EP3455468B1 - Gas exchange valve - Google Patents

Gas exchange valve Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3455468B1
EP3455468B1 EP16720876.8A EP16720876A EP3455468B1 EP 3455468 B1 EP3455468 B1 EP 3455468B1 EP 16720876 A EP16720876 A EP 16720876A EP 3455468 B1 EP3455468 B1 EP 3455468B1
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EP
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Prior art keywords
layer
gas exchange
nickel
valve
phosphorus
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EP16720876.8A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3455468A1 (en
Inventor
Andreas Dogar
Stephan Körner
Reinhard Rose
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Mahle International GmbH
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Mahle International GmbH
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L3/00—Lift-valve, i.e. cut-off apparatus with closure members having at least a component of their opening and closing motion perpendicular to the closing faces; Parts or accessories thereof
    • F01L3/02—Selecting particular materials for valve-members or valve-seats; Valve-members or valve-seats composed of two or more materials
    • F01L3/04—Coated valve members or valve-seats
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01L—CYCLICALLY OPERATING VALVES FOR MACHINES OR ENGINES
    • F01L2301/00—Using particular materials

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a gas exchange valve of an internal combustion engine with a valve disk and a valve stem, according to the preamble of claim 1.
  • the invention also relates to a method and a device for coating such a gas exchange valve.
  • a generic gas exchange valve of an internal combustion engine with a valve disk and a valve stem is known.
  • a side of the valve disk facing away from a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine is provided with a catalytic coating and a surface of the valve stem adjoining the valve disk is provided with an anti-adhesive coating. This is intended in particular to prevent excessive coking of the gas exchange valve during operation.
  • a gas exchange valve of an internal combustion engine with a valve disk and a valve stem is known, at least on the valve stem a galvanically applied nickel-phosphorus layer is provided, the phosphorus content of which is greater than 10% by volume.
  • the present invention therefore deals with the problem of specifying an improved or at least an alternative embodiment for a gas exchange valve of the generic type, which is characterized in particular by increased wear resistance and increased corrosion resistance.
  • a nickel strike layer is arranged as an adhesive layer between the gas exchange valve and the nickel-phosphorus layer in order to achieve in particular improved adhesion and thus an improved bond of the nickel-phosphorus layer on a high-alloy valve steel can.
  • Such a nickel strike layer usually only has a thickness of 1 to 2 ⁇ m, but enables an extremely stable connection between the nickel-phosphorus layer and the gas exchange valve.
  • the nickel-phosphorus layer is at least partially covered with a chromium layer.
  • the chrome layer is provided purely optionally and applied as a thin layer and is usually tightly closed and free of cracks. This can further increase the corrosion resistance.
  • Such an additional and purely optional chromium layer is only provided if it is to be feared that the wear resistance already improved by the nickel-phosphorus layer, in particular in the case of extreme deficient lubrication conditions, is insufficient.
  • a valve guide area of the valve stem is additionally coated with such a chromium layer, since the mechanical loads occurring there, in addition to the thermal and chemical loads, are particularly high.
  • the chromium layer together with the nickel-phosphorus layer has a thickness of ⁇ 25 ⁇ m on. This results in a coating that achieves the best solution in terms of function and costs.
  • the present invention is further based on the general idea of specifying a method for coating a gas exchange valve in which a nickel strike layer is first galvanically applied at least in a valve guide area of the valve stem of the gas exchange valve to be coated.
  • This nickel strike layer serves as an adhesion promoter for a nickel-phosphorus layer to be applied later in this area with a phosphorus content of> 10% by weight, in particular with a phosphorus content between 11 and 13% by weight.
  • the nickel strike layer is designed as a thin layer and is usually only 1 to 2 ⁇ m thick. However, it creates an optimal connection between the nickel-phosphorus layer, which increases the corrosion resistance and wear resistance.
  • the high phosphorus content of the nickel-phosphorus layer is responsible for the good corrosion protection and is particularly effective against intergranular corrosion, hot gas and condensate corrosion.
  • the nickel-phosphorus layer can additionally be covered at least partially with a chromium layer. This is usually free of cracks and thus increases the corrosion resistance, as well as the wear resistance in the case of insufficient lubrication.
  • the present invention is further based on the general idea of specifying a device for coating a gas exchange valve which has an electroplating bath with a galvanic liquid and an anode and a cathode arranged therein.
