EP3512659A1 - Procédé et appareil de nettoyage et d'assemblage d'un élément d'assemblage sur une pièce - Google Patents

Procédé et appareil de nettoyage et d'assemblage d'un élément d'assemblage sur une pièce

Info

Publication number
EP3512659A1
EP3512659A1 EP17768041.0A EP17768041A EP3512659A1 EP 3512659 A1 EP3512659 A1 EP 3512659A1 EP 17768041 A EP17768041 A EP 17768041A EP 3512659 A1 EP3512659 A1 EP 3512659A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
joining
workpiece
characteristic variable
cleaning
parameters
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP17768041.0A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Bah EISSARA
Gerson Meschut
Christian Reis
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Newfrey LLC
Original Assignee
Newfrey LLC
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Newfrey LLC filed Critical Newfrey LLC
Publication of EP3512659A1 publication Critical patent/EP3512659A1/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/20—Stud welding
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
    • B23K11/002—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating specially adapted for particular articles or work
    • B23K11/004—Welding of a small piece to a great or broad piece
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
    • B23K11/34—Preliminary treatment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K11/00—Resistance welding; Severing by resistance heating
    • B23K11/36—Auxiliary equipment
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/095—Monitoring or automatic control of welding parameters
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
    • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
    • B23K9/235—Preliminary treatment

