EP3532564A1 - Particules composites de verre et utilisations associées - Google Patents

Particules composites de verre et utilisations associées

Info

Publication number
EP3532564A1
EP3532564A1 EP17787461.7A EP17787461A EP3532564A1 EP 3532564 A1 EP3532564 A1 EP 3532564A1 EP 17787461 A EP17787461 A EP 17787461A EP 3532564 A1 EP3532564 A1 EP 3532564A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
years
months
ppm
days
composite particle
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP17787461.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Marc POUSTHOMIS
Michele D'amico
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Nexdot
Original Assignee
Nexdot
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Nexdot filed Critical Nexdot
Priority claimed from PCT/EP2017/077704 external-priority patent/WO2018078147A1/fr
Publication of EP3532564A1 publication Critical patent/EP3532564A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/02—Use of particular materials as binders, particle coatings or suspension media therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/02—Use of particular materials as binders, particle coatings or suspension media therefor
    • C09K11/025—Use of particular materials as binders, particle coatings or suspension media therefor non-luminescent particle coatings or suspension media
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C1/00—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels
    • C03C1/006—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels to produce glass through wet route
    • C03C1/008—Ingredients generally applicable to manufacture of glasses, glazes, or vitreous enamels to produce glass through wet route for the production of films or coatings
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C14/00—Glass compositions containing a non-glass component, e.g. compositions containing fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like, dispersed in a glass matrix
    • C03C14/006—Glass compositions containing a non-glass component, e.g. compositions containing fibres, filaments, whiskers, platelets, or the like, dispersed in a glass matrix the non-glass component being in the form of microcrystallites, e.g. of optically or electrically active material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • C09K—MATERIALS FOR MISCELLANEOUS APPLICATIONS, NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE
    • C09K11/00—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials
    • C09K11/08—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials
    • C09K11/59—Luminescent, e.g. electroluminescent, chemiluminescent materials containing inorganic luminescent materials containing silicon
    • C09K11/592—Chalcogenides
    • C09K11/595—Chalcogenides with zinc or cadmium
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y20/00—Nanooptics, e.g. quantum optics or photonic crystals
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
    • B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
    • B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C03—GLASS; MINERAL OR SLAG WOOL
    • C03C—CHEMICAL COMPOSITION OF GLASSES, GLAZES OR VITREOUS ENAMELS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF GLASS; SURFACE TREATMENT OF FIBRES OR FILAMENTS MADE FROM GLASS, MINERALS OR SLAGS; JOINING GLASS TO GLASS OR OTHER MATERIALS
    • C03C4/00—Compositions for glass with special properties
    • C03C4/12—Compositions for glass with special properties for luminescent glass; for fluorescent glass

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to composite particles comprising a core and a shell, wherein the core comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle and the shell is made of vitrified glass.
  • each pixel consists of three sub-pixels, one red, one green and one blue, whose mixture with different intensities can reproduce a colorful impression.
  • a luminescent or backlit display such as a computer LCD screen has to present the widest possible gamut for an accurate color reproduction.
  • the composing sub-pixels must be of the most saturated colors possible in order to describe the widest possible gamut.
  • a light source has a saturated color if it is close to a monochromatic color. From a spectral point of view, this means that the light emitted by the source is comprised of a single narrow fluorescence band of wavelengths.
  • a highly saturated shade has a vivid, intense color while a less saturated shade appears rather bland and gray. It is therefore important to have light sources whose emission spectra are narrow and with saturated colors.
  • Luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, especially semiconductor nanoparticles, commonly called“quantum dots”, are known as emissive material.
  • Luminescent inorganic nanoparticles especially semiconductor nanoparticles, are currently used in display devices as phosphors.
  • materials to be used in display devices and lighting devices these materials having a high stability in time and in temperature, especially a high stability to high photon flux.
  • LED Light Emitting Diodes
  • inorganic nanoparticles To ensure a high long term stability, further chemical reaction between the surface of inorganic nanoparticles and environmental deteriorating species especially, such as water and oxygen, or other harmful compounds must be prevented. Furthermore, this prevention needs to be effective at high temperature. Indeed, when used on diodes or LED, inorganic nanoparticles must resist to temperatures as high as 200°C and constant high-intensity illumination. However, the ligands commonly used to functionalize the surface of inorganic nanoparticles allow deteriorating species or harmful compounds to attack said surface, thus do not protect efficiently said surface and do not enable the long-term performance required of a product for display devices or lighting devices.
  • inorganic nanoparticles with a protective shell to prevent deteriorating species or harmful compounds from reaching said nanoparticles surface.
  • Silica is known to be an insulator protective material for inorganic nanoparticles.
  • US patent US 9,425,365 discloses the encapsulation of quantum dots, including a nanocrystalline core and a nanocrystalline shell, in mesoporous silica using a reverse micellar method.
  • the obtained particles are mesoporous silica nanoparticles comprising one quantum dot.
  • said particles are mesoporous which means that they comprise a porous network that allows access to the quantum dots surface for deteriorating species, like water and oxygen, or other harmful compounds.
  • the protection of said surface is thus ineffective and does not enable a long-term stability in time and temperature. It is known to encapsulate inorganic nanoparticles in a protective matrix to protect the surface of said particles from the attack of environmental deteriorating species or harmful compounds.
  • the protective matrix can be made of silica, cross-linked polymers or ceramics.
  • US patent US 9,269,844 discloses ceramic matrices comprising a dispersion of nanoparticles, especially semiconductor nanoparticles.
  • a layer of gel comprising ceramic molecular precursors and semiconductor nanoparticles can be deposited on a LED to form a conversion layer on top of the LED.
  • Document WO2015/077372 discloses a luminescent particle including a surface comprising glass that surrounds one or more particles of one or more light emissive materials. Particles disclosed have a size ranging from 0.5 to 200 ⁇ m, such a big size can complicate the dispersion of said particles in solution or in a matrix, result in poor light scattering, or be incompatible with small pixels.
  • Document US2013/011551 discloses quantum dots doped in a nanometer pore glass by immersion of a piece of nanometer pore glass in a solution of quantum dots.
  • this method does not provide an efficient protection against environmental deteriorating species especially, such as water and oxygen, or other harmful compounds as quantum dots stay accessible in the pores.
  • this method does not result in a particle but in a piece of glass that would not be usable in lightning displays, in particular for deposition on pixels.
  • Document US2010/0129455 discloses the encapsulation of quantum dots in silica glass particles using a reverse micellar method. However, this method results in non-vitrified glass, and the use of surfactants such as Igepal will lead to the formation of mesoporosity in said particles.
  • This porous network will allow access to the quantum dots surface for deteriorating species, like water and oxygen, or other harmful compounds.
  • the protection of said surface is thus ineffective and does not enable a long-term stability in time and temperature. It is therefore an object of the present invention to provide composite particles for display applications with enhanced resistance to photobleaching, enhanced resistance to light flux and enhanced stability over temperature, environment variations and deteriorating species, like water and oxygen, or other harmful compounds attacks.
  • the invention relates to a composite particle comprising a core and a shell, wherein the core comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle and the shell is made of vitrified glass, and wherein the composite particle has an average size strictly inferior to 500 nm.
  • the composite particle described herein has an average diameter ranging from 5 nm to 500 nm.
  • the composite particle described herein exhibits a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 5%.
  • the composite particle described herein is a vitrified glass particle comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle is luminescent, preferably the at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanocrystal. In one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle is composed of a material selected in the group of metals, carbides, nitrides, halides, chalcogenides, phosphates, metalloids, or metallic alloys. In one embodiment, the at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanocrystal.
  • the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M x N y E z , wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be
  • the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula MxNyEzAw, wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, MxNy
  • the shell comprises SiyOx, ByOx, PyOx, GeyOx, AsyOx, AlyOx, FeyOx, TiyOx, ZryOx, NiyOx, ZnyOx, Ca y O x , Na y O x , Ba y O x , K y O x , Mg y O x , Pb y O x , Ag y O x , V y O x , P y O x , Te y O x , Mn y O x , or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 10, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • the invention also relates to a method for obtaining the composite particle described herein, comprising the steps of:
  • At least one colloidal solution comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle; - optionally, at least one organic solvent;
  • At least one solution comprising Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, ZnO, ZrO2, TiO2 nanoparticles, or a mixture thereof.
  • the method, described herein further comprises repeating steps d) to f) at least one time on the composite particles obtained at step f). In one embodiment, the method, described herein, further comprises the steps of:
  • At least one colloidal solution comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle
  • At least one solution comprising Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , TiO2 nanoparticles, or a mixture thereof.
  • the invention also relates to a film comprising a host material and at least one composite particle described herein.
  • the invention also relates to a support supporting at least one composite particle described herein or a film described herein.
  • the support is a LED chip or a microsized LED.
  • the invention also relates to an optoelectronic device comprising at least one composite particle described herein or a film described herein.
  • “Vitrified” refers to a substance converted into a glass, that is a non-crystalline amorphous solid, following a phenomenon of glass transition.
  • Core andShell refer to the innermost and outer spaces within a particle respectively.
  • the shell refers to at least one monolayer of material coating partially or totally a core. When the core of the composite particle is vitrified, the core and the shell of said composite particle are not distinct from one another.
  • Colloidal refers to a substance in which particles are diserpsed, suspended and do not settle or would take a very long time to settle appreciably, but are not soluble in said substance.
  • Colloidal particles refers to particles dispersed, suspended and which do not settle or would take a very long time to settle appreciably in another substance, typically in an aqueous or organic solvent, and which are not soluble in said substance.
  • Encapsulate refers to a material that coats, surrounds, embeds, contains, comprises, wraps, packs, or encloses a plurality of nanoparticles.
  • “Impermeable” refers to a material that limits or prevents the diffusion of molecular species or fluids (liquid or gas) into said material.
  • “Permeable” refers to a material that allows the diffusion of molecular species or fluids (liquid or gas) into said material.
  • Packing fraction refers to the volume ratio between the volume filled by an ensemble of objects into a space and the volume of said space.
  • the terms packing fraction, packing density and packing factor are interchangeable in the present invention.
  • Loading charge refers to the mass ratio between the mass of an ensemble of objects comprised in a space and the mass of said space.
  • “Population of particles” refers to a statistical set of particles having the same maximum emission wavelength.
  • Statistical set refers to a collection of at least 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7, 8, 9, 10, 11, 12, 13, 14, 15, 16, 17, 18, 19, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 150, 200, 250, 300, 350, 400, 450, 500, 550, 600, 650, 700, 750, 800, 850, 900, 950, or 1000 objects obtained by the strict same process.
  • Such statistical set of objects allows determining average characteristics of said objects, for example their average size, their average size distribution or the average distance between them.
  • “Surfactant-free” refers to a particle that does not comprise any surfactant and was not synthesized by a method comprising the use of surfactants.
  • Optically transparent refers to a material that absorbs less than 10%, 5%, 2.5%, 1%, 0.99%, 0.98%, 0.97%, 0.96%, 0.95%, 0.94%, 0.93%, 0.92%, 0.91%, 0.9%, 0.89%, 0.88%, 0.87%, 0.86%, 0.85%, 0.84%, 0.83%, 0.82%, 0.81%, 0.8%, 0.79%, 0.78%, 0.77%, 0.76%, 0.75%, 0.74%, 0.73%, 0.72%, 0.71%, 0.7%, 0.69%, 0.68%, 0.67%, 0.66%, 0.65%, 0.64%, 0.63%, 0.62%, 0.61%, 0.6%, 0.59%, 0.58%, 0.57%, 0.56%, 0.55%, 0.54%, 0.53%, 0.52%, 0.51%, 0.5%, 0.49%, 0.48%, 0.47%, 0.46%, 0.45%, 0.44%, 0.43%, 0.42%, 0.4 0.4
  • Randomness refers to a surface state of a particle. Surface irregularities can be present at the surface of particles and are defined as peaks or cavities depending on their relative position with the average line of the particle surface. All said irregularities constitute the particle roughness. Said roughness is defined as the height difference between the highest peak and the deepest cavity on the surface.
  • the surface of a particle is smooth if they are no irregularities on said surface, the roughness is equal to 0%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.4%
  • Polydisperse refers to particles or droplets of varied sizes, wherein the size difference is superior than or equal to 20%.
  • “Monodisperse” refers to particles or droplets, wherein the size difference is inferior than 20%, 15%, 10%, preferably 5%.
  • “Narrow size distribution” refers to a size distribution of a statistical set of particles less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% of the average size.
  • Partially means incomplete. In the case of a ligand exchange, partially means that 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95% of the ligands at the surface of a particle have been successfully exchanged.
  • Nanoplatelet refers to a 2D shaped nanoparticle, wherein the smallest dimension of said nanoplatelet is smaller than the largest dimension of said nanoplatelet by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 1.5, at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5, at least 6, at least 6.5, at least 7, at least 7.5, at least 8, at least 8.5, at least 9, at least 9.5 or at least 10.
  • Free of oxygen refers to a formulation, a solution, a film, or a composition that is free of molecular oxygen, O 2 , i.e. wherein molecular oxygen may be present in said formulation, solution, film, or composition in an amount of less than about 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 4 ppm, 3 ppm, 2 ppm, 1 ppm, 500 ppb, 300 ppb or in an amount of less than about 100 ppb in weight.
  • Free of water refers to a formulation, a solution, a film, or a composition that is free of molecular water, H2O, i.e. wherein molecular water may be present in said formulation, solution, film, or composition in an amount of less than about 100 ppm, 50 ppm, 10 ppm, 5 ppm, 4 ppm, 3 ppm, 2 ppm, 1 ppm, 500 ppb, 300 ppb or in an amount of less than about 100 ppb in weight.
  • ROHS compliant refers to a material compliant with Directive 2011/65/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 8 June 2011 on the restriction of the use of certain hazardous substances in electrical and electronic equipment.
  • Display device refers to a device or an apparatus that displays an image signal.
  • Display devices or display apparatus include all devices that display an image, a succession of pictures or a video such as, non-limitatively, a television, a projector, a computer monitor, a personal digital assistant, a mobile phone, a laptop computer, a ⁇ tablet PC, an MP3 player, a CD player, a DVD player, a Blu-Ray player, a head mounted display, a smart watch, a watch phone or a smart device.
  • Secondary light refers to the light emitted by a material in response to an excitation. Said excitation is generally provided by the light source, i.e. the excitation is the incident light.
  • secondary light refers to the light emitted by the composite particles or the film in response to an excitation of the nanoparticles comprised in said composite particles.
  • Resulting light refers to the light supplied by a material after excitation by an incident light and emission of a secondary light.
  • resulting light refers to the light supplied by by the composite particles or the film and is a combination of a part of the incident light and the secondary light.
  • Aqueous solvent is defined as a unique-phase solvent wherein water is the main chemical species in terms of molar ratio and/or in terms of mass and/or in terms of volume in respect to the other chemical species contained in said aqueous solvent.
  • the aqueous solvent includes but is not limited to: water, water mixed with an organic solvent miscible with water such as for example methanol, ethanol, acetone, tetrahydrofuran, n-methylformamide, n,n-dimethylformamide, dimethylsulfoxide or a mixture thereof.
  • Alkyl refers to any saturated linear or branched hydrocarbon chain, with 1 to 12 carbon atoms, preferably 1 to 6 carbon atoms, and more preferably methyl, ethyl, propyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, sec-butyl, isobutyl and tert-butyl.
  • the alkyl group may be substituted by a saturated or unsaturated aryl group.
  • alkylene When the suffix“ene” (“alkylene”) is used in conjunction with an alkyl group, this is intended to mean the alkyl group as defined herein having two single bonds as points of attachment to other groups.
  • alkylene includes methylene, ethylene, methylmethylene, propylene, ethylethylene, and 1,2- dimethylethylene.
  • alkenyl alkenyl ⁇ refers to any linear or branched hydrocarbon chain having at least one double bond, of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms. The alkenyl group may be substituted.
  • alkenyl groups are ethenyl, 2- propenyl, 2- butenyl, 3-butenyl, 2-pentenyl and its isomers, 2-hexenyl and its isomers, 2,4- pentadienyl and the like.
  • the alkenyl group may be substituted by a saturated or unsaturated aryl group.
  • Alkynyl refers to any linear or branched hydrocarbon chain having at least one triple bond, of 2 to 12 carbon atoms, and preferably 2 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • Alkenylene means an alkenyl group as defined above having two single bonds as points of attachment to other groups.
  • Aryl refers to a mono- or polycyclic system of 5 to 20, and preferably 6 to 12, carbon atoms having one or more aromatic rings (when there are two rings, it is called a biaryl) among which it is possible to cite the phenyl group, the biphenyl group, the 1-naphthyl group, the 2-naphthyl group, the tetrahydronaphthyl group, the indanyl group and the binaphthyl group.
  • the term aryl also means any aromatic ring including at least one heteroatom chosen from an oxygen, nitrogen or sulfur atom.
  • the aryl group can be substituted by 1 to 3 substituents chosen independently of one another, among a hydroxyl group, a linear or branched alkyl group comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, in particular methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, an alkoxy group or a halogen atom, in particular bromine, chlorine and iodine, a nitro group, a cyano group, an azido group, an adhehyde group, a boronato group, a phenyl, CF 3 , methylenedioxy, ethylenedioxy, SO2NRR’, NRR’, COOR (where R and R’ are each independently selected from the group consisting of H and alkyl), an second aryl group which may be substituted as above.
  • substituents chosen independently of one another, among a hydroxyl group, a linear or branched alkyl group comprising 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or 6 carbon atoms, in
  • Non-limiting examples of aryl comprise phenyl, biphenylyl, biphenylenyl, 5- or 6- tetralinyl, naphthalen-1- or -2-yl, 4-, 5-, 6 or 7-indenyl, 1- 2-, 3-, 4- or 5- acenaphtylenyl, 3-, 4- or 5-acenaphtenyl, 1- or 2-pentalenyl, 4- or 5- indanyl, 5-, 6-, 7- or 8-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1,2,3,4-tetrahydronaphthyl, 1,4- dihydronaphthyl, 1-, 2-, 3-, 4- or 5-pyrenyl.
  • Arylene as used herein is intended to include divalent carbocyclic aromatic ring systems such as phenylene, biphenylylene, naphthylene, indenylene, pentalenylene, azulenylene and the like.
  • Cycle refers to a saturated, partially unsaturated or unsaturated cyclic group.
  • Heterocycle refers to a saturated, partially unsaturated or unsaturated cyclic group comprising at least on heteroatom.
  • Halogen means fluoro, chloro, bromo, or iodo. Preferred halo groups are fluoro and chloro.
  • Alkoxy refers to any O-alkyl group, preferably an O-alkyl group wherein the alkyl group has 1 to 6 carbon atoms.
  • Aryloxy refers to any O-aryl group.
  • Arylalkyl refers to an alkyl group substituted by an aryl group, such as for example the phenyl-methyl group.
  • Arylalkoxy refers to an alkoxy group substituted by an aryl group.
  • Amine refers to any group derived from ammoniac NH 3 by substitution of one or more hydrogen atoms with an organic radical.
  • Acidic function refers to–COOH group.
  • Activated acidic function refers to an acidic function wherein the–OH is replaced by a better leaving group.
  • Activated alcoholic function refers to an alcoholic function modified to be a better leaving group.
  • a first object of the invention relates to a composite particle comprising a core and a shell, wherein the core comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle and the shell is made of vitrified glass.
  • the composite particle has a largest dimension of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm,
  • the composite particle has a largest dimension inferior to 500 nm. According to one embodiment, at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or100% of the composite particles of a statistical set of composite particles have a largest dimension inferior to 500 nm.
  • the composite particle has a smallest dimension of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm,
  • the composite particle has a smallest dimension inferior to 500 nm.
  • at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or100% of the composite particles of a statistical set of composite particles have a smallest dimension inferior to 500 nm.
  • the smallest dimension of the composite particle is smaller than the largest dimension of said composite particle by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 1.5; of at least 2; at least 2.5; at least 3; at least 3.5; at least 4; at least 4.5; at least 5; at least 5.5; at least 6; at least 6.5; at least 7; at least 7.5; at least 8; at least 8.5; at least 9; at least 9.5; at least 10; at least 10.5; at least 11; at least 11.5; at least 12; at least 12.5; at least 13; at least 13.5; at least 14; at least 14.5; at least 15; at least 15.5; at least 16; at least 16.5; at least 17; at least 17.5; at least 18; at least 18.5; at least 19; at least 19.5; at least 20; at least 25; at least 30; at least 35; at least 40; at least 45; at least 50; at least 55; at least 60; at least 65; at least 70; at least 75; at least 80; at least 85;
  • Composite particles with an average size less than 1 ⁇ m have several advantages compared to bigger particles comprising the same number of nanoparticles: i) increasing the light scattering compared to bigger particles; ii) obtaining more stable colloidal suspensions compared to bigger particles, when they are dispersed in a solvent; iii) having a size compatible with pixels of at least 100 nm.
  • Composite particles with an average size larger than 1 ⁇ m have several advantages compared to smaller particles comprising the same number of nanoparticles: i) reducing light scattering compared to smaller particles; ii) having whispering-gallery wave modes; iii) having a size compatible with pixels larger than or equal to 1 ⁇ m; iv) increasing the average distance between nanoparticles comprised in said composite particles, resulting in a better heat draining; v) increasing the average distance between nanoparticles comprised in said composite particles and the surface of said composite particles, thus better protecting the nanoparticles against oxidation, or delaying oxidation resulting from a chemical reaction with chemical species coming from the outer space of said composite particles; vi) increasing the mass ratio between composite particle and nanoparticles comprised in said composite particle compared to smaller composite particles, thus reducing the mass concentration of chemical elements subject to ROHS standards, making it easier to comply with ROHS requirements.
  • Composite particles with an average size less than 500 nm have several advantages compared to bigger particles comprising the same number of nanoparticles: i) increasing the light scattering compared to bigger particles; ii) obtaining more stable colloidal suspensions compared to bigger particles, when they are dispersed in a solvent; iii) having a size compatible with pixels of at least 100 nm.
  • Composite particles with an average size larger than 500 nm have several advantages compared to smaller particles comprising the same number of nanoparticles: i) reducing light scattering compared to smaller particles; ii) having whispering-gallery wave modes; iii) having a size compatible with pixels larger than or equal to 500 nm; iv) increasing the average distance between nanoparticles comprised in said composite particles, resulting in a better heat draining; v) increasing the average distance between nanoparticles comprised in said composite particles and the surface of said composite particles, thus better protecting the nanoparticles against oxidation, or delaying oxidation resulting from a chemical reaction with chemical species coming from the outer space of said composite particles; vi) increasing the mass ratio between composite particle and nanoparticles comprised in said composite particle compared to smaller composite particles, thus reducing the mass concentration of chemical elements subject to ROHS standards, making it easier to comply with ROHS requirements.
  • the composite particle is ROHS compliant.
  • the composite particle comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm in weight of cadmium.
  • the composite particle comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm, less than 10000 ppm in
  • the composite particle comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm, less than 10000 ppm in
  • the composite particle comprises heavier chemical elements than the main chemical element present in the material of the core.
  • said heavy chemical elements in the composite particle will lower the mass concentration of chemical elements subject to ROHS standards, allowing said composite particle to be ROHS compliant.
  • examples of heavy chemical elements include but are not limited to B, C, N, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm,
  • the composite particle 1 has a smallest curvature of at least 200 ⁇ m -1 , 100 ⁇ m -1 , 66.6 ⁇ m -1 , 50 ⁇ m -1 , 33.3 ⁇ m -1 , 28.6 ⁇ m -1 , 25 ⁇ m -1 , 20 ⁇ m -1 , 18.2 ⁇ m -1 , 16.7 ⁇ m -1 , 15.4 ⁇ m -1 , 14.3 ⁇ m -1 , 13.3 ⁇ m -1 , 12.5 ⁇ m -1 , 11.8 ⁇ m -1 , 11.1 ⁇ m -1 , 10.5 ⁇ m -1 , 10 ⁇ m -1 , 9.5 ⁇ m -1 , 9.1 ⁇ m -1 , 8.7 ⁇ m -1 , 8.3 ⁇ m -1 , 8 ⁇ m -1 , 7.7 ⁇ m -1 , 7.4 ⁇ m -1 , 7.1 ⁇ m -1 , 6.9 ⁇ m -1
  • the composite particle has a largest curvature of at least 200 ⁇ m -1 , 100 ⁇ m -1 , 66.6 ⁇ m -1 , 50 ⁇ m -1 , 33.3 ⁇ m -1 , 28.6 ⁇ m -1 , 25 ⁇ m -1 , 20 ⁇ m -1 , 18.2 ⁇ m -1 , 16.7 ⁇ m -1 , 15.4 ⁇ m -1 , 14.3 ⁇ m -1 , 13.3 ⁇ m -1 , 12.5 ⁇ m -1 , 11.8 ⁇ m -1 , 11.1 ⁇ m -1 , 10.5 ⁇ m -1 , 10 ⁇ m -1 , 9.5 ⁇ m -1 , 9.1 ⁇ m -1 , 8.7 ⁇ m -1 , 8.3 ⁇ m -1 , 8 ⁇ m -1 , 7.7 ⁇ m -1 , 7.4 ⁇ m -1 , 7.1 ⁇ m -1 , 6.9 ⁇ m -1 ,
  • the composite particle has a spherical shape, an ovoid shape, a discoidal shape, a cylindrical shape, a faceted shape, a hexagonal shape, a triangular shape, or a cubic shape.
  • the composite particle is not a fiber.
  • the composite particle is not a matrix with undefined shape.
  • the composite particle is not macroscopical piece of glass.
  • a piece of glass refers to glass obtained from a bigger glass entity for example by cutting it, or to glass obtained by using a mold.
  • a piece of glass has at least one dimension exceeding 1mm.
  • the composite particles are not obtained by reducing the size of the inorganic material.
  • composite particles are not obtained by milling a piece of inorganic material, nor by cutting it, nor by firing it with projectiles like particles, atomes or electrons, or by any other method.
  • the composite particle is not a piece of nanometer pore glass doped with nanoparticles.
  • the composite particle is not a glass monolith.
  • the composite particle has a spherical shape.
  • the composite particle has an average diameter of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm,
  • a statistical set of spherical composite particles has an average diameter of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm
  • the composite particle has a diameter inferior to 500 nm. According to one embodiment, at least 5%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 60%, 70%, 80%, 90%, 95%, or100% of the composite particles of a statistical set of composite particles have a diameter inferior to 500 nm.
  • the average diameter of a statistical set of spherical composite particles may have a deviation less or equal to 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.5%, 4.6%, 4.7%, 4.8%, 4.9%, 5%, 5.1%, 5.2%, 5.3%, 5.4%, 5.5%, 5.6%, 5.7%, 5.8%, 5.9%, 6%, 6.1%, 6.2%, 6.3%,
  • the spherical composite particle has a unique curvature of at least 200 ⁇ m -1 , 100 ⁇ m -1 , 66.6 ⁇ m -1 , 50 ⁇ m -1 , 33.3 ⁇ m -1 , 28.6 ⁇ m -1 , 25 ⁇ m -1 , 20 ⁇ m -1 , 18.2 ⁇ m -1 , 16.7 ⁇ m -1 , 15.4 ⁇ m -1 , 14.3 ⁇ m -1 , 13.3 ⁇ m -1 , 12.5 ⁇ m -1 , 11.8 ⁇ m -1 , 11.1 ⁇ m -1 , 10.5 ⁇ m -1 , 10 ⁇ m -1 , 9.5 ⁇ m -1 , 9.1 ⁇ m -1 , 8.7 ⁇ m -1 , 8.3 ⁇ m -1 , 8 ⁇ m -1 , 7.7 ⁇ m -1 , 7.4 ⁇ m -1 , 7.1 ⁇ m -1 , 6.9 ⁇
  • a statistical set of the spherical composite particles has an average unique curvature of at least 200 ⁇ m -1 , 100 ⁇ m -1 , 66.6 ⁇ m -1 , 50 ⁇ m -1 , 33.3 ⁇ m -1 , 28.6 ⁇ m -1 , 25 ⁇ m -1 , 20 ⁇ m -1 , 18.2 ⁇ m -1 , 16.7 ⁇ m -1 , 15.4 ⁇ m -1 , 14.3 ⁇ m -1 , 13.3 ⁇ m -1 , 12.5 ⁇ m -1 , 11.8 ⁇ m -1 , 11.1 ⁇ m -1 , 10.5 ⁇ m -1 , 10 ⁇ m -1 , 9.5 ⁇ m -1 , 9.1 ⁇ m -1 , 8.7 ⁇ m -1 , 8.3 ⁇ m -1 , 8 ⁇ m -1 , 7.7 ⁇ m -1 , 7.4 ⁇ m -1 , 7.1 ⁇ m -1 ,
  • the curvature of the spherical composite particle has no deviation, meaning that said composite particle has a perfect spherical shape. ⁇ A perfect spherical shape prevents fluctuations of the intensity of the scattered light.
