EP3410042A1 - Device for production of snow - Google Patents

Device for production of snow Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3410042A1
EP3410042A1 EP17450004.1A EP17450004A EP3410042A1 EP 3410042 A1 EP3410042 A1 EP 3410042A1 EP 17450004 A EP17450004 A EP 17450004A EP 3410042 A1 EP3410042 A1 EP 3410042A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
roller
snow
evaporator roller
evaporator
scraper
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP17450004.1A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Christian CECH
Helmut Turk
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
IAG Industrie Automatisierungsgesellschaft mbH
Original Assignee
IAG Industrie Automatisierungsgesellschaft mbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by IAG Industrie Automatisierungsgesellschaft mbH filed Critical IAG Industrie Automatisierungsgesellschaft mbH
Priority to EP17450004.1A priority Critical patent/EP3410042A1/en
Priority to CA3006154A priority patent/CA3006154A1/en
Priority to RU2018120110A priority patent/RU2018120110A/en
Priority to US15/993,702 priority patent/US20180347882A1/en
Publication of EP3410042A1 publication Critical patent/EP3410042A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
    • F25C3/00—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow
    • F25C3/04—Processes or apparatus specially adapted for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Producing artificial snow for sledging or ski trails; Producing artificial snow
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
    • F25C1/00—Producing ice
    • F25C1/12—Producing ice by freezing water on cooled surfaces, e.g. to form slabs
    • F25C1/14—Producing ice by freezing water on cooled surfaces, e.g. to form slabs to form thin sheets which are removed by scraping or wedging, e.g. in the form of flakes
    • F25C1/142—Producing ice by freezing water on cooled surfaces, e.g. to form slabs to form thin sheets which are removed by scraping or wedging, e.g. in the form of flakes from the outer walls of cooled bodies
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F25—REFRIGERATION OR COOLING; COMBINED HEATING AND REFRIGERATION SYSTEMS; HEAT PUMP SYSTEMS; MANUFACTURE OR STORAGE OF ICE; LIQUEFACTION SOLIDIFICATION OF GASES
    • F25C—PRODUCING, WORKING OR HANDLING ICE
    • F25C2303/00—Special arrangements or features for producing ice or snow for winter sports or similar recreational purposes, e.g. for sporting installations; Special arrangements or features for producing artificial snow
    • F25C2303/048—Snow making by using means for spraying water
    • F25C2303/0481—Snow making by using means for spraying water with the use of compressed air

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for producing snow.
  • the product produced with known devices is "flake ice", which is not or only partially suitable for some applications, for example for the cooling of the human body after a sauna visit.
  • This flake ice is a technically produced form of ice.
  • Flake ice consists of individual ice chips with an irregular, shard-like, slightly wavy shape.
  • the ice sheets are 1 to 5 mm thick and have a temperature of about -7 ° C.
  • Flake ice can be used to cool food, especially fish, or to produce food.
  • a flake ice machine water is filled into a cylindrical container in which a stainless steel roll is located and whose wall is cooled by a powerful chiller. On the cylinder wall, ice forms, which passes through a screw conveyor upwards and is scraped off by a scraper and then falls into a reservoir.
  • Another manufacturing method works via a horizontally arranged evaporator roller rotating in a water bath. With each revolution, water freezes on the highly cooled evaporator surface and breaks off on a scraper.
  • the propeller gun is technically known: the central element is a propeller which generates a strong stream of air. Around the pipe exit is the nozzle with mostly several wreaths.
  • the outer nozzles are usually designed as mixing nozzles (water and compressed air) for the production of snow cores, the inner ones mostly as pure water nozzles.
  • the mixed or nucleator nozzles produce small ice crystals as crystallization seeds.
  • the amount of water drops must be adapted to the external weather conditions such as temperature and humidity as well as the throw to achieve optimum characteristics of the technical snow.
  • the drops of water contained in the air stream exiting the propeller gun partially evaporate in the dry winter air, causing the droplets to cool. When the freezing point is reached, they crystallize on the crystallization seeds. The drier the ambient air, the better the cooling process. So does e.g. this process at a relative humidity of 30% already at 1 ° C above zero, at 80% relative humidity, however, are below -3 ° C required.
  • the invention has set itself the goal of creating a device with which a temperature-independent production of a product is made possible, which is largely similar to natural snow.
  • the object of the invention also includes the provision of a device which, in addition to the generation of Snow or a snow-like product has smaller dimensions than conventional snow cannons and therefore can also be used well in ski halls, sauna and wellness landscapes and industrial applications.
  • the doctor blade is located near the lowest point of the evaporator roller.
  • the speed of the evaporator roller is 10 to 50 rpm.
  • an evaporator roller 1 in a housing pan 5 which also serves as a misting housing is arranged on a supporting structure of a base frame 4 and side walls 9.
  • a geared motor 6 and a rotary distributor 7 is provided to drive the evaporator roller 1, for supplying a refrigerant.
  • a doctor blade 2 and a scraper 3 for smoothing the spray film act on the evaporator roller 1.
  • a refrigerant is passed through the rotary distributor 7 in the evaporator roller 1 and this cooled.
  • the roller 1 is driven by a geared motor 6 so that it rotates during operation.
  • the evaporator roller 1 rotates in the range of 10 to 50 U / min.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Nozzles (AREA)
  • Vaporization, Distillation, Condensation, Sublimation, And Cold Traps (AREA)
  • Freezing, Cooling And Drying Of Foods (AREA)