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method for joining a joining element onto a workpiece, in particular for stud welding or stud gluing.
  • the present invention further relates to a joining apparatus for joining a joining element onto a workpiece, in particular for implementing the above-stated method, wherein the joining apparatus has a joining head, which comprises a holding device for a joining element and by means of which the joining element is movable along a joining axis in relation to a workpiece.
  • a joining method of this type and an associated joining apparatus are widely known, for instance in the field of so-called stud welding or gluing.
  • studs are joined onto workpieces such as metal plates in such a way that the studs protrude perpendicularly in relation to a surface of the workpiece.
  • Components which have been joined in this way can be used, for instance, to fasten plastics clips to the stud.
  • the clips can serve, for instance, to fix pipes or cables in relation to the workpiece, such as, for instance, fuel or brake lines.
  • the joining method of the generic type is therefore used in particular in the field of body making for motor vehicles.
  • stud welding In stud welding, an electrical current flow is established between the joining element and the workpiece, wherein the joining element is raised in relation to the workpiece, so that an arc is drawn therebetween. The arc leads to a fusion (or melting) of the opposing surfaces of workpiece and joining element. After this, the joining element is lowered onto the workpiece, so that the electrical joining current is short-circuited. The total melt rigidities and the joining process is concluded.
  • a joining element is generally provided beforehand with an ac- tivatable adhesive on a joining surface. The stud gluing is then realized by activation of the adhesive. After this, the joining element and the workpiece are pressed one against the other and finally the adhesive is cured. This can be done through the use of various external factors, in particular by heat.
  • alloy elements can have influence on the weldability.
  • practice shows that these surface specifications, to which a joining process is then specifically tailored in terms of the joining parameters, are not always properly observed.
  • an arc cleaning process ("clean flash").
  • an arc with alternating polarity is set up, on the basis of which impurities are ionized and are stripped from the workpiece surface.
  • a problem with this process is that such impurities can subsequently on the other joining surface attach themselves to the stud, so that, in this case too, problems can arise in terms of consistent joining connections.
  • an object of the invention is to define an improved method for joining a joining element onto a workpiece and an improved joining apparatus for this purpose.
  • a method for joining a joining element onto a workpiece in particular for stud welding or stud gluing, characterized by the steps: providing a joining element and a workpiece onto which the joining element is to be joined, detecting at least one characteristic variable of the workpiece and/or of the joining element, evaluating the at least one characteristic variable and classification of the at least one characteristic variable into one of at least a first and a second variable class, performance of the joining process if the at least one characteristic variable is classified into the first variable class, and performance of a cleaning process on the workpiece and/or on the joining element and performance of the joining process after the cleaning process if the at least one characteristic variable is classified into the second variable class.
  • a joining apparatus for joining a joining element onto a workpiece comprising a joining head, which has a holding device for a joining element and by means of which the joining element is movable along a joining axis in relation to a workpiece, a detection device for detecting at least one characteristic variable of the workpiece and/or of the joining element, an evaluation device for evaluating the at least one characteristic variable, and a cleaning device for performing a cleaning process on the workpiece and/or on the joining element.
  • the characteristic variable can here relate to the material, a surface quality, a surface finishing, a carbon coating on the surface, a purity, can relate to release agents in the case of a cast workpiece, yet can also comprise relative quantities such as, for instance, the workpiece material in relation to the joining element material.
  • This at least one characteristic variable is realized preferably by automated means, to be precise preferably by means of a suitable detection device.
  • This or these detection device(s) can comprise suitable sensors, which either operate purely passively or else actively subject the workpiece to a physical process, after which the reaction thereto is detected by the sensors.
  • the detection step enables the workpiece to be classified in a subsequent evaluation step.
  • the detection step can include that a or a plurality of characteristic variable(s) of the workpiece is/are combined into one variable quantity. Subsequently, it can then be established, for instance, whether this variable quantity falls into a first value range or into a second value range, which can then be equated to an evaluation and classification of the at least one characteristic variable into a first or a second variable class. Insofar as a classification is made into the first variable class, this is intended to essentially mean that the workpiece or its surface is suitable for joining without the need to previously perform a cleaning process.
  • a classifica- tion can be made into the first variable class, so that the joining process is subsequently performed without prior cleaning process.
  • the classification in the first variable class can here mean that a subsequent joining process is performed either with standard joining parameters, or else with modified joining parameters, which will be examined in further detail below.
  • the at least one characteristic variable is classified in the evaluation step in the second variable class, this means that a joining process is not performed without previously performing a cleaning process.
  • the cleaning process is firstly performed on the workpiece and/or on the joining element, and only after this is the joining process performed.
  • the cleaning process is here not an arc cleaning process, but is a cleaning process which is performed independently of the joining process.
  • the cleaning process is preferably performed in a stage in which a joining element is already located in a holding device of a joining head and is assigned to a specific location (joining site) on the workpiece. This is advantageous, in particular, when a cleaning device for performing the cleaning process is disposed on the joining head.
