Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/02—Physical, chemical or physicochemical properties
  • B32B7/022—Mechanical properties
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
  • B32B1/08—Tubular products
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B1/00—Layered products having a non-planar shape
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B15/00—Layered products comprising a layer of metal
  • B32B15/18—Layered products comprising a layer of metal comprising iron or steel
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/06—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material
  • B32B27/08—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin as the main or only constituent of a layer, which is next to another layer of the same or of a different material of synthetic resin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B27/00—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin
  • B32B27/18—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives
  • B32B27/20—Layered products comprising a layer of synthetic resin characterised by the use of special additives using fillers, pigments, thixotroping agents
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/02—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/04—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by structural features of a fibrous or filamentary layer characterised by a layer being specifically extensible by reason of its structure or arrangement, e.g. by reason of the chemical nature of the fibres or filaments
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B5/00—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts
  • B32B5/22—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed
  • B32B5/24—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer
  • B32B5/26—Layered products characterised by the non- homogeneity or physical structure, i.e. comprising a fibrous, filamentary, particulate or foam layer; Layered products characterised by having a layer differing constitutionally or physically in different parts characterised by the presence of two or more layers which are next to each other and are fibrous, filamentary, formed of particles or foamed one layer being a fibrous or filamentary layer another layer next to it also being fibrous or filamentary
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B7/00—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers
  • B32B7/03—Layered products characterised by the relation between layers; Layered products characterised by the relative orientation of features between layers, or by the relative values of a measurable parameter between layers, i.e. products comprising layers having different physical, chemical or physicochemical properties; Layered products characterised by the interconnection of layers with respect to the orientation of features
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2260/00—Layered product comprising an impregnated, embedded, or bonded layer wherein the layer comprises an impregnation, embedding, or binder material
  • B32B2260/04—Impregnation, embedding, or binder material
  • B32B2260/046—Synthetic resin
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/02—Synthetic macromolecular fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/08—Animal fibres, e.g. hair, wool, silk
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
  • B32B2262/101—Glass fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
  • B32B2262/103—Metal fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2262/00—Composition or structural features of fibres which form a fibrous or filamentary layer or are present as additives
  • B32B2262/10—Inorganic fibres
  • B32B2262/106—Carbon fibres, e.g. graphite fibres
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
  • B32B2307/51—Elastic
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2307/00—Properties of the layers or laminate
  • B32B2307/50—Properties of the layers or laminate having particular mechanical properties
  • B32B2307/546—Flexural strength; Flexion stiffness
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B32—LAYERED PRODUCTS
  • B32B—LAYERED PRODUCTS, i.e. PRODUCTS BUILT-UP OF STRATA OF FLAT OR NON-FLAT, e.g. CELLULAR OR HONEYCOMB, FORM
  • B32B2605/00—Vehicles

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method for adjusting the elasticity of a material, a workpiece produced by this method, and the like
• Lightweight construction is a central topic in various situations, including a. in vehicle and aircraft construction. Structure optimization is an essential part of the development of machine and lightweight components to achieve maximum performance and / or resource conservation. So there is z. B. in the
• Weight reduction such. B. on (structurally) optimized wings and hulls. Also in the automotive or motor sports industry there is a need for optimized
• Suspension components such as optimized leaf and coil springs made of CFRP / GFRP composite
• bodies such as optimized leaf and coil springs made of CFRP / GFRP composite
• One goal of strength theory is to make statements about loads on machine parts or structures. For this example, the bending or the deformation and stress state of slender and / or thin components (beams, arches, shells or plates) by means of application of Bending theories calculated.
• the layer of a component whose length does not change under load is called a "neutral fiber" (or "zero line”). At this point, the load causes no tensile or pressure or
• Structural optimization used is that so far the low-stress structure near the neutral fiber either omitted or filled by a foam or honeycomb structure.
• modulus of elasticity (modulus of elasticity, symbol E) is a material characteristic value from material technology that describes the relationship between stress and strain in the deformation of a solid body with linear elastic behavior. The more resistance a material opposes to its elastic deformation, the greater the magnitude of the modulus of elasticity.
