EP3439428A1 - Ceramic heater - Google Patents
Ceramic heater Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP3439428A1 EP3439428A1 EP16897111.7A EP16897111A EP3439428A1 EP 3439428 A1 EP3439428 A1 EP 3439428A1 EP 16897111 A EP16897111 A EP 16897111A EP 3439428 A1 EP3439428 A1 EP 3439428A1
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- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- ceramic
- heater
- wiring
- support member
- distance
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/40—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes
- H05B3/42—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible
- H05B3/48—Heating elements having the shape of rods or tubes non-flexible heating conductor embedded in insulating material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/02—Details
- H05B3/06—Heater elements structurally combined with coupling elements or holders
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
- H05B3/10—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
- H05B3/12—Heater elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
- H05B2203/004—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using zigzag layout
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
- H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
- H05B2203/027—Heaters specially adapted for glow plug igniters
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a ceramic heater for use in, for example, a hot-water bidet, a fan heater, an electric water heater, a 24-hour bath, a soldering iron, and a hair iron, and more particularly to a ceramic heater having a structure in which a ceramic sheet having heater wiring incorporated therein is wound circumferentially around a support member.
- a hot-water bidet uses a heat exchanging unit having a container (heat exchanger) made of resin.
- the heat exchanging unit is equipped with a tubular ceramic heater for warming washing water contained in the heat exchanger.
- a known ceramic heater of this type is manufactured as follows: a ceramic sheet having printed heater wiring is wound around a cylindrical support member made of ceramic, followed by co-firing (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 1 Japanese Patent No. 3038039 ( FIG. 1 , etc.)
- a ceramic heater for use in a hot-water bidet is under water at all times, the ceramic heater is hardly energized for heating in a dry state. Meanwhile, in the event of a water failure or piping trouble, the ceramic heater may possibly be energized for heating in a dry state. However, activation of heating in a dry state generates a potential difference between paired heater wiring portions located opposite each other with a winding end portion of a ceramic sheet intervening therebetween to thereby cause generation of heat from the heater wiring portions, potentially resulting in melting of glass components present in a region of the ceramic sheet in the vicinity of the heat-generating heater wiring portions.
- the present invention has been conceived in view of the above problem, and an object of the invention is to provide a ceramic heater capable of improving reliability through prevention of potential dielectric breakdown of heater wiring.
- Means (means 1) for solving the above problem is a ceramic heater comprising a support member made of ceramic, and a ceramic sheet having heater wiring incorporated therein, and wound circumferentially around the support member.
- the ceramic heater is characterized in that the heater wiring comprises a plurality of wiring portions extending along an axial direction of the support member, and connecting portions each connecting the adjacent wiring portions, and characterized by satisfying a relational expression t ⁇ 0.2 mm and at least one of relational expressions L/V ⁇ 9/500 and w/V ⁇ 3/500, where t (mm) is a thickness in the ceramic sheet from a surface of the heater wiring to an outer circumferential surface of the ceramic sheet, V (V) is a voltage applied to the heater wiring, w (mm) is a distance from an end edge of the heater wiring to an end surface of the ceramic sheet at a winding end portion of the ceramic sheet, and L (mm) is a distance between paired wiring portions disposed opposite each other with the winding end portion intervening therebetween.
- dielectric breakdown strength can be enhanced by satisfying the relational expression t ⁇ 0.2 mm and at least one of the relational expressions L/V ⁇ 9/500 and w/V ⁇ 3/500.
- the above-mentioned ceramic heater satisfies at least one of relational expressions t/V ⁇ 1/500 and w/t ⁇ 3. Further, preferably, in the ceramic heater, a slit which extends along the axial direction of the support member and through which an outer circumferential surface of the support member is exposed is formed at the winding end portion, and a relational expression 0.2 ⁇ L - 2w ⁇ 1.5 is satisfied, where a width of the slit is derived from the expression L - 2w.
- the above-mentioned ceramic heater comprises the support member made of ceramic and the ceramic sheet wound circumferentially around the support member.
- ceramic used to form the support member and the ceramic sheet include alumina, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, boron nitride, zirconia, titania, and mullite.
- the support member and the ceramic sheet are formed of alumina.
- the ceramic heater excellent in thermal resistance, chemical resistance, and strength can be manufactured at low cost.
- the ceramic sheet has a heat generating element (heater wiring) formed of, for example, tungsten, molybdenum, or tantalum.
- heater wiring contains at least one of tungsten and molybdenum as a main component. As a result, since heater wiring can reliably adhere to the ceramic sheet, reliability of the ceramic heater further improves.
- a ceramic heater 11 of the present embodiment is used for warming washing water contained in a heat exchanger of a heat exchanging unit of a hot-water bidet, for example.
- the ceramic heater 11 includes a cylindrical heater body 13 made of ceramic and an annular flange 15 made of a metal and fitted externally to the heater body 13.
- the flange 15 is an annular member formed by bending a metal plate of, for example, stainless steel and has a concave (cup-shaped) central portion.
- a space of the concave portion of the flange 15 surrounded by an outer circumferential surface 14 of the heater body 13 and an inner surface of the flange 15 serves as a glass receptacle 35.
- the glass receptacle 35 is filled with glass 33, and the heater body 13 and the flange 15 are fixed together through the molten glass 33.
- the glass 33 is hatched.
- the heater body 13 is composed of a cylindrical support member 17 made of ceramic and a ceramic sheet 19 wound circumferentially around the support member 17.
- the support member 17 and the ceramic sheet 19 are formed of ceramic such as alumina (Al 2 O 3 ).