  • the unique curvature of the spherical composite particle may have a deviation less or equal to 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.1%, 1.2%, 1.3%, 1.4%, 1.5%, 1.6%, 1.7%, 1.8%, 1.9%, 2%, 2.1%, 2.2%, 2.3%, 2.4%, 2.5%, 2.6%, 2.7%, 2.8%, 2.9%, 3%, 3.1%, 3.2%, 3.3%, 3.4%, 3.5%, 3.6%, 3.7%, 3.8%, 3.9%, 4%, 4.1%, 4.2%, 4.3%, 4.4%, 4.
  • the surface roughness of the composite particle is equal to 0%, 0.0001%, 0.0002%, 0.0003%, 0.0004%, 0.0005%, 0.0006%, 0.0007%, 0.0008%, 0.0009%, 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.02%, 0.03%, 0.04%, 0.05%, 0.06%, 0.07%, 0.08%, 0.09%, 0.1%, 0.11%, 0.12%, 0.13%, 0.14%, 0.15%, 0.16%, 0.17%, 0.18%, 0.19%, 0.2%, 0.21%, 0.22%, 0.23%, 0.24%, 0.25%, 0.26%, 0.27%, 0.28%, 0.29%, 0.3%, 0.31%, 0.32%, 0.33%, 0.34%, 0.35%, 0.36%, 0.37%, 0.38%, 0.39%, 0.4%, 0.41%, 0.42%
  • the surface roughness of the composite particle is less or equal to 0.5% of the largest dimension of said composite particle, meaning that the surface of said composite particles is completely smooth.
  • the composite particles are polydisperse.
  • the composite particles are monodisperse.
  • the composite particles have a narrow size distribution.
  • the composite particles are not aggregated.
  • the composite particle is luminescent. ⁇
  • the composite particle is fluorescent.
  • the composite particle is phosphorescent.
  • the composite particle is electroluminescent.
  • the composite particle is chemiluminescent.
  • the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 50 ⁇ m. According to one embodiment, the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 500 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle 1 emits blue light. According to one embodiment, the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 500 nm to 560 nm, more preferably ranging from 515 nm to 545 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle emits green light.
  • the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 560 nm to 590 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle emits yellow light. According to one embodiment, the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably ranging from 610 nm to 650 nm. In this embodiment, the composite particle emits red light. According to one embodiment, the composite particle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 750 nm to 50 ⁇ m.
  • the composite particle emits near infra-red, mid-infra-red, or infra-red light.
  • the composite particle of the present invention exhibits emission spectra with a full width half maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the composite particle of the present invention exhibits emission spectra with a full width half maximum strictly lower than 40nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the composite particle of the present invention exhibits emission spectra with at least one emission peak having a full width at quarter maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the composite particle has a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 100%.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) decrease of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the light illumination is provided by blue, green, red, or UV light source such as laser, diode, fluorescent lamp or Xenon Arc Lamp.
  • the photon flux of the illumination is comprised between 1 mW.cm -2 and 100 kW.cm -2 , more preferably between 10 mW.cm -2 and 100 W.cm -2 , and even more preferably between 10 mW.cm -2 and 30 W.cm -2 .
  • the photon flux of the illumination is at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 20 W.cm -2 , 30 W.cm -2 , 40 W.cm -2 , 50 W.cm -2 , 60 W.cm -2 , 70 W.cm -2 , 80 W.cm -2 , 90 W.cm -2 , 100 W.cm -2 , 110 W.cm -2 , 120 W.cm -2 , 130 W.cm -2 , 140 W.cm -2 , 150 W.cm -2 , 160 W.cm -2 , 170 W.cm -2 , 180 W.cm -2 , 190 W.cm -2 , 200 W.cm
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY) decrease of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50
  • the composite particle 1 has an average fluorescence lifetime of at least 0.1 nanosecond, 0.2 nanosecond, 0.3 nanosecond, 0.4 nanosecond, 0.5 nanosecond, 0.6 nanosecond, 0.7 nanosecond, 0.8 nanosecond, 0.9 nanosecond, 1 nanosecond, 2 nanoseconds, 3 nanoseconds, 4 nanoseconds, 5 nanoseconds, 6 nanoseconds, 7 nanoseconds, 8 nanoseconds, 9 nanoseconds, 10 nanoseconds, 11 nanoseconds, 12 nanoseconds, 13 nanoseconds, 14 nanoseconds, 15 nanoseconds, 16 nanoseconds, 17 nanoseconds, 18 nanoseconds, 19 nanoseconds, 20 nanoseconds, 21 nanoseconds, 22 nanoseconds, 23 nanoseconds, 24 nanoseconds, 25 nanoseconds, 26 nanoseconds, 27 nanoseconds, 28 nanoseconds, 29 nanoseconds, 30 nanoseconds, 31 nanoseconds, 32 nanoseconds, 33 nanoseconds, 34 nanoseconds, 35 nanoseconds, 36 nanoseconds, 37 nanoseconds, 38 nanoseconds, 39 nanoseconds, 20
  • the composite particle is plasmonic. According to one embodiment, the composite particle has catalytic properties. According to one embodiment, the composite particle has photovoltaic properties. According to one embodiment, the composite particle is piezo-electric. According to one embodiment, the composite particle is pyro-electric. According to one embodiment, the composite particle is ferro-electric. According to one embodiment, the composite particle is drug delivery featured. According to one embodiment, the composite particle is a light scatterer.
  • the composite particle ⁇ absorbs the incident light with wavelength lower than 50 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, 350 nm, 300 nm, 250 nm, or lower than 200 nm.
  • the composite particle is an electrical insulator. In this embodiment, the quenching of fluorescent properties for fluorescent nanoparticles encapsulated in the core is prevented when it is due to electron transport.
  • the composite particle may be used as an electrical insulator material exhibiting the same properties as the nanoparticles encapsulated in the core.
  • the composite particle is an electrical conductor. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for an application of the composite particle 1 in photovoltaics or LEDs.
  • the composite particle has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 1 ⁇ 10 -20 to 10 7 S/m, preferably from 1 ⁇ 10 -15 to 5 S/m, more preferably from 1 ⁇ 10 -7 to 1 S/m.
  • the composite particle has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions of at least 1 ⁇ 10 -20 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -19 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -19 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -18 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -18 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -17 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -17 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -16 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -16 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -15 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -15 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -14 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -14 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -13 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -13 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -12 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -12 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -11 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -11 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -10 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -10 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -9 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -9 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -8 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -8 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10
  • the electrical conductivity of the composite particle may be measured for example with an impedance spectrometer.
  • the composite particle is a thermal insulator.
  • the composite particle is a thermal conductor.
  • the composite particle is capable of draining away the heat originating from the nanoparticles encapsulated in the core, or from the environment.
  • the composite particle has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.1 to 450 W/(m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W/(m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W/(m.K).
  • the composite particle has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W/(m.K), 0.2 W/(m.K), 0.3 W/(m.K), 0.4 W/(m.K), 0.5 W/(m.K), 0.6 W/(m.K), 0.7 W/(m.K), 0.8 W/(m.K), 0.9 W/(m.K), 1 W/(m.K), 1.1 W/(m.K), 1.2 W/(m.K), 1.3 W/(m.K), 1.4 W/(m.K), 1.5 W/(m.K), 1.6 W/(m.K), 1.7 W/(m.K), 1.8 W/(m.K), 1.9 W/(m.K), 2 W/(m.K), 2.1 W/(m.K), 2.2 W/(m.K), 2.3 W/(m.K), 2.4 W/(m.K), 2.5 W/(m.K), 2.6 W/(m.K), 2.7 W/(m.K),
  • the thermal conductivity of the composite particle may be measured for example by steady-state methods or transient methods.
  • the composite particle is a local high temperature heating system.
  • the composite particle is hydrophobic.
  • the composite particle is hydrophilic.
  • the composite particle is surfactant-free.
  • the surface of the composite particle will be easy to functionalize as said surface will not be blocked by any surfactant molecule.
  • the composite particle is not surfactant-free.
  • the composite particle is porous.
  • the composite particle is considered porous when the quantity adsorbed by the composite particles determined by adsorption-desorption of nitrogen in the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory is more than 20 cm3/g, 15 cm3/g, 10 cm 3 /g, 5 cm 3 /g at a nitrogen pressure of 650 mmHg, preferably 700 mmHg.
  • the organization of the porosity of the composite particle can be hexagonal, vermicular or cubic.
  • the organized porosity of the composite particle has a pore size of at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm,
  • the pore volume represents from 0% to 24%, or from 41% to 99% of the total volume of composite particle. According to one embodiment, the pore volume does not represent from 25% to 40% of the total volume of composite particle. According to one embodiment, the composite particle does not comprise nanometer pore glass. According to one embodiment, the composite particle does not comprise uniform connected pores. According to one embodiment, the composite particle is not porous. According to one embodiment, the composite particle does not comprise pores or cavities.
  • the composite particle is considered non-porous when the quantity adsorbed by the said composite particle determined by adsorption-desorption of nitrogen in the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory is less than 20 cm 3 /g, 15 cm 3 /g, 10 cm 3 /g, 5 cm 3 /g at a nitrogen pressure of 650 mmHg, preferably 700 mmHg. According to one embodiment, the composite particle is permeable.
  • BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
  • the permeable composite particle has an intrinsic permeability to fluids higher or equal to 10 -11 cm 2 , 10 -10 cm 2 , 10 -9 cm 2 , 10 -8 cm 2 , 10 -7 cm 2 , 10 -6 cm 2 , 10 -5 cm 2 , 10 -4 cm 2 , or 10 -3 cm 2 .
  • the composite particle is impermeable to molecular species, gas or liquid.
  • the impermeable composite particle has an intrinsic permeability to fluids less or equal to 10 -11 cm 2 , 10 -12 cm 2 , 10 -13 cm 2 , 10 -14 cm 2 , 10 -15 cm 2 , 10 -16 cm 2 , 10 -17 cm 2 , 10 -18 cm 2 , 10 -19 cm 2 , 10 -20 cm 2 , 10 -21 cm 2 , 10 -22 cm 2 , 10 -23 cm 2 , 10 -24 cm 2 , 10 -25 cm 2 , or 10 -26 cm 2 .
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a shelf life of at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C,
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C,
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 .
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its specific property of less than 100%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C
  • the specific property of the composite particle 1 comprises one or more of the following: fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, capacity of increasing local electromagnetic field, absorbance, magnetization, magnetic coercivity, catalytic yield, photovoltaic yield, electrical polarization, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, permeability to molecular oxygen, permeability to molecular water, or any other properties.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • Photoluminescence refers to fluorescence and/or phosphorescence.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C,
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C,
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 .
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 .
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O2, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O2, under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 45%, 50%
  • the composite particle 1 exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O2, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°
  • the composite particle does not consist of pure SiO 2 , i.e. more than 96% SiO2.
  • the composite particle is optically transparent, i.e. the composite particle is transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 10 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.
  • the composite particle comprises at least 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 1% or 0% of inorganic nanoparticles on its surface.
  • the composite particle does not comprise inorganic nanoparticles on its surface.
  • at least 100%, 95%, 90%, 85%, 80%, 75%, 70%, 65%, 60%, 55%, 50%, 45%, 40%, 35%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 1% of inorganic nanoparticles are comprised in the core.
  • each of said inorganic nanoparticles is completely surrounded by the material comprised in the core of the composite particle.
  • the composite particle is a vitrified glass particle comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle.
  • the core has a largest dimension of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm,
  • the core has a largest dimension inferior to 500 nm.
  • the core has a smallest dimension of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm,
  • the core has a smallest dimension inferior to 500 nm.
  • the smallest dimension of the core is smaller than the largest dimension of said core by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 1.5; of at least 2; at least 2.5; at least 3; at least 3.5; at least 4; at least 4.5; at least 5; at least 5.5; at least 6; at least 6.5; at least 7; at least 7.5; at least 8; at least 8.5; at least 9; at least 9.5; at least 10; at least 10.5; at least 11; at least 11.5; at least 12; at least 12.5; at least 13; at least 13.5; at least 14; at least 14.5; at least 15; at least 15.5; at least 16; at least 16.5; at least 17; at least 17.5; at least 18; at least 18.5; at least 19; at least 19.5; at least 20; at least 25; at least 30; at least 35; at least 40; at least 45; at least 50; at least 55; at least 60; at least
  • the core has a spherical shape, an ovoid shape, a discoidal shape, a cylindrical shape, a faceted shape, a hexagonal shape, a triangular shape, a cubic shape, or a platelet shape.
  • the core has a spherical shape.
  • the core has an average diameter of at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 ⁇ m, 1.5 ⁇ m
  • the core has an average diameter inferior to 500 nm.
  • the core is hollow.
  • the core is filled with a liquid.
  • the core is filled with an organic solvent.
  • the core is filled with an aqueous solvent.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one non-vitrified inorganic material.
  • the core comprises an inorganic material.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one vitrified inorganic material.
  • the vitrified core and the vitrified shell 12 are not distinct from one another.
  • the core 11 and the vitrified shell 12 comprise the same material, i.e. vitrified glass.
  • the core 11 and the vitrified shell 12 comprise different materials.
  • the inorganic material comprised in the core 11 is physically and chemically stable under various conditions.
  • the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.
  • the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.
  • the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.
  • the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.
  • the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5
  • the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.
  • the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity and under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years,
  • the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.
  • the inorganic material is physically and chemically stable under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C and under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O2 for at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years
  • the inorganic material is sufficiently robust to withstand the conditions to which the composite particle will be subjected.
  • the inorganic material and/or the core 11 acts as a barrier against oxidation of the inorganic nanoparticles.
  • the core 11 is thermally conductive.
  • the core 11 has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.1 to 450 W/(m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W/(m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W/(m.K).
  • the core 11 has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W/(m.K), 0.2 W/(m.K), 0.3 W/(m.K), 0.4 W/(m.K), 0.5 W/(m.K), 0.6 W/(m.K), 0.7 W/(m.K), 0.8 W/(m.K), 0.9 W/(m.K), 1 W/(m.K), 1.1 W/(m.K), 1.2 W/(m.K), 1.3 W/(m.K), 1.4 W/(m.K), 1.5 W/(m.K), 1.6 W/(m.K), 1.7 W/(m.K), 1.8 W/(m.K), 1.9 W/(m.K), 2 W/(m.K), 2.1 W/(m.K), 2.2 W/(m.K), 2.3 W/(m.K), 2.4 W/(m.K), 2.5 W/(m.K), 2.6 W/(m.K), 2.7 W/(m.K),
  • the thermal conductivity of the core 11 may be measured by for example by steady-state methods or transient methods.
  • the core 11 is not thermally conductive.
  • the core 11 comprises a refractory material.
  • the core 11 is electrically insulator.
  • the quenching of fluorescent properties for fluorescent nanoparticles comprised in the core 11 is prevented when it is due to electron transport.
  • the composite particle may be used as an electrical insulator material exhibiting the same properties as the inorganic nanoparticles comprised in the core 11.
  • the core 11 is electrically conductive. This embodiment is particularly advantageous for an application of the composite particle in photovoltaics or LEDs.
  • the core 11 has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 1 ⁇ 10 -20 to 10 7 S/m, preferably from 1 ⁇ 10 -15 to 5 S/m, more preferably from 1 ⁇ 10 -7 to 1 S/m. According to one embodiment, the core 11 has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions of at least 1 ⁇ 10 -20 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -19 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -19 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -18 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -18 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -17 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -17 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -16 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -16 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -15 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -15 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -14 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -14 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -13 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -13 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -12 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -12 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -11 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -11
  • the electrical conductivity of the core 11 may be measured for example with an impedance spectrometer.
  • the core 11 is amorphous.
  • the core 11 is crystalline.
  • the core 11 is totally crystalline.
  • the core 11 is partially crystalline.
  • the core 11 is monocrystalline.
  • the core 11 is polycrystalline.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one grain boundary.
  • the core 11 is hydrophobic.
  • the core 11 is hydrophilic.
  • the core 11 is porous.
  • the core 11 is considered porous when the quantity adsorbed by the composite particles determined by adsorption-desorption of nitrogen in the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory is more than 20 cm 3 /g, 15 cm 3 /g, 10 cm 3 /g, 5 cm 3 /g at a nitrogen pressure of 650 mmHg, preferably 700 mmHg.
  • the organization of the porosity of the core 11 can be hexagonal, vermicular or cubic.
  • the organized porosity of the core 11 has a pore size of at least 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm,
  • the pore volume represents from 0% to 24%, or from 41% to 99% of the total volume of core 11. According to one embodiment, the pore volume does not represent from 25% to 40% of the total volume of core 11. According to one embodiment, the core 11 is not porous. According to one embodiment, the core 11 is considered non-porous when the quantity adsorbed by the composite particles determined by adsorption-desorption of nitrogen in the Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory is less than 20 cm 3 /g, 15 cm 3 /g, 10 cm 3 /g, 5 cm 3 /g at a nitrogen pressure of 650 mmHg, preferably 700 mmHg. According to one embodiment, the core 11 is permeable.
  • BET Brunauer–Emmett–Teller
  • the permeable core 11 has an intrinsic permeability to fluids higher or equal to 10 -20 cm 2 , 10 -19 cm 2 , 10 -18 cm 2 , 10 -17 cm 2 , 10 -16 cm 2 , 10 -15 cm 2 , 10 -14 cm 2 , 10 -13 cm 2 , 10 -12 cm 2 , 10 -11 cm 2 , 10 -10 cm 2 , 10 -9 cm 2 , 10 -8 cm 2 , 10 -7 cm 2 , 10 -6 cm 2 , 10 -5 cm 2 , 10 -4 cm 2 , or 10 -3 cm 2 .
  • the core 11 is impermeable to molecular species, gas or liquid.
  • the core 11 limits or prevents the degradation of the chemical and physical properties of the inorganic nanoparticles from oxygen, water and/or high temperature.
  • the impermeable core 11 has an intrinsic permeability to fluids less or equal to 10 -11 cm 2 , 10 -12 cm 2 , 10 -13 cm 2 , 10 -14 cm 2 , 10 -15 cm 2 , 10 -16 cm 2 , 10 -17 cm 2 , 10 -18 cm 2 , 10 -19 cm 2 , 10 -20 cm 2 , 10 -21 cm 2 , 10 -22 cm 2 , 10 -23 cm 2 , 10 -24 cm 2 , 10 -25 cm 2 , or 10 -26 cm 2 .
  • the core 11 limits or prevents the diffusion of molecular species or fluids (liquid or gas) into said core 11.
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 .
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%,
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their specific property of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C
  • the specific property of the nanoparticles comprises one or more of the following: fluorescence, phosphorescence, chemiluminescence, capacity of increasing local electromagnetic field, absorbance, catalytic yield, photovoltaic yield, electrical polarization, thermal conductivity, electrical conductivity, permeability to molecular oxygen, permeability to molecular water, or any other properties.
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C,
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C,
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O2, under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 50%, 5
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O2, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 .
  • PLQY photolum
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%,
  • the nanoparticles in the core 11 exhibit a degradation of their photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°
  • the core 11 is optically transparent, i.e.the core 11 is transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 10 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.
  • the core 11 does not absorb all incident light allowing the inorganic nanoparticles to absorb all the incident light, and/or the core 11 does not absorb the light emitted by the inorganic nanoparticles allowing to said light emitted to be transmitted through the core 11.
  • the core 11 is not optically transparent, i.e.
  • the core 11 absorbs light at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 10 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.
  • the core 11 absorbs part of the incident light allowing the inorganic nanoparticles to absorb only a part of the incident light, and/or the core 11 absorbs part of the light emitted by the inorganic nanoparticles allowing said light emitted to be partially transmitted through the core 11.
  • the core comprises an inorganic material.
  • the inorganic material is composed of a material selected in the group of metals, halides, chalcogenides, phosphides, sulfides, metalloids, metallic alloys, ceramics such as for example oxides, carbides, or nitrides. Said inorganic material is prepared using protocols known to the person skilled in the art.
  • a chalcogenide is a chemical compound consisting of at least one chalcogen anion selected in the group of O, S, Se, Te, Po, and at least one or more electropositive element.
  • the metallic inorganic material is selected in the group of gold, silver, copper, vanadium, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, yttrium, mercury, cadmium, osmium, chromium, tantalum, manganese, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, rhodium, tungsten, iridium, nickel, iron, or cobalt.
  • examples of carbide inorganic material include but are not limited to: SiC, WC, BC, MoC, TiC, Al4C3, LaC2, FeC, CoC, HfC, SixCy, WxCy, BxCy, Mo x C y , Ti x C y , Al x C y , La x C y , Fe x C y , Co x C y , Hf x C y , or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • examples of oxide inorganic material include but are not limited to: SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, MgO, SnO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , CeO 2 , BeO, IrO 2 , CaO, Sc2O3, NiO, Na2O, BaO, K2O, PbO, Ag2O, V2O5, TeO2, MnO, B2O3, P2O5, P2O3, P4O7, P4O8, P4O9, P2O6, PO, GeO2, As2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Ta2O5, Li2O, SrO, Y2O3, HfO2, WO2, MoO 2 , Cr 2 O 3 , Tc 2 O 7 , ReO 2 , RuO 2 , Co 3 O 4 , OsO, RhO 2 , Rh 2 O 3 , PtO, PdO, CuO, Cu 2 O, Au2O3,
  • examples of oxide inorganic material include but are not limited to: silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, gold oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide,
  • examples of nitride inorganic material include but are not limited to: TiN, Si3N4, MoN, VN, TaN, Zr3N4, HfN, FeN, NbN, GaN, CrN, AlN, InN, Ti x N y , Si x N y , Mo x N y , V x N y , Ta x N y , Zr x N y , Hf x N y , Fe x N y , Nb x N y , Ga x N y , Cr x N y , Al x N y , InxNy, or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • examples of sulfide inorganic material include but are not limited to: Si y S x , Al y S x , Ti y S x , Zr y S x , Zn y S x , Mg y S x , Sn y S x , Nb y S x , Ce y S x , Be y S x , Ir y S x , CaySx, ScySx, NiySx, NaySx, BaySx, KySx, PbySx, AgySx, VySx, TeySx, MnySx, BySx, PySx, GeySx, AsySx, FeySx, TaySx, LiySx, SrySx, YySx, HfySx, WySx, MoySx, CrySx, TcySx, ReySx, Ru y S x , Co
  • examples of halide inorganic material include but are not limited to: BaF2, LaF3, CeF3, YF3, CaF2, MgF2, PrF3, AgCl, MnCl2, NiCl2, Hg2Cl2, CaCl2, CsPbCl 3 , AgBr, PbBr 3 , CsPbBr 3 , AgI, CuI, PbI, HgI 2 , BiI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CsPbI 3 , FAPbBr 3 (with FA formamidinium), or a mixture thereof.
  • examples of chalcogenide inorganic material include but are not limited to: CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, CuO, Cu2O, CuS, Cu2S, CuSe, CuTe, Ag2O, Ag2S, Ag2Se, Ag2Te, Au2O3, Au2S, PdO, PdS, Pd4S, PdSe, PdTe, PtO, PtS, PtS2, PtSe, PtTe, RhO2, Rh2O3, RhS2, Rh2S3, RhSe 2 , Rh 2 Se 3 , RhTe 2 , IrO 2 , IrS 2 , Ir 2 S 3 , IrSe 2 , IrTe 2 , RuO 2 , RuS 2 , OsO, OsS, Os
  • examples of phosphide inorganic material include but are not limited to: InP, Cd3P2, Zn3P2, AlP, GaP, TlP, or a mixture thereof.
  • examples of metalloid inorganic material include but are not limited to: Si, B, Ge, As, Sb, Te, or a mixture thereof.
  • examples of metallic alloy inorganic material include but are not limited to: Au-Pd, Au-Ag, Au-Cu, Pt-Pd, Pt-Ni, Cu-Ag, Cu-Sn, Ru-Pt, Rh-Pt, Cu-Pt, Ni-Au, Pt-Sn, Pd-V, Ir-Pt, Au-Pt, Pd-Ag, Cu-Zn, Cr-Ni, Fe-Co, Co-Ni, Fe-Ni or a mixture thereof.
  • the inorganic material comprises garnets.
  • examples of garnets include but are not limited to: Y3Al5O12, Y3Fe2(FeO4)3, Y3Fe5O12, Y4Al2O9, YAlO3, Fe3Al2(SiO4)3, Mg3Al2(SiO4)3, Mn3Al2(SiO4)3, Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3, Ca3Al2(SiO4)3, Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3, Al5Lu3O12, GAL, GaYAG, or a mixture thereof.
  • the inorganic material comprises or consists of a thermal conductive material wherein said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: AlyOx, AgyOx, CuyOx, FeyOx, SiyOx, PbyOx, CayOx, MgyOx, ZnyOx, SnyOx, TiyOx, BeyOx, CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, Au, Na, Fe, Cu, Al, Ag, Mg, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 10, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • the inorganic material comprises or consists of a thermal conductive material wherein said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: Al 2 O 3 , Ag 2 O, Cu 2 O, CuO, Fe 3 O 4 , FeO, SiO 2 , PbO, CaO, MgO, ZnO, SnO 2 , TiO 2 , BeO, CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, Au, Na, Fe, Cu, Al, Ag, Mg, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof.
  • said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: Al 2 O 3 , Ag 2 O, Cu 2 O, CuO, Fe 3 O 4 , FeO, SiO 2 , PbO, CaO, MgO, ZnO, SnO 2 , TiO 2 , BeO, CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, Au, Na, Fe, Cu, Al
  • the inorganic material comprises or consists of a thermal conductive material wherein said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: aluminium oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silicon oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenium, cadmium zinc selenium, cadmium zinc sulfide, gold, sodium, iron, copper, aluminium, silver, magnesium, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof.
  • said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: aluminium oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silicon oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenium, cadmium zinc selenium, cadmium zinc sulfide, gold, sodium, iron, copper, aluminium, silver,
  • the inorganic material comprises a material including but not limited to: silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, gold oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide,
  • the inorganic material comprises organic molecules in small amounts of 0 mole%, 1 mole%, 5 mole%, 10 mole%, 15 mole%, 20 mole%, 25 mole%, 30 mole%, 35 mole%, 40 mole%, 45 mole%, 50 mole%, 55 mole%, 60 mole%, 65 mole%, 70 mole%, 75 mole%, 80 mole% relative to the majority element of said inorganic material.
  • the inorganic material does not comprise SiO2.
  • the inorganic material does not consist of pure SiO 2 , i.e. more than 96% SiO2.
  • the inorganic material does not consist of pure Al2O3, i.e.
  • the inorganic material does not comprise glass.
  • the inorganic material does not comprise vitrified glass.
  • the inorganic material comprises additional heteroelements, wherein said additional heteroelements include but are not limited to: Cd, S, Se, Zn, In, Te, Hg, Sn, Cu, N, Ga, Sb, Tl, Mo, Pd, Ce, W, Co, Mn, Si, Ge, B, P, Al, As, Fe, Ti, Zr, Ni, Ca, Na, Ba, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, Be, Ir, Sc, Nb, Ta or a mixture thereof.
  • heteroelements can diffuse in the composite particle during heating step.
  • the inorganic material comprises additional heteroelements in small amounts of 0 mole%, 1 mole%, 5 mole%, 10 mole%, 15 mole%, 20 mole%, 25 mole%, 30 mole%, 35 mole%, 40 mole%, 45 mole%, 50 mole% relative to the majority element of said inorganic material.
  • the inorganic material comprises Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO2, TiO2, IrO2, SnO2, BaO, BaSO4, BeO, CaO, CeO2, CuO, Cu2O, DyO3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, GeO2, HfO2, Lu2O3, Nb2O5, Sc2O3, TaO5, TeO2, or Y2O3 additional nanoparticles. These additional nanoparticles can drain away the heat if it is a good thermal conductor, and/or evacuate electrical charges, and/or scatter an incident light.
  • the inorganic material comprises additional nanoparticles in small amounts at a level of at least 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1100 ppm, 1200 ppm, 1300 ppm, 1400 ppm, 1500 ppm, 1600 ppm, 1700 ppm, 1800 ppm, 1900 ppm, 2000 ppm, 2100 ppm, 2200 ppm, 2300 ppm, 2400 ppm, 2500 ppm, 2600 ppm, 2700 ppm, 2800 ppm, 2900 ppm, 3000 ppm, 3100 ppm, 3200 ppm, 3300 ppm, 3400 ppm, 3500 ppm, 3600 ppm, 3700 ppm, 3800 ppm, 3900 ppm, 4000 ppm, 4100 ppm, 3
  • the core 11 comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a luminescent inorganic nanoparticle.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle is a fluorescent nanoparticle.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle is a phosphorescent nanoparticle.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle is a chemiluminescent nanoparticle.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle ⁇ absorbs the incident light with wavelength lower than 50 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, 350 nm, 300 nm, 250 nm, or lower than 200 nm.
  • the luminescent nanoparticles exhibit an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 50 ⁇ m. According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 500 nm. In this embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle emits blue light. According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 500 nm to 560 nm, more preferably ranging from 515 nm to 545 nm.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle emits green light.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 560 nm to 590 nm.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle emits yellow light.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably ranging from 610 nm to 650 nm.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle emits red light.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 750 nm to 50 ⁇ m.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle emits near infra-red, mid-infra-red, or infra-red light.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits emission spectra with at least one emission peak having a full width half maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits emission spectra with a full width half maximum strictly lower than 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm. According to one embodiment, the luminescent nanoparticle exhibits emission spectra with at least one emission peak having a full width at quarter maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the luminescent nanoparticle has a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100%.