  • the anode has a receptacle in which the gas exchange valve to be coated has a valve stem end can be recorded and in particular centered, the anode additionally having a negative contour to a valve throat of the gas exchange valve and is thereby able to receive the gas exchange valve to be coated in a fixed position in the anode.
  • a cathode is provided in the electroplating bath, which can be placed flat on the valve disk base and via which current can be introduced into the gas exchange valve for coating the same.
  • the gas exchange valve By contacting the valve disk base with the cathode, the gas exchange valve itself is the actual cathode and the holder that holds the gas exchange valve and surrounds the area of the gas exchange valve to be coated, in particular the valve stem, the anode. Both are electrodes, whereby the anode is usually a so-called insoluble mixed metal oxide (MMO anode), which has the advantage of not dissolving during the coating process and thus always guarantees a constant distance to the valve and thus enables a uniform coating.
  • MMO anode insoluble mixed metal oxide
  • a mixing device for example a propeller or the like, can of course also be provided, which ensures that sufficient phosphorus is present and that the hydrogen produced during coating and deposited on the valve contour does not hinder deposition.
  • a gas exchange valve 1 according to the invention of an internal combustion engine (otherwise not shown) has a valve disk 2 and a valve stem 3.
  • the gas exchange valve 1 is usually designed as an inlet or outlet valve.
  • the gas exchange valve 1 according to the invention is at least partially on the valve stem 3 with a galvanically applied nickel-phosphorus layer 4 (see also the detailed representation in Figure 1 ) coated whose phosphorus content is> 10 wt .-% (weight percent).
  • the phosphorus content of the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 is even between 11 and 13% by weight.
  • the high phosphorus content is responsible for good protection against corrosion, the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 being intended to protect in particular against intergranular corrosion, hot gas and condensate corrosion.
  • the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 usually has a layer thickness of 8 ⁇ m d NP 15 ⁇ m.
  • a nickel strike layer 5 can be provided between the gas exchange valve 1 and the nickel-phosphorus layer 4. This nickel strike layer 5 is only 1 to 2 ⁇ m thick.
  • the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 can additionally be coated at least in some areas with a chromium layer 6, which is applied as a thin layer and is usually made tight and free of cracks.
  • a chromium layer 6 is, however, provided purely as an option if the already increased wear and corrosion resistance of the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 should not be sufficient.
  • the chromium layer 6 together with the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 should have a thickness d ⁇ 25 ⁇ m. Since increased mechanical stress occurs particularly in the area 7 of a valve guide, which also requires increased wear and corrosion resistance, it makes sense to apply the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 according to the invention and optionally also the chromium layer 6, particularly in this area 7.
  • the gas exchange valve 1 itself is made of a known high-alloy steel, for example X50CrMnNiNbN21-9 (1.4882) steel, a NiCr20TiAl (Nimonic 80A 2.4952) steel or a Nireva 3015 steel.
  • a device 8 for coating the gas exchange valve 1 can be seen here, the device 8 having an electroplating bath 9 with an electroplating liquid 10 with an anode 11 arranged therein.
  • the anode 11 has a receptacle 12 in which the gas exchange valve 1 to be coated is received with one valve stem end, and a negative contour 13, which is designed to be complementary to a valve throat 14 of the gas exchange valve 1 and thus lies flat against it.
  • a cathode 15 is also provided, which lies flat against the valve disk base of the valve disk 2 and via which current can be introduced into the gas exchange valve 1 by means of a current source 16.
  • the gas exchange valve 1 is the actual cathode through which current flows to the anode 11.
  • a mixing device 17 can also be provided, by means of which the electroplating liquid 10 is thoroughly mixed during the electroplating, so that a sufficiently high phosphorus content can always reach the surface of the valve stem 3 to produce the nickel-phosphorus layer 4. In addition, this also prevents undesired deposition of hydrogen, which would hinder the deposition of phosphorus.
  • the anode 11 is usually a mixed metal oxide (MMO) anode.
  • MMO mixed metal oxide
  • nickel-phosphorus layer 4 with its comparatively high phosphorus content of> 10% and the optional chromium layer 6, a particularly high level of wear and corrosion resistance can be achieved which could not be achieved with previously comparable coatings.

Description

Die vorliegende Erfindung betrifft ein Gaswechselventil einer Brennkraftmaschine mit einem Ventilteller und einem Ventilschaft, gemäß dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1. Die Erfindung betrifft außerdem ein Verfahren sowie eine Vorrichtung zum Beschichten eines solchen Gaswechselventils.The present invention relates to a gas exchange valve of an internal combustion engine with a valve disk and a valve stem, according to the preamble of claim 1. The invention also relates to a method and a device for coating such a gas exchange valve.