- the thermal expansion coefficient of alumina ranges from 50 ⁇ 10 -7 /K to 90 ⁇ 10 -7 /K, and, in the present embodiment, the thermal expansion coefficient is 70 ⁇ 10 -7 /K (30°C to 380°C) .
- the support member 17 has an outside diameter of 12 mm, an inside diameter of 8 mm, and a length of 65 mm, and the ceramic sheet 19 has a thickness of 0.5 mm and a length of 60 mm.
- the ceramic sheet 19 does not completely cover the support member 17 along its circumference.
- a winding end portion 20 of the ceramic sheet 19 has a slit 21 which extends along the axial direction of the support member 17 and through which an outer circumferential surface 18 of the support member 17 is exposed.
- the ceramic sheet 19 has a heater wiring 41 in a meandering pattern and a pair of internal terminals 42 incorporated therein.
- the heater wiring 41 and the internal terminals 42 contain tungsten (W) as a main component.
- the internal terminals 42 are electrically connected to respective external terminals 43 (see FIG. 1 ) formed on the outer circumferential surface of the ceramic sheet 19 via unillustrated via conductors or the like.
- the heater wiring 41 includes a plurality of wiring portions 44 extending along the axial direction of the support member 17, and connecting portions 45 each connecting the adjacent wiring portions 44.
- the paired wiring portions 44 located at respective opposite end portions of the ceramic sheet 19 are disposed opposite each other with a winding end portion 20 (see FIG. 3 ) of the ceramic sheet 19 intervening therebetween, and first ends (upper ends in FIG. 4 ) of the paired wiring portions 44 are connected to the respective internal terminals 42, whereas second ends (lower ends in FIG. 4 ) of the paired wiring portions 44 are connected via the connecting portions 45 to the second ends (lower ends in FIG. 4 ) of the adjacent wiring portions 44, respectively.
- the wiring portions 44 located between the above-mentioned paired wiring portions 44 are connected to one another such that the first end is connected via the connecting portion 45 to the first end of the adjacent wiring portion 44, whereas the second end is connected via the connecting portion 45 to the second end of the adjacent wiring portion 44.
- the wiring portion 44 of the present embodiment has a line width W1 of 0.60 mm and a thickness of 15 ⁇ m.
- the connecting portion 45 of the present embodiment has a line width W2 of 0.60 mm and a thickness of 15 ⁇ m. That is, the line width W1 of the wiring portion 44 is identical to the line width W2 of the connecting portion 45. Also, since the wiring portion 44 is identical in thickness to the connecting portion 45, the wiring portion 44 is identical in cross-sectional area to the connecting portion 45.
- a thickness t from surfaces 46 of the wiring portions 44 (heater wiring 41) to an outer circumferential surface 47 of the ceramic sheet 19 is 0.2 mm.
- a distance w from end edges of the wiring portions 44 (heater wiring 41) to respective end surfaces 48 of the ceramic sheet 19 is 0.7 mm.
- the “distance w" is a length along the circumferential direction of the cylindrical support member 17.
- a distance L between the paired wiring portions 44 disposed opposite each other with the winding end portion 20 intervening therebetween is 2.4 mm.
- the "distance L” is the length of a straight line connecting the end edges of the paired wiring portions 44.
- the width of a slit 21 formed at the winding end portion 20 is derived from the expression L - 2w and is 1 mm in the present embodiment.
- clayey slurry which contains alumina as a main component is charged into a conventionally known extruding machine (not shown) to form a tubular member. After being dried, the formed tubular member is subjected to provisional firing at a predetermined temperature (e.g., about 1,000°C), thereby achieving the support member 17 (see FIG. 5(a) ).
- a predetermined temperature e.g., about 1,000°C
- first and second ceramic green sheets 51 and 52 which are collectively to become the ceramic sheet 19 are formed.
- a well-known forming method such as a doctor blade method can be used to form the ceramic green sheets.
- an electrically conductive paste in the present embodiment, tungsten paste
- a green electrode 53 which is to become the heater wiring 41 and the internal terminals 42 is formed on the surface of the first ceramic green sheet 51 (see FIG. 5(b) ).
- the position of the green electrode 53 is adjusted, for example, in consideration of shrinkage during firing in addition to the position of the heater wiring 41.
- the second ceramic green sheet 52 is laminated onto the printed side (side on which the green electrode 53 is formed) of the first ceramic green sheet 51, followed by application of pressing force in the sheet laminating direction. As a result, the ceramic green sheets 51 and 52 are united into a green sheet laminate 54 (see FIG. 5(c) ).
- the thickness of the second ceramic green sheet 52 is adjusted, for example, in consideration of shrinkage during firing in addition to the thickness t from the outer wiring portions 46 of the heater wiring 41 to the outer circumferential surface 47 of the ceramic sheet 19. Further, by use of the paste printing apparatus, the electrically conductive paste is printed on the surface of the second ceramic green sheet 52. As a result, green electrodes 55 which are to become the external terminals 43 are formed on the surface of the second ceramic green sheet 52.
- ceramic paste (alumina paste) is applied onto one side of the green sheet laminate 54, and the green sheet laminate 54 is wound onto and bonded to the outer circumferential surface 18 of the support member 17 (see FIG. 5(d) ). At this time, the size of the green sheet laminate 54 is adjusted such that end portions of the green sheet laminate 54 do not overlap each other.
- simultaneous firing is performed at a predetermined temperature (e.g., about 1,400°C to 1,600°C) for sintering alumina and tungsten contained in the green sheet laminate 54 (the ceramic green sheets 51 and 52 and the green electrodes 53 and 55).