  • the at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a semiconductor nanoparticle.
  • the at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a semiconductor nanocrystal.
  • the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of semiconductor nanoplatelets.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a dielectric inorganic nanoparticle.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a catalytic nanoparticle.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has photovoltaic properties. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a pyro-electric nanoparticle. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a light scattering nanoparticle. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is electrically insulating. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is electrically conductive. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 1 ⁇ 10 -20 to 10 7 S/m, preferably from 1 ⁇ 10 -15 to 5 S/m, more preferably from 1 ⁇ 10 -7 to 1 S/m.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions of at least 1 ⁇ 10 -20 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -19 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -19 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -18 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -18 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -17 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -17 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -16 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -16 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -15 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -15 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -14 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -14 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -13 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -13 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -12 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -12 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -11 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -11 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -10 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -10 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -9 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -9 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -8 S/m,
  • the electrical conductivity of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 may be measured for example with an impedance spectrometer.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is thermally conductive.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.1 to 450 W/(m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W/(m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W/(m.K).
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W/(m.K), 0.2 W/(m.K), 0.3 W/(m.K), 0.4 W/(m.K), 0.5 W/(m.K), 0.6 W/(m.K), 0.7 W/(m.K), 0.8 W/(m.K), 0.9 W/(m.K), 1 W/(m.K), 1.1 W/(m.K), 1.2 W/(m.K), 1.3 W/(m.K), 1.4 W/(m.K), 1.5 W/(m.K), 1.6 W/(m.K), 1.7 W/(m.K), 1.8 W/(m.K), 1.9 W/(m.K), 2 W/(m.K), 2.1 W/(m.K), 2.2 W/(m.K), 2.3 W/(m.K), 2.4 W/(m.K), 2.5 W/(m.K), 2.6 W/(m.K),
  • the thermal conductivity of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 may be measured by steady-state methods or transient methods.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is thermally insulating.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a local high temperature heating system.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is not a magnetic nanoparticle.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is not a metal nanoparticle.
  • the composite particle 1 does not comprise only metal nanoparticles.
  • the composite particle 1 does not comprise only magnetic nanoparticles.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a colloidal nanoparticle. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is amorphous. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is crystalline. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is totally crystalline. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is partially crystalline. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is monocrystalline. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is polycrystalline. In this embodiment, each inorganic nanoparticle 13 comprises at least one grain boundary.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is composed of a material selected in the group of metals, carbides, nitrides, halides, chalcogenides, phosphates, phosphides, sulfides, metalloids, or metallic alloys, or ceramics such as for example oxides, carbides, or nitrides.
  • Said inorganic nanoparticle 13 is prepared using protocols known to the person skilled in the art.
  • a chalcogenide is a chemical compound consisting of at least one chalcogen anion selected in the group of O, S, Se, Te, Po, and at least one more electropositive element.
  • the at least one metallic nanoparticle is selected in the group of gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, vanadium nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles, ruthenium nanoparticles, rhenium nanoparticles, yttrium nanoparticles, mercury nanoparticles, cadmium nanoparticles, osmium nanoparticles, chromium nanoparticles, tantalum nanoparticles, manganese nanoparticles, zinc nanoparticles, zirconium nanoparticles, niobium nanoparticles, molybdenum nanoparticles, rhodium nanoparticles, tungsten nanoparticles, iridium nanoparticles, nickel nanoparticles, iron nanoparticles, or cobalt nanoparticles.
  • the at least one metallic nanoparticle is selected in the group of gold nanoparticles, silver nanoparticles, copper nanoparticles, vanadium nanoparticles, platinum nanoparticles, palladium nanoparticles, ruthenium nanoparticles, rhenium nanoparticles, yttrium nanoparticles, mercury nanoparticles, cadmium nanoparticles, osmium nanoparticles, chromium nanoparticles, tantalum nanoparticles, manganese nanoparticles, zinc nanoparticles, zirconium nanoparticles, niobium nanoparticles, molybdenum nanoparticles, rhodium nanoparticles, tungsten nanoparticles, or iridium nanoparticles.
  • examples of carbide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: SiC, WC, BC, MoC, TiC, Al4C3, LaC2, HfC, SixCy, WxCy, BxCy, MoxCy, TixCy, Al x C y , La x C y , Fe x C y , Co x C y , Hf x C y , or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • examples of nitride nanoparticle include but are not limited to: TiN, Si 3 N 4 , MoN, VN, TaN, Zr 3 N 4 , HfN, NbN, GaN, CrN, AlN, InN, Ti x N y , SixNy, MoxNy, VxNy, TaxNy, ZrxNy, HfxNy, FexNy, NbxNy, GaxNy, CrxNy, AlxNy, InxNy, or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • examples of halide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: BaF2, LaF3, CeF3, YF3, CaF2, MgF2, PrF3, AgCl, MnCl2, NiCl2, Hg2Cl2, CaCl2, CsPbCl 3 , AgBr, PbBr 3 , CsPbBr 3 , AgI, CuI, PbI, HgI 2 , BiI 3 , CH 3 NH 3 PbI 3 , CsPbI 3 , FAPbBr3 (with FA formamidinium), or a mixture thereof.
  • examples of chalcogenide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, CuO, CuS, Cu 2 S, CuSe, CuTe, Ag 2 O, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, Au 2 O 3 , Au 2 S, PdO, PdS, Pd4S, PdSe, PdTe, PtO, PtS, PtS2, PtSe, PtTe, RhO2, Rh2O3, RhS2, Rh2S3, RhSe2, Rh2Se3, RhTe 2 , IrO 2 , IrS 2 , Ir 2 S 3 , IrSe 2 , IrTe 2 , RuO 2 , RuS 2 , OsO, OsS, OsSe, OsTe,
  • the at least one chalcogenide nanoparticle is selected in the group of CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, CuO, CuS, Cu 2 S, CuSe, CuTe, Ag 2 O, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, Au 2 O 3 , Au 2 S, PdO, PdS, Pd4S, PdSe, PdTe, PtO, PtS, PtS2, PtSe, PtTe, RhO2, Rh2O3, RhS2, Rh2S3, RhSe2, Rh2Se3, RhTe2, IrO2, IrS2, Ir2S3, IrSe2, IrTe2, RuO2, RuS2, OsO, OsSe, OsTe, MnO, MnS, MnSe, Mn
  • examples of oxide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: SiO 2 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, MgO, SnO 2 , Nb 2 O 5 , CeO 2 , BeO, IrO 2 , CaO, Sc 2 O 3 , NiO, Na 2 O, BaO, K 2 O, PbO, Ag 2 O, V 2 O 5 , TeO 2 , MnO, B 2 O 3 , P 2 O 5 , P 2 O 3 , P 4 O 7 , P 4 O 8 , P4O9, P2O6, PO, GeO2, As2O3, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Ta2O5, Li2O, SrO, Y2O3, HfO2, WO2, MoO2, Cr2O3, Tc2O7, ReO2, RuO2, Co3O4, OsO, RhO2, Rh2O3, PtO, PdO, CuO, Cu2O, Au2O3, C
  • examples of oxide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, gold oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, anti
  • examples of sulfide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: SiySx, AlySx, TiySx, ZrySx, ZnySx, MgySx, SnySx, NbySx, CeySx, BeySx, IrySx, Ca y S x , Sc y S x , Ni y S x , Na y S x , Ba y S x , K y S x , Pb y S x , Ag y S x , V y S x , Te y S x , Mn y S x , B y S x , P y S x , GeySx, AsySx, FeySx, TaySx, LiySx, SrySx, YySx, HfySx, WySx, MoySx, CrySx, TcySx, ReySx, Ruy
  • examples of phosphate nanoparticle include but are not limited to: InP, Cd 3 P 2 , Zn 3 P 2 , AlP, GaP, TlP, or a mixture thereof.
  • examples of phosphide nanoparticle include but are not limited to: InP, Cd 3 P 2 , Zn 3 P 2 , AlP, GaP, TlP, or a mixture thereof.
  • examples of metalloid nanoparticle include but are not limited to: Si, B, Ge, As, Sb, Te, or a mixture thereof.
  • examples of metallic alloy nanoparticle include but are not limited to: Au-Pd, Au-Ag, Au-Cu, Pt-Pd, Pt-Ni, Cu-Ag, Cu-Sn, Ru-Pt, Rh-Pt, Cu-Pt, Ni-Au, Pt-Sn, Pd-V, Ir-Pt, Au-Pt, Pd-Ag, Cu-Zn, Cr-Ni, or a mixture thereof.
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M x N y E z , wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr,
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula MxEy, wherein M is selected from the group consisting of Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, Va, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIII, or mixtures thereof; E is selected from the group consisting of Va, VIa, VIIa, or mixtures thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula MxEy, wherein M is selected from group consisting of Cd, Zn, Hg, Ge, Sn, Pb, Cu, Ag, Fe, In, Al, Ti, Mg, Ga, Tl, Mo, Pd, W, Cs, Pb, or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula MxEy, wherein E is selected from group consisting of S, Se, Te, O, P, C, N, As, Sb, F, Cl, Br, I, or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti,
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a core comprising a material of formula MxNyEzAw, wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti,
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein M and/or N is selected from the group consisting of Ib, IIa, IIb, IIIa, IIIb, IVa, IVb, Va, Vb, VIb, VIIb, VIII, or mixtures thereof; E and/or A is selected from the group consisting of Va, VIa, VIIa, or mixtures thereof; w, x, y and z are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when w is 0, x, y and z are not 0, when x is 0, w, y and z are not 0, when y is 0, w, x and z are not 0 and when z is 0, w, x and y are not 0.
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal is selected from the group consisting of a IIb-VIa, IVa-VIa, Ib-IIIa-VIa, IIb-IVa-Va, Ib-VIa, VIII-VIa, IIb-Va, IIIa-VIa, IVb-VIa, IIa-VIa, IIIa-Va, IIIa-VIa, VIb-VIa, and Va-VIa semiconductor.
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material selected from the group consisting of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, HgO, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, GeS2, GeSe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSe 2 , CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , CuS, Cu 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag 2 Te, FeS, FeS 2 , InP, Cd 3 P 2 , Zn 3 P 2 , CdO, ZnO, FeO, Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , Al 2 O 3 , TiO 2 , MgO, MgS, MgSe, Mg
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material selected from the group consisting of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, HgO, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, GeS 2 , GeSe2, SnS2, SnSe2, CuInS2, CuInSe2, AgInS2, AgInSe2, CuS, Cu2S, Ag2Se, Ag2Te FeS, FeS2 InP, Cd3P2, Zn3P2, CdO, ZnO, Al2O3, TiO2, MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaSe, GaN, GaP, GaAs, GaSb, InP, Cd3P2, Z
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material selected from the group consisting of GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, GeS2, GeSe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSe 2 , CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , CuS, Cu 2 S, Ag 2 S, Ag 2 Se, Ag2Te, InP, Cd3P2, Zn3P2, Al2O3, TiO2, MgO, MgTe, AlAs, MoS2, PdS, Pd4S, WS2, CsPbCl3, PbBr3, CsPbBr3, CH3NH3PbI3, CsPbI3, FAPbBr3 (with FA formamidinium), or a mixture thereof.
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material MxNyEzAw selected from the group consisting of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, HgO, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, GeS 2 , GeSe 2 , SnS 2 , SnSe 2 , CuInS 2 , CuInSe 2 , AgInS 2 , AgInSe 2 , CuS, Cu 2 S, Ag2Se, Ag2Te, FeS, FeS2, InP, Cd3P2, Zn3P2, CdO, ZnO, FeO, Fe2O3, Fe3O4, Al2O3, TiO2, MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe
  • the at least one semiconductor nanocrystal comprises a material M x N y E z A w selected from the group consisting of CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, HgO, GeS, GeSe, GeTe, SnS, SnSe, SnTe, PbO, PbS, PbSe, PbTe, GeS2, GeSe2, SnS2, SnSe2, CuInS2, CuInSe2, AgInS2, AgInSe2, CuS, Cu2S, Ag2S, Ag2Se, Ag2Te, InP, Cd3P2, Zn3P2, CdO, ZnO, Al2O3, TiO2, MgO, MgS, MgSe, MgTe, AlN, AlP, AlAs, AlSb, GaSe, GaN, GaP, GaAs,
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanoplatelet, nanosheet, nanoribbon, nanowire, nanodisk, nanocube, nanoring, magic size cluster, or sphere such as for example quantum dot.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle comprises at least 1%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of semiconductor nanoplatelets.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle is a semiconductor nanoplatelet, nanosheet, nanoribbon, nanowire, nanodisk, nanocube, magic size cluster, or nanoring.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle is a core 133/shell 134 nanocrystal, wherein the core 133 is partially or totally covered with at least one shell 134 comprising at least one layer of inorganic material.
  • the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one shell 134 comprising a material of formula MxNyEzAw, wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is
  • the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal comprises two shells (134, 135) comprising a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W
  • the shells (134, 135) comprise different materials. According to one embodiment, the shells (134, 135) comprise the same material. According to one embodiment, the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one shell comprising a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.
  • examples of core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal include but are not limited to: CdSe/CdS, CdSe/Cd x Zn 1-x S, ⁇ CdSe/CdS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdS, CdSe/ZnS, CdSe/CdxZn1-xS/ZnS, CdSe/ZnS/CdxZn1-xS, CdSe/CdS/CdxZn1-xS, CdSe/ZnSe/ZnS, CdSe/ZnSe/CdxZn1-xS, CdSexS1-x/CdS, CdSexS1-x/CdZnS, ⁇ CdSe x S 1-x /CdS/ZnS, CdSe x S 1-x /ZnS/CdS, CdSe x S 1-x /ZnS, CdSe
  • the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal is ZnS rich, i.e. the last monolayer of the shell is a ZnS monolayer.
  • the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal is CdS rich, i.e. the last monolayer of the shell is a CdS monolayer.
  • the core/shell semiconductor nanocrystal is CdxZn1-xS rich, i.e. the last monolayer of the shell is a Cd x Zn 1-x S monolayer, wherein x is a decimal number from 0 to 1.
  • the last atomic layer of the semiconductor nanocrystal is a cation-rich monolayer of cadmium, zinc or indium.
  • the last atomic layer of the semiconductor nanocrystal is an anion-rich monolayer of sulfur, selenium or phosphorus.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle is a core/crown semiconductor nanocrystal.
  • the core/crown semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one crown 137 comprising a material of formula MxNyEzAw, wherein: M is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd, Ta, Ti, Zr, Hf, Be, Mg, Ca, Sr, Ba, Al, Ga, In, Tl, Si, Ge, Sn, Pb, As, Sb, Bi, Sc, Y, La, Ce, Pr, Nd, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Cs or a mixture thereof; N is selected from the group consisting of Zn, Cd, Hg, Cu, Ag, Au, Ni, Pd, Pt, Co, Fe, Ru, Os, Mn, Tc, Re, Cr, Mo, W, V, Nd
  • the core/crown semiconductor nanocrystal comprises at least one crown comprising a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.
  • the semiconductor nanocrystal comprises an atomically flat core.
  • the atomically flat core may be evidenced by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, ⁇ energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence or any other characterization means known by the person skilled in the art.
  • the semiconductor nanocrystal is a semiconductor nanoplatelet.
  • the semiconductor nanoplatelet is atomically flat.
  • the atomically flat nanoplatelet may be evidenced by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, ⁇ energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence or any other characterization means known by the person skilled in the art.
  • the semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises an atomically flat core.
  • the atomically flat core may be evidenced by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, ⁇ energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence, or any other characterization means known by the person skilled in the art.
  • the semiconductor nanoplatelet is 2D-shaped.
  • the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness tuned at the atomic level. ⁇
  • the core 133 of the semiconductor nanoplatelet is an initial nanoplatelet.
  • the initial nanoplatelet comprises a material of formula MxNyEzAw, wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.
  • the thickness of the initial nanoplatelet comprises an alternate of atomic layers of M and E.
  • the thickness of the initial nanoplatelet comprises an alternate of atomic layers of M, N, A and E.
  • a semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises an initial nanoplatelet partially or completely covered with at least one layer of additional material.
  • the at least one layer of additional material comprises a material of formula M x N y E z A w , wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.
  • a semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises an initial nanoplatelet partially or completely covered on a least one facet by at least one layer of additional material.
  • these layers can be composed of the same material or composed of different materials.
  • these layers can be composed such as to form a gradient of materials.
  • the initial nanoplatelet is an inorganic colloidal nanoplatelet.
  • the initial nanoplatelet comprised in the semiconductor nanoplatelet has preserved its 2D structure.
  • the material covering the initial nanoplatelet is inorganic.
  • at least one part of the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness greater than the thickness of the initial nanoplatelet.
  • the semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises the initial nanoplatelet totally covered with at least one layer of material. In one embodiment, the semiconductor nanoplatelet comprises the initial nanoplatelet totally covered with a first layer of material, said first layer being partially or completely covered with at least a second layer of material.
  • the initial nanoplatelet has a thickness of at least 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1.0 nm, 1.1 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.3 nm, 1.4 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 n
  • the thickness of the initial nanoplatelet is smaller than at least one of the lateral dimensions (length or width) of the initial nanoplatelet by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 1.5; of at least 2; at least 2.5; at least 3; at least 3.5; at least 4; at least 4.5; at least 5; at least 5.5; at least 6; at least 6.5; at least 7; at least 7.5; at least 8; at least 8.5; at least 9; at least 9.5; at least 10; at least 10.5; at least 11; at least 11.5; at least 12; at least 12.5; at least 13; at least 13.5; at least 14; at least 14.5; at least 15; at least 15.5; at least 16; at least 16.5; at least 17; at least 17.5; at least 18; at least 18.5; at least 19; at least 19.5; at least 20; at least 25; at least 30; at least 35; at least 40; at least 45; at least 50; at least 55; at least 60; at least 65; at least 70;
  • the initial nanoplatelet has lateral dimensions of at least 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280
  • the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness of at least 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 0.6 nm, 0.7 nm, 0.8 nm, 0.9 nm, 1.0 nm, 1.1 nm, 1.2 nm, 1.3 nm, 1.4 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5
  • the semiconductor nanoplatelet has lateral dimensions of at least 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280
  • the thickness of the semiconductor nanoplatelet is smaller than at least one of the lateral dimensions (length or width) of the semiconductor nanoplatelet by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 1.5; of at least 2; at least 2.5; at least 3; at least 3.5; at least 4; at least 4.5; at least 5; at least 5.5; at least 6; at least 6.5; at least 7; at least 7.5; at least 8; at least 8.5; at least 9; at least 9.5; at least 10; at least 10.5; at least 11; at least 11.5; at least 12; at least 12.5; at least 13; at least 13.5; at least 14; at least 14.5; at least 15; at least 15.5; at least 16; at least 16.5; at least 17; at least 17.5; at least 18; at least 18.5; at least 19; at least 19.5; at least 20; at least 25; at least 30; at least 35; at least 40; at least 45; at least 50; at least 55; at least 60; at least 65; at least 70;
  • the semiconductor nanoplatelets are obtained by a process of growth in the thickness of at least one face of at least one initial nanoplatelet by deposition of a film or a layer of material on the surface of the at least one initial nanoplatelet; or a process lateral growth of at least one face of at least one initial nanoplatelet by deposition of a film or a layer of material on the surface of the at least one initial nanoplatelet; or any methods known by the person skilled in the art.
  • the semiconductor nanoplatelet can comprise the initial nanoplatelet and 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more layers covering all or part of the initial nanoplatelet, said layers begin of same composition as the initial nanoplatelet or being of different composition than the initial nanoplatelet or being of different composition one another.
  • the semiconductor nanoplatelet can comprise the initial nanoplatelet and at least 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 or more layers in which the first deposited layer covers all or part of the initial nanoplatelet and the at least second deposited layer covers all or part of the previously deposited layer, said layers being of same composition as the initial nanoplatelet or being of different composition than the initial nanoplatelet and possibly of different compositions one another.
  • the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness quantified by a M x N y E z A w monolayer, wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.
  • the core 133 of the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness of at least 1 M x N y E z A w monolayer, at least 2 M x N y E z A w monolayers, at least 3 MxNyEzAw monolayers, at least 4 MxNyEzAw monolayers, at least 5 MxNyEzAw monolayers, wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.
  • the shell 134 of the semiconductor nanoplatelet has a thickness quantified by a MxNyEzAw monolayer, wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove, wherein M, N, E and A are as described hereabove.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is hydrophobic. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is hydrophilic. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has an average size of at least 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 2 nm, 3 nm, 4 nm, 5 nm, 6 nm, 7 nm, 8 nm, 9 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31 nm, 32 nm, 33 nm, 34 nm, 35 nm, 36 nm, 37 nm
  • the largest dimension of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is at least 5 nm, 10 nm, 15 nm, 20 nm, 25 nm, 30 nm, 35 nm, 40 nm, 45 nm, 50 nm, 55 nm, 60 nm, 65 nm, 70 nm, 75 nm, 80 nm, 85 nm, 90 nm, 95 nm, 100 nm, 105 nm, 110 nm, 115 nm, 120 nm, 125 nm, 130 nm, 135 nm, 140 nm, 145 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 n
  • the smallest dimension of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is at least 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm, 20 nm, 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 n
  • the smallest dimension of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is smaller than the largest dimension of said inorganic nanoparticle 13 by a factor (aspect ratio) of at least 2; at least 2.5; at least 3; at least 3.5; at least 4.5; at least 5; at least 5.5; at least 6; at least 6.5; at least 7; at least 7.5; at least 8; at least 8.5; at least 9; at least 9.5; at least 10; at least 10.5; at least 11; at least 11.5; at least 12; at least 12.5; at least 13; at least 13.5; at least 14; at least 14.5; at least 15; at least 15.5; at least 16; at least 16.5; at least 17; at least 17.5; at least 18; at least 18.5; at least 19; at least 19.5; at least 20; at least 25; at least 30; at least 35; at least 40; at least 45; at least 50; at least 55; at least 60; at least 65; at least 70; at least 75; at least 80;
  • the inorganic nanoparticles 13 of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 are polydisperse. According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 are monodisperse. According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 have a narrow size distribution. According to one embodiment, the size distribution for the smallest dimension of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 is inferior than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% of said smallest dimension.
  • the size distribution for the largest dimension of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 is inferior than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, or 40% of said largest dimension.
  • the inorganic nanoparticles 13 of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 do not have a broad size distribution, i.e. a size distribution superior to 60%.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is hollow.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is not hollow.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is isotropic.
  • examples of shape of isotropic inorganic nanoparticle 13 include but are not limited to: sphere 131 (as illustrated in Fig. 2 and Fig. 4), faceted sphere, prism, polyhedron, or cubic shape.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is spherical.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is anisotropic.
  • examples of shape of anisotropic inorganic nanoparticle 13 include but are not limited to: rod, wire, needle, bar, belt, cone, or polyhedron shape.
  • examples of branched shape of anisotropic inorganic nanoparticle 13 include but are not limited to: monopod, bipod, tripod, tetrapod, star, or octopod shape.
  • examples of complex shape of anisotropic inorganic nanoparticle 13 include but are not limited to: snowflake, flower, thorn, hemisphere, cone, urchin, filamentous particle, biconcave discoid, worm, tree, dendrite, necklace, or chain.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has a quasi 2D structure 132.
  • examples of shape of quasi 2D inorganic nanoparticle 132 include but are not limited to: sheet, platelet, ribbon, wall, plate triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, disk, or ring.
  • the inorganic nanoparticles 13 have a 2D shape 132.
  • examples of shape of 2D inorganic nanoparticles 132 include but are not limited to: sheet, platelet, plate, ribbon, wall, plate triangle, square, pentagon, hexagon, disk or ring.
  • a nanoplatelet is different from a disk or a nanodisk.
  • nanosheets and nanoplatelets are not disks or nanodisks.
  • the section along the other dimensions than the thickness (width, length) of said nanosheets or nanoplatelets is square or rectangular, while it is circular or ovoidal for disks or nanodisks.
  • nanosheets and nanoplatelets are not disks or nanodisks.
  • none of the dimensions of said nanosheets and nanoplatelets can be defined as a diameter nor the size of a semi-major axis and a semi-minor axis contrarily to disks or nanodisks.
  • nanosheets and nanoplatelets are not disks or nanodisks.
  • the curvature at all points along the other dimensions than the thickness (length, width) of said nanosheets or nanoplatelets is below 10 um -1 , while the curvature for disks or nanodisks is superior on at least one point.
  • a nanoplatelet is different from a quantum dot, or a spherical nanocrystal.
  • a quantum dot is spherical, thus is has a 3D shape and allow confinement of excitons in all three spatial dimensions, whereas the nanoplatelet has a 2D shape and allow confinement of excitons in one dimension and allow free propagation in the other two dimensions.
  • the typical photoluminescence decay time of semiconductor platelets is 1 order of magnitude faster than for spherical quantum dots, and the semiconductor platelets also show an exceptionally narrow optical feature with full width at half maximum (FWHM) much lower than for spherical quantum dots.
  • a nanoplatelet is different from a nanorod or nanowire.
  • a nanorod (or nanowird) has a 1D shape and allow confinement of excitons two spatial dimensions, whereas the nanoplatelet has a 2D shape and allow confinement of excitons in one dimension and allow free propagation in the other two dimensions. This results in distinct electronic and optical properties.
  • a nanoplatelet is different from a disk
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core nanoparticle 133 without a shell.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 comprises an atomically flat core nanoparticle 133.
  • the atomically flat core may be evidenced by transmission electron microscopy or fluorescence scanning microscopy, energy-dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), X-Ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), UV photoelectron spectroscopy (UPS), electron energy loss spectroscopy (EELS), photoluminescence or any other characterization means known by the person skilled in the art.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is covered with at least one shell (134, 135).
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is partially or totally covered with a shell 134 comprising at least one layer of inorganic material.
  • the at least one shell (134, 135) has a thickness of at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 and the shell 134 are composed of the same material.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 and the shell 134 are composed of at least two different materials.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a luminescent inorganic core covered with at least one shell 134 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a plasmonic inorganic core covered with at least one shell 134 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, luminescent inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a dielectric inorganic core covered with at least one shell 134 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, luminescent inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a piezoelectric inorganic core covered with at least one shell 134 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and luminescent inorganic material.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/shell 134 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is coated with an insulator shell 136. In this embodiment, the insulator shell 136 prevents the aggregation of the inorganic cores 133.
  • the insulator shell 136 has a thickness of at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5 nm,
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/shell nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is coated with at least one shell (134, 135) and an insulator shell 136.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/insulator shell 136 nanoparticle, wherein examples of insulator shell 136 include but are not limited to: non-porous SiO2, or mesoporous SiO2, non-porous MgO, mesoporous MgO, non-porous ZnO, mesoporous ZnO, non-porous Al2O3, mesoporous Al2O3, non- porous ZrO 2 , mesoporous ZrO 2 , non-porous TiO 2 , mesoporous TiO 2 , non-porous SnO 2 , mesoporous SnO 2 , MgO
  • Said insulator shell 136 acts as a supplementary barrier against oxidation and can drain away the heat if it is a good thermal conductor.
  • the shells (134, 135, 136) covering the core 133 of the inorganic nanoparticles 13 may be composed of the same material.
  • the shells (134, 135, 136) covering the core 133 of the inorganic nanoparticles 13 may be composed of at least two different materials.
  • the shells (134, 135, 136) covering the core 133 of the inorganic nanoparticles 13 may have the same thickness.
  • the shells (134, 135, 136) covering the core 133 of the inorganic nanoparticles 13 may have different thickness.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/crown 137 nanoparticle with a quasi 2D structure, wherein the core 133 is covered with at least one crown 137.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/crown 137 nanoparticle with a 2D structure, wherein the core 133 is covered with at least one crown 137.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is covered with a crown 137 comprising at least one layer of inorganic material.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 and the crown 137 are composed of the same material.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 and the crown 137 are composed of at least two different materials.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a luminescent inorganic core covered with at least one crown 137 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a plasmonic inorganic core covered with at least one crown 137 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, luminescent inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a dielectric inorganic core covered with at least one crown 137 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, luminescent inorganic material and piezoelectric inorganic material.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is a piezoelectric inorganic core covered with at least one crown 137 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic material, plasmonic inorganic material, dielectric inorganic material and luminescent inorganic material.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a core 133/crown 137 nanoparticle, wherein the core 133 is coated with an insulator crown.
  • the insulator crown prevents the aggregation of the inorganic cores 133.
  • the core 11 comprises a combination of at least two different inorganic nanoparticles (131, 132).
  • the resulting composite particle 1 will exhibit different properties.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of magnetic inorganic nanoparticle, plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle, dielectric inorganic nanoparticle and piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle.
  • the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, wherein said luminescent inorganic nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.
  • the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 500 to 560 nm, and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 600 to 750 nm.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus the composite particle 1 paired with a blue LED will be a white light emitter.
  • the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 500 to 560 nm, and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 600 to 2500 nm.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus the composite particle 1 paired with a blue LED will be a white light emitter.