Aus der DE 103 58 729 A1 ist ein gattungsgemäßes Gaswechselventil einer Brennkraftmaschine mit einem Ventilteller und einem Ventilschaft bekannt. Hierbei ist eine einem Brennraum der Brennkraftmaschine abgewandte Seite des Ventiltellers mit einer katalytischen Beschichtung und eine Oberfläche des an den Ventilteller angrenzenden Ventilschafts mit einer antiadhäsiven Beschichtung versehen. Hierdurch soll insbesondere eine übermäßige Verkokung des Gaswechselventils im Betrieb verhindert werden.From the DE 103 58 729 A1 a generic gas exchange valve of an internal combustion engine with a valve disk and a valve stem is known. Here, a side of the valve disk facing away from a combustion chamber of the internal combustion engine is provided with a catalytic coating and a surface of the valve stem adjoining the valve disk is provided with an anti-adhesive coating. This is intended in particular to prevent excessive coking of the gas exchange valve during operation.

Aus der US 5,441,024 A sind ebenfalls Gaswechselventile einer Brennkraftmaschine mit einem Ventilteller und einem Ventilschaft bekannt.From the U.S. 5,441,024 A Gas exchange valves of an internal combustion engine with a valve disk and a valve stem are also known.

Aus der US 2013/153432 A1 ist ein Verfahren zum Aufbringen einer amorphen Nickel-Phosphorschicht bekannt.From the US 2013/153432 A1 a method for applying an amorphous nickel-phosphorus layer is known.

Aus der US 5,370,364 A ist ein Motorventilschaft aus einer Titanlegierung bekannt.From the U.S. 5,370,364 A an engine valve stem made of a titanium alloy is known.

Aus der FR 2 796 399 A1 sind Reibungsmaschinenkomponenten für Verbrennungsmotoren mit einer verschleißfesten Beschichtung bekannt.From the FR 2 796 399 A1 friction machine components for internal combustion engines with a wear-resistant coating are known.

Aus der US 2016/169400 A1 ist ein Gaswechselventil einer Brennkraftmaschine, mit einem Ventilteller und einem Ventilschaft bekannt, wobei zumindest am Ventilschaft zumindest bereichsweise eine galvanisch aufgebrachte Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht vorgesehen ist, deren Phosphoranteil größer als 10 Vol.-% ist.From the US 2016/169400 A1 a gas exchange valve of an internal combustion engine with a valve disk and a valve stem is known, at least on the valve stem a galvanically applied nickel-phosphorus layer is provided, the phosphorus content of which is greater than 10% by volume.

Generell sind Gaswechselventile in Brennkraftmaschinen hohen thermischen und/oder mechanischen Belastungen ausgesetzt. Neben den thermischen Belastungen spielen auch chemische Belastungen, beispielsweise durch Öle, Schmiermittel oder andere Stoffe, eine entscheidende Rolle, da sich diese oftmals negativ auf die Korrosions- und damit die Verschleißbeständigkeit auswirken können.In general, gas exchange valves in internal combustion engines are exposed to high thermal and / or mechanical loads. In addition to the thermal loads, chemical loads, for example from oils, lubricants or other substances, also play a decisive role, as these can often have a negative effect on the resistance to corrosion and thus wear resistance.

Die vorliegende Erfindung beschäftigt sich daher mit dem Problem, für ein Gaswechselventil der gattungsgemäßen Art eine verbesserte oder zumindest eine alternative Ausführungsform anzugeben, welche sich insbesondere durch eine erhöhte Verschleißbeständigkeit und einen erhöhten Korrosionswiderstand auszeichnet.The present invention therefore deals with the problem of specifying an improved or at least an alternative embodiment for a gas exchange valve of the generic type, which is characterized in particular by increased wear resistance and increased corrosion resistance.

Einsatz als Einlass- oder Auslassventil nicht nur hohen thermischen und mechanischen, sondern auch hohen chemischen Belastungen ausgesetzt ist.Use as an inlet or outlet valve is not only exposed to high thermal and mechanical loads, but also to high chemical loads.

Bei einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung ist zwischen dem Gaswechselventil und der Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht eine Nickel-Strike-Schicht als Haftschicht angeordnet, um insbesondere eine verbesserte Haftung und damit einen verbesserten Verbund der Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht auf einem hochlegierten Ventilstahl erreichen zu können. Eine solche Nickel-Strike-Schicht weist dabei üblicherweise lediglich eine Dicke von 1 bis 2 µm auf, ermöglicht jedoch eine äußerst tragfähige Verbindung der Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht mit dem Gaswechselventil.In an advantageous development of the solution according to the invention, a nickel strike layer is arranged as an adhesive layer between the gas exchange valve and the nickel-phosphorus layer in order to achieve in particular improved adhesion and thus an improved bond of the nickel-phosphorus layer on a high-alloy valve steel can. Such a nickel strike layer usually only has a thickness of 1 to 2 μm, but enables an extremely stable connection between the nickel-phosphorus layer and the gas exchange valve.

