in connection with open-end rotor spinning devices, but further developments were also made in the area of spinning rotor bearings.
  • an open-end rotor spinning device is described, the spinning rotor of which is driven by a single motor and whose rotor shaft is magnetically mounted in a contactless manner both axially and radially.
  • Each of the bearing points of the magnetic bearing arrangement has two axially spaced permanent magnet pairs, which are arranged in such a way that unequal magnetic poles face each other.
  • Open-end rotor spinning devices with individually driven, permanently magnetically mounted spinning rotors therefore often have additional vibration damping, as is the case, for example, in the EN 100 32 440 A1 is described.
  • a sensor system for detecting the respective radial position of the rotor shaft and an actuator system for correcting any incorrect positions of the rotor shaft are arranged in the area of the bearing points of the magnetic bearing arrangement.
  • Such magnetic bearing arrangements also have an electromagnetic center position control with at least one magnetic coil that can be energized in a defined manner, which ensures that the spinning rotor always maintains a predetermined axial center position during spinning.
  • an open-end rotor spinning device is described that is equipped with a specially designed cooling device.
  • an attempt is made to keep the climatic conditions in the area of the rotor spinning device as constant as possible and at an acceptable temperature level by exposing the rotor spinning device to two separate air streams during the spinning process.
  • This means that the rotor housing and the area of the spinning rotor bearing are connected to a cooling system of the textile machine via two separate pneumatic lines.
  • An open-end rotor spinning device which is equipped with a special cooling device, is also in the DE-AS 24 10 940 described.
  • this known open-end rotor spinning device both a sliver opening roller driven by a tangential belt and a spinning rotor are rotatably mounted within the rotor housing, which is connected to a vacuum source.
  • a cooling air flow enters the rotor housing through an air inlet opening, which is directed, among other things, onto a thread guide funnel, which is comparable in its function to a thread take-off nozzle. This means that the cooling air flow is intended to prevent thread damage in the area of the thread guide funnel due to frictional heat.
  • the installation space has a device for dissipating the heat generated in the installation space, which can either, as shown in Fig.1
  • a device for dissipating the heat generated in the installation space which can either, as shown in Fig.1
  • This patent application shows that it consists of an air inlet opening arranged in the bottom area of the installation space and an air outlet opening arranged in the upper area of the installation space or, as in Fig.2 shown, from an air inlet opening arranged in the floor area of the construction space and an opening arranged in the area of the support disk bearing of the spinning rotor through which air can be sucked out.
  • cooling devices described above have only been used in connection with open-end rotor spinning devices whose spinning rotors rotate at relatively low speeds.
  • these cooling devices have proven to be unusable for very fast spinning rotors, for example for spinning rotors that are equipped with an individual electric motor drive and are, for example, gas-dynamically or magnetically mounted.
  • Cooling devices for the storage and/or the single-motor drive of an open-end spinning rotor are also DE-OS 27 46 464 and the WO93/18212 known.
  • the DE-OS 27 46 464 describes, for example, an electric motor-driven individual drive for an open-end spinning rotor, which is mounted with its rotor shaft in gas-dynamically lubricated radial bearings.
  • the electric motor-driven individual drive of the spinning rotor is provided with air passage openings that extend over the entire length of the stator of the electric motor.
  • the spinning rotor has a fan-like design on its rear side and the housing of the individual drive forms a flow-optimized cavity in the area of the spinning rotor.
  • an air flow is initiated by the fan-like recesses of the rotating spinning rotor, which flows through the aforementioned air passage openings and cools the individual drive of the open-end spinning rotor.
  • an open-end rotor spinning device with a shaftless spinning rotor is known, which forms the rotor of an axial field motor.
  • the known device has a combined magnetic gas bearing and has means for cooling the stator and the magnetic gas bearing. This means that a cooling channel through which a cooling liquid flows is arranged in the area of a stator winding.
  • Such open-end rotor spinning devices that work with a combined magnetic gas bearing are characterized by very low friction losses due to their plane-parallel bearing surfaces and the radial force-free rotation of the spinning rotor mounted on them, but are extremely complex to manufacture and therefore expensive. In practice, such open-end rotor spinning devices have not yet been able to prevail.
  • the invention is based on the object of modifying an open-end rotor spinning device which is equipped with a spinning rotor which can be driven by an individual motor, the rotor cup of which rotates in a rotor housing which is closed by the cover element during the spinning process and is connected to a vacuum source via a pneumatic line, wherein the individual electromotive drive comprises a drive housing, in such a way that it is ensured that the heat generated by the drive of the spinning rotor during spinning operation is reliably dissipated.
  • the pneumatic line arranged between the rotor housing and the vacuum source is positioned in the area of the electromotive individual drive of the spinning rotor in such a way that the spinning vacuum initiated by the vacuum source ensures cooling of the individual drive of the spinning rotor via a suction air flow in the pneumatic line.
  • the pneumatic line is integrated into the drive housing of the electromotive individual drive and as a result the heat generated by the electromotive individual drive is transferred over a large area to the suction air flow and dissipated.