  • the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 400 to 490 nm, and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 600 to 750 nm.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus the composite particle 1 will be a white light emitter.
  • the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent inorganic nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 400 to 490 nm, and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 600 to 2500 nm.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent inorganic nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum, thus the composite particle 1 will be a white light emitter.
  • the core 11 comprises at least two different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 400 to 490 nm, and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 500 to 560 nm.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum.
  • the core 11 comprises three different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein said luminescent nanoparticles have different emission wavelengths.
  • the core 11 comprises at least three different luminescent nanoparticles, wherein at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 400 to 490 nm, at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 500 to 560 nm and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emits at a wavelength in the range from 600 to 2500 nm.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the blue region of the visible spectrum, at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the green region of the visible spectrum and at least one luminescent nanoparticle emitting in the red region of the visible spectrum.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one magnetic inorganic nanoparticle and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of luminescent inorganic nanoparticle, plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle, dielectric inorganic nanoparticle and piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of luminescent inorganic nanoparticle, magnetic inorganic nanoparticle, dielectric inorganic nanoparticle and piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one dielectric inorganic nanoparticle and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of luminescent inorganic nanoparticle, magnetic inorganic nanoparticle, plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle and piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one piezoelectric inorganic nanoparticle and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of luminescent inorganic nanoparticle, magnetic inorganic nanoparticle, dielectric inorganic nanoparticle and plasmonic inorganic nanoparticle.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 without a shell and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of core 133/shell 134 inorganic nanoparticle 13 and core 133/insulator shell 136 inorganic nanoparticle 13.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one core 133/shell 134 inorganic nanoparticle 13 and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of inorganic nanoparticle 13 without a shell and core 133/insulator shell 136 inorganic nanoparticle 13.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one core 133/insulator shell 136 inorganic nanoparticle 13 and at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 selected in the group of inorganic nanoparticle 13 without a shell and core 133/shell 134 inorganic nanoparticle 13.
  • the core 11 comprises at least one luminescent nanoparticle and at least one plasmonic nanoparticle.
  • the core 11 comprises at least two inorganic nanoparticles 13.
  • the core 11 does not comprise a single inorganic nanoparticle 13.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 represents at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 5
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 represents at least 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 60%, 61%, 62%, 63%, 64%, 65%, 66%, 67%, 68%, 69%, 70%, 71%, 72%, 73%, 74%, 75%, 76%, 77%, 78%, 79%, 80%, 81%, 82%, 83%, 84%, 85%, 86%, 87%, 88%, 89%, 90%, 91%, 92%
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 does not represents 0.05 to 10% by weight of the composite particle 1.
  • the loading charge of inorganic nanoparticles 13 in a composite particle 1 is at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%
  • the loading charge of inorganic nanoparticles 13 in a composite particle 1 is less than 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%,
  • the inorganic nanoparticles 13 of a statistical set of inorganic nanoparticles 13 comprised in a composite particle 1 are not aggregated.
  • the inorganic nanoparticles 13 comprised in a composite particle 1 have a packing fraction of at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%
  • the inorganic nanoparticles 13 comprised in a composite particle 1 do not touch, are not in contact. According to one embodiment, the inorganic nanoparticles 13 comprised in a composite particle 1 are not aggregated. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is encapsulated in the core 11. According to one embodiment, the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is ROHS compliant.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm in weight of cadmium.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm,
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm,
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 may be replaced by at least one organic nanoparticle.
  • the organic nanoparticles are composed of a material selected in the group of carbon nanotube, graphene and its chemical derivatives, graphyne, fullerenes, nanodiamonds, boron nitride nanotubes, boron nitride nanosheets, phosphorene and Si2BN.
  • the composite particle 1 comprises at least one organic nanoparticle.
  • the composite particle 1 comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and at least one organic nanoparticle.
  • the vitrified shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has a thickness of at least 0.1 nm, 0.2 nm, 0.3 nm, 0.4 nm, 0.5 nm, 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 10.5 nm, 11 nm, 11.5 nm, 12 nm, 12.5 nm, 13 nm, 13.5 nm, 14 nm, 14.5 nm, 15 nm, 15.5 nm, 16 nm, 16.5 nm, 17 nm, 17.5 nm, 18 nm, 18.5 nm, 19 nm, 19.5
  • the vitrified shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has a thickness homogeneous all along the core 11, i.e. the vitrified shell 12 of the composite particle 1 has a same thickness all along the core 11.
  • the vitrified shell is completely vitrified.
  • the vitrified shell 12 is porous.
  • the vitrified shell 12 is considered porous when the specific surface of the composite particles 1 determined by adsorption-desorption of nitrogen and Brunauer–Emmett–Teller (BET) theory is: ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ , wherein S(BET) is the specific surface of said composite particles 1, ⁇ is the density of said composite particles 1 and d is the average diameter of said composite particles 1.
  • the organization of the porosity of the vitrified shell 12 can be hexagonal, vermicular or cubic.
  • the organized porosity of the vitrified shell 12 has a pore size of 1 nm, 1.5 nm, 2 nm, 2.5 nm, 3 nm, 3.5 nm, 4 nm, 4.5 nm, 5 nm, 5.5 nm, 6 nm, 6.5 nm, 7 nm, 7.5 nm, 8 nm, 8.5 nm, 9 nm, 9.5 nm, 10 nm, 11 nm, 12 nm, 13 nm, 14 nm, 15 nm, 16 nm, 17 nm, 18 nm, 19 nm, 20 nm, 21 nm, 22 nm, 23 nm, 24 nm, 25 nm, 26 nm, 27 nm, 28 nm, 29 nm, 30 nm, 31
  • the vitrified shell 12 does not comprise nanometer pore glass. According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 does not comprise uniform connected pores. According to one embodiment, the pore volume represents from 0% to 24%, or from 41% to 99% of the total volume of shell 12. According to one embodiment, the pore volume does not represent from 25% to 40% of the total volume of shell 12. According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 is not porous. According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 is transparent at wavelengths superior than 350 nm. In this embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 does not absorb any light allowing the core 11 to absorb all the incident light.
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises or consists of: SiyOx, B y O x , P y O x , Ge y O x , As y O x , Al y O x , Fe y O x , Ti y O x , Zr y O x , Ni y O x , Zn y O x , Ca y O x , Na y O x , Ba y O x , K y O x , Mg y O x , Pb y O x , Ag y O x , V y O x , P y O x , Te y O x , Mn y O x , or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 10, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • Oxides such as SiyOx, ByOx, PyOx, GeyOx, AsyOx, AlyOx form the vitrified network and oxides such as Fe y O x , Ti y O x , Zr y O x , Ni y O x , Zn y O x , Ca y O x , NayOx, BayOx, KyOx, MgyOx, PbyOx, AgyOx, VyOx, PyOx, TeyOx, MnyOx, even in small amounts can decrease the glass-transition temperature.
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-100 mole% Si y O x .
  • the vitrified shell 12 does not consist of pure SiO2, i.e. more than 96% SiO2.
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-40 mole% B y O x .
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-40 mole% P y O x .
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-40 mole% GeyOx.
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-40 mole% As y O x .
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% Al y O x .
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% FeyOx.
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% TiyOx. According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% ZryOx. According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% Ni y O x . According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% NayOx. According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% KyOx. According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-30 mole% Ca y O x . According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-20 mole% BayOx. According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-20 mole% MgyOx.
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-20 mole% Pb y O x . According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% Zn y O x . According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% AgyOx. According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% VyOx. According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% P y O x . According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% TeyOx. According to one embodiment, the vitrified shell 12 comprises 0-15 mole% MnyOx.
  • the vitrified shell 12 does not comprise a material made of 94-98 mole% SiO2, 1-3 mole% B2O3 and 1-3% Al2O3.
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises additional heteroelements, wherein said additional heteroelements include but are not limited to: Cd, S, Se, Zn, In, Te, Hg, Sn, Cu, N, Ga, Sb, Tl, Mo, Pd, Ce, W, Co, Mn, Si, Ge, B, P, Al, As, Fe, Ti, Zr, Ni, Ca, Na, Ba, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, or a mixture thereof.
  • heteroelements can diffuse in the composite particle 1 during heating step and form nanoclusters in situ inside the composite particle 1.
  • the vitrified shell 12 comprises additional heteroelements in small amounts of 0 mole%, 1 mole%, 5 mole%, 10 mole%, 15 mole%, 20 mole%, 25 mole%, 30 mole%, 35 mole%, 40 mole%, 45 mole%, 50 mole%.
  • the vitrified shell 12 has a glass-transition temperature Tg of 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, 1400°C.
  • Another object of the invention is the composite particle 1 of the invention, wherein said composite particle 1 is functionalized. A functionalized composite particle 1 can then be dispersed in a host material for further use.
  • the host material may comprise an ionic crystal based on acetate, carbonate, chloride, citrate, cyanide, fluoride, nitrate, nitrite, phosphate, or sulfate.
  • the composite particle 1 of the invention is functionalized with a specific-binding component, wherein said specific-binding component includes but is not limited to: antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, psoralens, hormones, nucleic acids, nucleic acid polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, liposomes, lipophilic polymers, synthetic polymers, polymeric microparticles, biological cells, virus and combinations thereof.
  • a specific-binding component includes but is not limited to: antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides
  • Preferred peptides include, but are not limited to: neuropeptides, cytokines, toxins, protease substrates, and protein kinase substrates.
  • Preferred protein conjugates include enzymes, antibodies, lectins, glycoproteins, histones, albumins, lipoproteins, avidin, streptavidin, protein A, protein G, phycobiliproteins and other fluorescent proteins, hormones, toxins and growth factors.
  • Preferred nucleic acid polymers are single- or multi-stranded, natural or synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, or DNA/RNA hybrids, or incorporating an unusual linker such as morpholine derivatized phosphates, or peptide nucleic acids such as N-(2- aminoethyl)glycine units, where the nucleic acid contains fewer than 50 nucleotides, more typically fewer than 25 nucleotides.
  • the functionalization of the composite particle 1 of the invention can be made using techniques known in the art. Another object of the invention relates to a method for obtaining the composite particle 1 of the invention. In one embodiment, the method comprises the following steps:
  • At least one solution comprising Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , TiO2 nanoparticles, or a mixture thereof;
  • the method comprises the following steps:
  • At least one solution comprising Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , TiO2 nanoparticles, or a mixture thereof;
  • the method comprises the following steps:
  • At least one solution comprising Al 2 O 3 , SiO 2 , MgO, ZnO, ZrO 2 , TiO2 nanoparticles, or a mixture thereof;
  • the organic solvent includes but is not limited to: hexane, heptane, pentane, octane, decane, dodecane, methylformamide, n,n-dimethylformamide, octadecene, squalene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone, acetic acid, dimethylsulfoxide, amines such as for example tri-n-octylamine, oleylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, alcohols such as for example methanol, isopropanol, ethanol, methanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-decanol, propane-2- ol, ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol or a mixture
  • the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above comprises said element and is capable of liberating said element in solution.
  • the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is an alkoxide precursor of formula XM a (OR) b , wherein:
  • - R is a linear alkyl chain comprising a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms, R includes but is not limited to: methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, or octyl;
  • - X is optional and is a linear alkyl chain that can comprise an alcohol group, a thiol group, an amino group, or a carboxylic group, comprising a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms; and
  • the alkoxide precursor of formula XMa(OR)b includes but is not limited to: tetramethyl orthosilicate, tetraethyl orthosilicate, polydiethyoxysilane, n- alkyltrimethoxylsilanes such as for example n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n- octyltrimethoxylsilane, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane, 3- mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 11- mercaptoundecyltrimethoxysilane, 3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 11-aminoundecyltrimethoxysilane, 3-(2-(2- aminoethylamino)ethylamino)propyl
  • the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is an inorganic halide precursor.
  • the halide precursor includes but is not limited to: halide silicates such as for example ammonium fluorosilicate, sodium fluorosilicate, or a mixture thereof.
  • the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is a pure solid precursor.
  • the pure solid precursor includes but is not limited to: pure solid silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, tellurium, manganese, iridium, scandium, niobium, tin, cerium, beryllium, tantalum, sulfur, selenium, or a mixture thereof.
  • the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is an inorganic oxide precursor.
  • the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is an inorganic hydroxide precursor.
  • the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described above is an inorganic salt.
  • the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described hereabove is an inorganic complex.
  • the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described hereabove is an inorganic cluster.
  • the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group described hereabove is an organometallic compound Ma(YcRb)d, wherein:
  • - Y is an halogenide, or a amide
  • - R is an alkyl chain or alkenyl chain or alkinyl chain comprising a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms, R includes but is not limited to: methyl, ethyl, isopropyl, n-butyl, or octyl;
  • examples of the organometallic compound Ma(YcRb)d include but are not limited to: Grignard reagents; metallocenes; metal amidinates; metal alkyl halides; metal alkyls such as for example dimethylzinc, diethylzinc, dimethylcadmium, diethylcadmium, dimethylindium or diethylindium; metal and metalloid amides such as Al[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 3 , Cd[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 , Hf[NMe 2 ] 4 , In[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 3 , Sn(NMe 2 ) 2 , Sn[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 , Zn[N(SiMe 3 ) 2 ] 2 or Zn[(NiBu 2 ) 2
  • the at least one precursor of at least one heteroelement selected from the group described above includes but is not limited to: carboxylates, carbonates, thiolates, oxides, phosphates, sulfates, nitrates, acetates, chlorides, bromides, acetylacetonate or a mixture thereof.
  • the at least one precursor of cadmium includes but is not limited to: cadmium carboxylates Cd(R-COO)2, wherein R is a linear alkyl chain comprising a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms; cadmium oxide CdO; cadmium sulfate Cd(SO 4 ); cadmium nitrate Cd(NO 3 ) 2 ⁇ 4H 2 O; cadmium acetate (CH 3 COO) 2 Cd ⁇ 2H 2 O; cadmium chloride CdCl2 ⁇ 2.5H2O; dimethylcadmium; dineopentylcadmium; bis(3- diethylaminopropyl)cadmium; (2,2 ⁇ -bipyridine)dimethylcadmium; cadmium ethylxanthate; cysteine or a mixture thereof.
  • the at least one precursor of selenium includes but is not limited to: solid selenium; tri-n-octylphosphine selenium such as for example tri-n- butylphosphine selenide or tri-n-octylphosphine selenide; selenium oxide SeO 2 ; hydrogen selenide H 2 Se; diethylselenide; methylallylselenide; salts such as for example magnesium selenide, calcium selenide, sodium selenide, potassium selenide; or a mixture thereof.
  • the at least one precursor of zinc includes but is not limited to: zinc carboxylates Zn(R-COO) 2 , wherein R is a linear alkyl chain comprising a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms; zinc oxide ZnO; zinc sulfate Zn(SO4),xH2O where x is from 1 to 7; zinc nitrate Zn(NO3)2,xH2O where x is from 1 to 4; zinc acetate (CH 3 COO) 2 Zn ⁇ 2H 2 O; zinc chloride ZnCl 2 ; diethylzinc (Et 2 Zn); chloro(ethoxycarbonylmethyl)zinc; or a mixture thereof.
  • Zn(R-COO) 2 wherein R is a linear alkyl chain comprising a range of 1 to 25 carbon atoms
  • zinc oxide ZnO zinc sulfate Zn(SO4),xH2O where x is from 1 to 7
  • the at least one precursor of sulfur includes but is not limited to: solid sulfur; sulfur oxides; tri-n-alkylphosphine sulfide such as for example tri-n-butylphosphine sulfide or tri-n-octylphosphine sulfide; hydrogen sulfide H 2 S; thiols such as for example n-butanethiol, n-octanethiol or n-dodecanethiol; diethylsulfide; methylallylsulfide; salts such as for example magnesium sulfide, calcium sulfide, sodium sulfide, potassium sulfide; or a mixture thereof.
  • the at least one precursor of phosphorus includes but is not limited to: solid phosphorus; phosphine; tri-n-alkylphosphine sulfide such as for example tri-n-butylphosphine sulfide or tri-n-octylphosphine sulfide; tri-n- alkylphosphine selenide such as for example tri-n-butylphosphine selenide or tri-n- octylphosphine selenide; or a mixture thereof.
  • molecular oxygen and/or molecular water are removed from the aqueous solvent prior to step (a).
  • molecular oxygen and/or molecular water are removed from the organic solvent prior to step (a).
  • methods to remove molecular oxygen and/or molecular water known to those of skill in the art may be used to remove molecular oxygen and/or molecular water from solvents, such as for example distillate or degas said solvent.
  • the hydrolysis and/or condensation of the at least one precursor of at least one element selected from the group constituted by silicon, boron, phosphorus, germanium, arsenic, aluminium, iron, titanium, zirconium, nickel, zinc, calcium, sodium, barium, potassium, magnesium, lead, silver, vanadium, phosphorus, tellurium, manganese starts prior to step a).
  • the base includes but is not limited to: sodium hydroxide, potassium hydroxide, ammonium hydroxide, lithium hydroxide, rubidium hydroxide, cesium hydroxide, magnesium hydroxide, calcium hydroxide, strontium hydroxide, barium hydroxide, sodium tetraborate decahydrated, sodium ethoxide, imidazole, methylamine, potassium tert-butoxide, ammonium pyridine, a tetra-alkylammonium hydroxide such as for example tetramethylammonium hydroxide, tetrapropylammonium hydroxide and tetrabutylammonium hydroxide, or a mixture thereof.
  • the acid includes but is not limited to: acetic acid, hydrochloric acid, hydrobromic acid, hydroiodic acid, hydrofluoric acid, sulfuric acid, nitric acid, boric acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, lipoic acid, urocanic acid, 3- mercaptopropionic acid, phosphonic acid such as for example butylphosphonic acid, octylphosphonic acid and dodecylphosphonic acid, or a mixture thereof.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is suspended in an organic solvent, wherein said organic solvent includes but is not limited to: hexane, heptane, pentane, octane, decane, dodecane, methylformamide, n,n-dimethylformamide, octadecene, squalene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone, acetic acid, dimethylsulfoxide, octadecene, squalane, amines such as for example tri-n-octylamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, oleylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, squalene, dimethylformamide, alcohols such as for example ethanol, methanol, 1-butanol, 1- hexanol, 1-decanol, propane-2-o
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is suspended in water.
  • the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is transferred in an aqueous solvent by exchanging the ligands at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13.
  • the exchanging ligands include but are not limited to: 2-mercaptoacetic acid, 3-mercaptopropionic acid, 12- mercaptododecanoic acid, 2-mercaptoehtyltrimethoxysilane, 3- mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 12-mercaptododecyltrimethoxysilane.
  • the ligands at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 are exchanged with at least one exchanging ligand comprising at least one atom of Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Zn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, or Mn.
  • the at least one exchanging ligand comprises at least one atom of at least one precursor of the shell 12 allowing the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 to be homogeneously distributed in the composite particle 1.
  • At least one exchanging ligand comprising at least one atom of Si the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 can be silanized prior to step a).
  • at least one exchanging ligand comprising at least one atom of Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Zn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, or Mn includes but is not limited to: mercapto-functional silanes such as for example 2-mercaptoethyltrimethoxysilane, 3-mercaptopropyltrimethoxysilane, 12- mercaptododecyltrimethoxysilane; 2-aminooehtyltrimethoxysilane; 3- aminopropyltrimethoxysilane, 12-aminododecyltrimethoxysilane; or a mixture thereof.
  • the ligands at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 are partially exchanged with at least one exchanging ligand comprising at least one atom of Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Zn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, or Mn.
  • the at least one exchanging ligand comprising at least one atom of Si, Al, Ti, B, P, Ge, As, Fe, T, Z, Ni, Zn, Ca, Na, K, Mg, Pb, Ag, V, P, Te, or Mn.
  • n- alkyltrimethoxylsilanes such as for example n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n- octyltrimethoxylsilane, n- dodecyltrimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane; 2-aminooehtyltrimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 12-aminododecyltrimethoxysilane.
  • the at least one ligand comprising at least one atom of silicon, aluminium or titanium is added to the at least one colloidal solution comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13.
  • the at least one ligand comprising at least one atom of silicon, aluminium or titanium includes but is not limited to: n- alkyltrimethoxylsilanes such as for example n-butyltrimethoxysilane, n- octyltrimethoxylsilane, n-dodecyltrimethoxysilane, n-octadecyltrimethoxysilane; 2- aminooehtyltrimethoxysilane; 3-aminopropyltrimethoxysilane; 12- aminododecyltrimethoxysilane.
  • the ligands at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and the at least one ligand comprising at least one atom of silicon, aluminium or titanium are interdigitated at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13, allowing the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 to be homogeneously distributed in the composite particle 1.
  • the ligands at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 are exchanged with at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer.
  • said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer comprises at least 2 monomers, said monomers being:
  • said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer has the following formula I:
  • A comprising at least one anchoring monomer comprising a first moiety MA having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 as described here above;
  • each of x and y is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 499, from 1 to 249, from 1 to 99, or from 1 to 24.
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer has the following formula II:
  • RA represents a group comprising the first moiety MA having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 as described here above;
  • RB represents a group comprising the second moiety MB having a high water solubility
  • R1, R2, R3, R4, R5, R6 can be independently H, or a group selected from an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyle, halogen, alkoxy, carboxylate;
  • each of x and y is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 499.
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer comprising at least 2 monomers has the following formula II’:
  • RA’ and RA represent respectively a group comprising the first moiety MA’ and MA” having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13,
  • RB’ and RB represent respectively a group comprising the second moiety MB’ and MB” having a high water solubility
  • R 1 ’, R 2 ’, R 3 ’, R 1 ”, R 2 ”, R 3 ”, R 4 ’, R 5 ’, R 6 ’, R 4 ”, R 5 ”, R 6 ” can be independently H, or a group selected from an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyle, halogen, alkoxy, carboxylate; each of x’ and x” is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 0 to 499, with the condition that at least one of x’ and x” is not 0;
  • each of y’ and y” is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 0 to 499, with the condition that at least one of y’ and y” is not 0.
  • said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is synthesized from at least 2 monomers, said monomers being:
  • said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is synthesized from at least 3 monomers, said monomers being:
  • said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer has the following formula III:
  • A comprises at least one anchoring monomer comprising a first moiety MA having affinity for the surface of a nanocrystal as described here above,
  • C comprises at least one functionalizable monomer comprising a third moiety MC having a reactive function
  • each of x, y and z is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 498.
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer has the following formula IV:
  • R A , R B , R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are defined here above;
  • R C represents a group comprising the third moiety M C ;
  • R8, R9 and R10 can be independently H, or a group selected from an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alcoxy, carboxylate; each of x, y and z is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 498.
  • said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer comprising at least 2 monomers has the following formula IV’:
  • R A ’, R A ”, R B ’, R B ”, R 1 ’, R 2 ’, R 3 ’, R 1 ”, R 2 ”, R 3 ”, R 4 ’, R 5 ’, R 6 ’, R 4 ”, R 5 ”, and R 6 ” are defined here above;
  • RC’ and RC represent respectively a group comprising the third moiety MC’ and MC”;
  • R 8 ’, R 10 ’, R 8 ”, R 9 ”, and R 10 can be independently H, or a group selected from an alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alcoxy, carboxylate;
  • each of x’ and x is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 0 to 499, with the condition that at least one of x’ and x” is not 0;
  • each of y’ and y” is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 0 to 499, with the condition that at least one of y’ and y” is not 0;
  • each of z’ and z is independently a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 0 to 499, with the condition that at least one of z’ and z” is not 0.
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is obtained from at least 2 monomers, said monomers being:
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of general formula (V):
  • A represents an anchoring monomer having a side-chain comprising a first moiety MA having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13;
  • B represents a hydrophilic monomer having a side-chain comprising a second moiety M B being hydrophilic;
  • n represents a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 1000, preferably from 1 to 499, from 1 to 249 or from 1 to 99;
  • x and y represent each independently a percentage of n, wherein x and y are different from 0% of n and different from 100% of n, preferably ranging from more than 0% to less than 100% of n, preferably from more than 0% to 80% of n, from more than 0% to 50% of n; wherein x+y is equal to 100% of n;
  • R represents:
  • a functional group selected from the group comprising -NH2, -COOH, -OH, -SH, -CHO, ketone, halide; activated ester such as for example N- hydroxysuccinimide ester, N-hydroxyglutarimide ester or maleimide ester; activated carboxylic acid such as for example acid anhydride or acid halide; isothiocyanate; isocyanate; alkyne; azide; glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride; hydrazide; chloroformate, maleimide, alkene,silane, hydrazone, oxime and furan; and
  • a bioactive group selected from the group comprising avidin or streptavidin; antibody such as a monoclonal antibody or a single chain antibody; sugars; a protein or peptide sequence having a specific binding affinity for an affinity target, such as for example an avimer or an affibody (the affinity target may be for example a protein, a nucleic acid, a peptide, a metabolite or a small molecule), antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, aptamers, nucleic acids, nucleotides, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), folates, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipid, lipoprotein, lipopolysaccharide, liposome hormone, polysaccharide, polymers, polyhistidine tags, fluorophores; and L represents a bound or a spacer selected from the group comprising alkylene, alkenylene, ary
  • n, x, y, L, R, MA and MB are as defined above;
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of formula (V-b):
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of formula (V-c):
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of formula (V-d):
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of formula (V-e):
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of general formula (VI):
  • n, x, y, L and R are as defined in formula (V);
  • RA represents a group comprising the first moiety MA having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13;
  • R B represents a group comprising the second moiety M B being hydrophilic;
  • R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 represent each independently H or a group selected from the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy and carboxylate, amide.
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of general formula (VII):
  • RA’ and RA represent respectively a group comprising a first moiety MA’ and a group comprising a first moiety MA”, said moieties MA’ and MA” having affinity for the surface of a the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13;
  • RB’ and RB represent respectively a group comprising a second moiety MB’ and a group comprising a second moiety M B ”, said moieties M B ’ and M B ” being hydrophilic;
  • R 1’ , R 2’ , R 3’ , R 4’ , R 5’ , R 6’ , R 1” , R 2” , R 3” , R 4” , R 5” and R 6” represent each independently H or a group selected from the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy and carboxylate, amide;
  • n represents a positive integer, preferably an integer ranging from 1 to 1000, preferably from 1 to 499, from 1 to 249 or from 1 to 99;
  • x’ and x represent each independently a percentage of n, wherein at least one of x’ and x” is different from 0% of n; wherein x’ and x” are different from 100% of n, preferably x’ and x” are ranging from more than 0% to less than 100% of n, preferably from more than 0% to 50% of n, from more than 0% to 50% of n;
  • y’ and y represent each independently a percentage of n, wherein at least one of y’ and y” is different from 0% of n; wherein y’ and y” are different from 100% of n, preferably y’ and y” are from more than 0% to less than 100% of n, preferably from more than 0% to 50% of n, from more than 0% to 50% of n;
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is synthesized from at least 3 monomers, said monomers being:
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of general formula (VIII):
  • A, B, L, R and n are as defined above;
  • C represents an hydrophobic monomer having a side-chain comprising a moiety MC being hydrophobic;
  • x, y and z represent each independently a percentage of n, wherein x and y are different from 0% of n and different from 100% of n, preferably x, y and z are ranging from more than 0% to less than 100% of n, preferably from more than 0% to 80% of n, from more than 0% to 50% of n and wherein x+y+z is equal to 100% of n.
  • the at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer is of general formula (IX):
  • n, L, R, RA, RB, R 1 , R 2 , R 3 , R 4 , R 5 and R 6 are as defined above;
  • RC represents a group comprising the third moiety MC being hydrophobic;
  • R 8 , R 9 , and R 10 represent each independently H or a group selected from the alkyl, alkenyl, aryl, hydroxyl, halogen, alkoxy and carboxylate, amide;
  • x, y and z represent each independently a percentage of n, wherein x and y are different from 0% of n and different from 100% of n, preferably x, y and z are ranging from more than 0% to less than 100% of n, preferably from more than 0% to 80% of n, from more than 0% to 50% of n; and wherein x+y+z is equal to 100% of n.
  • x+y is ranging from 5 to 500, from 5 to 250, from 5 to 100, from 5 to 75, from 5 to 50, from 10 to 50, from 10 to 30, from 5 to 35, from 5 to 25, from 15 to 25.
  • x+y+z is ranging from 5 to 750, 5 to 500, 5 to 150, 5 to 100, 10 to 75, 10 to 50, 5 to 50, 15 to 25, 5 to 25.
  • x’+x”+y’+y is ranging from 5 to 500, from 5 to 250, from 5 to 100, from 5 to 75, from 5 to 50, from 10 to 50, from 10 to 30, from 5 to 35, from 5 to 25, from 15 to 25.
  • said x is equal to x’+x”.
  • said y is equal to y’+y”.
  • x’+x”+y’+y”+z’+z is ranging from 5 to 750, 5 to 500, 5 to 150, 5 to 100, 10 to 75, 10 to 50, 5 to 50, 15 to 25, 5 to 25. In one embodiment of the invention, said z is equal to z’+z”.
  • the first moiety MA having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has preferably affinity for a metal present at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 or for a material present at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and selected in the group of O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As, and mixture thereof.