Bei einer weiteren vorteilhaften Ausführungsform der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung ist die Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht zumindest teilweise mit einer Chromschicht überdeckt. Die Chromschicht wird dabei lediglich rein optional vorgesehen und als Dünnschicht aufgetragen und ist üblicherweise dicht geschlossen und rissfrei. Hierdurch kann die Korrosionsbeständigkeit nochmals gesteigert werden. Eine derartige zusätzliche und lediglich rein optionale Chromschicht wird dabei ausschließlich dann vorgesehen, sofern befürchtet werden muss, dass die bereits von der Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht verbesserte Verschleißbeständigkeit, insbesondere bei extremen Mangelschmierzuständen, nicht ausreicht. Hierbei wird insbesondere ein Ventilführungsbereich des Ventilschaftes mit einer solchen Chromschicht zusätzlich beschichtet, da die dort auftretenden mechanischen Belastungen, zusätzlich zu den thermischen und chemischen Belastungen besonders hoch sind.In a further advantageous embodiment of the solution according to the invention, the nickel-phosphorus layer is at least partially covered with a chromium layer. The chrome layer is provided purely optionally and applied as a thin layer and is usually tightly closed and free of cracks. This can further increase the corrosion resistance. Such an additional and purely optional chromium layer is only provided if it is to be feared that the wear resistance already improved by the nickel-phosphorus layer, in particular in the case of extreme deficient lubrication conditions, is insufficient. In particular, a valve guide area of the valve stem is additionally coated with such a chromium layer, since the mechanical loads occurring there, in addition to the thermal and chemical loads, are particularly high.

Bei einer vorteilhaften Weiterbildung der erfindungsgemäßen Lösung weist die Chromschicht zusammen mit der Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht eine Dicke von < 25 µm auf. Hierdurch wird eine Beschichtung erzielt, die in Bezug auf Funktion und Kosten die beste Lösung erzielt.In an advantageous development of the solution according to the invention, the chromium layer together with the nickel-phosphorus layer has a thickness of <25 µm on. This results in a coating that achieves the best solution in terms of function and costs.

Die vorliegende Erfindung beruht weiter auf dem allgemeinen Gedanken, ein Verfahren zum Beschichten eines Gaswechselventils anzugeben, bei welchem zunächst zumindest in einem Ventilführungsbereich des Ventilschaftes des zu beschichtenden Gaswechselventils eine Nickel-Strike-Schicht galvanisch aufgetragen wird. Diese Nickel-Strike-Schicht dient dabei als Haftvermittler für eine später in diesem Bereich aufzutragende Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht mit einem Phosphoranteil von > 10 Gew.-%, insbesondere mit einem Phosphoranteil zwischen 11 und 13 Gew.-%. Die Nickel-Strike-Schicht ist dabei als Dünnschicht ausgebildet und in der Regel nur 1 bis 2 µm dick. Sie bewirkt jedoch eine optimale Verbindung der den Korrosionswiderstand und den Verschleißwiderstand erhöhenden Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht. Insbesondere der hohe Phosphorgehalt der Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht ist dabei verantwortlich für den guten Korrosionsschutz und wirkt insbesondere gegenüber interkristalliner Korrosion, Heißgas und Kondensat-Korrosion.The present invention is further based on the general idea of specifying a method for coating a gas exchange valve in which a nickel strike layer is first galvanically applied at least in a valve guide area of the valve stem of the gas exchange valve to be coated. This nickel strike layer serves as an adhesion promoter for a nickel-phosphorus layer to be applied later in this area with a phosphorus content of> 10% by weight, in particular with a phosphorus content between 11 and 13% by weight. The nickel strike layer is designed as a thin layer and is usually only 1 to 2 µm thick. However, it creates an optimal connection between the nickel-phosphorus layer, which increases the corrosion resistance and wear resistance. In particular, the high phosphorus content of the nickel-phosphorus layer is responsible for the good corrosion protection and is particularly effective against intergranular corrosion, hot gas and condensate corrosion.

Um die Verschleißbeständigkeit und auch den Korrosionsschutz weiter erhöhen zu können, kann die Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht zusätzlich zumindest teilweise mit einer Chromschicht überdeckt werden. Diese ist üblicherweise rissfrei und erhöht dadurch den Korrosionswiderstand, ebenso wie den Verschleißwiderstand bei Mangelschmierzuständen .In order to be able to further increase the wear resistance and also the corrosion protection, the nickel-phosphorus layer can additionally be covered at least partially with a chromium layer. This is usually free of cracks and thus increases the corrosion resistance, as well as the wear resistance in the case of insufficient lubrication.