Abstract

Bei einer Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen von Schnee ist in einer Gehäusewanne (5) eine Verdampferwalze (1) drehbar gelagert und ein Drehverteiler (7) zum Einführen eines Kältemittels in die Verdampferwalze (1) angeordnet. Düsen (8) zum Aufsprühen von Wasser und Luft auf die Verdampferwalze (1) und ein Abstreifer (3) zum Glätten und ein Schabmesser (2) sind ferner vorgesehen. Die Vorrichtung ermöglicht eine temperaturunabhängige Herstellung von Schnee.In a device for producing snow, a vaporizer roller (1) is rotatably mounted in a housing pan (5) and a rotary distributor (7) for introducing a refrigerant into the evaporator roller (1) is arranged. Nozzles (8) for spraying water and air onto the evaporator roller (1) and a scraper (3) for smoothing and a doctor blade (2) are further provided. The device enables a temperature-independent production of snow.

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Vorrichtung zur Erzeugung von Schnee.The invention relates to a device for producing snow.

Das mit bekannten Vorrichtungen erzeugte Produkt ist "Scherbeneis", das für manche Anwendungen, beispielsweise für die Kühlung des menschlichen Körpers nach einem Saunabesuch jedoch nicht oder nur eingeschränkt geeignet ist.The product produced with known devices is "flake ice", which is not or only partially suitable for some applications, for example for the cooling of the human body after a sauna visit.

Dieses Scherbeneis ist eine technisch hergestellte Form von Eis. Scherbeneis besteht aus einzelnen Eisplättchen mit einer unregelmäßigen, scherbenartigen, leicht gewellten Form. Die Eisplättchen sind 1 bis 5 mm stark und haben eine Temperatur von zirka -7 °C.This flake ice is a technically produced form of ice. Flake ice consists of individual ice chips with an irregular, shard-like, slightly wavy shape. The ice sheets are 1 to 5 mm thick and have a temperature of about -7 ° C.

Scherbeneis kann zur Kühlung von Lebensmitteln, insbesondere von Fisch oder zur Produktion von Lebensmitteln verwendet werden.Flake ice can be used to cool food, especially fish, or to produce food.

Bei der Herstellung mit einer Scherbeneismaschine wird beispielsweise Wasser in einen zylindrischen Behälter gefüllt, in dem sich eine Edelstahlwalze befindet und dessen Wand über eine starke Kältemaschine gekühlt wird. An der Zylinderwandung bildet sich Eis, das durch eine Förderschnecke nach oben gelangt und von einem Schaber abgeschabt wird und dann in einen Vorratsbehälter fällt.For example, in the manufacture of a flake ice machine, water is filled into a cylindrical container in which a stainless steel roll is located and whose wall is cooled by a powerful chiller. On the cylinder wall, ice forms, which passes through a screw conveyor upwards and is scraped off by a scraper and then falls into a reservoir.

Ein anderes Herstellungsverfahren funktioniert über eine horizontal angeordnete Verdampferwalze, die in einem Wasserbad rotiert. Bei jeder Umdrehung friert Wasser an der stark gekühlten Verdampferoberfläche fest und platzt an einem Schaber ab.Another manufacturing method works via a horizontally arranged evaporator roller rotating in a water bath. With each revolution, water freezes on the highly cooled evaporator surface and breaks off on a scraper.