- alumina contained in the ceramic green sheets 51 and 52 and tungsten contained in the electrically conductive paste are simultaneously sintered such that the green sheet laminate 54 becomes the ceramic sheet 19, the green electrode 53 becomes the heater wiring 41 and the internal terminals 42, and the green electrodes 55 become the external terminals 43. Subsequently, the external terminals 43 are plated with nickel, achieving the heater body 13.
- a stainless steel plate is formed into the cup-shaped flange 15 through pressing by use of a die. Then, the flange 15 is externally fitted to the heater body 13 at a predetermined attachment position. Subsequently, the heater body 13 and the flange 15 are fixed together through the molten glass 33, completing the ceramic heater 11.
- a prepared sample A was a ceramic heater having a thickness t (see FIG. 3 ) of 0.18 mm from the surface of the heater wiring (wiring portions) to the outer circumferential surface of the ceramic sheet, a distance w (see FIG. 3 ) of 0.6 mm from the end edges of the heater wiring (wiring portions) to the respective end surfaces of the ceramic sheet, a distance L (see FIG. 3 ) of 1.4 mm between the paired wiring portions disposed opposite each other with the winding end portion intervening therebetween, and a width L - 2w of 0.2 mm of the slit formed at the winding end portion.
- a prepared sample B was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.18 mm, a distance w of 1 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1 mm.
- a prepared sample C was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.2 mm, a distance w of 0.5 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 2 mm.
- a prepared sample D was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.2 mm, a distance w of 0.7 mm, a distance L of 1.6 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.2 mm.
- a prepared sample E was the ceramic heater 11 of the present embodiment; i.e., a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.2 mm, a distance w of 0.7 mm, a distance L of 2.4 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1 mm.
- a prepared sample F was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.2 mm, a distance w of 1 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1 mm.
- a prepared sample G was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.3 mm, a distance w of 1 mm, a distance L of 2.4 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.4 mm.
- a prepared sample H was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.3 mm, a distance w of 1 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1 mm.
- a prepared sample I was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.4 mm, a distance w of 1.3 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.4 mm.
- a prepared sample J was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.4 mm, a distance w of 1.3 mm, a distance L of 3.8 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1.2 mm.
- a prepared sample K was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.4 mm, a distance w of 1.5 mm, a distance L of 4.5 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1.5 mm.
- a prepared sample L was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.3 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.4 mm.
- a prepared sample M was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.5 mm, a distance L of 3.8 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.8 mm.
- a prepared sample N was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.3 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.4 mm.
- a prepared sample O was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.5 mm, a distance L of 4.3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1.3 mm.
- a prepared sample P was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.5 mm, a distance L of 4.3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1.3 mm.
- a prepared sample Q was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.5 mm, a distance L of 4.5 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1.5 mm.
- the samples A to Q were prepared 10 pieces each.
- Nichrome wires were soldered to pairs of internal terminals (heater wiring) provided in the ceramic sheets of the samples for measurement (samples A to Q), and the samples for measurement were mounted in dry condition on a base. Then, a voltage V (100 Vac, 140 Vac, 200 Vac, or 240 Vac) was applied between the paired internal terminals for six minutes, and the surface temperatures of the ceramic sheets were measured by use of a thermographic camera.
- V 100 Vac, 140 Vac, 200 Vac, or 240 Vac
- a voltage of 100 Vac was applied to the samples A to E; a voltage of 140 Vac was applied to the samples F to H, L, and M; a voltage of 200 Vac was applied to the samples I, J, and P; and a voltage of 240 Vac was applied to the samples K, N, O, and Q.
- the values of t/V, w/t, L/V, and w/V were calculated for the samples A to Q. Further, through observation, a determination was made as to whether or not dielectric breakdown occurred between the paired wiring portions located opposite each other with the winding end portion intervening therebetween, and in the event of occurrence of dielectric breakdown, the time of occurrence of dielectric breakdown was measured and recorded.
- the samples A and B having a thickness t of less than 0.2 mm had an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 60% or more and therefore were judged to be "Failure.”
- the sample N having a thickness t of 0.2 mm or more, but having a ratio L/V of less than 9/500 and a ratio w/V of less than 3/500 had an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 60% or more.
- the samples C to M and O to Q having a thickness t of 0.2 mm or more and a ratio L/V of 9/500 or more or a ratio w/V of 3/500 or more had an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 50% or less.
- the samples D, E, G to J, M, and O to Q having a ratio t/V of 1/500 or more and a ratio w/t of 3 or more had an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 20% or less.
- the samples D, E, G to J, M, and O to Q having a ratio L/V of 9/500 or more and a ratio w/V of 3/500 or more were free from occurrence of dielectric breakdown.
- the present embodiment can achieve the following effects.
- the present embodiment may be modified as follows.
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Abstract
Description
- The present invention relates to a ceramic heater for use in, for example, a hot-water bidet, a fan heater, an electric water heater, a 24-hour bath, a soldering iron, and a hair iron, and more particularly to a ceramic heater having a structure in which a ceramic sheet having heater wiring incorporated therein is wound circumferentially around a support member.
- Usually, a hot-water bidet uses a heat exchanging unit having a container (heat exchanger) made of resin. The heat exchanging unit is equipped with a tubular ceramic heater for warming washing water contained in the heat exchanger.
- A known ceramic heater of this type is manufactured as follows: a ceramic sheet having printed heater wiring is wound around a cylindrical support member made of ceramic, followed by co-firing (see, for example, Patent Document 1).
- Patent Document 1: Japanese Patent No.