Die vorliegende Erfindung beruht weiter auf dem allgemeinen Gedanken, eine Vorrichtung zum Beschichten eines Gaswechselventils anzugeben, welche ein Galvanikbad mit einer galvanischen Flüssigkeit sowie einer darin angeordneten Anode und einer Kathode aufweist. Die Anode besitzt dabei eine Aufnahme, in welcher das zu beschichtende Gaswechselventil mit einem Ventilschaftende aufgenommen und insbesondere zentriert werden kann, wobei die Anode zusätzlich eine Negativkontur zu einer Ventilkehle des Gaswechselventils aufweist und dadurch in der Lage ist, das zu beschichtende Gaswechselventil lagefixiert in der Anode aufzunehmen. Zusätzlich ist in dem Galvanikbad eine Kathode vorgesehen, die flächig am Ventiltellerboden anlegbar, und über die Strom in das Gaswechselventil zum Beschichten desselben einleitbar ist. Durch die Kontaktierung des Ventiltellerbodens mit der Kathode ist somit das Gaswechselventil selbst die eigentliche Kathode und die Halterung, die das Gaswechselventil aufnimmt und gitterförmig den zu beschichtenden Bereich des Gaswechselventils, insbesondere den Ventilschaft, umgibt, die Anode. Beides sind Elektroden, wobei die Anode in der Regel eine sogenannte unlösliche Mixed metal oxide (MMO-Anode) ist, die den Vorteil bietet, sich beim Beschichtungsprozess nicht aufzulösen und somit immer einen gleichbleibenden Abstand zum Ventil garantiert und hierdurch eine gleichmäßige Beschichtung ermöglicht. Zur guten Durchmischung des Galvanikbades kann selbstverständlich auch noch eine Mischeinrichtung, beispielsweise ein Propeller oder ähnliches vorgesehen sein, die dafür sorgt, dass genügend Phosphor vorhanden ist und der beim Beschichten entstehende und an der Ventilkontur sich ablagernde Wasserstoff die Abscheidung nicht behindert.The present invention is further based on the general idea of specifying a device for coating a gas exchange valve which has an electroplating bath with a galvanic liquid and an anode and a cathode arranged therein. The anode has a receptacle in which the gas exchange valve to be coated has a valve stem end can be recorded and in particular centered, the anode additionally having a negative contour to a valve throat of the gas exchange valve and is thereby able to receive the gas exchange valve to be coated in a fixed position in the anode. In addition, a cathode is provided in the electroplating bath, which can be placed flat on the valve disk base and via which current can be introduced into the gas exchange valve for coating the same. By contacting the valve disk base with the cathode, the gas exchange valve itself is the actual cathode and the holder that holds the gas exchange valve and surrounds the area of the gas exchange valve to be coated, in particular the valve stem, the anode. Both are electrodes, whereby the anode is usually a so-called insoluble mixed metal oxide (MMO anode), which has the advantage of not dissolving during the coating process and thus always guarantees a constant distance to the valve and thus enables a uniform coating. For thorough mixing of the electroplating bath, a mixing device, for example a propeller or the like, can of course also be provided, which ensures that sufficient phosphorus is present and that the hydrogen produced during coating and deposited on the valve contour does not hinder deposition.

Weitere wichtige Merkmale und Vorteile der Erfindung ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen, aus den Zeichnungen und aus der zugehörigen Figurenbeschreibung anhand der Zeichnungen.Further important features and advantages of the invention emerge from the subclaims, from the drawings and from the associated description of the figures on the basis of the drawings.

Es versteht sich, dass die vorstehend genannten und die nachstehend noch zu erläuternden Merkmale nicht nur in der jeweils angegebenen Kombination, sondern auch in anderen Kombinationen oder in Alleinstellung verwendbar sind, ohne den Rahmen der vorliegenden Erfindung zu verlassen.It goes without saying that the features mentioned above and those yet to be explained below can be used not only in the respectively specified combination, but also in other combinations or alone, without departing from the scope of the present invention.

Bevorzugte Ausführungsbeispiele der Erfindung sind in den Zeichnungen dargestellt und werden in der nachfolgenden Beschreibung näher erläutert, wobei sich gleiche Bezugszeichen auf gleiche oder ähnliche oder funktional gleiche Bauteile beziehen.Preferred exemplary embodiments of the invention are shown in the drawings and are explained in more detail in the following description, the same reference symbols referring to the same or similar or functionally identical components.

Dabei zeigen, jeweils schematisch,

Fig. 1
eine Ansicht auf ein erfindungsgemäßes Gaswechselventil mit einer geschnittenen Detaildarstellung,
Fig. 2
eine erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung zum Beschichten des Gaswechselventils.
Show, each schematically,
Fig. 1
a view of a gas exchange valve according to the invention with a cut detailed illustration,
Fig. 2
a device according to the invention for coating the gas exchange valve.