  • said at least one exchanging ligand which is a copolymer comprising at least 2 monomers has a plurality of monomers including the monomer A and the monomer B.
  • said ligand is a random or block copolymer.
  • said ligand is a random or block copolymer consisting essentially of monomer A and monomer B.
  • said ligand is a multi-dentate ligand.
  • said first moiety M A having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and in particular affinity for a metal present at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 includes, but is not limited to, a thiol moiety, a dithiol moiety, an imidazole moiety, a catechol moiety, a pyridine moiety, a pyrrole moiety, a thiophene moiety, a thiazole moiety, a pyrazine moiety, a carboxylic acid or carboxylate moiety, a naphthyridine moiety, a phosphine moiety, a phosphine oxide moiety, a phenol moiety, a primary amine moiety, a secondary amine moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a quaternary amine moiety, an aromatic amine moiety, or a combination thereof.
  • said first moiety MA having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and in particular affinity for a material selected in the group of O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As, and mixture thereof includes, but is not limited to, an imidazole moiety, a pyridine moiety, a pyrrole moiety, a thiazole moiety, a pyrazine moiety, a naphthyridine moiety, a phosphine moiety, a phosphine oxide moiety, a primary amine moiety, a secondary amine moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a quaternary amine moiety, an aromatic amine moiety, or a combination thereof.
  • said first moiety M A is not a dihydrolipoic acid (DHLA) moiety.
  • said first moiety MA is not an imidazole moiety.
  • monomers A and B are methacrylamide monomers.
  • said second moiety M B having a high water solubility includes, but is not limited to, a zwitterionic moiety (i.e.
  • any compound having both a negative charge and a positive charge preferably a group with both an ammonium group and a sulfonate group or a group with both an ammonium group and a carboxylate group
  • an aminocarboxylate, an aminosulfonate, a carboxybetaine moiety wherein the ammonium group may be included in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered cycle, a five-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2 or 3 further nitrogen atoms, a six- membered cycle, a six-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 further nitrogen atoms, a sulfobetaine moiety wherein the ammonium group may be included in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered cycle, a five-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2 or 3 further nitrogen atoms, a six-membered cycle, a six-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 further nitrogen atoms, a phosphofobe
  • a suitable PEG moiety is -[O-CH2-CHR’] n -R’’, wherein R’ can be H or C1-C3 alkyl, R’’ can be H, -OH, C1-C6 alkyl, C1-C6 alkoxy, aryl, aryloxy, arylalkyl, or arylalkoxy and n can be an integer in the range of 1 to 120, preferably of 1 to 60, more preferably of 1 to 30.
  • B when B comprises a monomer comprising a second moiety MB which is a PEG moiety, then B further comprises at least one monomer comprising a second moiety MB which is not a PEG moiety.
  • said second moiety MB having a high water solubility is not a PEG moiety.
  • said moiety MA comprises said moieties MA’ and MA”.
  • said moiety M B comprises said moieties M B ’ and M B ”.
  • said first moieties MA’ and MA” having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and in particular affinity for a metal present at the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 include, but is not limited to, a thiol moiety, a dithiol moiety, an imidazole moiety, a catechol moiety, a pyridine moiety, a pyrrole moiety, a thiophene moiety, a thiazole moiety, a pyrazine moiety, a carboxylic acid or carboxylate moiety, a naphthyridine moiety, a phosphine moiety, a phosphine oxide moiety, a phenol moiety, a primary amine moiety, a secondary amine moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a quaternary amine moiety, an aromatic amine moiety, or a combination thereof.
  • said first moieties M A ’ and M A ” having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and in particular affinity for a material selected in the group of O, S, Se, Te, N, P, As, and mixture thereof include, but is not limited to, an imidazole moiety, a pyridine moiety, a pyrrole moiety, a thiazole moiety, a pyrazine moiety, a naphthyridine moiety, a phosphine moiety, a phosphine oxide moiety, a primary amine moiety, a secondary amine moiety, a tertiary amine moiety, a quaternary amine moiety, an aromatic amine moiety, or a combination thereof.
  • said first moiety MA’ having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is a dithiol moiety and said first moiety MA” having affinity for the surface of the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 is an imidazole moiety.
  • said second moieties MB’ and MB” having a high water solubility include, but is not limited to, a zwitterionic moiety (i.e.
  • any compound having both a negative charge and a positive charge preferably a group with both an ammonium group and a sulfonate group or a group with both an ammonium group and a carboxylate group
  • an aminocarboxylate, an aminosulfonate, a carboxybetaine moiety wherein the ammonium group may be included in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered cycle, a five-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2 or 3 further nitrogen atoms, a six-membered cycle, a six-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 further nitrogen atoms, a sulfobetaine moiety wherein the ammonium group may be included in an aliphatic chain, a five-membered cycle, a five-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2 or 3 further nitrogen atoms, a six-membered cycle, a six-membered heterocycle comprising 1, 2, 3 or 4 further nitrogen atoms, a sulfo
  • said second moiety MB’ having a high water solubility is a sulfobetaine group and said second moiety M B ” having a high water solubility is a PEG moiety.
  • said third moiety MC having a reactive function can form a covalent bond with a selected agent under selected conditions and includes, but is not limited to, any moiety having an amine group such as a primary amine group, any moiety having an azido group, any moiety having an halogen group, any moiety having an alkenyl group, any moiety having an alkynyl group, any moiety having an acidic function, any moiety having an activated acidic function, any moiety having an alcoholic group, any moiety having an activated alcoholic group, any moiety having a thiol group.
  • the reactive function of Mc may be protected by any suitable protective group commonly used in the chemical practice. Protection and deprotection may be performed by any suitable method known in the art and adapted to the structure of the molecule to be protected.
  • the reactive function of Mc may be protected during the synthesis of the ligand and removed after the polymerization step.
  • the reactive group of M C may alternatively be introduced in the ligand after the polymerization step.
  • said third moiety M C having a reactive function can form a non covalent bond with a selective binding counterpart and said third moiety MC having a reactive function includes, but is not limited to, biotin that binds its counterpart streptavidin, a nucleic acid that binds its counterpart a sequence- complementary nucleic acid, FK506 that binds its counterpart FKBP, an antibody that binds its counterpart the corresponding antigen.
  • R C comprising the third moiety M C can have the formula–LC-MC, wherein LC can be a bond or an alkylene, alkenylene, a PEG moiety, or arylene linking group having 1 to 8 chain atoms and can be optionally interrupted or terminated by–O-, -S-, -NR 7 -, wherein R 7 is H or alkyl, -CO-, -NHCO-, -CONH- or a combination thereof and M C corresponds to the third moiety as described here above.
  • a suitable PEG moiety is -[O-CH2-CHR’]n-, wherein R’ can be H or C1- C3 alkyl, and n can be an integer in the range of 0 to 30.
  • the functional group is selected from the group comprising -NH2, -COOH, -OH, -SH, -CHO, ketone, halide; activated ester such as for example N-hydroxysuccinimide ester, N-hydroxyglutarimide ester or maleimide ester; activated carboxylic acid such as for example acid anhydride or acid halide; isothiocyanate; isocyanate; alkyne; azide; glutaric anhydride, succinic anhydride, maleic anhydride; hydrazide; chloroformate, maleimide, alkene,silane, hydrazone, oxime and furan.
  • the bioactive group is selected from the group comprising avidin or streptavidin; antibody such as a monoclonal antibody or a single chain antibody; sugars; a protein or peptide sequence having a specific binding affinity for an affinity target, such as for example an avimer or an affibody (the affinity target may be for example a protein, a nucleic acid, a peptide, a metabolite or a small molecule), antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, aptamers, nucleic acids, nucleotides, peptide nucleic acid (PNA), folates, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipid, lipoprotein, lipopolysaccharide, liposome hormone, polysaccharide, polymers, polyhistidine tags, fluorophores.
  • avidin or streptavidin such as a monoclonal antibody or a single chain antibody
  • sugars such as
  • comprising the first moiety MA can have the formula–LA-MA, wherein LA can be a bond or an alkylene, alkenylene, or arylene linking group having 1 to 8 chain atoms and can be optionally interrupted or terminated by–O-, -S-, -NR7-, wherein R7 is H or alkyl, -CO-, -NHCO-, -CONH- or a combination thereof and MA corresponds to the first moiety as described here above.
  • R B comprising the second moiety M B can have the formula– LB-MB, wherein LB can be a bond or an alkylene, alkenylene, or arylene linking group having 1 to 8 chain atoms and can be optionally interrupted or terminated by–O-, -S-, -NR 7 -, wherein R 7 is H or alkyl, -CO-, -NHCO-, -CONH- or a combination thereof and M B corresponds to the second moiety as described here above.
  • the at least one colloidal solution comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 has a concentration in said inorganic nanoparticle 13 of 0.001%, 0.002%, 0.003%, 0.004%, 0.005%, 0.006%, 0.007%, 0.008%, 0.009%, 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%
  • nanoparticles 13 are not synthetized in a composite particle 1 in situ during the method. According to one embodiment, nanoparticles 13 are not grown in a composite particle 1 in situ during the method. According to one embodiment, the nanoparticles 13 are encapsulated into the core 11 during the formation of said core 11. For example, said nanoparticles are not inserted in nor put in contact with a previously obtained core 11. When the core 11 comprises an inorganic material, the nanoparticles 13 are encapsulated into the inorganic material during the formation of said inorganic material.
  • examples of the surfactant include but are not limited to: carboxylic acids such as for example oleic acid, acetic acid, octanoic acid; thiols such as octanethiol, hexanethiol, butanethiol; 4-mercaptobenzoic acid; amines such as for example oleylamine, 1,6-hexanediamine, octylamine; phosphonic acids; antibodies or a mixture thereof.
  • the surfactant is not an Igepal surfactant.
  • the method ⁇ for obtaining the composite particle 1 of the invention is not surfactant-free.
  • the nanoparticles may be better stabilized in solution during the method allowing to limit or prevent any degradation of their chemical or physical properties during the method. Furthermore, the colloidal stability of composite particles 1 may be enhanced, especially it may be easier to disperse the composite particles 1 in solution at the end of the method.
  • the method ⁇ for obtaining the composite particle 1 of the invention is surfactant-free.
  • the surface of the composite particle 1 obtained or obtainable by the method of the invention will be easy to functionalize as said surface will not be blocked by any surfactant molecule.
  • the droplets of the mixing solution described above are formed by spray-drying or spray-pyrolysis.
  • the droplets of the mixing solution and composite particle 1 described above are not formed by flame pyrolysis.
  • the droplets after formation, the droplets are dispersed and entrained by a gas flow. In this embodiment, no solid particles are entrained in the gas flow by themselves, i.e. without being in a droplet.
  • the droplets of the mixing solution described above are formed by a drop by drop delivering system using gravity, centrifuge force or static electricity.
  • the droplets of the mixing solution are spherical.
  • the droplets of the mixing solution are polydisperse.
  • the droplets of the mixing solution are monodisperse.
  • the size of the composite particles 1 is correlated to the diameter of the droplets. The smaller the size of the droplets, the smaller the size of the resulting composite particles 1. According to one embodiment, the size of the composite particles 1 is smaller than the diameter of the droplets.
  • the droplets of the mixing solution have a diameter of at least 10 nm, 50 nm, 100 nm, 150 nm, 200 nm, 250 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 ⁇ m, 50 ⁇ m, 100 ⁇ m, 150 ⁇ m, 200 ⁇ m, 250 ⁇ m, 300 ⁇ m, 350 ⁇ m, 400 ⁇ m, 450 ⁇ m, 500 ⁇ m, 550 ⁇ m, 600 ⁇ m, 650 ⁇ m, 700 ⁇ m, 750 ⁇ m, 800 ⁇ m, 850 ⁇ m, 900 ⁇ m, 950 ⁇ m, 1 mm, 1.1 mm, 1.2 mm, 1.3 mm, 1.4
  • the droplets of the mixing solution are dispersed in a gas flow
  • the gas includes but is not limited to: nitrogen, argon, hydrogen, dioxygen, helium, carbon dioxide, carbon monoxide, NO, NO2, N2O, F2, Cl2, H2Se, CH4, PH3, NH3, SO 2 , H 2 S or a mixture thereof.
  • the gas flow has a speed ranging from 0.01 to 1000 cm 3 /s.
  • the gas flow has a rate ranging from 0.01 to 1 ⁇ 10 10 cm 3 /s.
  • the gas inlet pressure is 0, 0.5, 1, 1.5, 2, 2.5, 3, 3.5, 4, 4.5, 5, 5.5, 6, 6.5, 7, 7.5, 8, 8.5, 9, 9.5, or 10 bar.
  • the gas flow has a rate of at least 0.01 cm 3 /s, 0.02 cm 3 /s, 0.03 cm 3 /s, 0.04 cm 3 /s, 0.05 cm 3 /s, 0.06 cm 3 /s, 0.07 cm 3 /s, 0.08 cm 3 /s, 0.09 cm 3 /s, 0.1 cm 3 /s, 0.15 cm 3 /s, 0.25 cm 3 /s, 0.3 cm 3 /s, 0.35 cm 3 /s, 0.4 cm 3 /s, 0.45 cm 3 /s, 0.5 cm 3 /s, 0.55 cm 3 /s, 0.6 cm 3 /s, 0.65 cm 3 /s, 0.7 cm 3 /s, 0.75 cm 3 /s, 0.8 cm 3 /s, 0.85 cm
  • the feed rate of solution i.e. the flow of solution sprayed into the device, is in the range from 1 mL/h to 10000 mL/h, from 5 mL/h to 5000 mL/h, from 10 mL/h to 2000 mL/h, from 30 mL/h to 1000 mL/h.
  • the feed rate of solution is at least 1 mL/h, 1.5 mL/h, 2.5 mL/h, 3 mL/h, 3.5 mL/h, 4 mL/h, 4.5 mL/h, 5 mL/h, 5.5 mL/h, 6 mL/h, 6.5 mL/h, 7 mL/h, 7.5 mL/h, 8 mL/h, 8.5 mL/h, 9 mL/h, 9.5 mL/h, 10 mL/h, 10.5 mL/h, 11 mL/h, 11.5 mL/h, 12 mL/h, 12.5 mL/h, 13 mL/h, 13.5 mL/h, 14 mL/h, 14.5 mL/h, 15 mL/h, 15.5 mL/h, 16 mL/h, 16.5 mL/h, 17 mL/h, 17.5 m
  • the droplets of the mixing solution are heated at a temperature sufficient to evaporate the solvent from the said droplet and vitrify materials constituting the shell 12 and comprised in said droplets to transform the droplets into vitrified particles comprising a core 11 and a shell 12, wherein the core 11 comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and the shell 12 is made of vitrified glass.
  • the droplets of the mixing solution are heated at a temperature, above the glass-transition temperature of the materials constituting the shell 12 and comprised in said droplets. Heating above the glass-transition temperature will transform the droplets into solid vitrified particles comprising a core 11 and a shell 12, wherein the core 11 comprises at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and the shell 12 is made of vitrified glass.
  • the droplets of the mixing solution are heated at least at 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, 1400°C.
  • the droplets of the mixing solution are heated at least at 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, 1400°C.
  • the droplets are heated at less than 0°C, 10°C, 15°C, 20°C, 25°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, or 1400°C.
  • the droplets are dried at least at 0°C, 25°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, or 1400°C.
  • the droplets are dried at less than 0°C, 25°C, 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, or 1400°C.
  • the time of heating step is 0.1 seconds, 0.2 seconds, 0.3 seconds, 0.4 seconds, 0.5 seconds, 1 second, 1.5 seconds, 2 seconds, 2.5 seconds, 3 seconds, 3.5 seconds, 4 seconds, 4.5 seconds, 5 seconds, 5.5 seconds, 6 seconds, 6.5 seconds, 7 seconds, 7.5 seconds, 8 seconds, 8.5 seconds, 9 seconds, 9.5 seconds, 10 seconds, 10.5 seconds, 11 seconds, 11.5 seconds, 12 seconds, 12.5 seconds, 13 seconds, 13.5 seconds, 14 seconds, 14.5 seconds, 15 seconds, 15.5 seconds, 16 seconds, 16.5 seconds, 17 seconds, 17.5 seconds, 18 seconds, 18.5 seconds, 19 seconds, 19.5 seconds, 20 seconds, 21 seconds, 22 seconds, 23 seconds, 24 seconds, 25 seconds, 26 seconds, 27 seconds, 28 seconds, 29 seconds, 30 seconds, 31 seconds, 32 seconds, 33 seconds, 34 seconds, 35 seconds, 36 seconds, 37 seconds, 38 seconds, 39 seconds, 40 seconds, 41 seconds, 42 seconds, 43 seconds, 44 seconds, 45 seconds, 46 seconds, 47 seconds, 48 seconds, 49 seconds, 50 seconds,
  • the droplets of the mixing solution are heated using a flame.
  • the droplets of the mixing solution are not heated using a flame.
  • the droplets are heated by convection as heat transfer.
  • the droplets are heated by infra-red radiation.
  • the droplets are heated by micro-waves.
  • the droplets are not heated by micro-waves.
  • the droplets are not heated by induction.
  • the droplets are not heated by laser sources.
  • the heating step takes place in a tubular furnace.
  • the composite particles 1 are cooled down at a temperature inferior to the heating temperature.
  • the composite particles 1 are cooled down at a temperature of -200°C, -180°C, -160°C, -140°C, -120°C, -100°C, -80°C, -60°C, -40°C, -20°C, 0°C, 20°C, 40°C, 60°C, 80°C, 100°C.
  • the cooling step is fact and the time of cooling step is 0.1°C/s, 1°C/s, 10°C/sec, 50°C/sec, 100°C/sec, 150°C/sec, 200°C/sec, 250°C/sec, 300°C/sec, 350°C/sec, 400°C/sec, 450°C/sec, 500°C/sec, 550°C/sec, 600°C/sec, 650°C/sec, 700°C/sec, 750°C/sec, 800°C/sec, 850°C/sec, 900°C/sec, 950°C/sec, 1000°C/sec.
  • the composite particles 1 are not separated depending on their size and are collected using a unique membrane filter with a pore size ranging from 1 nm to 300 ⁇ m. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are not separated depending on their size and are collected using at least two membrane filters with a pore size ranging from 1 nm to 300 ⁇ m. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their size using at least two successive membrane filters with different pore sizes ranging from 1 nm to 300 ⁇ m.
  • the membrane filter includes but is not limited to: hydrophobic polytetrafluoroethylene, hydrophilic polytetrafluoroethylene, polyethersulfone, nylon, cellulose, glass fibers, polycarbonate, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, polyvinylidene fluoride, silver, polyolefin, polypropylene prefilter, or a mixture thereof.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected as powder from the membrane filter by scrubbing the membrane filter.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected as powder on a conveyor belt used as membrane filter. In this embodiment, said conveyor belt is activated to collect the powder continueously during the method by scrubbing said conveyor belt.
  • the conveyor belt used as membrane filter has a pore size ranging from 1 nm to 300 ⁇ m.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by sonicating said membrane filter in an organic solvent.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by sonicating said membrane filter in an aqueous solvent.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by sonicating said membrane filter in a polar solvent.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected from the membrane filter by sonicating said membrane filter in an apolar solvent.
  • the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their size.
  • the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their loading charge.
  • the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their packing fraction. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their chemical composition. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their size using a temperature induced separation or magnetic induced separation. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their size using an electrostatic precipitator. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated and collected depending on their size using a sonic or gravitational dust collector. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated depending on their size by using a cyclonic separation. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are collected in a spiral-shaped tube.
  • the composite particles 1 will deposit on the inner walls of said tube, then the composite particles 1 can be recovered by the introduction of an organic or aqueous solvent into said tube.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected in an aqueous solution containing potassium ions.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected in an aqueous solution.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected in an organic solution.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected in a polar solvent.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected in an apolar solvent.
  • the composite particles 1 are collected onto a support comprising a material such as for example silica, quartz, silicon, gold, copper, Al 2 O 3 , ZnO, SnO 2 , MgO, GaN, GaSb, GaAs, GaAsP, GaP, InP, SiGe, InGaN, GaAlN, GaAlPN, AlN, AlGaAs, AlGaP, AlGaInP, AlGaN, AlGaInN, ZnSe, Si, SiC, diamond, boron nitride.
  • the support is reflective.
  • the support comprises a material allowing to reflect the light such as for example a metal like aluminium or silver, a glass, a polymer.
  • the support is thermally conductive.
  • the support has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.5 to 450 W/(m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W/(m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W/(m.K).
  • the support has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W/(m.K), 0.2 W/(m.K), 0.3 W/(m.K), 0.4 W/(m.K), 0.5 W/(m.K), 0.6 W/(m.K), 0.7 W/(m.K), 0.8 W/(m.K), 0.9 W/(m.K), 1 W/(m.K), 1.1 W/(m.K), 1.2 W/(m.K), 1.3 W/(m.K), 1.4 W/(m.K), 1.5 W/(m.K), 1.6 W/(m.K), 1.7 W/(m.K), 1.8 W/(m.K), 1.9 W/(m.K), 2 W/(m.K), 2.1 W/(m.K), 2.2 W/(m.K), 2.3 W/(m.K), 2.4 W/(m.K), 2.5 W/(m.K), 2.6 W/(m.K), 2.7 W/(m.K),
  • the substrate comprises Au, Ag, Pt, Ru, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Sn, Rh Pd, Mn, Ti or a mixture thereof.
  • the substrate comprises silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide,
  • the support can be a substrate, a LED, a LED array, a vessel, a tube or a container.
  • the support is optically transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 10 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.
  • the composite particles 1 are suspended in an inert gas such as He, Ne, Ar, Kr, Xe or N 2 .
  • the composite particles 1 are collected onto a functionalized support.
  • the functionalized support is functionalized with a specific-binding component, wherein said specific-binding component includes but is not limited to: antigens, steroids, vitamins, drugs, haptens, metabolites, toxins, environmental pollutants, amino acids, peptides, proteins, antibodies, polysaccharides, nucleotides, nucleosides, oligonucleotides, psoralens, hormones, nucleic acids, nucleic acid polymers, carbohydrates, lipids, phospholipids, lipoproteins, lipopolysaccharides, liposomes, lipophilic polymers, synthetic polymers, polymeric microparticles, biological cells, virus and combinations thereof.
  • Preferred peptides include, but are not limited to: neuropeptides, cytokines, toxins, protease substrates, and protein kinase substrates.
  • Preferred protein conjugates include enzymes, antibodies, lectins, glycoproteins, histones, albumins, lipoproteins, avidin, streptavidin, protein A, protein G, phycobiliproteins and other fluorescent proteins, hormones, toxins and growth factors.
  • Preferred nucleic acid polymers are single- or multi-stranded, natural or synthetic DNA or RNA oligonucleotides, or DNA/RNA hybrids, or incorporating an unusual linker such as morpholine derivatized phosphides, or peptide nucleic acids such as N-(2- aminoethyl)glycine units, where the nucleic acid contains fewer than 50 nucleotides, more typically fewer than 25 nucleotides.
  • the functionalization of the functionalized support can be made using techniques known in the art.
  • the composite particles 1 are dispersed in water.
  • the composite particles 1 are dispersed in water.
  • the composite particles 1 are dispersed in an organic solvent, wherein said organic solvent includes but is not limited to: hexane, heptane, pentane, octane, decane, dodecane, methylformamide, n,n-dimethylformamide, octadecene, squalene, toluene, tetrahydrofuran, chloroform, acetone, acetic acid, dimethylsulfoxide, amines such as for example tri-n-octylamine, oleylamine, hexadecylamine, octadecylamine, 1,3-diaminopropane, alcohols such as for example ethanol, methanol, isopropanol, 1-butanol, 1-hexanol, 1-decanol, propane-2-ol, ethanediol, 1,2-propanediol, or a mixture
  • organic solvent
  • the composite particles 1 are sonicated in a solution. This embodiment allows dispersion of said composite particles 1 in solution. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are dispersed in a solution comprising at least one surfactant described here above. This embodiment prevents the aggregation of said composite particles 1 in solution.
  • the method of the invention further comprises repeating steps d) to f) at least one time on the composite particles 1 obtained by the method of the invention. Repeating said steps several times on the same composite particles 1 will improve the densification of said composite particles 1. According to one embodiment, the method of the invention further comprises the steps of:
  • the method of the invention further comprises the steps of:
  • At least one solution comprising Al2O3, SiO2, MgO, ZnO, ZrO2, TiO2 nanoparticles, or a mixture thereof.
  • the method of the invention can be repeated several times on the same composite particles 1.
  • This embodiment will improve the densification of said composite particles 1 and will allow the deposition of at least one second vitrified shell on said composites particles 1.
  • the composite particles 1 when performing steps a) to f) and n) to t), the composite particles 1 comprise a core 11 comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticles 13; a first vitrified shell; and a second vitrified shell.
  • the first vitrified shell and the second vitrified shell are different.
  • the first vitrified shell and the second vitrified shell are different, wherein the first vitrified shell is porous and the second vitrified shell is not porous.
  • the first vitrified shell and the second vitrified shell are different, wherein the first vitrified shell is not porous and the second vitrified shell is porous. According to one embodiment, the first vitrified shell and the second vitrified shell are different, wherein said vitrified shells have two different compositions. According to one embodiment, the first vitrified shell and the second vitrified shell are identical.
  • the ⁇ method for obtaining the composite particle 1 of the invention does not comprise an additional heating step to heat the composite particle 1 after the final step of the method of the invention, the temperature of this additional heating step being at least 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, 1400°C, 1450°C, or 1500°C.
  • an additional heating step may cause the degradation of the specific property of the inorganic nanoparticles 13, for example it may cause the quenching of the fluorescence for fluorescent nanoparticles comprised in composite particles 1.
  • the ⁇ method for obtaining the composite particle 1 of the invention further comprises an additional heating step to heat the composite particle 1.
  • said additional heating step takes place after the final step of the method of the invention.
  • the temperature of the additional heating step is at least 50°C, 100°C, 150°C, 200°C, 250°C, 300°C, 350°C, 400°C, 450°C, 500°C, 550°C, 600°C, 650°C, 700°C, 750°C, 800°C, 850°C, 900°C, 950°C, 1000°C, 1050°C, 1100°C, 1150°C, 1200°C, 1250°C, 1300°C, 1350°C, 1400°C, 1450°C, or 1500°C.
  • the time of the additional heating step is at least 5 min, 10 min, 15 min, 20 min, 25 min, 30 min, 35 min, 40 min, 45 min, 50 min, 55 min, 60 min, 1.5 hours, 2 hours, 2.5 hours, 3 hours, 3.5 hours, 4 hours, 4.5 hours, 5 hours, 5.5 hours, 6 hours, 6.5 hours, 7 hours, 7.5 hours, 8 hours, 8.5 hours, 9 hours, 9.5 hours, 10 hours, 11 hours, 12 hours, 13 hours, 14 hours, 15 hours, 16 hours, 17 hours, 18 hours, 19 hours, 20 hours, 21 hours, 22 hours, 23 hours, 24 hours, 30 hours, 36 hours, 42 hours, 48 hours, 54 hours, 60 hours, 66 hours, 72 hours, 78 hours, 84 hours, 90 hours, 96 hours, 102 hours, 108 hours, 114 hours, 120 hours, 126 hours, 132 hours, 138 hours, 144 hours, 150 hours, 156 hours, 162 hours or 168 hours.
  • the method for obtaining the composite particle 1 of the invention further comprises a step of functionalization of said composite particle 1.
  • the ⁇ composite particle 1 is functionalized as described hereabove.
  • the method of the invention does not comprise an additional milling step.
  • milling methods may be ball milling, jet milling or any milling method known by those skilled in the art.
  • the ⁇ method of the invention does not comprise a step of immersing glass in a solution of nanoparticles 13.
  • the ⁇ method of the invention does not comprise steps involving methods such as for example reverse micellar (or emulsion) method, micellar (or emulsion) method, Stöber method. These methods do not result in vitrified glass.
  • Another object of the invention relates to a device for implementing the method of the invention.
  • the device 2 comprises:
  • Another object of the invention relates to a composite particle 1 or a population of composite particles 1 obtainable or obtained by the method of the invention.
  • a population of composite particles 1 is defined by the maximum emission wavelength.
  • the composite particle 1 of the present invention is used for optoelectronics.
  • the composite particle 1 of the present invention is comprised in, but not limited to: a display device, a diode, a light emitting diode (LED), a laser, a transistor, or a supercapacitor or an IR camera or a barcode.
  • the composite particle 1 of the present invention is used for fluorescence detection.
  • the composite particle 1 of the present invention is used for bioimaging, biotargeting, biosensing, medical imaging, diagnostic, therapy, or theranostics.
  • the composite particle 1 of the invention is used for catalysis.
  • Another object of the invention relates to an optoelectronic device comprising at least one composite particle 1 of the present invention.
  • the optoelectronic device is a display device, a diode, a light emitting diode (LED), a laser, a transistor, or a supercapacitor or an IR camera.
  • Another object of the invention relates to a film comprising a host material and at least one composite particle 1 of the invention.
  • the film comprises a plurality of composite particles 1.