  • a work- piece to which, for instance, a plurality of joining elements are to be fixed, the appropriate joining locations, in order to, where necessary, respectively perform cleaning processes successively at these locations, possibly even before a joining element is fed into a holding device of a joining head.
  • the cleaning processes can hence be conducted, for instance, collectively on a workpiece, so as subsequently to fasten all the joining elements to the workpiece, in which case, between the joining processes, preferably no further cleaning process is any longer necessary.
  • the cleaning process is performed using a cleaning medium.
  • the cleaning medium can be a gas, a liquid or a solid.
  • the application of the cleaning medium to the workpiece is realized by means of a separate cleaning device, which directs the cleaning medium onto a joining surface, in particular onto a joining site on the workpiece.
  • the cleaning medium is here not an electrical cleaning medium and, in particular, is not an electric arc.
  • a cleaning device which is used to apply the cleaning medium is preferably separate from and independent of the systems for performing the joining process.
  • the cleaning medium comprises a gas, such as, for instance, a plasma gas, in particular a TIG plasma gas.
  • the cleaning medium has an ice jet, for instance a C02 snow jet.
  • the detection step includes at least one of the following detection processes: a contact resistance measurement, a measurement of the electrical conductivity and a fluorescence measurement.
  • each individual joining process is performed with standard joining parameters or with joining parameters which have been modified in relation to the standard joining parameters, and wherein the joining process performed after the cleaning process is performed using the standard joining parameters.
  • the standard joining parameters of the joining process are parameters of the kind in which it is assumed that the surface of the workpiece is located in an optimal region. Hence, joining can be realized with the standard joining parameters.
  • Joining parameters can be, for instance, the welding current, the height of the joining element above the workpiece during the performance of the joining process (length of the arc), the period for which the arc is maintained, etc.
  • each individual joining process is performed with standard joining parameters or with joining parameters which have been modified in relation to the standard joining parameters, wherein the method has the following steps: provision of a joining element and a workpiece onto which the joining element is to be joined, detection of at least one characteristic variable of the workpiece and/or of the joining element, evaluation of the at least one characteristic variable; and performance of the joining process using standard joining parameters if the at least one characteristic variable lies within a first value range, or performance of the joining process using modified joining parameters if the at least one characteristic variable lies within a second value range.
  • the at least one characteristic variable is classified into a first value range or into a second value range.
  • the two value ranges lie preferably within the first variable class.
  • the evaluation of the at least one characteristic variable and the classification into the first value range or into the second value range is realized once it has been established that a joining process can be generally performed without the need to perform a prior cleaning process.
  • this aspect of the invention preferably after having established the general suitability of the workpiece for a joining process without previous cleaning process, it is established by evaluation of the at least one characteristic variable whether the joining process is performed using the standard joining parame- ters or using modified joining parameters.
  • the modified joining parameters are preferably adapted in dependence on the at least one characteristic variable, are thus modified as a function of the at least one characteristic variable.
  • the cleaning process is performed for a time period ranging from 0.1 seconds to 5 seconds.
  • the duration of the cleaning process is less than 2 seconds.
  • the cleaning process can here be performed continuously for this time period, or can be pulsed during this time period, for instance with 2 to 20 pulses within the time period.
  • the time period of the cleaning process is less than/equal to a time period of a joining process, so that no prolonged cycle times are produced by the method according to the invention.
  • the at least one characteristic variable is detected once again, and subsequent- ly an evaluation of the at least one characteristic variable is performed once again before the joining process is performed.
  • the supplementary cleaning process can in particular serve to remove smoke residue arising during the joining process in order thereby to be able to provide a clean component comprising a workpiece and a joining element joined thereto.
  • the joining process is performed using stand- ard joining parameters or using modified joining parameters, wherein the joining parameters include whether the joining process comprises a preceding arc cleaning process.
  • an arc cleaning process (“clean flash”) can, where necessary, be performed, for instance, when the at least one characteristic variable is classified into the second value range.
  • the cleaning device is fixed to the joining head, in which case it is preferred if the cleaning device is oriented at an angle ranging between 10° and 45° in relation to the joining axis.
  • the detection device is fixed to the joining head.
  • the detection device is a passive detection device.
  • the detection device can also, however, once fixed to the joining head, impart to the workpiece a physical quantity which is then meas- ured, thus even when the detection device comprises an active component.
  • Methods for joining a joining element onto a workpiece are described in general terms above. However, the methods according to the invention are also suitable in other joining processes which are to be performed on workpieces, for instance even when two workpieces are to be joined together, for instance via a weld seam.
  • the methods according to the invention can hence also focus on providing a first and a second workpiece, which are to be connected to each other, and subsequently detecting at least one characteristic variable of one of the workpieces, preferably of both workpieces, and subsequently evaluating these.
  • Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of an embodiment of a joining ap- paratus according to the invention
  • Fig. 2 shows a time lapse diagram of an exemplary joining method according to the invention.
  • Fig. 3 shows a flow chart of an exemplary method according to the invention.