Entsprechend der Figur 1, weist ein erfindungsgemäßes Gaswechselventil 1 einer im Übrigen nicht gezeigten Brennkraftmaschine einen Ventilteller 2 sowie einen Ventilschaft 3 auf. Das Gaswechselventil 1 ist dabei üblicherweise als Einlass- oder Auslassventil ausgebildet. Um einen erhöhten Korrosions- und Verschleißwiderstand gegen die beim Betrieb der Brennkraftmaschine auftretenden hohen thermischen, mechanischen und chemischen Belastungen schaffen zu können, ist das erfindungsgemäße Gaswechselventil 1 zumindest am Ventilschaft 3 zumindest bereichsweise mit einer galvanisch aufgebrachten Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 (vgl. auch die Detaildarstellung in Figur 1) beschichtet, deren Phosphoranteil > 10 Gew.-% (Gewichtsprozent) ist. Idealerweise beträgt der Phosphorgehalt der Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 sogar zwischen 11 und 13 Gew.-%. Der hohe Phosphorgehalt ist dabei verantwortlich für einen guten Korrosionsschutz wobei die Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 insbesondere gegenüber interkristalliner Korrosion, Heißgas und Kondensat-Korrosion schützen soll.According to the Figure 1 A gas exchange valve 1 according to the invention of an internal combustion engine (otherwise not shown) has a valve disk 2 and a valve stem 3. The gas exchange valve 1 is usually designed as an inlet or outlet valve. In order to be able to create increased corrosion and wear resistance against the high thermal, mechanical and chemical loads occurring during operation of the internal combustion engine, the gas exchange valve 1 according to the invention is at least partially on the valve stem 3 with a galvanically applied nickel-phosphorus layer 4 (see also the detailed representation in Figure 1 ) coated whose phosphorus content is> 10 wt .-% (weight percent). Ideally, the phosphorus content of the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 is even between 11 and 13% by weight. The high phosphorus content is responsible for good protection against corrosion, the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 being intended to protect in particular against intergranular corrosion, hot gas and condensate corrosion.

Üblicherweise besitzt die Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 eine Schichtdicke von 8 µm ≤ dNP ≤ 15 µm. Um dabei einen möglichst optimalen Verbund mit dem hochlegierten Stahl des Ventilschaftes 3 schaffen zu können, kann zwischen dem Gaswechselventil 1 und der Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 eine Nickel-Strike-Schicht 5 vorgesehen sein. Diese Nickel-Strike-Schicht 5 ist dabei doch lediglich 1 bis 2 µm dick.The nickel-phosphorus layer 4 usually has a layer thickness of 8 μm d NP 15 μm. In order to be able to create the best possible bond with the high-alloy steel of the valve stem 3, a nickel strike layer 5 can be provided between the gas exchange valve 1 and the nickel-phosphorus layer 4. This nickel strike layer 5 is only 1 to 2 μm thick.

Um den Verschleißwiderstand und die Korrosionsbeständigkeit weiter steigern zu können, kann die Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 zusätzlich zumindest bereichsweise mit einer Chromschicht 6 überzogen sein, die als Dünnschicht aufgetragen ist und üblicherweise dicht und rissfrei ausgeführt ist. Eine derartige Chromschicht 6 ist jedoch lediglich rein optional vorgesehen, sofern der bereits erhöhte Verschleiß- und Korrosionswiderstand der Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 nicht ausreichend sein sollte. Insgesamt sollte die Chromschicht 6 zusammen mit der Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 eine Dicke d < 25 µm aufweisen. Da besonders im Bereich 7 einer Ventilführung eine erhöhte mechanische Belastung auftritt, die auch einen erhöhten Verschleiß- und Korrosionswiderstand erfordert, ist es sinnvoll, die erfindungsgemäße Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 und optional zusätzlich die Chromschicht 6 besonders in diesem Bereich 7 aufzubringen.In order to be able to further increase the wear resistance and the corrosion resistance, the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 can additionally be coated at least in some areas with a chromium layer 6, which is applied as a thin layer and is usually made tight and free of cracks. Such a chromium layer 6 is, however, provided purely as an option if the already increased wear and corrosion resistance of the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 should not be sufficient. Overall, the chromium layer 6 together with the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 should have a thickness d <25 μm. Since increased mechanical stress occurs particularly in the area 7 of a valve guide, which also requires increased wear and corrosion resistance, it makes sense to apply the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 according to the invention and optionally also the chromium layer 6, particularly in this area 7.

Das Gaswechselventil 1 selbst ist aus einem bekannten hochlegierten Stahl ausgebildet, beispielsweise X50CrMnNiNbN21-9 (1.4882) Stahl, einem NiCr20TiAl (Nimonic 80A 2.4952) Stahl oder einem Nireva 3015 Stahl.The gas exchange valve 1 itself is made of a known high-alloy steel, for example X50CrMnNiNbN21-9 (1.4882) steel, a NiCr20TiAl (Nimonic 80A 2.4952) steel or a Nireva 3015 steel.