3038039 FIG. 1 , etc.) - Incidentally, since a ceramic heater for use in a hot-water bidet is under water at all times, the ceramic heater is hardly energized for heating in a dry state. Meanwhile, in the event of a water failure or piping trouble, the ceramic heater may possibly be energized for heating in a dry state. However, activation of heating in a dry state generates a potential difference between paired heater wiring portions located opposite each other with a winding end portion of a ceramic sheet intervening therebetween to thereby cause generation of heat from the heater wiring portions, potentially resulting in melting of glass components present in a region of the ceramic sheet in the vicinity of the heat-generating heater wiring portions. In this case, because of easier movement of electrons, partial discharges occur between the paired heater wiring portions located opposite each other with the winding end portion intervening therebetween, resulting in dielectric breakdown. Furthermore, sparks generated in partial discharges melt ceramic components present in the ceramic sheet, thereby raising a problem of breakage of the ceramic heater.
- The present invention has been conceived in view of the above problem, and an object of the invention is to provide a ceramic heater capable of improving reliability through prevention of potential dielectric breakdown of heater wiring.
- Means (means 1) for solving the above problem is a ceramic heater comprising a support member made of ceramic, and a ceramic sheet having heater wiring incorporated therein, and wound circumferentially around the support member. The ceramic heater is characterized in that the heater wiring comprises a plurality of wiring portions extending along an axial direction of the support member, and connecting portions each connecting the adjacent wiring portions, and characterized by satisfying a relational expression t ≥ 0.2 mm and at least one of relational expressions L/V ≥ 9/500 and w/V ≥ 3/500, where t (mm) is a thickness in the ceramic sheet from a surface of the heater wiring to an outer circumferential surface of the ceramic sheet, V (V) is a voltage applied to the heater wiring, w (mm) is a distance from an end edge of the heater wiring to an end surface of the ceramic sheet at a winding end portion of the ceramic sheet, and L (mm) is a distance between paired wiring portions disposed opposite each other with the winding end portion intervening therebetween.
- According to the invention described in means 1, dielectric breakdown strength can be enhanced by satisfying the relational expression t ≥ 0.2 mm and at least one of the relational expressions L/V ≥ 9/500 and w/V ≥ 3/500. As a result, since melting of glass components present in a region of the ceramic sheet in the vicinity of the winding end portion is prevented, there can be prevented dielectric breakdown between the paired heater wiring portions located opposite each other with the winding end portion intervening therebetween, and breakage of the ceramic heater can be prevented. Therefore, reliability of the ceramic heater can be improved.
- Preferably, the above-mentioned ceramic heater satisfies at least one of relational expressions t/V ≥ 1/500 and w/t ≥ 3. Further, preferably, in the ceramic heater, a slit which extends along the axial direction of the support member and through which an outer circumferential surface of the support member is exposed is formed at the winding end portion, and a relational expression 0.2 ≤ L - 2w ≤ 1.5 is satisfied, where a width of the slit is derived from the expression L - 2w. Since establishment of the above conditions more reliably enhances dielectric breakdown strength, there can be reliably prevented dielectric breakdown between the paired heater wiring portions located opposite each other with the winding end portion intervening therebetween, and breakage of the ceramic heater can be reliably prevented. Therefore, reliability of the ceramic heater can be further improved.
- The above-mentioned ceramic heater comprises the support member made of ceramic and the ceramic sheet wound circumferentially around the support member. Preferred examples of ceramic used to form the support member and the ceramic sheet include alumina, aluminum nitride, silicon nitride, boron nitride, zirconia, titania, and mullite. Particularly preferably, the support member and the ceramic sheet are formed of alumina. As a result of use of alumina, the ceramic heater excellent in thermal resistance, chemical resistance, and strength can be manufactured at low cost. The ceramic sheet has a heat generating element (heater wiring) formed of, for example, tungsten, molybdenum, or tantalum. Preferably, heater wiring contains at least one of tungsten and molybdenum as a main component. As a result, since heater wiring can reliably adhere to the ceramic sheet, reliability of the ceramic heater further improves.
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- [
FIG. 1 ] Front view showing a ceramic heater according to the present embodiment. - [
FIG. 2 ] Plan view showing the ceramic heater. - [
FIG. 3 ] Sectional view taken along line A--A ofFIG. 1 . - [
FIG. 4 ] Explanatory view showing a ceramic sheet in a development elevation. - [
FIG. 5 ] Set of explanatory views consisting of views (a) to (d) and showing a method of manufacturing the ceramic heater. - [
FIG. 6 ] Explanatory view showing a method of manufacturing a ceramic heater according to another embodiment. - A ceramic heater according to an embodiment of the present invention and a method of manufacturing the ceramic heater will next be described with reference to the drawings.