  • the embodiment according to the invention not only has the advantage that an optimal operating temperature of the spinning rotor drive is always ensured, but that even under unfavorable operating conditions, a high thermal load on the relatively heat-sensitive electronic components of the open-end rotor spinning device is reliably prevented.
  • the inventive design and arrangement of at least one pneumatic line acting as a cooling device ensures in a relatively simple manner that the spinning rotor drive and the electronic components of the open-end rotor spinning device are reliably protected from overheating under all operating conditions.
  • the individual electromotive drive comprises a drive housing.
  • a stator with electrical windings can be arranged in the drive housing.
  • the individual drive can also comprise an electrical rotor which is arranged in the drive housing and at the same time comprises the rotor shaft of the spinning rotor.
  • the pneumatic line is arranged in the area of the drive housing of the individual drive of the spinning rotor in such a way that the suction air flow reliably dissipates the heat generated by the individual drive.
  • the pneumatic line is integrated directly into the drive housing of the spinning rotor drive.
  • the drive housing with the integrated pneumatic line is preferably designed as a cast part. Such a design represents a relatively inexpensive component, especially when it is manufactured in large quantities.
  • the pneumatic line comprises several sub-lines and that the rotor housing is connected to the vacuum source via the several sub-lines.
  • the sub-lines are preferably evenly distributed in the circumferential direction of the rotor housing or the drive housing.
  • the rotor housing is connected to the vacuum source via three sub-lines of the pneumatic line, each offset by 120° from one another.
  • the three sub-lines can, for example, be integrated into the drive housing of the spinning rotor drive in a space-saving manner and designed in such a way that maximum heat dissipation takes place through the suction air flow inside the pneumatic line.
  • the pneumatic line is connected to the rotor housing via at least one inlet opening, which is arranged in the area of the rear wall of the rotor housing.
  • the rear wall of the rotor housing can have different shapes.
  • the rear wall of the rotor housing has a circular shape, for example.
  • the rear wall of the rotor housing has a lateral bulge in which the inlet opening for a pneumatic line is arranged.
  • a design is particularly advantageous if spinning rotor drives are to be subsequently equipped with a pneumatic line that functions as a cooling device. This means that by arranging the inlet opening in the area of a lateral bulge in the rear wall of the rotor housing, the pneumatic line can be positioned relatively easily in such a way that existing components on the spinning rotor drive can be easily bypassed.
  • connection of the pneumatic line is arranged in the outer wall of the rotor housing and the pneumatic line branches off radially from the rotor housing. In this way, the position of the pneumatic line or the positions of the pneumatic lines can be adapted relatively easily to the cross-section of the spinning rotor drive and/or interfering components can be bypassed.
  • the pneumatic line or one of its sub-lines has a curved, oval or slot-like cross-section.
  • Such a cross-section of the pneumatic line or sub-line has the advantage that the contact area between the pneumatic line or sub-line and the warm motor parts of the spinning rotor drive is relatively large and thus the heat transfer is very good, with the result that proper heat removal takes place through the suction air flow in the pneumatic line.
  • FIG.1 shows a side view of one half of an open-end rotor spinning machine 1, in particular a work station, which is equipped with an open-end rotor spinning device.
  • Open-end rotor spinning machines 1 of this type have, as is known, a plurality of such identical work stations 2, which are arranged next to one another in a row.
  • Such work stations 2 are each equipped with, among other things, an open-end rotor spinning device 3 and a winding device 4.
  • an open-end rotor spinning device 3 and a winding device 4.
  • a fiber sliver 6, which is presented in a spinning can 5 and prepared by a fiber sliver opening device 30, for example, is spun into a thread 7 in the open-end rotor spinning devices 3, which is then wound onto the winding device 4 to form a cross-wound bobbin 8.
  • the winding device 4 is equipped for this purpose with a bobbin frame 9 for rotatably holding an empty tube or a cross-wound bobbin 8, a bobbin drive roller 11 for frictionally driving the cross-wound bobbin 8 and with a thread traversing device 18.
  • the work station 2 also has a work station-specific suction nozzle 14 and a work station-specific piecing device 20. This means that such work stations 2 are largely self-sufficient and can automatically repair thread breaks if necessary.
  • Such open-end rotor spinning machines 1 are generally also equipped with a cross-wound bobbin transport device 12 for disposing of the cross-wound bobbins 8 finished on the winding devices 4 and often with a service unit 16 which is mounted on or on the open-end rotor spinning machine 1 on a guide rail 13 and a support rail 15 so that it can move.
  • Such service units 16 patrol along the work stations 2 of the open-end rotor spinning machine 1 and intervene automatically when there is a need for action at one of the work stations 2.
  • Such a need for action exists, for example, when a full cross-wound bobbin 8 has to be exchanged for a new empty tube at one of the work stations 2.
  • the open-end rotor spinning devices 3 of such Workplaces 2 each have, as shown below on the basis of the Figures 2 to 8 shown in more detail, via a rotor housing 10 which is connected to a vacuum source 23 via at least one pneumatic line 29 and in which the rotor cup 17 of a spinning rotor 19 rotates at high speed during spinning operation.
  • the spinning rotor 19 can be driven by a drive 21 as an individual motor and is mounted in a magnetic bearing device without contact.