Demgegenüber stehen Schneekanonen, die zwar im Regelfall Schnee und nicht Eis erzeugen, aber dafür nur in einem (sehr) eingeschränkten Temperaturbereich erfolgreich betrieben werden können. Technisch bekannt ist beispielsweise die Propellerkanone: Zentrales Element ist dabei ein Propeller, welcher einen starken Luftstrom erzeugt. Rings um den Rohrausgang befindet sich der Düsenstock mit zumeist mehreren Kränzen. Die äußeren Düsen sind meist als Mischdüsen (Wasser und Druckluft) zur Produktion von Schneekernen, die inneren meist als reine Wasserdüsen ausgeführt. Die Misch- oder Nukleatordüsen produzieren kleine Eiskristalle als Kristallisationskeime.On the other hand there are snow cannons, which as a rule produce snow and not ice, but can only be operated successfully in a (very) limited temperature range. For example, the propeller gun is technically known: the central element is a propeller which generates a strong stream of air. Around the pipe exit is the nozzle with mostly several wreaths. The outer nozzles are usually designed as mixing nozzles (water and compressed air) for the production of snow cores, the inner ones mostly as pure water nozzles. The mixed or nucleator nozzles produce small ice crystals as crystallization seeds.

Die Menge der Wassertropfen muß den äußeren Witterungsbedingungen wie Temperatur und Luftfeuchtigkeit sowie der Wurfweite angepaßt werden, um optimale Eigenschaften des technischen Schnees zu erreichen. Die im aus der Propellerkanone austretenden Luftstrom enthaltenen Wassertropfen verdunsten in der trockenen Winterluft teilweise, wodurch die Tröpfchen abkühlen. Ist der Gefrierpunkt erreicht, kristallisieren sie an den Kristallisationskeimen. Je trockener die Umgebungsluft ist, desto besser wirkt der Abkühlungsvorgang. So funktioniert z.B. dieses Verfahren bei einer relativen Luftfeuchtigkeit von 30 % schon bei 1 °C über Null, bei 80 % relativer Luftfeuchtigkeit sind dagegen unter -3 °C erforderlich.The amount of water drops must be adapted to the external weather conditions such as temperature and humidity as well as the throw to achieve optimum characteristics of the technical snow. The drops of water contained in the air stream exiting the propeller gun partially evaporate in the dry winter air, causing the droplets to cool. When the freezing point is reached, they crystallize on the crystallization seeds. The drier the ambient air, the better the cooling process. So does e.g. this process at a relative humidity of 30% already at 1 ° C above zero, at 80% relative humidity, however, are below -3 ° C required.

Gegenüber dem Stand der Technik hat sich die Erfindung zum Ziel gesetzt, eine Vorrichtung zu schaffen, mit der eine von der Temperatur unabhängige Produktion eines Produktes ermöglicht wird, welches dem natürlichen Schnee weitestgehend ähnlich ist.Compared to the prior art, the invention has set itself the goal of creating a device with which a temperature-independent production of a product is made possible, which is largely similar to natural snow.

Die Aufgabenstellung an die Erfindung umfaßt auch die Schaffung einer Vorrichtung, die neben der Erzeugung von Schnee oder eines schneeähnlichen Produktes geringere Abmessungen als herkömmliche Schneekanonen aufweist und daher auch in Skihallen, Sauna- und Wellnesslandschaften sowie Industrieanwendungen gut eingesetzt werden kann.The object of the invention also includes the provision of a device which, in addition to the generation of Snow or a snow-like product has smaller dimensions than conventional snow cannons and therefore can also be used well in ski halls, sauna and wellness landscapes and industrial applications.

Erreicht wird dies dadurch, daß in einer Gehäusewanne eine Verdampferwalze drehbar gelagert ist und ein Drehverteiler zum Einführen eines Kältemittels in die Verdampferwalze angeordnet ist, dem Düsen zum Aufsprühen von Wasser und/oder von Wasser und Luft auf die Verdampferwalze zugeordnet sind, wobei ferner ein Abstreifer zum Glätten und ein Schabmesser vorgesehen sind.This is achieved by rotatably supporting a vaporizing roller in a housing pan and arranging a rotary distributor for introducing a refrigerant into the vaporizing roller to which nozzles for spraying water and / or water and air are assigned to the vaporizing roller, further comprising a scraper for smoothing and a doctor blade are provided.

Bei einem bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel ist das Schabmesser nahe dem tiefsten Punkt der Verdampferwalze angeordnet.In a preferred embodiment, the doctor blade is located near the lowest point of the evaporator roller.

Die Drehzahl der Verdampferwalze beträgt 10 bis 50 U/min.The speed of the evaporator roller is 10 to 50 rpm.