- A
ceramic heater 11 of the present embodiment is used for warming washing water contained in a heat exchanger of a heat exchanging unit of a hot-water bidet, for example. - As shown in
FIGS. 1 and 2 , theceramic heater 11 includes acylindrical heater body 13 made of ceramic and anannular flange 15 made of a metal and fitted externally to theheater body 13. Theflange 15 is an annular member formed by bending a metal plate of, for example, stainless steel and has a concave (cup-shaped) central portion. - In the present embodiment, as shown in
FIG. 2 , a space of the concave portion of theflange 15 surrounded by an outercircumferential surface 14 of theheater body 13 and an inner surface of theflange 15 serves as aglass receptacle 35. Theglass receptacle 35 is filled withglass 33, and theheater body 13 and theflange 15 are fixed together through themolten glass 33. InFIG. 2 , theglass 33 is hatched. - As shown in
FIGS. 1 to 3 , theheater body 13 is composed of acylindrical support member 17 made of ceramic and aceramic sheet 19 wound circumferentially around thesupport member 17. In the present embodiment, thesupport member 17 and theceramic sheet 19 are formed of ceramic such as alumina (Al2O3). The thermal expansion coefficient of alumina ranges from 50 × 10-7/K to 90 × 10-7/K, and, in the present embodiment, the thermal expansion coefficient is 70 × 10-7/K (30°C to 380°C) . In the present embodiment, thesupport member 17 has an outside diameter of 12 mm, an inside diameter of 8 mm, and a length of 65 mm, and theceramic sheet 19 has a thickness of 0.5 mm and a length of 60 mm. Theceramic sheet 19 does not completely cover thesupport member 17 along its circumference. As a result, awinding end portion 20 of theceramic sheet 19 has aslit 21 which extends along the axial direction of thesupport member 17 and through which an outercircumferential surface 18 of thesupport member 17 is exposed. - As shown in
FIGS. 3 and4 , theceramic sheet 19 has aheater wiring 41 in a meandering pattern and a pair ofinternal terminals 42 incorporated therein. In the present embodiment, the heater wiring 41 and theinternal terminals 42 contain tungsten (W) as a main component. Theinternal terminals 42 are electrically connected to respective external terminals 43 (seeFIG. 1 ) formed on the outer circumferential surface of theceramic sheet 19 via unillustrated via conductors or the like. - The
heater wiring 41 includes a plurality ofwiring portions 44 extending along the axial direction of thesupport member 17, and connectingportions 45 each connecting theadjacent wiring portions 44. As viewed from a thickness direction of theceramic sheet 19, the pairedwiring portions 44 located at respective opposite end portions of theceramic sheet 19 are disposed opposite each other with a winding end portion 20 (seeFIG. 3 ) of theceramic sheet 19 intervening therebetween, and first ends (upper ends inFIG. 4 ) of the pairedwiring portions 44 are connected to the respectiveinternal terminals 42, whereas second ends (lower ends inFIG. 4 ) of the pairedwiring portions 44 are connected via the connectingportions 45 to the second ends (lower ends inFIG. 4 ) of theadjacent wiring portions 44, respectively. Also, as viewed from the thickness direction of theceramic sheet 19, thewiring portions 44 located between the above-mentioned pairedwiring portions 44 are connected to one another such that the first end is connected via the connectingportion 45 to the first end of theadjacent wiring portion 44, whereas the second end is connected via the connectingportion 45 to the second end of theadjacent wiring portion 44. - As shown in
FIGS. 3 and4 , thewiring portion 44 of the present embodiment has a line width W1 of 0.60 mm and a thickness of 15 µm. Similarly, the connectingportion 45 of the present embodiment has a line width W2 of 0.60 mm and a thickness of 15 µm. That is, the line width W1 of thewiring portion 44 is identical to the line width W2 of the connectingportion 45. Also, since thewiring portion 44 is identical in thickness to the connectingportion 45, thewiring portion 44 is identical in cross-sectional area to the connectingportion 45. - As shown in
FIG. 3 , in theceramic sheet 19, a thickness t fromsurfaces 46 of the wiring portions 44 (heater wiring 41) to an outercircumferential surface 47 of theceramic sheet 19 is 0.2 mm. Also, at thewinding end portion 20, a distance w from end edges of the wiring portions 44 (heater wiring 41) torespective end surfaces 48 of theceramic sheet 19 is 0.7 mm. The "distance w" is a length along the circumferential direction of thecylindrical support member 17. Further, a distance L between the pairedwiring portions 44 disposed opposite each other with the windingend portion 20 intervening therebetween is 2.4 mm. The "distance L" is the length of a straight line connecting the end edges of the pairedwiring portions 44. The width of aslit 21 formed at the windingend portion 20 is derived from the expression L - 2w and is 1 mm in the present embodiment. - A method of manufacturing the
ceramic heater 11 of the present embodiment will next be described. - First, clayey slurry which contains alumina as a main component is charged into a conventionally known extruding machine (not shown) to form a tubular member. After being dried, the formed tubular member is subjected to provisional firing at a predetermined temperature (e.g., about 1,000°C), thereby achieving the support member 17 (see
FIG. 5(a) ). - By use of a ceramic material which contains alumina powder as a main component, first and second ceramic
green sheets ceramic sheet 19 are formed. A well-known forming method such as a doctor blade method can be used to form the ceramic green sheets. By use of a conventionally known paste printing apparatus (not shown), an electrically conductive paste (in the present embodiment, tungsten paste) is printed on the surface of the first ceramicgreen sheet 51. As a result, agreen electrode 53 which is to become theheater wiring 41 and theinternal terminals 42 is formed on the surface of the first ceramic green sheet 51 (seeFIG. 5(b) ). The position of thegreen electrode 53 is adjusted, for example, in consideration of shrinkage during firing in addition to the position of theheater wiring 41. - After the electrically conductive paste is dried, the second ceramic
green sheet 52 is laminated onto the printed side (side on which thegreen electrode 53 is formed) of the first ceramicgreen sheet 51, followed by application of pressing force in the sheet laminating direction. As a result, the ceramicgreen sheets FIG. 5(c) ). The thickness of the second ceramicgreen sheet 52 is adjusted, for example, in consideration of shrinkage during firing in addition to the thickness t from theouter wiring portions 46 of theheater wiring 41 to the outercircumferential surface 47 of theceramic sheet 19. Further, by use of the paste printing apparatus, the electrically conductive paste is printed on the surface of the second ceramicgreen sheet 52. As a result,green electrodes 55 which are to become theexternal terminals 43 are formed on the surface of the second ceramicgreen sheet 52. - Next, ceramic paste (alumina paste) is applied onto one side of the