  • Such driven and supported spinning rotors 19 are known in principle and are used, for example, in EP 0 972 868 A2 described in relatively great detail.
  • the rotor housing 10 shown in perspective view is preferably designed as a central, load-bearing component and is made of a metal with good thermal conductivity, for example aluminum.
  • the rotor housing 10 has bearing arms 27 which, for example, as in Fig.3 shown, are fastened by means of screw connections 28.
  • the bearing arms 27 each have a bearing device 26 at their ends, which forms a pivot axis 25 for a limitedly rotatable, replaceable cover element 22, which is equipped, among other things, with the fiber band opening device 30.
  • Such a fiber band opening device 30, which is shown in the Fig.1 and 2 is shown very schematically, has, for example, an opening roller driven by an individual motor for combing out the fiber sliver 6 provided as well as a fiber sliver feed cylinder, also driven by an individual motor, for transporting the fiber sliver 6.
  • the rotor housing 10 can be closed by the cover element 22 and is equipped on its rear side with an electric motor drive 21 for a spinning rotor 19.
  • the electric motor drive 21 is shown in Fig.2 only the drive housing 38 can be seen.
  • the electromotive individual drive 21 is also equipped with a magnetic bearing arrangement, which ensures contactless bearing of the spinning rotor 19, which rotates at a very high speed during spinning.
  • electronic components are also often installed, which ensure that the spinning rotor 19 operates properly.
  • the electronic components have, for example, the control electronics for the drive and bearing of the spinning rotor 19, i.e. the electronic components ensure that the spinning rotor 19 always rotates at a prescribed speed and without contact during spinning.
  • a so-called channel plate adapter is also arranged in an exchangeable manner, as is usual, which is equipped with a thread take-off nozzle 37 and the exit area of a fiber guide channel in the area of a tower-like extension 35.
  • the Fig.3 shows a rotor housing 10 in front view.
  • bearing arms 27 are attached to the rotor housing 10 by means of screw connections 28, each of which is equipped with a bearing device 26 at the end.
  • a replaceable cover element 22 is mounted so as to be able to rotate to a limited extent.
  • the rotor housing 10 also has a central recess 24 in which the rotor cup 17 of a spinning rotor 19 rotates at high speed during spinning.
  • the recess 24 is also connected to a vacuum source 23 via an inlet opening 34 to which a pneumatic line 29 is connected.
  • the inlet opening 34 for the pneumatic line 29 is arranged in the area of the round rear wall 33 of the rotor housing 10.
  • the cross section A 1 of the pneumatic line 29 is bent like an elongated hole.
  • the Fig.4 shows a rotor housing 10 in side view and in section.
  • the rotor housing 10 is shown with regard to the representation of the Fig.3 also rotated by 90° about its horizontal axis 36.
  • the rotor housing 10 has a recess 24 which can be closed by the cover element 22 if necessary.
  • the rotor cup 17 of a spinning rotor 19 rotates in the recess 24 at high speed.
  • An electric motor-driven individual drive 21 for the spinning rotor 19 is installed on the rear of the rotor housing 10, which, as is known, is equipped with a magnetic bearing arrangement (not shown).
  • the rotor housing 10 has an inlet opening 34 in the area of the rear wall 33, to which a pneumatic line 29 is connected, which is connected to a vacuum source 23.
  • the suction air flow initiated during spinning operation by the vacuum source 23 in the pneumatic line 29 ensures, on the one hand, that a sufficiently high spinning vacuum is present in the rotor housing 10; on the other hand, the suction air flow ensures that motor heat is dissipated and, as a result, the individual electromotive drive 21 of the spinning rotor 19 and the associated magnetic bearing arrangement is cooled.
  • the Fig.5 shows another possible embodiment of a rotor housing 10.
  • the rotor housing 10 is also equipped, as usual, with bearing arms 27, which are fastened, for example, by means of screw connections 28, and a central recess 24 for receiving the rotor cup 17 of a spinning rotor 19.
  • the back of the central recess 24 here has a lateral bulge 31 in which the inlet opening 34 for a pneumatic line 29 is arranged.
  • Such a design has the advantage that the pneumatic line 29 can, if necessary, for example if attachments of the spinning rotor drive or the magnetic bearing arrangement are in the way, also subsequently be easily positioned adjacent to these attachments.
  • Fig.6 is shown in side view and in section a further embodiment of a rotor housing 10.
  • the inlet opening 34 for the pneumatic line 29 is arranged in the area of the side wall 32 of the recess 24 of the rotor housing 10, i.e. in this embodiment the pneumatic line 29 branches off radially from the side wall 32 of the recess 24 of the rotor housing 10.
  • the pneumatic lines 29 comprise several sub-lines.
  • three sub-lines are connected to the recess 24 of the rotor housing 10.
  • the associated inlet openings 34 are located in the area of the rear wall 33 of the recess 24 of the rotor housing 10.
  • a vacuum source 23 connected to the sub-lines generates, as already described above, a suction air flow which not only provides the necessary spinning vacuum, but also forms a cooling device for the individual electric motor drive 21 of the spinning rotor 19.
  • Open-end rotor spinning machine 20 Piecing organ 2 place of work 21 single electric motor drive 3 Open-end rotor spinning device 22 Cover element 4 Winding device 23 Vacuum source 5 Spinning can 24 Recess 6 Sliver 25 Swivel axis 7 thread 26 Storage facility 8th Cross-wound bobbin 27 Bearing arm 9 Bobbin frame 28 Screw connection 10 Rotor housing 29 Pneumatic line 11 Coil drive roller 30 Sliver opening device 12 Cross-wound bobbin transport device 31 lateral bulge 13 Guide rail 32 Side wall 14 Suction nozzle 33 Back wall 15 Support rail 34 Inlet opening 16 Service unit 35 Approach 17 Rotor cup 36 Horizontal axis 18 Thread traversing device 37 Thread take-off nozzle 19 Spinning rotor 38 Drive housing