  • the host material surrounds, encapsulates and/or covers partially or totally at least one composite particle 1.
  • the film comprises at least two host materials.
  • the host materials may be different or identical.
  • the film comprises a plurality of host materials.
  • the loading charge of composite particles 1 in the host material is at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 5
  • the loading charge of composite particles 1 in the host material is less than 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 5
  • the composite particles 1 dispersed in the host material have a packing fraction of at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 57%,
  • the composite particles 1 dispersed in the host material have a packing fraction of less than 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 57%,
  • the composite particles 1 are adjoigning, are in contact. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 do not touch, are not in contact. According to one embodiment, the composite particles 1 are separated by the host material. According to one embodiment, the film does not comprise optically transparent void regions. According to one embodiment, the film does not comprise void regions surrounding the at least one composite particle 1. According to one embodiment, the film further comprises a plurality of inorganic nanoparticles. In this embodiment, said nanoparticles are different from the at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 comprised in the at least one composite particle 1. According to one embodiment, the film further comprises a plurality of inorganic nanoparticles.
  • the film further comprises at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, or 95% in weight of nanoparticles, wherein said nanoparticles are not comprised in the at least one composite particle 1.
  • the film is free of oxygen.
  • the film is free of water.
  • the film may further comprise at least one solvent.
  • the film does not comprise a solvent.
  • the light film further comprises scattering particles dispersed in the host materia. Examples of scattering particles include but are not limited to: SiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, MgO, SnO2, TiO2, alumina, barium sulfate, PTFE, barium titanate and the like.
  • the film further comprises thermal conductor particles dispersed in the host material. Examples of thermal conductor particles include but are not limited to: SiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, MgO, SnO2, TiO2, CaO, alumina, barium sulfate, PTFE, barium titanate and the like. In this embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the host material is increased.
  • the film exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 50 ⁇ m. According to one embodiment, the film exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 500 nm. In this embodiment, the film emits blue light. According to one embodiment, the film exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 500 nm to 560 nm, more preferably ranging from 515 nm to 545 nm. In this embodiment, the film emits green light.
  • the film exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 560 nm to 590 nm. In this embodiment, the film emits yellow light. According to one embodiment, the film exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 590 nm to 750 nm, more preferably ranging from 610 nm to 650 nm. In this embodiment, the film emits red light. According to one embodiment, the film exhibits an emission spectrum with at least one emission peak, wherein said emission peak has a maximum emission wavelength ranging from 750 nm to 50 ⁇ m.
  • the film emits near infra-red, mid-infra-red, or infra-red light.
  • the film exhibits emission spectra with at least one emission peak having a full width half maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the film exhibits emission spectra with a full width half maximum strictly lower than 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the film exhibits emission spectra with at least one emission peak having a full width at quarter maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the film has a photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, 99% or 100%.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the film exhibits photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) decrease of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the light illumination is provided by blue, green, red, or UV light source such as laser, diode, fluorescent lamp or Xenon Arc Lamp.
  • the photon flux of the illumination is comprised between 1 mW.cm -2 and 100 kW.cm -2 and more preferably between 10 mW.cm -2 and 100 W.cm -2 , and even more preferably between 10 mW.cm -2 and 30 W.cm -2 .
  • the photon flux of the illumination is at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 20 W.cm -2 , 30 W.cm -2 , 40 W.cm -2 , 50 W.cm -2 , 60 W.cm -2 , 70 W.cm -2 , 80 W.cm -2 , 90 W.cm -2 , 100 W.cm -2 , 110 W.cm -2 , 120 W.cm -2 , 130 W.cm -2 , 140 W.cm -2 , 150 W.cm -2 , 160 W.cm -2 , 170 W.cm -2 , 180 W.cm -2 , 190 W.cm -2 , 200 W.cm
  • the film exhibits photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY) decrease of less than 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 m
  • the host material is free of oxygen. According to one embodiment, the host material is free of water. According to one embodiment, the host material limits or prevents the degradation of the chemical and physical properties of the at least one composite particle 1 from oxygen, water and/or high temperature. According to one embodiment, the host material is transparent at wavelengths superior than 350 nm.
  • the host material is optically transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 10 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.
  • the host material has a refractive index ranging from 1.0 to 3.0, from 1.2 to 2.6, from 1.4 to 2.0.
  • the host material has a refractive index of at least 1.0, 1.1, 1.2, 1.3, 1.4, 1.5, 1.6, 1.7, 1.8, 1.9, 2.0, 2.1, 2.2, 2.3, 2.4, 2.5, 2.6, 2.7, 2.8, 2.9, or 3.0.
  • the host material has a refractive index distinct from the refractive index of the material of the core 11 or from the refractive index of the composite particle 1. This embodiment allows for a wider scattering of light.
  • This embodiment also allows to have a difference in light scattering as a function of the wavelength, in particular to increase the scattering of the excitation light with respect to the scattering of the emitted light, as the wavelength of the excitation light is lower than the wavelength of the emitted light.
  • the host material has a difference of refractive index with the refractive index of the material of the core 11 or with the refractive index of the composite particle 1 of at least 0.02, 0.025, 0.03, 0.035, 0.04, 0.045, 0.05, 0.055, 0.06, 0.065, 0.07, 0.075, 0.08, 0.085, 0.09, 0.095, 0.1, 0.11, 0.115, 0.12, 0.125, 0.13, 0.135, 0.14, 0.145, 0.15, 0.155, 0.16, 0.165, 0.17, 0.175, 0.18, 0.185, 0.19, 0.195, 0.2, 0.25, 0.3, 0.35, 0.4, 0.45, 0.5, 0.55, 0.6, 0.65, 0.7, 0.75, 0.8, 0.85, 0.9, 0.95, 1, 1.1, 1.15, 1.2, 1.25, 1.3, 1.35, 1.4, 1.45, 1.5, 1.55, 1.6, 1.65, 1.7, 1.75, 1.8, 1.85,
  • the at least one composite particle 1 in the host material is configured to scatter light.
  • the film has a haze factor ranging from 1% to 100%.
  • the film has a haze factor of at least 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%.
  • the haze factor is calculated by the ratio between the intensity of light scattered by the material beyond the viewing angle and the total intensity transmitted by the material when illuminated with a light source.
  • the viewing angle used to measure the haze factor ranges from 0° to 20°.
  • the viewing angle used to measure the haze factor is at least 0°, 1°, 2°, 3°, 4°, 5°, 6°, 7°, 8°, 9°, 10°, 11°, 12°, 13°, 14°, 15°, 16°, 17°, 18°, 19°, or 20°.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 in the host material is configured to serve as a waveguide.
  • the refractive index of the at least one composite particle 1 is higher than the refractive index of the host material.
  • the composite particle 1 has a spherical shape.
  • the spherical shape may permit to the light to circulate in the composite particle 1 without leaving said composite particle such as to operate as a waveguide.
  • the spherical shape may permit to the light to have whispering-gallery wave modes. ⁇ Furthermore, a perfect spherical shape prevents fluctuations of the intensity of the scattered light.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 in the host material is configured to generate multiple reflections of light inside said composite particle 1.
  • the host material has a refractive index equal to the refractive index of the material of the core 11. In this embodiment, scattering of light is prevented.
  • the host material is a thermal insulator.
  • the host material is a thermal conductor.
  • the host material has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.1 to 450 W/(m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W/(m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W/(m.K).
  • the host material has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W/(m.K), 0.2 W/(m.K), 0.3 W/(m.K), 0.4 W/(m.K), 0.5 W/(m.K), 0.6 W/(m.K), 0.7 W/(m.K), 0.8 W/(m.K), 0.9 W/(m.K), 1 W/(m.K), 1.1 W/(m.K), 1.2 W/(m.K), 1.3 W/(m.K), 1.4 W/(m.K), 1.5 W/(m.K), 1.6 W/(m.K), 1.7 W/(m.K), 1.8 W/(m.K), 1.9 W/(m.K), 2 W/(m.K).
  • the host material is electrically insulator. According to one embodiment, the host material is electrically conductive. According to one embodiment, the host material has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 1 ⁇ 10 -20 to 10 7 S/m, preferably from 1 ⁇ 10 -15 to 5 S/m, more preferably from 1 ⁇ 10 -7 to 1 S/m.
  • the host material has an electrical conductivity at standard conditions of at least 1 ⁇ 10 -20 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -19 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -19 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -18 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -18 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -17 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -17 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -16 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -16 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -15 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -15 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -14 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -14 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -13 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -13 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -12 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -12 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -11 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -11 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -10 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -10 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -9 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -9 S/m, 0.5 ⁇ 10 -8 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10 -8 S/m, 1 ⁇ 10
  • the electrical conductivity of the host material may be measured for example with an impedance spectrometer.
  • the host material is polymeric.
  • the host material can polymerize by heating it and/or by exposing it to UV light.
  • the polymeric host material includes but is not limited to: silicone based polymers, polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate, polyesters, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polycarbonate, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyvinylpiridine, polysaccharides, poly(ethylene glycol), melamine resins, a phenol resin, an alkyl resin, an epoxy resin, a polyurethane resin, a maleic resin, a polyamide resin, an alkyl resin, a maleic resin, terpenes resins, copolymers forming the resins, polymerizable monomers comprising an UV initiator or thermic initiator, or a mixture thereof.
  • silicone based polymers polydimethylsiloxanes (PDMS), polyethylene terephthalate, polyesters, polyacrylates, polymethacrylates, polycarbonate, poly(vinyl alcohol), polyvinylpyrrolidone, polyviny
  • the polymeric host material includes but is not limited to: ⁇ thermosetting resin, photocurable resin, or dry-curable resin.
  • the thermosetting resin and the photocurable resin are cured using heat and light, respectively.
  • the resin is cured by applying heat to a solvent in which the at least one composite particle 1 is dispersed.
  • the composition of the resulting film is equal to the composition of the raw material of the film.
  • the composition of the resulting film may be different from the composition of the raw material of the film.
  • the solvent is partially evaporated.
  • the volume ratio of composite particle 1 in the raw material of the film may be lower than the volume ratio of composite particle 1 in the resulting film.
  • a volume contraction is caused.
  • a least 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 15%, or 20%, of contraction are aroused from a thermosetting resin or a photocurable resin.
  • a dry- curable resin is contracted by at least 0.1%, 0.2%, 0.3%, 0.4%, 0.5%, 0.6%, 0.7%, 0.8%, 0.9%, 1%, 1.5%, 2%, 2.5%, 3%, 3.5%, 4%, 4.5%, 5%, 5.5%, 6%, 6.5%, 7%, 7.5%, 8%, 8.5%, 9%, 9.5%, 10%, 15%, or 20%.
  • the contraction of the resin may cause movement of the composite particles 1, which may be lower the degree of dispersion of the composite particles 1 in the film.
  • embodiments of the present invention can maintain high dispersibility by preventing the movement of the composite particles 1 by introducing other particles in said film.
  • the host material may be a polymerizable formulation which can include monomers, oligomers, polymers, or mixture thereof.
  • the polymerizable formulation may further comprise a crosslinking agent, a scattering agent, a photo initiator or a thermal initiator.
  • the polymerizable formulation includes but is not limited to: monomers, oligomers or polymers made from an alkyl methacrylates or an alkyl acrylates such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, acrylonitrile, acrylic esters substituted with methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and similar derivatives for example, methyl acrylate, ethyle acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, norbornyl acrylate, 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 4- hydroxybutyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, isobornyle acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, fluorinated acrylic monomers, chlorinated acrylic monomers, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, n-butyl methacrylate, fluor
  • the polymerizable formulation includes but is not limited to: monomers, oligomers or polymers made from an alkyl acrylamide or alkyl methacrylamide such as acrylamide, Alkylacrylamide, N-tert-Butylacrylamide, Diacetone acrylamide, N,N-Diethylacrylamide, N-(Isobutoxymethyl)acrylamide, N-(3- Methoxypropyl)acrylamide, N-Diphenylmethylacrylamide, N-Ethylacrylamide, N- Hydroxyethyl acrylamide, N-(Isobutoxymethyl)acrylamide, N-Isopropylacrylamide, N- (3-Methoxypropyl)acrylamide, N-Phenylacrylamide, N- [Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]acrylamide, N,N-Diethylmethacrylamide, N,NDimethylacrylamide, N-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide, N- (Hyd
  • the polymerizable formulation includes but is not limited to: monomers, oligomers or polymers made from alpha-olefins, dienes such as butadiene and chloroprene; styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, and the like; heteroatom substituted alpha- olefins, for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl alkyl ethers for example, ethyl vinyl ether, vinyltrimethylsilane, vinyl chloride, tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifiuoroethylene, cyclic and polycyclic olefin compounds for example, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, and cyclic derivatives up to C20; polycyclic derivates for example, norbornene, and similar derivatives up to C20; cyclic vinyl ethers for example, 2, 3- dihydrofuran, 3,4-dihydropyran, and
  • examples of crosslinking agent include but are not limited to: di- acrylate, tri-acrylate, tetra-acrylate, di-methacrylate, tri-methacrylate and tetra- methacrylate monomers derivatives and the like.
  • crosslinking agent includes but is not limited to: monomers, oligomers or polymers made from di- or trifunctional monomers such as allyl methacrylate, diallyl maleate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexanediol dimethacrylate, pentaerythritol triacrylate, trimethylolpropane triacrylate, Ethylene glycol dimethacrylate, Triethylene glycol dimethacrylate, N,N-methylenebis(acrylamide), N,N’-Hexamethylenebis(methacrylamide), and divinyl benzene.
  • monomers, oligomers or polymers made from di- or trifunctional monomers such as allyl methacrylate, diallyl maleate, 1,3-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,4-butanediol dimethacrylate, 1,6-hexaned
  • the polymerizable formulation may further comprise scattering particles.
  • scattering particles include but are not limited to: SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , ZnO, MgO, SnO2, alumina, barium sulfate, PTFE, barium titanate and the like.
  • the polymerizable formulation may further comprise a thermal conductor. Examples of thermal conductor include but are not limited to: SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, MgO, SnO2, TiO2, CaO, alumina, barium sulfate, PTFE, barium titanate and the like. In this embodiment, the thermal conductivity of the host material is increased.
  • the polymerizable formulation may further comprise a photo initiator.
  • photo initiator include but are not limited to: ⁇ -hydroxyketone, phenylglyoxylate, benzyldimethyl-ketal, ⁇ -aminoketone, monoacylphosphine oxides, bisacylphosphine oxides, phosphine oxide, benzophenone and derivatives, polyvinyl cinnamate, metallocene or iodonium salt derivatives and the like.
  • Another example of photo initiator includes Irgacure® photoinitiator and Esacure® photoinitiator and the like.
  • the polymerizable formulation may further comprise a thermal initiator.
  • thermal initiator examples include but are limited to: peroxide compounds, azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 4,4-Azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid), potassium and ammonium persulfate, tert-Butyl peroxide, benzoyl peroxide and the like.
  • azo compounds such as azobisisobutyronitrile (AIBN) and 4,4-Azobis(4-cyanovaleric acid)
  • potassium and ammonium persulfate potassium and ammonium persulfate
  • tert-Butyl peroxide tert-Butyl peroxide
  • benzoyl peroxide and the like.
  • the polymeric host material may be a polymerized solid made from an alkyl methacrylates or an alkyl acrylates such as acrylic acid, methacrylic acid, crotonic acid, acrylonitrile, acrylic esters substituted with methoxy, ethoxy, propoxy, butoxy, and similar derivatives for example, methyl acrylate, ethyle acrylate, propyl acrylate, butyl acrylate, isobutyl acrylate, lauryl acrylate, norbornyl acrylate, 2-ethyl hexyl acrylate, 2-hydroxyethyl acrylate, 4-hydroxybutyl acrylate, benzyl acrylate, phenyl acrylate, isobornyle acrylate, hydroxypropyl acrylate, fluorinated acrylic monomers, chlorinated acrylic monomers, methacrylic acid, methyl methacrylate, nbutyl methacrylate, isobutyl methacrylate, 2-
  • the polymeric host material may be a polymerized solid made from an alkyl acrylamide or alkyl methacrylamide such as acrylamide, Alkylacrylamide, Ntert- Butylacrylamide, Diacetone acrylamide, N,N-Diethylacrylamide, N- Isobutoxymethyl)acrylamide, N-(3-Methoxypropyl)acrylamide, NDiphenylmethylacrylamide, N-Ethylacrylamide, N-Hydroxyethyl acrylamide, N- (Isobutoxymethyl)acrylamide, N-Isopropylacrylamide, N-(3- Methoxypropyl)acrylamide, N-Phenylacrylamide, N- [Tris(hydroxymethyl)methyl]acrylamide, N,N-Diethylmethacrylamide, N,NDimethylacrylamide, N-[3-(Dimethylamino)propyl]methacrylamide, N- (Hydroxymethyl)acrylamide, 2-H
  • the polymeric host material may be a polymerized solid made from alpha-olefins, dienes such as butadiene and chloroprene; styrene, alpha-methyl styrene, and the like; heteroatom substituted alpha-olefins, for example, vinyl acetate, vinyl alkyl ethers for example, ethyl vinyl ether, vinyltrimethylsilane, vinyl chloride, tetrafluoroethylene, chlorotrifiuoroethylene, cyclic and polycyclic olefin compounds for example, cyclopentene, cyclohexene, cycloheptene, cyclooctene, and cyclic derivatives up to C20; polycyclic derivates for example, norbornene, and similar derivatives up to C20; cyclic vinyl ethers for example, 2, 3-dihydrofuran, 3,4-dihydropyran, and similar derivatives; allylic alcohol derivatives
  • the polymeric host material may be PMMA, Poly(lauryl methacrylate), glycolized poly(ethylene terephthalate), Poly(maleic anhydride – altoctadecene), or mixtures thereof.
  • the film of the invention may further comprise at least one solvent.
  • the solvent is one that allows the solubilization of the composite particles 1 of the invention and polymeric host material such as for example, pentane, hexane, heptane, cyclohexane, petroleum ether, toluene, benzene, xylene, chlorobenzene, carbon tetrachloride, chloroform, dichloromethane, 1,2- dichloroethane, THF (tetrahydrofuran), acetonitrile, acetone, ethanol, methanol, ethyl acetate, ethylene glycol, diglyme (diethylene glycol dimethyl ether), diethyl ether, DME (1,2-dimethoxy-ethane, glyme), DMF (dimethylformamide), NMF (N- methylformamide), FA (Formamide), DMSO (dimethyl sulfoxide), 1,4-Dioxane, triethyl amine, or mixture thereof
  • the film comprises the composite particles 1 of the invention and a polymeric host material, and does not comprise a solvent.
  • the composite particles 1 and host material can be mixed by extrusion.
  • the host material is inorganic.
  • examples of inorganic host material include but are not limited to: materials obtainable by sol-gel process, metal oxides such as for example SiO2, ZrO2, TiO2, Al2O3, ZnO, MgO, SnO2, IrO2. Said host material acts as a supplementary barrier against oxidation and can drain away the heat if it is a good thermal conductor.
  • the host material is composed of a material selected in the group of metals, halides, chalcogenides, phosphides, sulfides, metalloids, metallic alloys, ceramics such as for example oxides, carbides, or nitrides.
  • Said inorganic material is prepared using protocols known to the person skilled in the art.
  • a chalcogenide is a chemical compound consisting of at least one chalcogen anion selected in the group of O, S, Se, Te, Po, and at least one or more electropositive element.
  • the metallic host material is selected in the group of gold, silver, copper, vanadium, platinum, palladium, ruthenium, rhenium, yttrium, mercury, cadmium, osmium, chromium, tantalum, manganese, zinc, zirconium, niobium, molybdenum, rhodium, tungsten, iridium, nickel, iron, or cobalt.
  • examples of carbide host material include but are not limited to: SiC, WC, BC, MoC, TiC, Al 4 C 3 , LaC 2 , FeC, CoC, HfC, Si x C y , W x C y , B x C y , Mo x C y , Ti x C y , Al x C y , La x C y , Fe x C y , Co x C y , Hf x C y , or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • examples of oxide host material include but are not limited to: SiO2, Al2O3, TiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, MgO, SnO2, Nb2O5, CeO2, BeO, IrO2, CaO, Sc2O3, NiO, Na2O, BaO, K2O, PbO, Ag2O, V2O5, TeO2, MnO, B2O3, P2O5, P2O3, P4O7, P 4 O 8 , P 4 O 9 , P 2 O 6 , PO, GeO 2 , As 2 O 3 , Fe 2 O 3 , Fe 3 O 4 , Ta 2 O 5 , Li 2 O, SrO, Y 2 O 3 , HfO 2 , WO 2 , MoO2, Cr2O3, Tc2O7, ReO2, RuO2, Co3O4, OsO, RhO2, Rh2O3, PtO, PdO, CuO, Cu2O, Au2O3, CdO, HgO, Tl2O
  • examples of oxide host material include but are not limited to: silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, gold oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony
  • examples of nitride host material include but are not limited to: TiN, Si 3 N 4 , MoN, VN, TaN, Zr 3 N 4 , HfN, FeN, NbN, GaN, CrN, AlN, InN, TixNy, SixNy, MoxNy, VxNy, TaxNy, ZrxNy, HfxNy, FexNy, NbxNy, GaxNy, CrxNy, AlxNy, InxNy, or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • examples of sulfide host material include but are not limited to: SiySx, AlySx, TiySx, ZrySx, ZnySx, MgySx, SnySx, NbySx, CeySx, BeySx, IrySx, Ca y S x , Sc y S x , Ni y S x , Na y S x , Ba y S x , K y S x , Pb y S x , Ag y S x , V y S x , Te y S x , Mn y S x , B y S x , P y S x , GeySx, AsySx, FeySx, TaySx, LiySx, SrySx, YySx, HfySx, WySx, MoySx, CrySx, TcySx, ReySx, RuyS
  • examples of halide host material include but are not limited to: BaF 2 , LaF 3 , CeF 3 , YF 3 , CaF 2 , MgF 2 , PrF 3 , AgCl, MnCl 2 , NiCl 2 , Hg 2 Cl 2 , CaCl 2 , CsPbCl3, AgBr, PbBr3, CsPbBr3, AgI, CuI, PbI, HgI2, BiI3, CH3NH3PbI3, CsPbI3, FAPbBr3 (with FA formamidinium), or a mixture thereof.
  • examples of chalcogenide host material include but are not limited to: CdO, CdS, CdSe, CdTe, ZnO, ZnS, ZnSe, ZnTe, HgO, HgS, HgSe, HgTe, CuO, Cu2O, CuS, Cu2S, CuSe, CuTe, Ag2O, Ag2S, Ag2Se, Ag2Te, Au2O3, Au2S, PdO, PdS, Pd 4 S, PdSe, PdTe, PtO, PtS, PtS 2 , PtSe, PtTe, RhO 2 , Rh 2 O 3 , RhS2, Rh 2 S 3 , RhSe 2 , Rh 2 Se 3 , RhTe 2 , IrO 2 , IrS 2 , Ir 2 S 3 , IrSe 2 , IrTe 2 , RuO 2 , RuS 2 , OsO,
  • examples of phosphide host material include but are not limited to: InP, Cd3P2, Zn3P2, AlP, GaP, TlP, or a mixture thereof.
  • examples of metalloid host material include but are not limited to: Si, B, Ge, As, Sb, Te, or a mixture thereof.
  • examples of metallic alloy host material include but are not limited to: Au-Pd, Au-Ag, Au-Cu, Pt-Pd, Pt-Ni, Cu-Ag, Cu-Sn, Ru-Pt, Rh-Pt, Cu-Pt, Ni-Au, Pt-Sn, Pd-V, Ir-Pt, Au-Pt, Pd-Ag, Cu-Zn, Cr-Ni, Fe-Co, Co-Ni, Fe-Ni or a mixture thereof.
  • the host material comprises garnets.
  • examples of garnets include but are not limited to: Y 3 Al 5 O 12 , Y 3 Fe 2 (FeO 4 ) 3 , Y 3 Fe 5 O 12 , Y 4 Al 2 O 9 , YAlO 3 , Fe 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Mg 3 Al 2 (SiO 4 ) 3 , Mn3Al2(SiO4)3, Ca3Fe2(SiO4)3, Ca3Al2(SiO4)3, Ca3Cr2(SiO4)3, Al5Lu3O12, GAL, GaYAG, or a mixture thereof.
  • the host material comprises or consists of a thermal conductive material wherein said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: AlyOx, AgyOx, CuyOx, FeyOx, SiyOx, PbyOx, CayOx, MgyOx, ZnyOx, SnyOx, TiyOx, Be y O x , CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, Au, Na, Fe, Cu, Al, Ag, Mg, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof; x and y are independently a decimal number from 0 to 10, at the condition that when x is 0, y is not 0, when y is 0, x is not 0.
  • the host material comprises or consists of a thermal conductive material wherein said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: Al2O3, Ag2O, Cu2O, CuO, Fe3O4, FeO, SiO2, PbO, CaO, MgO, ZnO, SnO2, TiO2, BeO, CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, Au, Na, Fe, Cu, Al, Ag, Mg, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof.
  • said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: Al2O3, Ag2O, Cu2O, CuO, Fe3O4, FeO, SiO2, PbO, CaO, MgO, ZnO, SnO2, TiO2, BeO, CdS, ZnS, ZnSe, CdZnS, CdZnSe, Au, Na, Fe, Cu, Al, Ag, Mg, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof.
  • the host material comprises or consists of a thermal conductive material wherein said thermal conductive material includes but is not limited to: aluminium oxide, silver oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silicon oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, titanium oxide, beryllium oxide, zinc sulfide, cadmium sulfide, zinc selenium, cadmium zinc selenium, cadmium zinc sulfide, gold, sodium, iron, copper, aluminium, silver, magnesium, mixed oxides, mixed oxides thereof or a mixture thereof.
  • the host material comprises organic molecules in small amounts of 0 mole%, 1 mole%, 5 mole%, 10 mole%, 15 mole%, 20 mole%, 25 mole%, 30 mole%, 35 mole%, 40 mole%, 45 mole%, 50 mole%, 55 mole%, 60 mole%, 65 mole%, 70 mole%, 75 mole%, 80 mole% relative to the majority element of said host material.
  • the host material comprises a polymeric host material as described hereabove, an inorganic host material as described hereabove, or a mixture thereof.
  • the film may further comprise at least one solvent. In another embodiment, the film does not comprise a solvent.
  • the film further comprises scattering particles dispersed in the host material.
  • scattering particles include but are not limited to: SiO2, ZrO 2 , TiO 2 , alumina, barium sulfate, PTFE, barium titanate and the like.
  • the film of the invention comprises at least one population of composite particles 1.
  • a population of composite particles 1 is defined by the maximum emission wavelength.
  • the film comprises two populations of composite particles 1 emitting different colors or wavelengths.
  • the concentration of the at least two populations of composite particles 1 comprised in the film and emitting different colors or wavelengths is controlled to predetermine the light intensity of each secondary light emitted by each of the least two populations of composite particles 1, after excitation by an incident light.
  • the film comprises composite particles 1 which emit green light and red light upon downconversion of a blue light source.
  • the blue light from the light source(s) passes through the film, where predetermined amounts of green and red light are mixed with the remaining blue light to create the tri-chromatic white light.
  • the film is configured to transmit a predetermined intensity of the blue light from the light source and to emit a predetermined intensity of secondary green and red lights, allowing to emit a resulting tri-chromatic white light.
  • the film comprises at least one composite particle 1 comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 that emits green light upon downconversion of a blue light source. According to one embodiment, the film comprises at least one composite particle 1 comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 that emits orange light upon downconversion of a blue light source. According to one embodiment, the film comprises at least one composite particle 1 comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 that emits yellow light upon downconversion of a blue light source. According to one embodiment, the film comprises at least one composite particle 1 comprising at least one inorganic nanoparticle 13 that emits purple light upon downconversion of a blue light source.
  • the film comprises two populations of composite particles 1, a first population with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a second population with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 750 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm. In one embodiment, the film comprises two populations of composite particles 1, a first population with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a second population with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.
  • the film comprises three populations of composite particles 1, a first population of composite particles 1 with a maximum emission wavelength between 440 and 499 nm, more preferably between 450 and 495 nm, a second population of composite particles 1 with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a third population of composite particles 1 with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.
  • the film is splitted in several areas, each of them comprises a different population of composite particles 1emitting different colors or wavelengths.
  • the film is processed by extrusion.
  • the film is made of a stack of two films, each of them comprises a different population of composite particles 1 having a different color. In one embodiment, the film is made of a stack of a plurality of films, each of them comprises a different population of composite particles 1 emitting different colors or wavelengths. In another embodiment, the film comprising at least one population of composite particles 1, may further comprise at least one population of converters having phosphor properties. Examples of converter having phosphor properties include, but are not limited to: garnets (LuAG, GAL, YAG, GaYAG), silicates, oxynitrides/ oxycarbidonitrides, nintrides/carbidonitrides, Mn 4+ red phosphors (PFS/KFS), quantum dots.
  • the film comprises less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, preferably 10% in weight of composite particles 1 of the invention.