green sheet laminate 54, and thegreen sheet laminate 54 is wound onto and bonded to the outercircumferential surface 18 of the support member 17 (seeFIG. 5(d) ). At this time, the size of thegreen sheet laminate 54 is adjusted such that end portions of thegreen sheet laminate 54 do not overlap each other. Next, after a drying process, a debindering process, etc., are performed according to well-known methods, simultaneous firing is performed at a predetermined temperature (e.g., about 1,400°C to 1,600°C)
for sintering alumina and tungsten contained in the green sheet laminate 54 (the ceramicgreen sheets green electrodes 53 and 55). As a result, alumina contained in the ceramicgreen sheets green sheet laminate 54 becomes theceramic sheet 19, thegreen electrode 53 becomes theheater wiring 41 and theinternal terminals 42, and thegreen electrodes 55 become theexternal terminals 43. Subsequently, theexternal terminals 43 are plated with nickel, achieving theheater body 13. - Next, a stainless steel plate is formed into the cup-shaped
flange 15 through pressing by use of a die. Then, theflange 15 is externally fitted to theheater body 13 at a predetermined attachment position. Subsequently, theheater body 13 and theflange 15 are fixed together through themolten glass 33, completing theceramic heater 11. - Examples of experiments conducted to evaluate the performance of the
ceramic heater 11 of the present embodiment will next be described. - First, samples for measurement were prepared as follows. A prepared sample A was a ceramic heater having a thickness t (see
FIG. 3 ) of 0.18 mm from the surface of the heater wiring (wiring portions) to the outer circumferential surface of the ceramic sheet, a distance w (seeFIG. 3 ) of 0.6 mm from the end edges of the heater wiring (wiring portions) to the respective end surfaces of the ceramic sheet, a distance L (seeFIG. 3 ) of 1.4 mm between the paired wiring portions disposed opposite each other with the winding end portion intervening therebetween, and a width L - 2w of 0.2 mm of the slit formed at the winding end portion. A prepared sample B was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.18 mm, a distance w of 1 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1 mm. A prepared sample C was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.2 mm, a distance w of 0.5 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 2 mm. A prepared sample D was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.2 mm, a distance w of 0.7 mm, a distance L of 1.6 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.2 mm. A prepared sample E was theceramic heater 11 of the present embodiment; i.e., a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.2 mm, a distance w of 0.7 mm, a distance L of 2.4 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1 mm. A prepared sample F was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.2 mm, a distance w of 1 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1 mm. A prepared sample G was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.3 mm, a distance w of 1 mm, a distance L of 2.4 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.4 mm. A prepared sample H was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.3 mm, a distance w of 1 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1 mm. A prepared sample I was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.4 mm, a distance w of 1.3 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.4 mm. A prepared sample J was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.4 mm, a distance w of 1.3 mm, a distance L of 3.8 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1.2 mm. A prepared sample K was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.4 mm, a distance w of 1.5 mm, a distance L of 4.5 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1.5 mm. A prepared sample L was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.3 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.4 mm. A prepared sample M was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.5 mm, a distance L of 3.8 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.8 mm. A prepared sample N was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.3 mm, a distance L of 3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 0.4 mm. A prepared sample O was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.5 mm, a distance L of 4.3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1.3 mm. A prepared sample P was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.5 mm, a distance L of 4.3 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1.3 mm. A prepared sample Q was a ceramic heater having a thickness t of 0.5 mm, a distance w of 1.5 mm, a distance L of 4.5 mm, and a width L - 2w of 1.5 mm. The samples A to Q were prepared 10 pieces each. - Next, Nichrome wires were soldered to pairs of internal terminals (heater wiring) provided in the ceramic sheets of the samples for measurement (samples A to Q), and the samples for measurement were mounted in dry condition on a base. Then, a voltage V (100 Vac, 140 Vac, 200 Vac, or 240 Vac) was applied between the paired internal terminals for six minutes, and the surface temperatures of the ceramic sheets were measured by use of a thermographic camera. Specifically, a voltage of 100 Vac was applied to the samples A to E; a voltage of 140 Vac was applied to the samples F to H, L, and M; a voltage of 200 Vac was applied to the samples I, J, and P; and a voltage of 240 Vac was applied to the samples K, N, O, and Q. Also, the values of t/V, w/t, L/V, and w/V were calculated for the samples A to Q. Further, through observation, a determination was made as to whether or not dielectric breakdown occurred between the paired wiring portions located opposite each other with the winding end portion intervening therebetween, and in the event of occurrence of dielectric breakdown, the time of occurrence of dielectric breakdown was measured and recorded. Among the samples A to Q, those samples having an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 60% or more (i.e., six or more of the 10 samples suffered dielectric breakdown) were judged to be "Failure"; those samples having an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 30% to 50% (i.e., three to five of the 10 samples suffered dielectric breakdown) were judged to be "Fair"; those samples having an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 10% to 20% (i.e., one or two of the 10 samples suffered dielectric breakdown) were judged to be "Good"; and those samples having an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 0% (i.e., all of the 10 samples were free from occurrence of dielectric breakdown) were judged to be "Excellent." Table 1 shows the results of the above experiments.