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Textile Engineering (AREA)
  • Spinning Or Twisting Of Yarns (AREA)

Claims (8)

  1. Dispositif de filature à rotor à bout libre (3) comportant un rotor de filature (19) pouvant être entraîné au moyen d'un entraînement individuel (21) électromoteur, la cuvette de rotor (17) dudit rotor de filature tournant dans un carter de rotor (10) qui, pendant le processus de filature, est fermé par l'élément formant couvercle (22) et est raccordé à une source de dépression (23) par l'intermédiaire d'une conduite pneumatique (29), l'entraînement individuel (21) électromoteur comprenant un carter d'entraînement (38),
    caractérisé en ce que
    la conduite pneumatique (29) agencée entre le carter de rotor (10) et la source de dépression (23) est positionnée dans la zone de l'entraînement individuel (21) électromoteur du rotor de filature (19) de sorte que la dépression de filature initiée par la source de dépression (23) par l'intermédiaire d'un écoulement d'air d'aspiration en cours dans la conduite pneumatique (29) assure un refroidissement de l'entraînement individuel (21) du rotor de filature (19), la conduite pneumatique (29) étant intégrée dans le carter d'entraînement (38) et étant disposée dans la zone du carter d'entraînement (38) de l'entraînement individuel (21) du rotor de filature (19) de sorte qu'une évacuation de la chaleur générée par l'entraînement individuel (21) se produit grâce à l'écoulement d'air d'aspiration.
  2. Dispositif de filature à rotor à bout libre (3) selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce que le carter d'entraînement (38) est conçu comme une pièce coulée.
  3. Dispositif de filature à rotor à bout libre (3) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la conduite pneumatique (29) comprend une pluralité de conduites partielles, et en ce que le carter de rotor (10) est raccordé à la source de dépression (23) par l'intermédiaire de la pluralité de conduites partielles (29).
  4. Dispositif de filature à rotor à bout libre (3) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la conduite pneumatique (29) est raccordée au carter de rotor (10) par l'intermédiaire d'au moins un orifice d'entrée (34) qui est agencé dans la zone de la paroi arrière (33) du carter de rotor (10).
  5. Dispositif de filature à rotor à bout libre (3) selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que la paroi arrière (33) du carter de rotor (10) présente une forme circulaire.
  6. Dispositif de filature à rotor à bout libre (3) selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que la paroi arrière (33) du carter de rotor (10) présente un renflement (31) latéral dans lequel l'orifice d'entrée (34) est agencé pour une conduite pneumatique (29).
  7. Dispositif de filature à rotor à bout libre (3) selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce que la conduite pneumatique (29) s'écarte radialement du carter de rotor (10) et un orifice d'entrée (34) de la conduite pneumatique (29) est agencé dans la paroi latérale (32) du carter de rotor (10).
  8. Dispositif de filature à rotor à bout libre (3) selon l'une des revendications précédentes, caractérisé en ce que la conduite pneumatique (29) présente une section transversale (A1) courbe, ovale ou oblongue.
EP19187696.0A 2018-07-24 2019-07-23 Dispositif de filature à rotor à bout libre Active EP3599298B1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102018117861.1A DE102018117861A1 (de) 2018-07-24 2018-07-24 Offenend-Rotorspinnvorrichtung