Betrachtet man die Figur 2, so kann man hier eine Vorrichtung 8 zum Beschichten des Gaswechselventils 1 erkennen, wobei die Vorrichtung 8 ein Galvanikbad 9 mit einer Galvanikflüssigkeit 10 mit einer darin angeordneten Anode 11 aufweist. Die Anode 11 besitz eine Aufnahme 12, in welcher das zu beschichtende Gaswechselventil 1 mit einem Ventilschaftende aufgenommen ist, sowie eine Negativkontur 13, welche komplementär zu einer Ventilkehle 14 des Gaswechselventils 1 ausgebildet ist und dadurch flächig an dieser anliegt. Ebenfalls vorgesehen ist eine Kathode 15, die flächig am Ventiltellerboden des Ventiltellers 2 anliegt und über die Strom mittels einer Stromquelle 16 in das Gaswechselventil 1 einleitbar ist. In diesem Fall ist somit das Gaswechselventil 1 die eigentliche Kathode, über welche Strom zur Anode 11 fließt. Ebenfalls vorgesehen sein kann eine Mischeinrichtung 17, mittels welcher die Galvanikflüssigkeit 10 während des galvanischen Beschichtens gut durchmischt wird, so dass ein stets ausreichend hoher Phosphoranteil zum Herstellen der Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 an die Oberfläche des Ventilschaftes 3 gelangen kann. Zusätzlich wird hierdurch auch eine unerwünschte Ablagerung von Wasserstoff verhindert, welche die Abscheidung von Phosphor behindern würde. Die Anode 11 ist dabei in der Regel eine Mixed metal oxide (MMO) Anode. Selbstverständlich ist dabei denkbar, dass nicht nur der Ventilschaft 3, sondern zusätzlich zumindest die Ventilkehle 14 mit der erfindungsgemäßen Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 und optional zusätzlich mit der Chromschicht 6 zur verbesserten Verschleiß- und Korrosionsbeständigkeit überzogen sind.If you look at the Figure 2 , a device 8 for coating the gas exchange valve 1 can be seen here, the device 8 having an electroplating bath 9 with an electroplating liquid 10 with an anode 11 arranged therein. The anode 11 has a receptacle 12 in which the gas exchange valve 1 to be coated is received with one valve stem end, and a negative contour 13, which is designed to be complementary to a valve throat 14 of the gas exchange valve 1 and thus lies flat against it. A cathode 15 is also provided, which lies flat against the valve disk base of the valve disk 2 and via which current can be introduced into the gas exchange valve 1 by means of a current source 16. In this case, the gas exchange valve 1 is the actual cathode through which current flows to the anode 11. A mixing device 17 can also be provided, by means of which the electroplating liquid 10 is thoroughly mixed during the electroplating, so that a sufficiently high phosphorus content can always reach the surface of the valve stem 3 to produce the nickel-phosphorus layer 4. In addition, this also prevents undesired deposition of hydrogen, which would hinder the deposition of phosphorus. The anode 11 is usually a mixed metal oxide (MMO) anode. Of course, it is conceivable that not only the valve stem 3 but also at least the valve throat 14 are coated with the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 according to the invention and optionally also with the chromium layer 6 for improved wear and corrosion resistance.

Mit der erfindungsgemäßen Nickel-Phosphor-Schicht 4 mit deren vergleichsweise hohem Phosphoranteil von > 10 % und der optionalen Chromschicht 6 kann eine besonders hohe Verschleiß- und Korrosionsbeständigkeit erreicht werden, die mit bislang vergleichbaren Beschichtungen nicht erreicht werden konnte.With the nickel-phosphorus layer 4 according to the invention with its comparatively high phosphorus content of> 10% and the optional chromium layer 6, a particularly high level of wear and corrosion resistance can be achieved which could not be achieved with previously comparable coatings.

Claims (9)