  • the film has a thickness between 30 nm and 1 cm, more preferably between 100 nm and 1 mm, even more preferably between 100 nm and 500 ⁇ m.
  • the film has a thickness of at least 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 ⁇ m, 1.5 ⁇ m, 2.5 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m, 3.5 ⁇
  • the film absorbs at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the incident light.
  • the film absorbs the incident light with wavelength lower than 50 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 1 ⁇ m, 950 nm, 900 nm, 850 nm, 800 nm, 750 nm, 700 nm, 650 nm, 600 nm, 550 nm, 500 nm, 450 nm, 400 nm, 350 nm, 300 nm, 250 nm, or lower than 200 nm.
  • the film transmits at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the incident light.
  • the film scatters at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the incident light.
  • the film backscatters at least 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of the incident light.
  • the film transmits a part of the incident light and emits at least one secondary light. In this embodiment, the resulting light is a combination of the remaining transmitted incident light.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 455 nm, 460 nm, 470 nm, 480 nm, 490 nm, 500 nm, 510 nm, 520 nm, 530 nm, 540 nm, 550 nm, 560 nm, 570 nm, 580 nm, 590 nm, or 600 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 300 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 350 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 400 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 450 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 455 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 460 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 470 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 480 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 490 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 500 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 510 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 520 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 530 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 540 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 550 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 560 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 570 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 580 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 590 nm.
  • the film has an absorbance value of at least 0.1, 0.2, 0.3, 0.4, 0.5, 0.6, 0.7, 0.8, 0.9, 1.0, 1.2, 1.4, 1.6, 1.8, 2.0, 2.5, 3.0, 4.0, 5.0 at 600 nm.
  • the increase in absorption efficiency of incident light by the film is at least of 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% compared to bare inorganic nanoparticles 13.
  • Bare inorganic nanoparticles 13 refers here to inorganic nanoparticles 13 that are not encapsulated in the core 11.
  • the increase in emission efficiency of secondary light by the film is less than 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% compared to bare inorganic nanoparticles 13.
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C,
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C,
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O2.
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 99% of humidity.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years, under 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O2.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C,
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 35%, 40%
  • the film exhibits a degradation of its photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, 4%, 3%, 2%, 1%, or 0% after at least 1 day, 5 days, 10 days, 15 days, 20 days, 25 days, 1 month, 2 months, 3 months, 4 months, 5 months, 6 months, 7 months, 8 months, 9 months, 10 months, 11 months, 12 months, 18 months, 2 years, 2.5 years, 3 years, 3.5 years, 4 years, 4.5 years, 5 years, 5.5 years, 6 years, 6.5 years, 7 years, 7.5 years, 8 years, 8.5 years, 9 years, 9.5 years, or 10 years under 0%, 5%, 10%, 15%, 20%, 25%, 30%, 35%, 40%, 45%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100% of O 2 , under 0°C, 10°C,
  • the film comprising at least one population of composite particles 1 may further comprise at least one population of converters having phosphor properties.
  • converter having phosphor properties include, but are not limited to: garnets (LuAG, GAL, YAG, GaYAG), silicates, oxynitrides/oxycarbidonitrides, nintrides/carbidonitrides, Mn 4+ red phosphors (PFS/KFS), quantum dots.
  • composite particles 1 of the invention are incorporated in the host material at a level ranging from 100 ppm to 500000 ppm in weight.
  • composite particles 1 of the invention are incorporated in the host material at a level of at least 100 ppm, 200 ppm, 300 ppm, 400 ppm, 500 ppm, 600 ppm, 700 ppm, 800 ppm, 900 ppm, 1000 ppm, 1100 ppm, 1200 ppm, 1300 ppm, 1400 ppm, 1500 ppm, 1600 ppm, 1700 ppm, 1800 ppm, 1900 ppm, 2000 ppm, 2100 ppm, 2200 ppm, 2300 ppm, 2400 ppm, 2500 ppm, 2600 ppm, 2700 ppm, 2800 ppm, 2900 ppm, 3000 ppm, 3100 ppm, 3200 ppm, 3300 ppm, 3400 ppm, 3500 ppm, 3600 ppm, 3700 ppm, 3800 ppm, 3900 ppm, 4000 ppm, 4100 ppm, 3600
  • the film comprises less than 95%, 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 20%, preferably 10% in weight of composite particles 1 of the invention.
  • the loading charge of composite particles 1 in the film is at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%,
  • the loading charge of composite particles 1 in the film is less than 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%, 58%, 59%, 50%, 5
  • the composite particles 1 dispersed in the film have a packing fraction of at least 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%,
  • the composite particles 1 dispersed in the film have a packing fraction of less than 0.01%, 0.05%, 0.1%, 0.15%, 0.2%, 0.25%, 0.3%, 0.35%, 0.4%, 0.45%, 0.5%, 0.55%, 0.6%, 0.65%, 0.7%, 0.75%, 0.8%, 0.85%, 0.9%, 0.95%, 1%, 2%, 3%, 4%, 5%, 6%, 7%, 8%, 9%, 10%, 11%, 12%, 13%, 14%, 15%, 16%, 17%, 18%, 19%, 20%, 21%, 22%, 23%, 24%, 25%, 26%, 27%, 28%, 29%, 30%, 31%, 32%, 33%, 34%, 35%, 36%, 37%, 38%, 39%, 40%, 41%, 42%, 43%, 44%, 45%, 46%, 47%, 48%, 49%, 50%, 51%, 52%, 53%, 54%, 55%, 56%, 57%,
  • the film is ROHS compliant.
  • the film comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm in weight of cadmium.
  • the film comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm, less than 10000 ppm in weight
  • the film comprises less than 10 ppm, less than 20 ppm, less than 30 ppm, less than 40 ppm, less than 50 ppm, less than 100 ppm, less than 150 ppm, less than 200 ppm, less than 250 ppm, less than 300 ppm, less than 350 ppm, less than 400 ppm, less than 450 ppm, less than 500 ppm, less than 550 ppm, less than 600 ppm, less than 650 ppm, less than 700 ppm, less than 750 ppm, less than 800 ppm, less than 850 ppm, less than 900 ppm, less than 950 ppm, less than 1000 ppm, less than 2000 ppm, less than 3000 ppm, less than 4000 ppm, less than 5000 ppm, less than 6000 ppm, less than 7000 ppm, less than 8000 ppm, less than 9000 ppm, less than 10000 ppm in weight
  • the film comprise heavier chemical elements or materials based on heavier chemical elements than the main chemical element present in the host material and/or the core 11.
  • said heavy chemical elements in the film will lower the mass concentration of chemical elements subject to ROHS standards, allowing said film to be ROHS compliant.
  • examples of heavy elements include but are not limited to B, C, N, F, Na, Mg, Al, Si, P, S, Cl, K, Ca, Sc, Ti, V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu, Zn, Ga, Ge, As, Se, Br, Rb, Sr, Y, Zr, Nb, Mo, Tc, Ru, Rh, Pd, Ag, Cd, In, Sn, Sb, Te, I, Cs, Ba, La, Hf, Ta, W, Re, Os, Ir, Pt, Au, Hg, Tl, Pb, Bi, Po, At, Ce, Pr, Nd, Pm, Sm, Eu, Gd, Tb, Dy, Ho, Er, Tm, Yb, Lu or a mixture of thereof.
  • Another object of the invention relates to a support supporting at least one composite particle 1 of the invention.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 of the invention is deposited on the support by drop-casting, spin coating, dip coating, inject printing, spray, plating, electroplating, or any other means known by the person skilled in the art.
  • the support supports at least one population of composite particles 1.
  • a population of composite particles 1 is defined by the maximum emission wavelength.
  • the support supports two populations of composite particles 1 emitting different colors or wavelengths.
  • the support supports composite particles 1 which emit green light and red light upon downconversion of a blue light source.
  • the support supports two populations of composite particles 1, a first population with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a second population with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 750 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.
  • the support supports two populations of composite particles 1, a first population with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a second population with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.
  • the support supports two populations of composite particles 1, a first population with at least one emission peak having a full width half maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm and a second population with at least one emission peak having a full width half maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the support supports two populations of composite particles 1, a first population with at least one emission peak having a full width at quarter maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm and a second population with at least one emission peak having a full width at quarter maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 on a support is encapsulated into a multilayered system.
  • the multilayer system comprises at least two, at least three layers.
  • the multilayered system may further comprise at least one auxiliary layer.
  • the auxiliary layer is transparent at wavelengths superior than 350 nm.
  • the auxiliary layer is optically transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 10 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.
  • the auxiliary layer does not absorb any light allowing the composite particle 1 to absorb all the incident light.
  • the auxiliary layer protects the composite particles 1 from oxygen, water and/or temperature.
  • the auxiliary layer limits or prevents the degradation of the chemical and physical properties of the at least one composite particle 1 from oxygen, water and/or high temperature.
  • the auxiliary layer is thermally conductive.
  • the auxiliary layer has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.1 to 450 W/(m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W/(m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W/(m.K).
  • the auxiliary layer has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W/(m.K), 0.2 W/(m.K), 0.3 W/(m.K), 0.4 W/(m.K), 0.5 W/(m.K), 0.6 W/(m.K), 0.7 W/(m.K), 0.8 W/(m.K), 0.9 W/(m.K), 1 W/(m.K), 1.1 W/(m.K), 1.2 W/(m.K), 1.3 W/(m.K), 1.4 W/(m.K), 1.5 W/(m.K), 1.6 W/(m.K), 1.7 W/(m.K), 1.8 W/(m.K), 1.9 W/(m.K), 2 W/(m.K), 2.1 W/(m.K), 2.2 W/(m.K), 2.3 W/(m.K), 2.4 W/(m.K), 2.5 W/(m.K), 2.6 W/(m.K), 2.7 W/
  • the auxiliary layer is a polymeric auxiliary layer.
  • the one or more components of the auxiliary layer can include a polymerizable component, a crosslinking agent, a scattering agent, a rheology modifier, a filler, a photoinitiator, or a thermal initiator as described here after or above.
  • the auxiliary layer comprises scattering agents. Examples of scattering agent include but are not limited to: SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, MgO, SnO 2 , TiO 2 , alumina, barium sulfate, PTFE, barium titanate and the like.
  • the auxiliary layer further c4omprises thermal conductor particles.
  • thermal conductor particles include but are not limited to: SiO 2 , ZrO 2 , ZnO, MgO, SnO 2 , TiO 2 , CaO, alumina, barium sulfate, PTFE, barium titanate and the like.
  • the thermal conductivity of the auxiliary layer is increased.
  • the auxiliary layer comprises a polymeric host material as described here above.
  • the auxiliary layer comprises an inorganic host material as described here above.
  • the auxiliary layer has a thickness between 30 nm and 1 cm, between 100 nm and 1 mm, preferably between 100 nm and 500 ⁇ m.
  • the auxiliary layer has a thickness of at least 30 nm, 40 nm, 50 nm, 60 nm, 70 nm, 80 nm, 100 nm, 110 nm, 120 nm, 130 nm, 140 nm, 150 nm, 160 nm, 170 nm, 180 nm, 190 nm, 200 nm, 210 nm, 220 nm, 230 nm, 240 nm, 250 nm, 260 nm, 270 nm, 280 nm, 290 nm, 300 nm, 350 nm, 400 nm, 450 nm, 500 nm, 550 nm, 600 nm, 650 nm, 700 nm, 750 nm, 800 nm, 850 nm, 900 nm, 950 nm, 1 ⁇ m, 1.5 ⁇ m, 2.5 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m, 3.5
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the multilayered system comprising at least one composite particle 1 are covered by at least one protective layer. In one embodiment, the at least one composite particle 1 or the multilayered system comprising at least one composite particle 1 are surrounded by at least one protective layer. In one embodiment, the at least one composite particle 1 or the multilayered system comprising at least one composite particle 1 are covered by at least one auxiliary layer, both being then surrounded by at least one protective layer. In one embodiment, the at least one composite particle 1 or the multilayered system comprising at least one composite particle 1 are covered at least one auxiliary layer and/or at least one protective layer. In one embodiment, the protective layer is an oxygen and/or water impermeable layer.
  • the protective layer is a barrier against oxidation, and limits or prevents the degradation of the chemical and physical properties of the at least one composite particle 1 from oxygen and/or water.
  • the protective layer is an oxygen and/or water non-permeable layer.
  • the protective layer is a barrier against oxidation, and limits or prevents the degradation of the chemical and physical properties of the at least one composite particle 1 from oxygen and/or water.
  • the protective layer is thermally conductive.
  • the protective layer has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.1 to 450 W/(m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W/(m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W/(m.K).
  • the protective layer has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W/(m.K), 0.2 W/(m.K), 0.3 W/(m.K), 0.4 W/(m.K), 0.5 W/(m.K), 0.6 W/(m.K), 0.7 W/(m.K), 0.8 W/(m.K), 0.9 W/(m.K), 1 W/(m.K), 1.1 W/(m.K), 1.2 W/(m.K), 1.3 W/(m.K), 1.4 W/(m.K), 1.5 W/(m.K), 1.6 W/(m.K), 1.7 W/(m.K), 1.8 W/(m.K), 1.9 W/(m.K), 2 W/(m.K), 2.1 W/(m.K), 2.2 W/(m.K), 2.3 W/(m.K), 2.4 W/(m.K), 2.5 W/(m.K), 2.6 W/(m.K), 2.7 W/(m.K),
  • the protective layer can be made of glass, PET (Polyethylene terephthalate), PDMS (Polydimethylsiloxane), PES (Polyethersulfone), PEN (Polyethylene naphthalate), PC (Polycarbonate), PI (Polyimide), PNB (Polynorbornene), PAR (Polyarylate), PEEK (Polyetheretherketone), PCO (Polycyclic olefins), PVDC (Polyvinylidene chloride), Nylon, ITO (Indium tin oxide), FTO (Fluorine doped tin oxide), cellulose, Al2O3, AlOxNy, SiOxCy, SiO2, SiOx, SiNx, SiCx, ZrO2, TiO2, ceramic, organic modified ceramic, or mixture thereof.
  • PET Polyethylene terephthalate
  • PDMS Polydimethylsiloxane
  • PES Polyethersulfone
  • PEN Polyethylene naphthalate
  • the protective layer can be deposited by PECVD (Plasma Enhanced Chemical Vapor Deposition), ALD (Atomic Layer Deposition), CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition), iCVD (Initiator Chemical Vapor Deposition), Cat-CVD (Catalytic Chemical Vapor Deposition).
  • the protective layer may comprise scattering particles. Examples of scattering particles include but are not limited to: SiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, MgO, SnO 2 , TiO 2 , alumina, barium sulfate, PTFE, barium titanate and the like.
  • the protective layer further comprises thermal conductor particles.
  • thermal conductor particles include but are not limited to: SiO2, ZrO2, ZnO, MgO, SnO2, TiO2, CaO, alumina, barium sulfate, PTFE, barium titanate and the like.
  • the thermal conductivity of the protective layer is increased.
  • the support can be a substrate, a LED, a LED array, a vessel, a tube or a container.
  • the support is transparent at wavelengths superior than 350 nm.
  • the support can be a substrate, a LED, a LED array, a vessel, a tube or a container.
  • the support is optically transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 10 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.
  • LED used herein includes LED, LED chip and microsized LED.
  • the support is reflective.
  • the support comprises a material allowing to reflect the light such as for example a metal like aluminium, silver, a glass, a polymer or a plastic.
  • the support is thermally conductive.
  • the support has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.5 to 450 W/(m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W/(m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W/(m.K).
  • the support has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W/(m.K), 0.2 W/(m.K), 0.3 W/(m.K), 0.4 W/(m.K), 0.5 W/(m.K), 0.6 W/(m.K), 0.7 W/(m.K), 0.8 W/(m.K), 0.9 W/(m.K), 1 W/(m.K), 1.1 W/(m.K), 1.2 W/(m.K), 1.3 W/(m.K), 1.4 W/(m.K), 1.5 W/(m.K), 1.6 W/(m.K), 1.7 W/(m.K), 1.8 W/(m.K), 1.9 W/(m.K), 2 W/(m.K), 2.1 W/(m.K), 2.2 W/(m.K), 2.3 W/(m.K), 2.4 W/(m.K), 2.5 W/(m.K), 2.6 W/(m.K), 2.7 W/(m.K),
  • the substrate comprises GaN, GaSb, GaAs, GaAsP, GaP, InP, SiGe, InGaN, GaAlN, GaAlPN, AlN, AlGaAs, AlGaP, AlGaInP, AlGaN, AlGaInN, ZnSe, Si, SiC, diamond, boron nitride.
  • the substrate comprises Au, Ag, Pt, Ru, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Sn, Rh Pd, Mn, Ti or a mixture thereof.
  • the substrate comprises silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, gold oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, se
  • the support supports at least one film comprising two populations of composite particles 1 emitting different colors or wavlengths. In one embodiment, the support supports two films each comprising one population of composite particles 1, the populations comprised in each film emitting different colors or wavelengths. In one embodiment, the support supports at least one film comprising composite particles 1 which emit green light and red light upon downconversion of a blue light source.
  • the at least one film is configured to transmit a predetermined intensity of the incident blue light and to emit a predetermined intensity of secondary green and red lights, allowing to emit a resulting tri-chromatic white light.
  • the support supports at least one film comprising at least one composite particle 1 which emits green light, and at least one film comprising at least one composite particle 1 which emits red light upon downconversion of a blue light source.
  • the at least one film is configured to transmit a predetermined intensity of the incident blue light and to emit a predetermined intensity of secondary green and red lights, allowing to emit a resulting tri-chromatic white light.
  • the support supports at least one film comprising two populations of composite particles 1, a first population with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a second population with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.
  • the support supports two films each comprising at least one population of composite particles 1, a first film comprising a first population with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a second film comprising a second population with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.
  • the support supports at least one light film comprising two populations of composite particles 1, a first population with at least one emission peak having a full width half maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm and a second population with at least one emission peak having a full width half maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the support supports two films each comprising at least one population of composite particles 1, a first film comprising a first population with at least one emission peak having a full width half maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm and a second film comprising a second population with at least one emission peak having a full width half maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the support supports at least one film comprising two populations of composite particles 1, a first population with at least one emission peak having a full width at quarter maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm and a second population with at least one emission peak having a full width at quarter maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the support supports two films each comprising at least one population of composite particles 1, a first film comprising a first population with at least one emission peak having a full width at quarter maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm and a second film comprising a second population with at least one emission peak having a full width at quarter maximum lower than 90 nm, 80 nm, 70 nm, 60 nm, 50 nm, 40 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, or 10 nm.
  • the at least one film on a support is encapsulated into a multilayered system.
  • the multilayer system comprises at least two, at least three layers.
  • the multilayered system may further comprise at least one auxiliary layer.
  • the auxiliary layer is the auxiliary layer as described here above.
  • the auxiliary layer protects the composite particles 1 from oxygen, water and/or temperature.
  • the auxiliary layer protects the at least one film from oxygen, water and/or high temperature.
  • the film or the multilayered system comprising the film are covered by at least one protective layer.
  • the film or the multilayered system comprising the film are surrounded by at least one protective layer.
  • the film or the multilayered system comprising the film are covered by at least one auxiliary layer, both being then surrounded by at least one protective layer. In one embodiment, the film or the multilayered system comprising the film are covered at least one auxiliary layer and/or at least one protective layer. In one embodiment, the protective layer is a protective layer as described here above.
  • the support can be a substrate, a LED, a LED array, a vessel, a tube or a container. Preferably the support is transparent at wavelengths superior than 350 nm. LED used herein includes LED, LED chip and microsized LED. In one embodiment, the support can be a substrate, a LED, a LED array, a vessel, a tube or a container.
  • the support is optically transparent at wavelengths between 200 nm and 50 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 10 ⁇ m, between 200 nm and 2500 nm, between 200 nm and 2000 nm, between 200 nm and 1500 nm, between 200 nm and 1000 nm, between 200 nm and 800 nm, between 400 nm and 700 nm, between 400 nm and 600 nm, or between 400 nm and 470 nm.
  • the support is reflective.
  • the support comprises a material allowing to reflect the light such as for example a metal like aluminium, silver, a glass, a polymer or a plastic.
  • the support is thermally conductive.
  • the support has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions ranging from 0.5 to 450 W/(m.K), preferably from 1 to 200 W/(m.K), more preferably from 10 to 150 W/(m.K).
  • the support has a thermal conductivity at standard conditions of at least 0.1 W/(m.K), 0.2 W/(m.K), 0.3 W/(m.K), 0.4 W/(m.K), 0.5 W/(m.K), 0.6 W/(m.K), 0.7 W/(m.K), 0.8 W/(m.K), 0.9 W/(m.K), 1 W/(m.K), 1.1 W/(m.K), 1.2 W/(m.K), 1.3 W/(m.K), 1.4 W/(m.K), 1.5 W/(m.K), 1.6 W/(m.K), 1.7 W/(m.K), 1.8 W/(m.K), 1.9 W/(m.K), 2 W/(m.K),
  • the substrate comprises GaN, GaSb, GaAs, GaAsP, GaP, InP, SiGe, InGaN, GaAlN, GaAlPN, AlN, AlGaAs, AlGaP, AlGaInP, AlGaN, AlGaInN, ZnSe, Si, SiC, diamond, boron nitride.
  • the substrate comprises Au, Ag, Pt, Ru, Ni, Co, Cr, Cu, Sn, Rh Pd, Mn, Ti or a mixture thereof.
  • the substrate comprises silicon oxide, aluminium oxide, titanium oxide, copper oxide, iron oxide, silver oxide, lead oxide, calcium oxide, magnesium oxide, zinc oxide, tin oxide, beryllium oxide, zirconium oxide, niobium oxide, cerium oxide, iridium oxide, scandium oxide, nickel oxide, sodium oxide, barium oxide, potassium oxide, vanadium oxide, tellurium oxide, manganese oxide, boron oxide, phosphorus oxide, germanium oxide, osmium oxide, rhenium oxide, platinum oxide, arsenic oxide, tantalum oxide, lithium oxide, strontium oxide, yttrium oxide, hafnium oxide, tungsten oxide, molybdenum oxide, chromium oxide, technetium oxide, rhodium oxide, ruthenium oxide, cobalt oxide, palladium oxide, gold oxide, cadmium oxide, mercury oxide, thallium oxide, gallium oxide, indium oxide, bismuth oxide, antimony oxide, polonium oxide, se
  • a LED comprises at least one, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 10, 20, 30, 40, 50, 60, 70, 80, 90, 100, 500, 1000, 5000, 10000, 50000, 100000, 150000, 200000, 250000, 300000, 350000, 400000, 450000, 500000, 550000, 600000, 650000, 750000, 800000, 850000, 900000, 950000, 1000000, 10 7 , 10 8 , 10 9 , 10 10 , 10 11 , or 10 12 pixels.
  • a pixel comprises at least one LED.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film are on top of a LED chip or a microsized LED. According to one embodiment, the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film are on top of at least one LED of a LED array or a microsized LED array. According to one embodiment, the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film are deposited and patterned on top of at least one LED of a LED array or a microsized LED array.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film are deposited and patterned on top of a LED, at least one LED of a LED array, a microsized LED or at least one LED of a microsized LED array using a lift-off technique, lithography, or a direct etching of the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 covers the LED chip 4.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 covers and surrounds partially or totally the LED chip 4.
  • the at least one film as described above covers the LED chip 4.
  • the at least one film as described above covers and surrounds partially or totally the LED chip 4.
  • the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED is a blue LED with a wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 470 nm such as for instance a gallium nitride based diode. In one embodiment, the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED is a blue LED with a wavelength ranging from 400 nm to 470 nm. In one embodiment, the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED has an emission peak at about 405 nm. In one embodiment, the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED has an emission peak at about 447 nm. In one embodiment, the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED has an emission peak at about 455 nm.
  • the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED is a green LED with a wavelength ranging from 500 nm to 560 nm. In one embodiment, the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED has an emission peak at about 515 nm. In one embodiment, the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED has an emission peak at about 525 nm. In one embodiment, the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED has an emission peak at about 540 nm. In one embodiment, the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED is a red LED with a wavelength ranging from 750 to 850 nm. In one embodiment, the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED has an emission peak at about 755 nm.
  • the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED has an emission peak at about 800 nm. In one embodiment, the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED has an emission peak at about 850 nm. In one embodiment, the LED chip 4 or the microsized LED has a photon flux between 1 ⁇ W.cm -2 and 1 kW.cm -2 and more preferably between 1 mW.cm -2 and 100 W.cm -2 , and even more preferably between 1 mW.cm -2 and 30 W.cm -2 .
  • the LED chip 5 or the microsized LED has a photon flux of at least 1 ⁇ W.cm -2 , 10 ⁇ W.cm -2 , 100 ⁇ W.cm -2 , 500 ⁇ W.cm -2 , 1 mW.cm -2 , 10 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 100 W.cm -2 , 500 W.cm -2 , or 1 kW.cm -2 .
  • the LED chip 4 is a GaN diode, a InGaN diode, a GaAlN diode, a GaAlPN diode, a AlGaAs diode, a AlGaInP diode, a AlGaInN diode, GaSb diode, GaAs diode, GaAsP diode, GaP diode, InP diode, SiGe diode, InGaN diode, AlN diode, AlGaP diode, AlGaN diode, AlGaInN diode, ZnSe diode, Si diode, SiC diode, diamond diode, or boron nitride diode.
  • the microsized LED is a GaN diode, a InGaN diode, a GaAlN diode, a GaAlPN diode, a AlGaAs diode, a AlGaInP diode, a AlGaInN diode, GaSb diode, GaAs diode, GaAsP diode, GaP diode, InP diode, SiGe diode, InGaN diode, AlN diode, AlGaP diode, AlGaN diode, AlGaInN diode, ZnSe diode, Si diode, SiC diode, diamond diode, or boron nitride diode.
  • a LED array comprises an array of GaN diodes, InGaN diodes, GaAlN diodes, GaAlPN diodes, AlGaAs diodes, AlGaInP diodes, AlGaInN diodes, GaSb diodes, GaAs diodes, GaAsP diodes, GaP diodes, InP diodes, SiGe diodes, InGaN diodes, AlN diodes, AlGaP diodes, AlGaN diodes, AlGaInN diodes, ZnSe diodes, Si diodes, SiC diodes, diamond diodes, boron nitride diodes or a mixture thereof.
  • the microsized LED comprises at least one pixel.
  • the microsized LED comprises one pixel.
  • the microsized LED and the one pixel are combined.
  • a pixel comprises at least one microsized LED.
  • at least one pixel comprises a unique microsized LED.
  • at least one pixel comprises one microsized LED. In this embodiment, the microsized LED and the one pixel are combined.
  • the pixel pitch D is at least 1 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m, 4 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m, 6 ⁇ m, 7 ⁇ m, 8 ⁇ m, 9 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 11 ⁇ m, 12 ⁇ m, 13 ⁇ m, 14 ⁇ m, 15 ⁇ m, 16 ⁇ m, 17 ⁇ m, 18 ⁇ m, 19 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m, , 21 ⁇ m, 22 ⁇ m, 23 ⁇ m, 24 ⁇ m, 25 ⁇ m, 26 ⁇ m, 27 ⁇ m, 28 ⁇ m, 29 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m, 31 ⁇ m, 32 ⁇ m, 33 ⁇ m, 34 ⁇ m, 35 ⁇ m, 36 ⁇ m, 37 ⁇ m, 38 ⁇ m, 39 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ m, 41 ⁇ m, 42 ⁇ m, 43 ⁇ m, 44 ⁇ m, 45 ⁇ m, 46 ⁇ m, 47 .
  • the pixel pitch D is smaller than 10 ⁇ m.
  • the pixel size is at least 1 ⁇ m, 2 ⁇ m, 3 ⁇ m, 4 ⁇ m, 5 ⁇ m, 6 ⁇ m, 7 ⁇ m, 8 ⁇ m, 9 ⁇ m, 10 ⁇ m, 11 ⁇ m, 12 ⁇ m, 13 ⁇ m, 14 ⁇ m, 15 ⁇ m, 16 ⁇ m, 17 ⁇ m, 18 ⁇ m, 19 ⁇ m, 20 ⁇ m, 21 ⁇ m, 22 ⁇ m, 23 ⁇ m, 24 ⁇ m, 25 ⁇ m, 26 ⁇ m, 27 ⁇ m, 28 ⁇ m, 29 ⁇ m, 30 ⁇ m, 31 ⁇ m, 32 ⁇ m, 33 ⁇ m, 34 ⁇ m, 35 ⁇ m, 36 ⁇ m, 37 ⁇ m, 38 ⁇ m, 39 ⁇ m, 40 ⁇ m, 41 ⁇ m, 42 ⁇ m, 43 ⁇ m, 44 ⁇ m, 45 ⁇ m,
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film are on top of a microsized LED 5.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film cover a pixel of a microsized LED 5 array without overlapping between the pixels of said microsized LED 5 array.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film cover partially a pixel of a microsized LED 5 array without overlapping between the pixels of said microsized LED 5 array.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film cover a microsized LED 5 array without overlapping between the pixels of said microsized LED 5 array. In one embodiment, the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film cover partially a microsized LED 5 array without overlapping between the pixels of said microsized LED 5 array. In one embodiment, as illustrated in Fig.11B, the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film cover and surround partially or totally a microsized LED 5 array without overlapping between the pixels of said microsized LED 5 array. According to one embodiment, after deposition, the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film are coated with an auxiliary layer as described here above.