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3599298A1 EP3599298A1 (fr) 2020-01-29
EP3599298B1 true EP3599298B1 (fr) 2024-05-15

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EP (1) EP3599298B1 (fr)
CN (1) CN110777454B (fr)
DE (1) DE102018117861A1 (fr)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN113106558B (zh) * 2021-03-17 2022-04-22 亿茂环境科技股份有限公司 高速离心纺丝喷头组件

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DE102016117302A1 (de) * 2016-09-14 2018-03-15 Maschinenfabrik Rieter Ag Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Textilmaschine und Textilmaschine

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CH622293A5 (en) * 1977-09-15 1981-03-31 Bbc Brown Boveri & Cie Electric motor with a spinning rotor fastened to a shaft end for open-end spinning machines
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DE10032440A1 (de) * 2000-07-04 2002-01-17 Schlafhorst & Co W Rotorspinnvorrichtung mit einer berührungslosen passiven radialen Lagerung des Spinnrotors
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DE102016117302A1 (de) * 2016-09-14 2018-03-15 Maschinenfabrik Rieter Ag Verfahren zum Betreiben einer Textilmaschine und Textilmaschine

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EP3599298A1 (fr) 2020-01-29
CN110777454A (zh) 2020-02-11
DE102018117861A1 (de) 2020-01-30
CN110777454B (zh) 2022-06-21

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