  1. Gas exchange valve (1) of an internal combustion engine, comprising a valve disc (2) and a valve stem (3), whereby at least some areas on at least the valve stem (3) are provided with a galvanically applied nickel-phosphorus layer (4),
    characterised in that
    the applied nickel-phosphorus layer (4) has a phosphorus moiety that is greater than 10 wt.%, in particular between 11 and 13 wt.%.
  2. Gas exchange valve according to claim 1,
    characterised in that
    the nickel-phosphorus layer (4) has a layer thickness of 8 µm ≤ dNP ≤ 15 µm.
  3. Gas exchange valve according to claim 1 or 2,
    characterised in that
    a nickel strike layer (5) is disposed as adhesive layer between the gas exchange valve (1) and the nickel-phosphorus layer (4).
  4. Gas exchange valve according to any of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the nickel-phosphorus layer (4) is covered at least in part by a chromium layer (6).
  5. Gas exchange valve according to claim 4,
    characterised in that
    the chromium layer (6) together with the nickel-phosphorus layer (4) has a thickness d ≤ 25 µm.
  6. Gas exchange valve according to any of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the nickel-phosphorus layer (4) is applied solely in the region of a valve guide (7) on the valve stem (3).
  7. Gas exchange valve according to any of the preceding claims,
    characterised in that
    the gas exchange valve (1) is formed of an X50CrMnNiNbN21-9 (1.4882) steel, a NiCr20TiAl (Nimonic 80A 2.4952) steel or a nireva 3015 steel.
  8. Method for the coating of a gas exchange valve (1) according to any of the preceding claims, in which
    - a nickel strike layer (5) is applied galvanically at least in the region of a valve guide (7) of the valve stem (2),
    - a nickel-phosphorus layer (4) with a phosphorus moiety of more than 10 wt.% is applied galvanically at least in the region of the valve guide (7).
  9. Method according to claim 8,
    characterised in that
    the nickel-phosphorus layer (4) is covered at least in part by a chromium layer (6).
EP16720876.8A 2016-05-09 2016-05-09 Gas exchange valve Revoked EP3455468B1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PCT/EP2016/060343 WO2017194091A1 (en) 2016-05-09 2016-05-09 Gas exchange valve

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EP3455468A1 EP3455468A1 (en) 2019-03-20
EP3455468B1 true EP3455468B1 (en) 2021-01-20

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WO (1) WO2017194091A1 (en)

Citations (7)

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5441024A (en) 1994-05-09 1995-08-15 Val-Kro, Inc. Engine valve
US20060040126A1 (en) 2004-08-18 2006-02-23 Richardson Rick A Electrolytic alloys with co-deposited particulate matter
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US20130153432A1 (en) 2011-11-02 2013-06-20 Robert Jones Amorphous Nickel Phosphorus Alloys for Oil and Gas
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EP2803827A1 (en) 2013-02-28 2014-11-19 Mahle International GmbH Metallic hollow valve
EP3061852A2 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-08-31 Mahle International GmbH Gas exchange valve

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US2745777A (en) * 1951-12-20 1956-05-15 Armco Steel Corp Internal combustion engine valves and the like
JPH06146825A (en) * 1992-11-04 1994-05-27 Fuji Oozx Inc Titanium engine valve
FR2796399B1 (en) * 1999-07-12 2001-10-05 Renault MECHANICAL FRICTION PART COATED WITH A TRIBOACTIVE COATING BASED ON METAL OXIDE BRONZES
DE10358729A1 (en) 2003-12-15 2005-07-21 Volkswagen Ag Gas exchange valve e.g. intake valve, for e.g. petrol engine, has valve stem whose outer surface has anti-adhesive coating so that dirt particles cannot stick to cold surface area of stem and glides towards valve plate

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5441024A (en) 1994-05-09 1995-08-15 Val-Kro, Inc. Engine valve
US20060040126A1 (en) 2004-08-18 2006-02-23 Richardson Rick A Electrolytic alloys with co-deposited particulate matter
CN201891919U (en) 2010-09-09 2011-07-06 扬中市阀门厂有限公司 Wear resistant and corrosion resistant valve rod
US20130153432A1 (en) 2011-11-02 2013-06-20 Robert Jones Amorphous Nickel Phosphorus Alloys for Oil and Gas
DE102012202859A1 (en) 2012-02-24 2013-08-29 Mahle International Gmbh Valve system for charge exchange control
EP2803827A1 (en) 2013-02-28 2014-11-19 Mahle International GmbH Metallic hollow valve
EP3061852A2 (en) 2014-12-12 2016-08-31 Mahle International GmbH Gas exchange valve

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Title
ANTON KUROWSKI: "Elektrochemische und oberflächenanalytische Untersuchungen zur galvanischen und chemischen Nickel-Phosphor Schichtbildung", INAUGURAL-DISSERTATION, 2003, Universität Düsseldorf, XP055857337, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://docserv.uni-duesseldorf.de/servlets/DerivateServlet/Derivate-2566/566.pdf>
MAHLE GMBH (HRSG.): "Ventiltrieb. Systeme und Komponenten", 2013, SPRINGER, article "3. Ventile, Ventilführungen und Ventilsitzrin", pages: 29 - 93, XP055857339
METOBA: "Nickel-Strike-Beschichtung", METOBA - INFOBLATT, 2019, XP055857322, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.metoba.de/wp-content/uploads/2020/03/Nickel-Strike-Beschichtung.pdf>
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WO2017194091A1 (en) 2017-11-16

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