  • the auxiliary layer protects the composite particles 1 or the at least one film from oxygen, water and/or temperature.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film are coated with a protective layer as described here above.
  • the protective layer protects the composite particles 1 or the at least one film from oxygen, water and/or temperature.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film exhibits photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) decrease of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the light illumination is provided by blue, green, red, or UV light source such as laser, diode, fluorescent lamp or Xenon Arc Lamp.
  • the photon flux of the illumination is comprised between 1 mW.cm -2 and 100 kW.cm -2 and more preferably between 10 mW.cm -2 and 100 W.cm -2 , and even more preferably between 10 mW.cm -2 and 30 W.cm -2 .
  • the photon flux of the illumination is at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 20 W.cm -2 , 30 W.cm -2 , 40 W.cm -2 , 50 W.cm -2 , 60 W.cm -2 , 70 W.cm -2 , 80 W.cm -2 , 90 W.cm -2 , 100 W.cm -2 , 110 W.cm -2 , 120 W.cm -2 , 130 W.cm -2 , 140 W.cm -2 , 150 W.cm -2 , 160 W.cm -2 , 170 W.cm -2 , 180 W.cm -2 , 190 W.cm -2 , 200 W.cm
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film exhibits photoluminescence quantum yield (PQLY) decrease of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a decrease of the intensity of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination.
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a decrease of the intensity of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a decrease of the intensity of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under a temperature of at least 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a decrease of the intensity of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under a humidity of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%,
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a decrease of the intensity of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% under a temperature of at least 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 20 W.cm -2 , 30 W.cm -2 , 40 W.cm -2
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a decrease of the intensity of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% under a humidity of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%, under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 20 W.cm -2 , 30 W.cm -2 , 40 W.cm -2 , 50 W.cm -2 , 60 W.cm -2 , 70 W.cm -2 , 80 W.cm -2 , 90 W.c
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a decrease of the intensity of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% under a humidity of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%, under a temperature of at least 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a decrease of the intensity of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a decrease of the intensity of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 20 W.cm -2 , 30 W.cm -2 , 40 W.cm -2 , 50 W.cm -2 , 60 W.cm -2 , 70 W.cm -2 , 80 W.cm -2 , 90 W.cm -2 , 100 W.cm -2 , 110 W.cm -2 , 120 W.cm -2 , 130 W.cm -2 , 140 W.cm
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a decrease of the intensity of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under a temperature of at least 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a decrease of the intensity of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, or 50000 hours under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a shift of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a shift of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a shift of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a shift of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a shift of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm under a temperature of at least 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a shift of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm under a humidity of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%, under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 20 W.cm -2 , 30 W.cm -2 , 40 W.cm -2 , 50 W
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a shift of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm under a humidity of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%, under a temperature of at least 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a shift of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a shift of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 20 W.cm -2 , 30 W.cm -2 , 40 W.cm -2 , 50 W.cm -2 , 60 W.cm -2 , 70 W.cm -2 , 80 W.cm -2 , 90 W.cm -2 , 100 W.c
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a shift of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits a shift of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits an increase of the full width half maximum of at least one emission peak of less than 60 nm, 55 nm, 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits an increase of the full width half maximum of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000,
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits an increase of the full width half maximum of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000,
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits an increase of the full width half maximum of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm under a temperature of at least 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C, under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 ,
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits an increase of the full width half maximum of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm under a humidity of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%, under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 20 W.cm -2 , 30 W.cm -2 , 40 W.cm
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits an increase of the full width half maximum of at least one emission peak of less than 90%, 80%, 70%, 60%, 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20%, 15%, 10%, 5%, or 0% under a humidity of at least 0%, 10%, 20%, 30%, 40%, 50%, 55%, 60%, 65%, 70%, 75%, 80%, 85%, 90%, 95%, or 100%, under a temperature of at least 0°C, 10°C, 20°C, 30°C, 40°C, 50°C, 60°C, 70°C, 80°C, 90°C, 100°C, 125°C, 150°C, 175°C, 200°C, 225°C, 250°C, 275°C, or 300°C.
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits an increase of the full width half maximum of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000,
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits an increase of the full width half maximum of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 mW.cm -2 , 50 mW.cm -2 , 100 mW.cm -2 , 500 mW.cm -2 , 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 20 W.cm -2 , 30 W.cm -2 , 40 W.cm -2 , 50 W.cm -2 , 60 W.cm -2 , 70 W.cm -2 , 80 W.cm -2 , 90 W.cm -2 , m
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits an increase of the full width half maximum of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000,
  • the optoelectronic device exhibits an increase of the full width half maximum of at least one emission peak of less than 50 nm, 45 nm, 40 nm, 35 nm, 30 nm, 25 nm, 20 nm, 15 nm, 10 nm, 5 nm, 4 nm, 3 nm, 2 nm, or 1 nm after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000,
  • one population of composite particles 1 is deposited on a microsized LED 5 array. In one embodiment, a population of composite particles 1 is defined by the maximum emission wavelength. In one embodiment, at least one population of composite particles 1 is deposited on a pixel of a microsized LED 5 array. In one embodiment, two populations of composite particles 1 with different colors are deposited on a microsized LED 5 array. In one embodiment, two populations of composite particles 1 which emit green light and red light upon downconversion of a blue light source are deposited on a microsized LED 5 array.
  • the two populations of composite particles 1 comprise a first population with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a second population with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 750 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm. In one embodiment, the two populations of composite particles 1 comprise a first population with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a second population with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.
  • a film as described here above comprising one population of composite particles 1 is deposited on a microsized LED 5 array. In one embodiment, a film as described here above comprising at least one population of composite particles 1 is deposited a microsized LED 5 array. In one embodiment, a film as described here above comprising two populations of composite particles 1 with different colors is deposited on a microsized LED 5 array. In one embodiment, the film comprises two populations of composite particles 1, a first population with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a second population with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 750 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.
  • the film comprises two populations of composite particles 1, a first population with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a second population with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.
  • two films as described here above each comprising one population of composite particles 1 emitting different colors or wavelengths are deposited on a microsized LED 6 array.
  • the two films each comprise one population of composite particles 1, a first population with a maximum emission wavelength between 500 nm and 560 nm, more preferably between 515 nm and 545 nm and a second population with a maximum emission wavelength between 600 nm and 2500 nm, more preferably between 610 nm and 650 nm.
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film exhibit photoluminescence quantum yield (PLQY) decrease of less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, 50000 hours under light illumination.
  • PLQY photoluminescence quantum yield
  • the light illumination is provided by blue or UV light source such as laser, diode or Xenon Arc Lamp.
  • the photon flux of the illumination is comprised between 1 mW.cm -2 and 100 W.cm -2 and more preferably between 10 mW.cm -2 and 50 W.cm -2 , and even more preferably between 10 mW.cm -2 and 30 W.cm -2 .
  • the at least one composite particle 1 or the at least one film exhibit fluorescence quantum efficiency (PQLY) decrease of less than 50%, 40%, 30%, 25%, 20% after at least 300, 400, 500, 600, 700, 800, 900, 1000, 2000, 3000, 4000, 5000, 6000, 7000, 8000, 9000, 10000, 11000, 12000, 13000, 14000, 15000, 16000, 17000, 18000, 19000, 20000, 21000, 22000, 23000, 24000, 25000, 26000, 27000, 28000, 29000, 30000, 31000, 32000, 33000, 34000, 35000, 36000, 37000, 38000, 39000, 40000, 41000, 42000, 43000, 44000, 45000, 46000, 47000, 48000, 49000, 50000 hours under light illumination with a photon flux of at least 1 W.cm -2 , 5 W.cm -2 , 10 W.cm -2 , 20 W.cm -2 ,
  • the composite particle 1 of the invention is used in paint.
  • the composite particle 1 of the invention is used in ink.
  • the composite particle 1 may be deposited on a support as described hereabove, preferably said composite particle 1 may be deposited on a pixel.
  • the composite particle 1 of the present invention and/or the film as described above is used for optoelectronics.
  • the composite particle 1 of the present invention and/or the film as described above is comprised in an optoelectronic device.
  • the composite particle 1 of the invention is used for the optical calibration of optical instruments such as spectrophotometers.
  • the optoelectronic device is a display device, a diode, a light emitting diode (LED), a laser, a photodetector a transistor, a supercapacitor, a barcode, or an IR camera.
  • the composite particle 1 of the present invention and/or the film is used for luminescence detection.
  • the composite particle 1 of the present invention and/or the film is used for bioimaging, biotargeting, biosensing, medical imaging, diagnostic, therapy, or theranostics.
  • the composite particle 1 of the invention and/or the film is used for catalysis. According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 of the invention is used in drug delivery. According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 of the invention and/or the film is used in energy storage devices. According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 of the invention and/or the film is used in energy production devices. According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 of the invention and/or the film is used in enery conversion devices. According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 of the invention and/or the film is used in enery transport devices. According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 of the invention and/or the film is used in photovoltaic cells. According to one embodiment, the composite particle 1 of the invention and/or the film is used in lighting devices.
  • the composite particle 1 of the invention and/or the film is used in sensor devices.
  • the composite particle 1 of the invention comprising fluorescent nanoparticles is used in pressure sensor devices.
  • a pressure exerted on said composite particle 1 (and therefore on the fluorescent nanoparticles) induces a shift in the emission wavelength.
  • Figure 1 illustrates a composite particle 1 comprising a non-vitrified core 11 and a shell 12, wherein the core 11 comprises one inorganic nanoparticle 13 and the shell 12 is made of vitrified glass.
  • Figure 2 illustrates a composite particle 1 comprising a core and a shell 12, wherein the core comprises one spherical inorganic nanoparticle 131 and the shell 12 is made of vitrified glass.
  • Figure 3 illustrates a composite particle 1 comprising a core and a shell 12, wherein the core comprises one quasi-2D inorganic nanoparticle 132 and the shell 12 is made of vitrified glass.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention, wherein the composite particle 1 comprises a core and a shell 12, wherein the core comprises two spherical inorganic nanoparticles 131 and the shell 12 is made of vitrified glass.
  • Figure 5 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention, wherein the composite particle 1 comprises a core and a shell 12, wherein the core comprises two quasi-2D inorganic nanoparticles 132 and the shell 12 is made of vitrified glass.
  • Figure 6 illustrates different inorganic nanoparticles 13.
  • Figure 6A illustrates a core nanoparticle 13 without a shell 133.
  • Figure 6B illustrates a core 133/shell 134 nanoparticle 13 with one shell 134.
  • Figure 6C illustrates a core 133/shell (134, 135) nanoparticle 13 with two different shells (134, 135).
  • Figure 6D illustrates a core 133/shell (134, 135, 136) nanoparticle 13 with two different shells (134, 135) surrounded by an oxide insulator shell 136.
  • Figure 6E illustrates a core 133/crown 137 nanoparticle 13.
  • Figure 7 illustrates a preferred embodiment of the invention, wherein the composite particle 1 comprises a core and a shell 12, wherein the core comprises one quasi-2D inorganic nanoparticle 132 and two spherical inorganic nanoparticles 131; and the shell 12 is made of vitrified glass.
  • Figure 8 illustrates the device 2 applying the method of the invention: the gas flow originates from a gas supply 21, passes through the means for forming droplets 22 of mixing solution; the droplets are dispersed in the gas flow and carried in a tube 23, then heated in means for heating 24 to obtain composite particles 1; said composite particles 1 are cooled in means for cooling 25, then separated and collected by means for separating and collecting particles 26; wherein a pumping device 27 ensure the gas flow.
  • Figure 9 illustrates an optoelectronic device.
  • Figure 9A illustrates an optoelectronic device comprising a LED support 3, a LED chip 4 and composite particles 1 deposited on said LED chip 4, wherein the composite particles 1 cover the LED chip 4.
  • Figure 9B illustrates an optoelectronic device comprising a LED support 3, a LED chip 4 and composite particles 1 deposited on said LED chip 4 wherein the composite particles 1 cover and surround the LED chip 4.
  • Figure 10 illustrates a microsized LED 5 array comprising a LED support 3 and a plurality of microsized LED 5, wherein the pixel pitch D is the distance from the center of a pixel to the center of the next pixel.
  • Figure 11 illustrates an optoelectronic device.
  • Figure 11A illustrates an optoelectronic device comprising a LED support 3, a microsized LED 5 and composite particles 1 deposited on said microsized LED 5, wherein the composite particles 1 cover the microsized LED 5.
  • Figure 11B illustrates an optoelectronic device comprising a LED support 3, a microsized LED 5 and composite particles 1 deposited on said microsized LED 5 wherein the composite particles 1 cover and surround the microsized LED 5.
  • Figure 12 is TEM images showing inorganic nanoparticles (dark contrast) clearly embedded in a silica shell (bright contrast).
  • Figure 13A-B is HR-TEM images showing a CdSe/CdZnS nanoplatelet with an atomically flat CdSe core.
  • Figure 14A-C is STEM-HAADF images showing CdSe/CdS nanoplatelets with atomically flat CdSe cores.
  • Figure 15 is TEM images showing inorganic nanoparticles (dark contrast) clearly embedded in a silica shell (bright contrast).
  • Figure 16A shows the emission spectra of CdSe@CdS@ZnS nanoplatelets before and after encapsulation in silica glass.
  • Figure 16B shows the emission intensity versus time for CdSe@CdS@ZnS nanoplatelets before and after encapsulation in silica glass.
  • Example 1 ⁇ Inorganic nanoparticles 13 preparation CdSe nanoplatelets 170 mg of cadmium myristate (Cd(myr)2) (0.3 mmol) and 15 mL of octadecene (ODE) are introduced in a three neck flask and are degassed under vacuum.
  • Cd(myr)2 cadmium myristate
  • ODE octadecene
  • the mixture is heated under agron flow at 250°C and 1 mL of a dispersion of Se 100 mesh sonicated in ODE (0.1 M) are quickly injected. After 30 seconds, 80 mg of cadmium acetate (Cd(OAc)2) (0.3 mmol) are introduced. The mixture is heated for 10 minutes at 250°C.
  • CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets In a three neck flask, 15 mL of trioctylamine are introduced and degassed under vacuum at 100°C.
  • trioctylamine In a three neck flask, 15 mL of trioctylamine are introduced and degassed under vacuum at 100°C. Then the reaction mixture is heated at 300°C under argon and 5 mL of CdSe@CdS nanoplatelets in octadecene (ODE) are swiftly injected followed by the injection of 7 mL of 0.1 M octanethiol solution in ODE and 7 mL of 0.1 M zinc oleate (Zn(OA)2) in ODE with syringe pumps at a constant rate over 90 min. After the addition, the reaction is heated at 300°C for 90 minutes.
  • ODE octadecene
  • Zn(OA)2 zinc oleate
  • Example 2 Composite particles 1 preparation– CdSe@CdZnS@SiO 2 10 ⁇ L of silanized CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in toluene (1.0 ⁇ M) were added into a solution of 200 ⁇ L of deionized water, 50 ⁇ L of acetic acid, 150 ⁇ L of TEOS and 5 mL of tetrahydrofuran previously prepared and stirred for 24h. The mixture was then introduced into an atomization chamber and atomized through a tube furnace heated at 300°C with a nitrogen flow of 40 cm 3 /s, as described in the invention.
  • the composite particles 1 were collected at the surface of a PTFE hydrophilic filter with a pore size of 200 nm and then suspended in acetone using sonication for 10 minutes.
  • TEM images show inorganic nanoparticles 13 (dark contrast) clearly embedded in a silica shell 12 (bright contrast).
  • Example 3 Composite particles 1 preparation– CdSe@CdZnS@Si x Na y Ca z O v 100 ⁇ L of CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 ⁇ M), 200 ⁇ L of deionized water, 10 ⁇ L of acetic acid, 400 ⁇ L of polydiethoxysilane, 5 mg of calcium nitrate and 3 mg of sodium nitrate were added into an atomization chamber. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring, the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 525°C with a nitrogen flow of 30 cm 3 /s, as described in the invention.
  • Example 4 Composite particles 1 preparation– CdSe@CdZnS@SixNayCazOv 100 ⁇ L of CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 1,2-propanediol (1.0 ⁇ M), 200 ⁇ L of deionized water, 10 ⁇ L of acetic acid and 150 ⁇ L of TEOS, 84 mg of calcium nitrate and 3 mg of sodium nitrate were added into an atomization chamber.
  • Example 5 Composite particles 1 preparation– CdSe@CdZnS@SiO2 100 ⁇ L of CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in hexanol (1.0 ⁇ M), 150 ⁇ L of deionized water, 30 ⁇ L of ammonium hydroxide (28w% in water) and 200 ⁇ L of TEOS were added into an atomization chamber.
  • the liquid mixture was atomized through a tube furnace heated at 700°C with a nitrogen flow of 40 cm 3 /s, as described in the invention.
  • the composite particles 1 were collected at the surface of a filter with a pore size of 5 ⁇ m and then suspended in hexanol using sonication for 10 minutes.
  • the resulting solution of composite particles 1 was introduced in the atomization chamber and sprayed towards a tube furnace at 1200°C with a nitrogen flow of 100 cm 3 /s, as described in the invention.
  • the composite particles 1 were collected on the tube wall by thermophoresis by using the cooling system, allowing to separate and select the composite particles 1 depending on their size. Said selected composite particles 1 were suspended in ethanol using sonication for 10 minutes.
  • Example 6 Composite particles 1 preparation– CdSe@SiO2 100 ⁇ L of CdSe nanoplatelets suspended in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 ⁇ M) were mixed with 2 ⁇ L of N-Octadecyltrimethoxysilane. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring, 150 ⁇ L of deionized water, 10 ⁇ L of acetic and 200 ⁇ L of TEOS were added. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring, the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 1300°C with a nitrogen flow of 30 cm 3 /s, as described in the invention.
  • Example 7 Composite particles 1 preparation– CdSe@CdZnS@SixNayCazOv 100 ⁇ L of CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in tetrahydrofuran (1.0 ⁇ M), 500 ⁇ L of deionized water, 50 ⁇ L of acetic acid, 400 ⁇ L of polydiethoxysilane, 5 mg of calcium nitrate and 3 mg of sodium nitrate were added into an atomization chamber.
  • the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 525°C with a nitrogen flow of 30 cm 3 /s, as described in the invention.
  • the composite particles 1 were collected at the surface of a filter with a pore size of 1 ⁇ m and then suspended in acetone using sonication for 10 minutes.
  • the resulting solution of composite particles 1 was introduced in the atomization chamber and sprayed towards a tube furnace at 1200°C with a nitrogen flow of 100 cm 3 /s, as described in the invention.
  • the composite particles 1 were collected on the tube wall by thermophoresis by using the cooling system, allowing to separate and select the composite particles 1 depending on their size. Said selected composite particles 1 were suspended in ethanol using sonication for 10 minutes.
  • Example 8 Composite particles 1 preparation– CdSe@CdZnS@Si x Na y Ca z O v 100 ⁇ L of CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets suspended in 1,2-propanediol (1.0 ⁇ M), 200 ⁇ L of deionized water, 30 ⁇ L of ammonia and 150 ⁇ L of TEOS, 84 mg of calcium nitrate and 3 mg of sodium nitrate were added into an atomization chamber. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring, the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 300°C with a nitrogen flow of 20 cm 3 /s, as described in the invention.
  • Example 9 Composite particles 1 preparation– CdSe@SiO 2 100 ⁇ L of CdSe nanoplatelets suspended in hexane (1.0 ⁇ M) were transferred to an aqueous solution by following a process of ligand exchange with 3-mercaptopropionic acid. The aqueous colloidal solution (1.0 ⁇ M) was then mixed with 150 ⁇ L of deionized water, 5 ⁇ L of tetramethyl ammonium hydroxide and 200 ⁇ L of TEOS. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber.
  • Example 10 Composite particles preparation from a basic aqueous solution – CdSe@CdZnS@SiO2 100 ⁇ L of a basic aqueous solution of CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoplatelets were mixed with a basic aqueous solution of TEOS at 0.13M previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours.
  • Example 11 Composite particles preparation from an acidic aqueous solution - CdSe@CdZnS@SiO 2 100 ⁇ L of an acidic aqueous solution CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoplatelets were mixed with an acidic aqueous solution of TEOS at 0.13M previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber.
  • the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 300°C, 600°C or 1200°C with a nitrogen flow, as described in the invention.
  • the composite particles 1 were collected at the surface of a filter with a pore size of 1 ⁇ m.
  • Example 12 Composite particles preparation from an acidic aqueous solution with hetero-elements– CdSe@CdZnS@SixCdyZnzOw (with x, y, z and w are independently a decimal number from 0 to 5) 100 ⁇ L of an acidic aqueous solution of CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoplatelets were mixed with an acidic aqueous solution of TEOS at 0.13M previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours in presence of cadmium acetate at 0.01M and zinc oxide at 0.01M. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber.
  • Example 13 Composite particles preparation from an acidic aqueous solution– InP@ZnS@SiO2 4 mL of an acidic solution of InP@ZnS nanoparticles after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoparticles were mixed with an acidic aqueous solution of TEOS at 0.13M previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber.
  • Example 14 Composite particles preparation from an aqueous solution– CH 5 N 2 - 100 ⁇ L of an acidic solution of CH5N2-PbBr3 nanoparticles after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoparticles were mixed with an acidic aqueous solution of TEOS at 0.13M previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber.
  • Example 15 Composite particles preparation from an aqueous solution– CdSe@CdZnS- Au@SiO2 100 ⁇ L of an aqueous solution of gold nanoparticles and 100 ⁇ L of an acidic aqueous solution of CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoplatelets, were mixed together in an acedic aqueous solution of TEOS at 0.13M previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours.
  • the solution was transferred into an atomization chamber. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring, the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 300°C, 600°C or 1200°C with a nitrogen flow as described in the invention.
  • the composite particles were collected at the surface of a GaN substrate.
  • the GaN substrate with the deposited composite particles was then cut into pieces of 1 mm x 1 mm and electricaly connected to get a LED emitting a mixture of the blue light and the light emitted by the fluorescent nanoparticles.
  • Example 16 Composite particles preparation from an acidic aqueous solution– Fe 3 O 4 - CdSe@CdZnS@SiO 2 100 ⁇ L of an acidic aqueous solution of Fe3O4 nanoparticles and 100 ⁇ L of an acidic aqueous solution of CdSe@CdZnS nanoplatelets after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoplatelets, were mixed together in an acedic aqueous solution of TEOS at 0.13M previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring, the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 300°C, 600°C or 1200°C with a nitrogen flow as described in the invention.
  • the composite particles 1 were collected at the surface of a filter with a pore size of 1 ⁇ m.
  • Example 17 CdSe@CdS@ZnS@SiO2 100 ⁇ L of CdSe@CdS@ZnS nanoplatelets suspended in an acidic aqueous solution after a process of ligand exchange were mixed with an acidic aqueous solution of TEOS at 0.13M previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring, the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 300°C, 600°C or 1200°CC with a nitrogen flow as described in the invention. The composite particles 1 were collected at the surface of a filter with a pore size of 1 ⁇ m.
  • Figure 16A shows the emission spectra of CdSe@CdS@ZnS nanoplatelets before and after encapsulation in silica glass. Bare CdSe@CdS@ZnS nanoplatelets exhibit an emission peak at 693 nm, and glass encapsulated CdSe@CdS@ZnS nanoplatelets exhibit an emission peak at 681 nm. The FWHM remains unchanged before or after encapsulation in glass.
  • Figure 16B shows the emission intensity versus time for CdSe@CdS@ZnS nanoplatelets before and after encapsulation in silica glass. The encapsulation in silica glass impoved the emission intensity versus time of said nanoplatelets.
  • Example 18 Composite particles preparation from an acidic aqueous solution - CdSe@ZnS@SiO2 100 ⁇ L of an acidic aqueous solution of CdSe@ZnS nanoplatelets after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoplatelets were mixed with an acidic aqueous solution of TEOS at 0.13M previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring, the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 300°C, 600°C or 1200°C with a nitrogen flow as described in the invention.
  • Example 19 Composite particles preparation from an acidic aqueous solution - CdSe@ZnS@Si x Na y Ca z O v 100 ⁇ L of an acidic aqueous solution of CdSe@ZnS nanoplatelets after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoplatelets were mixed with an acidic aqueous solution comprising a mixture of TEOS, calcium nitrate and sodium nitrate previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring, the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 1000°C with a nitrogen flow as described in the invention.
  • Example 20 Composite particles preparation from an acidic aqueous solution - CdSe@ZnS@SixPbyOz 100 ⁇ L of an acidic aqueous solution of CdSe@ZnS nanoplatelets after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoplatelets were mixed with an acidic aqueous solution comprising a mixture of TEOS and lead acetate previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring, the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 1000°C or 1200°C with a nitrogen flow as described in the invention.
  • Example 21 Composite particles preparation from an acidic aqueous solution - CdSe@ZnS@SiO2-B2O3-Na2O-Al2O3 100 ⁇ L of an acidic aqueous solution of CdSe@ZnS nanoplatelets after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoplatelets were mixed with an acidic aqueous solution comprising a mixture of TEOS, aluminum-tri-sec-butoxide, sodium nitrate and boron trichloride previously hydrolyzed for 24 hours. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber.
  • Example 22 Composite particles preparation from a basic aqueous solution - CdSe@ZnS@SixPbyOz 100 ⁇ L of a basic aqueous solution of CdSe@ZnS nanoplatelets after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoplatelets were mixed with a basic aqueous solution comprising a mixture of TEOS and lead acetate previously hydrolyzed for 16 hours. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber.
  • the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 1000°C or 1200°C with a nitrogen flow as described in the invention.
  • the composite particles 1 were collected at the surface of a filter with a pore size of 1 ⁇ m.
  • Example 23 Composite particles preparation from an basic aqueous solution - CdSe@ZnS@SixO2-ByO3-Na2O-Al2O3 100 ⁇ L of a basic aqueous solution of CdSe@ZnS nanoplatelets after a process of ligand exchange of said nanoplatelets were mixed with a basic aqueous solution comprising a mixture of TEOS, aluminum-tri-sec-butoxide, sodium nitrate and boron trichloride previously hydrolyzed for 16 hours. The solution was transferred into an atomization chamber. After 10 minutes of magnetic stirring, the liquid mixture was sprayed towards a tube furnace heated at 1000°C or 1200°C with a nitrogen flow as described in the invention. The composite particles 1 were collected at the surface of a filter with a pore size of 1 ⁇ m.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne une particule composite (1) comprenant un noyau (11) et une enveloppe (12), le noyau (11) comprenant au moins une nanoparticule inorganique (13) et l'enveloppe (12) étant constituée de verre vitrifié. L'invention concerne également des procédés permettant d'obtenir ces particules, ainsi que des utilisations associées.
EP17787461.7A 2016-10-28 2017-10-27 Particules composites de verre et utilisations associées Pending EP3532564A1 (fr)

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US201662414105P 2016-10-28 2016-10-28
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PCT/EP2017/077704 WO2018078147A1 (fr) 2016-10-28 2017-10-27 Particules composites de verre et utilisations associées

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US11370966B2 (en) * 2017-06-02 2022-06-28 Nexdot Uniformly encapsulated nanoparticles and uses thereof
CN110550627B (zh) * 2019-09-05 2022-05-20 大连理工大学 一种将石墨炔膜从金属催化剂基体表面转移直接制备石墨炔分离膜的方法
CN110938424B (zh) * 2019-12-06 2022-10-04 河北工业大学 一种量子点与纳米片互联的组装复合材料及其制备方法
CN113353896A (zh) * 2020-03-04 2021-09-07 武汉理工大学 一种具有超塑性的Ag2Se纳米超细晶热电材料
CN111710745B (zh) * 2020-06-28 2023-03-21 重庆邮电大学 一种锰掺杂纯无机钙钛矿-Au纳米晶异质结及其制备方法和应用
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JP7519311B2 (ja) 2021-02-04 2024-07-19 新光電気工業株式会社 紫外線検出物及び紫外線検出装置、並びにそれらの製造方法
CN113264674B (zh) * 2021-05-11 2022-03-15 中山大学 一种铜离子掺杂多色荧光玻璃及其制备方法和应用
CN113213766B (zh) * 2021-06-02 2022-09-16 哈尔滨工程大学 一种钙钛矿量子点闪烁微晶玻璃及制备方法
CN113502441A (zh) * 2021-06-23 2021-10-15 华中科技大学 一种原位自生相增强镁基非晶复合材料及其制备方法
CN114774048B (zh) * 2022-05-20 2023-07-25 浙江楠华电子科技有限责任公司 一种高热导率的应变计贴片胶的制备方法及应变式传感器
CN115261013B (zh) * 2022-07-01 2024-06-14 西安邮电大学 一种稀土发光材料及其制备方法与应用
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US20190264101A1 (en) 2019-08-29
KR20190077029A (ko) 2019-07-02

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