  • a joining apparatus is represented in schematic form and is denoted in general terms by 10.
  • the joining apparatus 10 comprises a joining head 12 or a joining gun, wherein the joining head 12 is preferably fixed to an arm 14 of a robot 16 and is hence movable in three dimensions in space.
  • the joining apparatus serves to join joining elements 18 onto workpieces 20.
  • the joining elements can, in particular, be studs.
  • the workpieces 20 can, in particular, be metal plates.
  • the joining apparatus 10 is preferably used in the field of body making of motor vehicles.
  • the material of the workpiece 20 and of the joining element 18 is respectively preferably aluminium or an aluminium alloy.
  • the joining element 18 is held in a holding device 24 of the joining head 12 and oriented in a joining axis 22, which is preferably perpendicular to a surface of the workpiece 20.
  • the holding device 24 is preferably connected to a power source 26 and is configured to pass a joining current i into the joining element 18.
  • the workpiece 20 is connected, for instance, to an earth (or a ground source), as is indicated in Fig. 1 .
  • the joining apparatus 10 can have a feeding device 28, by means of which joining elements (indicated by a T in Fig. 1 ) can be driven by automated means to the holding device 24.
  • the joining apparatus 10 compris- es a detection device 32, which is configured to detect at least one characteristic variable of the workpiece 20, such as, for instance, a surface quality, a surface character, etc.
  • Quality surface and surface character mean any property of the structure, not only a surface contamination. Material structures like grain size, surface quality or roughness may be taken into consideration.
  • the detection device 32 can be provided separate from the joining head 12, but can also be fixed to the joining head 12, as indicated in Fig. 1 . In this case, it is preferred if the detection device 32 is oriented along a detection axis 34 which assumes an angle a in relation to the joining axis 22. This angle a can range, for instance, from 10° to 45°.
  • the joining apparatus 10 further comprises a cleaning device 36.
  • the cleaning device 36 is designed to apply a cleaning medium R to the surface of the work- piece 20.
  • the cleaning device 36 can be configured separate from the joining head 12.
  • the cleaning device 36 is, however, fixed to the joining head 12, as is indicated schematically in Fig. 1 .
  • the value of the angle ⁇ can, for instance, likewise range from 10° to 45°.
  • the joining apparatus 10 further comprises an evaluation device 40, which is designed to evaluate a characteristic variable, detected by the detection device 32, of the workpiece 20.
  • the evaluation device 40 can be arranged separate from the joining head 12, yet can also be integrated in the latter or in the power source 26.
  • Fig. 2 is represented in schematic form a time lapse diagram 44, which shows a detection process E, a cleaning process R, an arc cleaning process C and a joining process F.
  • At least one characteristic variable of the workpiece is detected, as is indicated at E in Fig. 2.
  • the at least one characteristic variable is evaluated, which is not represented in Fig. 2. If the at least one characteristic variable is classified into a first variable class, directly following this a joining process F can be performed, optionally with the intervening performance of an arc cleaning process C.
  • Fig. 2 shows the height h of the joining element 18 in relation to the surface of the workpiece 20 during the perfor- mance of the joining process, as well as the quantity of a current i which is passed into the holding device and hence into the joining element 18.
  • An optionally previously performed arc cleaning process C includes producing, at least once, an arc having an inverse polarity, by means of which ionized component parts on the surface of the workpiece 20 make their way in the direction towards the joining element 18.
  • a subsequent cleaning process R which is represented in Fig. 2, can be omitted, as mentioned, and it is possible to proceed directly to the joining process F, which takes place at a time TF, where necessary with a preceding arc cleaning at a space in time TC.
  • the cleaning process R is performed, to be precise using a cleaning device 36 and a cleaning medium, namely for a time period TR which preferably ranges from 0.1 seconds to 5 seconds, yet is preferably less than 3 seconds, in particular less than 2 seconds.
  • Fig. 3 is represented an exemplary embodiment of a method according to the invention in the form of a block diagram 50.
  • the method 50 includes after a start, in a detection step 52, the detection of at least one characteristic variable of the workpiece 20.
  • the at least one characteristic variable is evaluated and classified either into a first or into a second variable class. Insofar as a classification is made into the first variable class, it is further evaluated whether the at least one characteristic variable falls into a first value range or into a second value range within the first variable class.
  • a subsequent interrogation step 60 it is enquired whether the at least one characteristic variable falls into the second value range within the first variable class. If this is the case, in a step 62 an adaptation is made of the joining parameters, so that the subsequent joining process 64 is performed with modified joining parameters.
  • the adaptation of the joining parameters is here made preferably as a function of the at least one characteristic variable.
  • a cleaning process is firstly performed.
  • a joining process 68 takes place, to be precise preferably with standard joining parameters.
  • a subsequent, supplementary cleaning process 70 can also be performed, however, in which, for instance, traces of smoke residue due to the welding operation are removed.
  • This supplementary cleaning process can be realized, for instance, using the same cleaning medium as the cleaning process 66.
  • a loopback is optionally performed, such that a detection of the at least one characteristic variable takes place at 52 and, after this, the following steps are likewise performed, depending on the evaluation of the at least one characteristic variable.
  • first classify the workpiece or classify several areas of the workpiece, then to perform a cleaning (if needed) and when the entire workpiece, or at least a portion of the workpiece is cleaned, perform one or several joining steps.
  • several joining processes may be performed after evaluation of the characteristic variable and classification said characteristic variable into the first variable class.
  • the evaluation and the assessment includes grouping values to a resulting variable which then allows choosing the correct set of joining parameters.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
  • Cleaning In General (AREA)
  • Arc Welding In General (AREA)