[Table 1] Dimensions and applied voltage Ratios Result of energization t w L L - 2w V t/V w/t L/V w/V Dielectric breakdown Judgement A 0.18 0.6 1.4 0.2 100 0.90/500 3.3 7.00/500 3.00/500 8/10 Failure B 0.18 1 3 1 100 0.90/500 5.6 15.00/500 5.00/500 6/10 Failure C 0.2 0.5 3 2 100 1.00/500 2.5 15.00/500 2.50/500 4/10 Fair D 0.2 0.7 1.6 0.2 100 1.00/500 3.5 8.00/500 3.50/500 1/10 Good E 0.2 0.7 2.4 1 100 1.00/500 3.5 12.00/500 3.50/500 0/10 Excellent F 0.2 1 3 1 140 0.71/500 5 10.71/500 3.57/500 4/10 Fair G 0.3 1 2.4 0.4 140 1.07/500 3.3 8.57/500 3.57/500 2/10 Good H 0.3 1 3 1 140 1.07/500 3.3 10.71/500 3.57/500 0/10 Excellent I 0.4 1.3 3 0.4 200 1.00/500 3.3 7.50/500 3.25/500 2/10 Good J 0.4 1.3 3.8 1.2 200 1.00/500 3.3 9.50/500 3.25/500 0/10 Excellent K 0.4 1.5 4.5 1.5 240 0.83/500 3.8 9.38/500 3.13/500 5/10 Fair L 0.5 1.3 3 0.4 140 1.79/500 2.6 10.71/500 4.64/500 5/10 Fair M 0.5 1.5 3.8 0.8 140 1.79/500 3 13.57/500 5.36/500 0/10 Excellent N 0.5 1.3 3 0.4 240 1.04/500 2.6 6.25/500 2.71/500 10/10 Failure O 0.5 1.5 4.3 1.3 240 1.04/500 3 8.96/500 3.13/500 1/10 Good P 0.5 1.5 4.3 1.3 200 1.25/500 3 10.75/500 3.75/500 0/10 Excellent Q 0.5 1.5 4.5 1.5 240 1.04/500 3 9.38/500 3.13/500 0/10 Excellent - As a result, the following was confirmed. The samples A and B having a thickness t of less than 0.2 mm had an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 60% or more and therefore were judged to be "Failure." The sample N having a thickness t of 0.2 mm or more, but having a ratio L/V of less than 9/500 and a ratio w/V of less than 3/500 had an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 60% or more. The samples C to M and O to Q having a thickness t of 0.2 mm or more and a ratio L/V of 9/500 or more or a ratio w/V of 3/500 or more had an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 50% or less. Further, among the samples C to M and O to Q, the samples D, E, G to J, M, and O to Q having a ratio t/V of 1/500 or more and a ratio w/t of 3 or more had an incidence of dielectric breakdown of 20% or less. Particularly, among the samples D, E, G to J, M, and O to Q, the samples E, H, J, M, P, and Q having a ratio L/V of 9/500 or more and a ratio w/V of 3/500 or more were free from occurrence of dielectric breakdown.
- The above experimental results have proved that satisfaction of all of the relational expressions t ≥ 0.2 mm, L/V ≥ 9/500, w/V ≥ 3/500, t/V ≥ 1/500, and w/t ≥ 3 prevents the occurrence of dielectric breakdown.
- Therefore, the present embodiment can achieve the following effects.
- (1) Since the
ceramic heater 11 of the present embodiment has a thickness t of 0.2 mm, a distance w of 0.7 mm, a distance L of 2.4 mm, and a voltage V of 100 Vac, theceramic heater 11 satisfies the relational expression t ≥ 0.2 mm as well as the relational expressions L/V ≥ 9/500 and w/V ≥ 3/500, whereby dielectric breakdown strength can be enhanced. As a result, since melting of glass components present in a region of theceramic sheet 19 in the vicinity of the windingend portion 20 is prevented, there can be prevented dielectric breakdown between the pairedwiring portions 44 located opposite each other with the windingend portion 20 intervening therebetween, and breakage of theceramic heater 11 can be prevented. Therefore, reliability of theceramic heater 11 can be improved. - (2) According to the present embodiment, the paired
internal terminals 42 formed in theceramic sheet 19 are disposed inside the pairedwiring portions 44 located opposite each other with the windingend portion 20 of theceramic sheet 19 intervening therebetween (seeFIG. 4 ). Accordingly, when theceramic sheet 19 is wound circumferentially around thesupport member 17, the twointernal terminals 42 are located opposite each other in the radial direction of thesupport member 17. As a result, since the distance between the twointernal terminals 42 increases, the occurrence of discharge between the twointernal terminals 42 can be prevented. - The present embodiment may be modified as follows.
- According to the above embodiment, ceramic paste is applied onto one side of the
green sheet laminate 54, and thegreen sheet laminate 54 is wound onto and bonded to the outercircumferential surface 18 of thesupport member 17. However, as shown inFIG. 6 , a portion of theceramic paste 61 may be applied in such a manner as to cover the end surfaces of thegreen sheet laminate 62 which is to become the ceramic sheet, and an outercircumferential surface 64 of asupport member 63. Notably, even in this case, the distance w is the length from the end edge of the heater wiring (a green electrode 65) to the end surface of the ceramic sheet (the green sheet laminate 62). - According to the above embodiment, the
support member 17 of theceramic heater 11 has a tubular shape; however, the support member may have a rod shape. That is, the ceramic heater may be used in a product (e.g., a fan heater) other than a hot-water bidet. - The
ceramic heater 11 of the above embodiment is energized through application of AC voltage between the pairedinternal terminals 42, but may be energized through application of DC voltage between the pairedinternal electrodes 42. - Next, besides the technical ideas described in claims, technical ideas understood from the above embodiment are enumerated below.
- (1) A ceramic heater comprises a support member made of ceramic, and a ceramic sheet having heater wiring incorporated therein, and wound circumferentially around the support member, and is characterized in that the heater wiring comprises a plurality of wiring portions extending along an axial direction of the support member, and connecting portions each connecting the adjacent wiring portions, and characterized by satisfying a relational expression t ≥ 0.2 mm, at least one of relational expressions L/V ≥ 9/500 and w/V ≥ 3/500, and relational expressions t/V ≥ 1/500 and w/t ≥ 3, where t (mm) is a thickness in the ceramic sheet from a surface of the heater wiring to an outer circumferential surface of the ceramic sheet, V (V) is a voltage applied to the heater wiring, w (mm) is a distance from an end edge of the heater wiring to an end surface of the ceramic sheet at a winding end portion of the ceramic sheet, and L (mm) is a distance between paired wiring portions disposed opposite each other with the winding end portion intervening therebetween.