• shear modulus (G-modulus, symbol G) is defined as the linear-elastic deformation of a component due to a shear force.
• the object of the invention is therefore the structure optimization or the
• This object is achieved by a method for adjusting the elasticity of a
• Material of two or more materials arranged in layers are solved, wherein the layers have different modules and are arranged such that starting from a neutral fiber, these falling Have modules.
• Materials are substances (materials) that are further processed in production processes and incorporated in end products.
• the materials (materials) will be
• the materials are present in layers, ie individual layers within the material, and that the moduli of the layers, ie layers, are different.
• the individual layers contain different materials. In one alternative, combinations of two or more materials may also be present in the individual layers.
• a different orientation of the same type of fiber in two different layers is selected at an angle between 0 ° and + - 45 °.
• Two layers differ from each other in at least one physical and / or chemical characteristic, in particular in their E and / or G modulus value.
• single-layer fibers are used per layer, ie only one type of fiber is used per layer.
• Species or cultivar fibers are given in Table 3, for example.
• no blends of fibers are used in one and the same layer. That is, all fibers of a layer have the same properties, in particular the same chemical and / or physical properties, particularly preferably the same E and / or G modulus values.
• the materials are present as fibers, optionally in a matrix.
• the material according to the invention contains a combination of different types of fibers, fiber qualities and / or fiber orientations.
• natural fibers are used, ie from sustainable and / or renewable raw materials. These are raw materials of plant or animal origin.
• a layer may consist of a matrix in which the materials to be used, preferably fibers are incorporated.
• a matrix resins known to those skilled in the art can be used.
• the same matrix is used for all layers of the material.
• the matrix does not play a role in modifying the module.
• the modulus of the individual layers is increased in the direction of the layer whose length does not change during the loading process.
• a layer is the so-called neutral fiber.
• the highest modulus layer is adjacent to the neutral fiber.
• the present invention shows that the use of the module as a variable in the structure optimization process and the increase of the modulus in the direction of the neutral fiber or the variation of the modulus over the stress cross section can specifically influence and homogenize the stress distribution.
• Workpiece according to the invention refers to any components, such.
• the present invention offers a completely new understanding of voltage curves when using anisotropic materials over isotropes, since with the new method, however, this area also applies to a large part of the
• claimed structure near the neutral fiber in the prior art either omitted or filled by a foam or honeycomb structure.
• Another advantage of the invention is that, especially when using anisotropic materials such as fiber reinforced plastics, the modulus can be adjusted within a very wide range. So it is possible the
• Another advantage is that a stress distribution according to the maximum yield strengths or elastic Dehnskyn of the respective material can be achieved.
• Torsionsbe carriedung the shear modulus can be varied in an analogous manner and a corresponding structure of the material can be achieved.
• Essential for the present invention are the presence or appearance of such a neutral fiber, ie a deformation-free layer (layer).
• Possible combinations according to the invention include, for example, carbon fibers
• Glass fibers or aramid fibers with basalt fibers Glass fibers or aramid fibers with basalt fibers.
• the voltage jumps should be between two adjacent ones
• Layers should only be moderate, i. There should be no layers next to each other whose module values are very different. It would be conceivable
• Modulus values of adjacent layers differing by 0.1% to 100%.
• the modulus changes by factor 1, 01 to 13.
• the module is therefore in the laminate composite by more than 40% less and in addition depends on the resin used and the
• Fiber volume fraction or production process The highest used module determines the price.
• Each module level (HM->VHM-> UHM) doubles the price per kg of material. Realistic is therefore a small thickness UHM near the neutral fiber with a quick change to cheaper qualities.
• carbon fibers of the quality HS or HM and ranges between 80 GPa (glass fiber) and 390 GPa are sufficient.
• the maximum values are correspondingly between 40 GPa and 340 GPa.
• the optimum range of G-moduli of the fibers is between 27 GPa and 370 GPa and between 35 GPa and 175 GPa.
• Essential to the invention is to use a material with a high modulus, which nevertheless does not have sufficient elasticity.
• a combination of materials of 2, 3, 4 or more is selected from Tables 1, 2 and 3.