Nachstehend ist die Erfindung anhand eines in den Zeichnungen dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels näher beschrieben, ohne auf dieses Beispiel beschränkt zu sein.The invention will be described in more detail below with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawings, without being limited to this example.

Dabei zeigen:

  • Fig. 1 Die erfindungsgemäße Vorrichtung in einer Seitenansicht;
  • Fig. 2 die Vorrichtung nach Fig. 1 in Ansicht von oben und
  • Fig. 3 einen Schnitt nach der Linie A-A in Fig. 1.
Showing:
  • Fig. 1 The device according to the invention in a side view;
  • Fig. 2 the device after Fig. 1 in top view and
  • Fig. 3 a section along the line AA in Fig. 1 ,

Gemäß den Zeichnungen ist eine Verdampferwalze 1 in einer Gehäusewanne 5 die auch als Vernebelungsgehäuse dient auf einer tragenden Konstruktion aus einem Grundrahmen 4 und Seitenwangen 9 angeordnet. Zum Antrieb der Verdampferwalze 1 ist ein Getriebemotor 6 und zur Zufuhr eines Kältemittels ein Drehverteiler 7 vorgesehen.Referring to the drawings, an evaporator roller 1 in a housing pan 5 which also serves as a misting housing is arranged on a supporting structure of a base frame 4 and side walls 9. To drive the evaporator roller 1, a geared motor 6 and a rotary distributor 7 is provided for supplying a refrigerant.

Zur Zufuhr von Wasser und Luft sind Düsen 8 angeordnet.For supplying water and air nozzles 8 are arranged.

Ein Schabmesser 2 und ein Abstreifer 3 zum Glätten des Sprühfilms wirken auf die Verdampferwalze 1.A doctor blade 2 and a scraper 3 for smoothing the spray film act on the evaporator roller 1.

Im Betrieb wird ein Kältemittel durch den Drehverteiler 7 in die Verdampferwalze 1 geführt und diese abgekühlt. Die Walze 1 wird durch einen Getriebemotor 6 angetrieben, sodaß diese im Betrieb rotiert. Zweckmäßig dreht sich die Verdampferwalze 1 im Bereich von 10 bis 50 U/min.In operation, a refrigerant is passed through the rotary distributor 7 in the evaporator roller 1 and this cooled. The roller 1 is driven by a geared motor 6 so that it rotates during operation. Suitably, the evaporator roller 1 rotates in the range of 10 to 50 U / min.

Durch die Düsen 8 (Wasserdüsen und/oder Zweistoffdüsen) wird Wasser und Luft in der Gehäusewanne 5 auf die Walze 1 aufgesprüht. Die auf der Walze 1 entstehende Schneeschicht wird mit dem Abstreifer 3 geglättet und mit dem nahe dem tiefsten Punkt der Verdampferwalze 1 angeordnete Schabmesser 2 abgeschabt. Das abgeschabte Material fällt durch den Schacht 10 in einen nicht gezeigten Auffangbehälter oder kann von dort seiner beabsichtigen Verwendung, so zum Beispiel durch Einblasen in ein System zugeführt werden.Through the nozzles 8 (water nozzles and / or two-fluid nozzles) water and air in the housing pan 5 is sprayed onto the roller 1. The resulting on the roller 1 layer of snow is smoothed with the scraper 3 and scraped with the arranged near the lowest point of the evaporator roller 1 scraper 2. The scraped material falls through the chute 10 into a collection container, not shown, or may be fed therefrom for its intended use, such as by blowing it into a system.

Claims (3)

Vorrichtung zum Erzeugen von Schnee, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß in einer Gehäusewanne (5) eine Verdampferwalze (1) drehbar gelagert ist und ein Drehverteiler (7) zum Einführen eines Kältemittels in die Verdampferwalze (1) angeordnet ist, dem Düsen (8) zum Aufsprühen von Wasser und Luft auf die Verdampferwalze zugeordnet sind, wobei ferner ein Abstreifer (3) zum Glätten und ein Schabmesser (2) vorgesehen sind.Apparatus for producing snow, characterized in that in a housing pan (5) an evaporator roller (1) is rotatably mounted and a rotary distributor (7) for introducing a refrigerant into the evaporator roller (1) is arranged, the nozzle (8) for spraying of water and air are assigned to the evaporator roller, further comprising a scraper (3) for smoothing and a scraper blade (2) are provided. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet daß das Schabmesser (2) nahe dem tiefsten Punkt der Verdampferwalze (1) angeordnet ist.Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that the scraper blade (2) is arranged near the lowest point of the evaporator roller (1). Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Drehzahl der Verdampferwalze (1) 10 bis 50 U/min. beträgt.Apparatus according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the speed of the evaporator roller (1) 10 to 50 U / min. is.
EP17450004.1A 2017-06-01 2017-06-02 Device for production of snow Withdrawn EP3410042A1 (en)