- (2) A ceramic heater according to the above means 1, wherein the line width of the individual wiring portions is identical with the line width of the individual connecting portions.
-
- 11: ceramic heater
- 17, 63: support member
- 18, 64: outer circumferential surface of support member
- 19: ceramic sheet
- 20: winding end portion
- 21: slit
- 41: heater wiring
- 44: wiring portion
- 45: connecting portion
- 46: surface of heater wiring
- 47: outer circumferential surface of ceramic sheet
- 48: end surface of ceramic sheet
- L: distance between paired wiring portions disposed opposite each other with winding end portion intervening therebetween
- t: thickness from surface of heater wiring to outer circumferential surface of ceramic sheet
- V: voltage
- w: distance from end edge of heater wiring to end surface of ceramic sheet
Claims (5)
- A ceramic heater comprising a support member made of ceramic, and a ceramic sheet having heater wiring incorporated therein, and wound circumferentially around the support member,
the ceramic heater being characterized in that the heater wiring comprises a plurality of wiring portions extending along an axial direction of the support member, and connecting portions each connecting the adjacent wiring portions, and characterized by satisfying a relational expression t ≥ 0.2 mm and at least one of relational expressions L/V ≥ 9/500 and w/V ≥ 3/500, where t (mm) is a thickness in the ceramic sheet from a surface of the heater wiring to an outer circumferential surface of the ceramic sheet, V (V) is a voltage applied to the heater wiring, w (mm) is a distance from an end edge of the heater wiring to an end surface of the ceramic sheet at a winding end portion of the ceramic sheet, and L (mm) is a distance between paired wiring portions disposed opposite each other with the winding end portion intervening therebetween. - A ceramic heater according to claim 1, wherein at least one of relational expressions t/V ≥ 1/500 and w/t ≥ 3 is satisfied.
- A ceramic heater according to claim 1 or 2, wherein
a slit which extends along the axial direction of the support member and through which an outer circumferential surface of the support member is exposed is formed at the winding end portion, and
a relational expression 0.2 ≤ L - 2w ≤ 1.5 is satisfied, where a width of the slit is derived from the expression L - 2w. - A ceramic heater according to any one of claims 1 to 3, wherein the support member and the ceramic sheet are formed of alumina.
- A ceramic heater according to any one of claims 1 to 4, wherein the heater wiring contains at least one of tungsten and molybdenum as a main component.
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
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JP2016068115A JP6604884B2 (en) | 2016-03-30 | 2016-03-30 | Ceramic heater |
PCT/JP2016/088805 WO2017168896A1 (en) | 2016-03-30 | 2016-12-27 | Ceramic heater |
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EP3439428A1 true EP3439428A1 (en) | 2019-02-06 |
EP3439428A4 EP3439428A4 (en) | 2019-11-13 |
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EP16897111.7A Pending EP3439428A4 (en) | 2016-03-30 | 2016-12-27 | Ceramic heater |
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JP (1) | JP6604884B2 (en) |
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JP7453123B2 (en) | 2020-11-13 | 2024-03-19 | 京セラ株式会社 | Heater and heater manufacturing method |
CN113225857B (en) * | 2021-05-19 | 2022-05-27 | 江苏天宝陶瓷股份有限公司 | Far infrared ceramic heater of adjustable bore |
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JP2971167B2 (en) * | 1991-05-01 | 1999-11-02 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | Ceramic heater |
JP3182639B2 (en) * | 1995-08-10 | 2001-07-03 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | Ceramic heater and method of manufacturing the same |
JP3038039U (en) | 1996-11-20 | 1997-06-06 | 丸忠産業株式会社 | Fluororesin coated container |
JP3691649B2 (en) * | 1997-10-28 | 2005-09-07 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | Ceramic heater |
WO2001024582A1 (en) * | 1999-09-29 | 2001-04-05 | Ibiden Co., Ltd. | Ceramic heater |
JP2001284031A (en) * | 2000-03-31 | 2001-10-12 | Toto Ltd | Exothermic pipe and local washing device having it |
JP2004006216A (en) * | 2002-03-26 | 2004-01-08 | Kyocera Corp | Ceramic heater and its testing process |
JP4340143B2 (en) * | 2003-12-24 | 2009-10-07 | 京セラ株式会社 | Ceramic heater |
JP4818922B2 (en) * | 2004-06-25 | 2011-11-16 | 京セラ株式会社 | Manufacturing method of ceramic heater |
JP4762539B2 (en) * | 2004-12-28 | 2011-08-31 | 日本特殊陶業株式会社 | Gas sensor |
CN201390777Y (en) * | 2008-08-01 | 2010-01-27 | 王青松 | Heating rod of internal heating type hot-dip galvanized device |
DE202010001575U1 (en) * | 2010-01-29 | 2010-04-15 | Türk & Hillinger GmbH | Tensionable heating cartridge and heating |
CN202210874U (en) * | 2011-09-07 | 2012-05-02 | 厦门格睿伟业电子科技有限公司 | Porcelain heating bar capable of raising temperature fast |
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JP2014163867A (en) * | 2013-02-27 | 2014-09-08 | Ngk Spark Plug Co Ltd | Gas sensor and heater element |
JP5960931B2 (en) * | 2013-12-10 | 2016-08-02 | 京セラ株式会社 | Tubular heater |
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KR20180124029A (en) | 2018-11-20 |
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