Abstract

La présente invention concerne un procédé (50) d'assemblage d'un élément d'assemblage (18) sur une pièce (20), en particulier pour le soudage de goujons ou le collage de goujons, caractérisé par les étapes consistant à : fournir un élément d'assemblage (18) et une pièce (20) sur laquelle l'élément d'assemblage (18) doit être assemblé ; détecter (52) au moins une variable caractéristique de la pièce (20) et/ou de l'élément d'assemblage (18) ; évaluer (54) la ou les variables caractéristiques et classifier la ou les variables caractéristiques dans une première et/ou une seconde classe de variable ; exécuter le processus d'assemblage (58 ; 64) si la ou les variables caractéristiques sont classées dans la première classe de variable ; et exécuter un processus de nettoyage (66) sur la pièce (20) et/ou sur l'élément d'assemblage (18) et exécuter le processus d'assemblage (68) après le processus de nettoyage (66) si la ou les variables caractéristiques sont classées dans la seconde classe de variable.
EP17768041.0A 2016-09-13 2017-09-05 Procédé et appareil de nettoyage et d'assemblage d'un élément d'assemblage sur une pièce Pending EP3512659A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102016117177.8A DE102016117177A1 (de) 2016-09-13 2016-09-13 Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Fügen eines Fügeelementes auf einem Werkstück
PCT/EP2017/072253 WO2018050494A1 (fr) 2016-09-13 2017-09-05 Procédé et appareil de nettoyage et d'assemblage d'un élément d'assemblage sur une pièce

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3512659A1 true EP3512659A1 (fr) 2019-07-24

Family

ID=59887221

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP17768041.0A Pending EP3512659A1 (fr) 2016-09-13 2017-09-05 Procédé et appareil de nettoyage et d'assemblage d'un élément d'assemblage sur une pièce

Country Status (7)

Country Link
US (1) US20190210136A1 (fr)
EP (1) EP3512659A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP7155111B2 (fr)
KR (1) KR20190053883A (fr)
CN (1) CN109689269B (fr)
DE (1) DE102016117177A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2018050494A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102016125599A1 (de) * 2016-12-23 2018-06-28 Newfrey Llc Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Fügen von Fügeelementen auf Bauteile
DE102018131542A1 (de) * 2018-12-10 2020-06-10 Bayerische Motoren Werke Aktiengesellschaft Reinigungszustandsermittlungsvorrichtung

Family Cites Families (11)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
JPS63235078A (ja) * 1987-03-20 1988-09-30 Toyota Motor Corp スタツド溶接方法
DE19509172C1 (de) * 1995-03-14 1996-08-29 Trw Nelson Bolzenschweisstechn Schweißverfahren für das Hubzündungsbolzenschweißen
DE10001344A1 (de) 2000-01-14 2001-07-19 Emhart Inc Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum mehrstufigen Lichtbogenschweißen
DE10001488B4 (de) 2000-01-15 2004-12-16 Daimlerchrysler Ag Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum prozesssicheren Fügen ölverschmutzter Werkstücke, insbesondere Blechteile
DE102004056021A1 (de) 2004-11-16 2006-06-01 Newfrey Llc, Newark Verfahren und Vorrichtung zum Kurzzeit-Lichtbogenschweißen
CN100467184C (zh) * 2007-04-18 2009-03-11 西安交通大学 一种电弧螺柱焊枪及其焊接方法
DE102007032067A1 (de) 2007-07-10 2009-01-15 Linde Ag Vorrichtung und Verfahren zur CO2 Reinigung beim Schweißen von Metallen
US20090057373A1 (en) * 2007-08-30 2009-03-05 Gm Global Technology Operations, Inc. Multi-Purpose End Effector for Welder
RU2608249C2 (ru) 2011-07-22 2017-01-17 Форд Глобал Технолоджис, ЛЛК Способ приваривания приварного элемента к сопрягаемой детали
US9205509B2 (en) * 2011-08-31 2015-12-08 General Electric Company Localized cleaning process and apparatus therefor
DE102012015121A1 (de) 2012-08-01 2014-05-15 Newfrey Llc Bolzenfügeverfahren und -vorrichtung

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
JP2019531191A (ja) 2019-10-31
CN109689269A (zh) 2019-04-26
WO2018050494A1 (fr) 2018-03-22
DE102016117177A1 (de) 2018-03-15
CN109689269B (zh) 2021-05-14
US20190210136A1 (en) 2019-07-11
KR20190053883A (ko) 2019-05-20
JP7155111B2 (ja) 2022-10-18

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