• the theoretical results can be illustrated by simulations of an isotropic spring and a spring in which the modulus of elasticity increases in the direction of the neutral fiber.
• the twisted coil spring resembles a wound bending beam and behaves as predicted with isotropic material.
• a neutral fiber is formed, which is not the
• Fuzzy material filled or filled with a honeycomb structure For the purposes of the invention, however, the material with the highest modulus of elasticity in the neutral fiber, d. H. placed in the layer whose length does not change during the bending process.
• the material with the highest elasticity is placed in the position farthest from this layer, the length of which does not change during the bending process, i. H. farthest from the neutral fiber.
• This is preferably the surface layer of a material.
• the present invention is therefore a process for the production of materials and workpieces as well as just these materials and workpieces that are not exposed to radial stress and / or stress by kinetic energy. In one embodiment, no centrifugal forces occur on the materials and workpieces. In a further embodiment, these are only the Exposed to the effects of deformation energy.
• the material utilization is optimized with respect to the action of energy, the so-called. Artnutzgrad is increased.
• the neutral fiber 1 forms in the middle. This is adjacent to the situation 3, which has the highest modulus of elasticity compared to the other layers.
• the following layer 2 has the highest elasticity in relation to the other layers.
• Other layers may follow, with each additional layer having a smaller modulus value than the previous layer from the neutral fiber.
• the voltage curve of further, optimized materials is shown.
• the y-symmetrical moduli of elasticity and the maximum strain limits ⁇ and the dotted line of the deformation are indicated.
• the areas between the respective voltage curve and the ordinate are a measure of the energy absorption of the material, or the total area is a measure of the energy consumption of the
• the resulting layer structure consists exclusively of high quality
• the aim is also to exploit the high yield strength of the glass fiber of> 4% to the carbon fiber only to adjust the rigidity of the material (see Fig. 4).
• the areas and energy intake are almost equal.
• the yield strength of glass fibers with 4% is greater by a factor of 5 than that of steel, but the modulus of elasticity is lower by a factor of 3. This also gives the possibility to increase the load cross-section compared to steel.
• the energy absorption of the steel is limited to the dashed triangles shown (see Fig. 4) Thus, despite the low modulus of elasticity of glass fiber, it is possible to store a high energy in it and to increase the area again.
• the neutral fiber does not necessarily have to be in the middle of the material. This results in an asymmetrical structure.
• the layer optimization takes place according to the invention - but then predominantly in one direction.
• the aim is to increase the absorbed voltage of the glass fiber at the same cross section (Fig. 5).
• Flat geometries are produced, for example, by layering various fiber mats and fiber fabrics, which are then impregnated and cured under the influence of temperature in the mold, in a vacuum or in an autoclave.
• prepregs can be used.
• An impregnation in the infusion or RTM method is not necessary in this case.
• Profiled geometries are produced in the pultrusion or pultring process.
• Starting material here are individual fiber rovings, slivers and tile. These are impregnated by a resin bath or directly in the forming tool, cured in a die / cavity under the influence of temperature and continuously withdrawn by a caterpillar or gripper mechanism.
• the invention also relates to a workpiece containing or consisting of the material according to the invention and / or produced according to the inventive method.
• the material can be used for various sports equipment, z. As rods for pole vault, sports bows, skis and boards, sailing and
• the material is suitable for all devices in which a high elasticity is required with simultaneous breaking strength.
• the materials of the invention are used as stabilizers, (drive) shafts and / or structures.
• visible layers eg carbon fabric
• visible layers eg carbon fabric

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Laminated Bodies (AREA)
• Moulding By Coating Moulds (AREA)
• Springs (AREA)

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• 2015
  • 2015-12-22 DE DE102015122621.9A patent/DE102015122621A1/de active Pending
• 2016
  • 2016-12-20 WO PCT/EP2016/082002 patent/WO2017108842A1/de active Application Filing
  • 2016-12-20 CN CN201680082353.8A patent/CN108698363B/zh active Active
  • 2016-12-20 US US16/065,076 patent/US11014328B2/en active Active
  • 2016-12-20 EP EP16828937.9A patent/EP3393787A1/de active Pending

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