Priority Applications (4)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17450004.1A EP3410042A1 (en) 2017-06-02 2017-06-02 Device for production of snow
CA3006154A CA3006154A1 (en) 2017-06-02 2018-05-25 Device for producing snow
RU2018120110A RU2018120110A (en) 2017-06-01 2018-05-31 Snow making device
US15/993,702 US20180347882A1 (en) 2017-06-02 2018-05-31 Snow-making apparatus

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP17450004.1A EP3410042A1 (en) 2017-06-02 2017-06-02 Device for production of snow

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3410042A1 true EP3410042A1 (en) 2018-12-05

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Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP17450004.1A Withdrawn EP3410042A1 (en) 2017-06-01 2017-06-02 Device for production of snow

Country Status (4)

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US (1) US20180347882A1 (en)
EP (1) EP3410042A1 (en)
CA (1) CA3006154A1 (en)
RU (1) RU2018120110A (en)

Cited By (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE202022104979U1 (en) 2022-09-03 2023-12-05 Snowbox Schnee- Und Eistechnik Gmbh Device for producing snowflakes, snow and/or ice crystals, in particular for producing snow technically
WO2024046867A1 (en) 2022-09-03 2024-03-07 Snowbox Schnee- Und Eistechnik Gmbh Apparatus for generating snowflakes, snow and/or ice crystals, in particular for generating artificial snow
DE102022122335A1 (en) 2022-09-03 2024-03-14 Snowbox Schnee- Und Eistechnik Gmbh Device for producing snowflakes, snow and/or ice crystals, in particular for producing snow technically

Families Citing this family (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US11473822B2 (en) 2018-10-27 2022-10-18 Alfio Bucceri Method and apparatus for making falling snow

Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US277797A (en) * 1883-05-15 siddeley
DE940227C (en) * 1953-03-03 1956-03-15 Bergedorfer Eisenwerk Device for making impulse ice cream
WO1996035913A1 (en) * 1995-05-10 1996-11-14 Job Industries Ltd. Fluidized particle production system and process
DE102008029695B3 (en) * 2008-06-24 2009-06-18 Hartmut Higel Device for manufacturing flake ice from freezable liquid, particularly from water has container with liquid inlet, where seals are arranged between edge areas and lateral surface of freezing cylinder

Family Cites Families (1)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US5910042A (en) * 1997-02-18 1999-06-08 Inter Ice, Inc. Ice blasting cleaning system and method

Patent Citations (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US277797A (en) * 1883-05-15 siddeley
DE940227C (en) * 1953-03-03 1956-03-15 Bergedorfer Eisenwerk Device for making impulse ice cream
WO1996035913A1 (en) * 1995-05-10 1996-11-14 Job Industries Ltd. Fluidized particle production system and process
DE102008029695B3 (en) * 2008-06-24 2009-06-18 Hartmut Higel Device for manufacturing flake ice from freezable liquid, particularly from water has container with liquid inlet, where seals are arranged between edge areas and lateral surface of freezing cylinder

Cited By (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE202022104979U1 (en) 2022-09-03 2023-12-05 Snowbox Schnee- Und Eistechnik Gmbh Device for producing snowflakes, snow and/or ice crystals, in particular for producing snow technically
WO2024046867A1 (en) 2022-09-03 2024-03-07 Snowbox Schnee- Und Eistechnik Gmbh Apparatus for generating snowflakes, snow and/or ice crystals, in particular for generating artificial snow
DE102022122335A1 (en) 2022-09-03 2024-03-14 Snowbox Schnee- Und Eistechnik Gmbh Device for producing snowflakes, snow and/or ice crystals, in particular for producing snow technically
DE102022122335B4 (en) 2022-09-03 2024-06-06 Snowbox Schnee- Und Eistechnik Gmbh Device for producing snowflakes, snow and/or ice crystals, in particular for the technical production of snow

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Publication number Publication date
RU2018120110A (en) 2019-12-02
CA3006154A1 (en) 2018-12-02
US20180347882A1 (en) 2018-12-06

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