EP3360660B1 - Élément d'étanchéité amortissant les vibrations et les sons à base d'élastomères thermoplastiques ou de résines thermodurcissables - Google Patents

Élément d'étanchéité amortissant les vibrations et les sons à base d'élastomères thermoplastiques ou de résines thermodurcissables Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3360660B1
EP3360660B1 EP17000232.3A EP17000232A EP3360660B1 EP 3360660 B1 EP3360660 B1 EP 3360660B1 EP 17000232 A EP17000232 A EP 17000232A EP 3360660 B1 EP3360660 B1 EP 3360660B1
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European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
sealing member
thermoplastic elastomer
member according
weight
segments
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EP17000232.3A
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German (de)
English (en)
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EP3360660A1 (fr
Inventor
Karel Vandersmissen
David Mackie
Eli Parloo
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Nitto Belgium NV
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Nitto Belgium NV
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
    • B29C45/00—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor
    • B29C45/0081—Injection moulding, i.e. forcing the required volume of moulding material through a nozzle into a closed mould; Apparatus therefor of objects with parts connected by a thin section, e.g. hinge, tear line
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29D—PRODUCING PARTICULAR ARTICLES FROM PLASTICS OR FROM SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE
    • B29D99/00—Subject matter not provided for in other groups of this subclass
    • B29D99/0053—Producing sealings
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
    • B29K2019/00—Use of rubber not provided for in a single one of main groups B29K2007/00 - B29K2011/00, as moulding material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
    • B29L—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS B29C, RELATING TO PARTICULAR ARTICLES
    • B29L2031/00—Other particular articles
    • B29L2031/26—Sealing devices, e.g. packaging for pistons or pipe joints

Definitions

  • This invention relates to a sealing member suitable for vibration and/or sound damping, wherein the sealing member has a uniform composition, optionally with an adhesive layer attached thereto, and comprises a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as the main component, or wherein the sealing member comprises multiple sections, optionally with an adhesive layer attached thereto, wherein each of the multiple sections comprise a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as the main component.
  • TPE thermoplastic elastomer
  • the invention further relates to a vehicle body member comprising said sealing member, as well as to a method of manufacturing said sealing member.
  • a large number of articles such as, for example, auto body parts and domestic electrical appliances, comprise cavities into which sealing material is inserted which has a noise blocking and/or vibration damping function and prevents moisture from contacting corrosion sensitive parts.
  • automobile fenders comprise sealing members introduced therein to block/absorb engine noise directed towards the passenger compartment.
  • the sealing material must ideally fulfill several further requirements. In particular, it must not absorb moisture (e.g. road moisture splatter, rain, snow), must be chemically resistant to engine compartment fluids (e.g. engine oil, battery acid), fulfill flammability requirements, be temperature resistant between about -40°C and 90°C and be ideally flexible to allow for an easy insertion into the fender assembly (e.g. between an outer body panel, an inner body panel and a wheelhouse liner).
  • moisture e.g. road moisture splatter, rain, snow
  • engine compartment fluids e.g. engine oil, battery acid
  • fulfill flammability requirements be temperature resistant between about -40°C and 90°C and be ideally flexible to allow for an easy insertion into the fender assembly (e.g. between an outer body panel, an inner body panel and a wheelhouse liner).
  • foam materials as acoustic and vibration absorbers
  • foam materials are typically either previously shaped to fit the cavity and inserted through an opening or formed by heating a foamable material after its injection into the cavity, e.g. during paint curing.
  • Standard materials for die-cut foam-like absorbers include polyethylene (PE) (see CN 201703437 U , for example), whereas polyurethane (PUR)-, nitrile/PVC-, PE-, epoxy- or vinyl polymer-based foams, to which blowing agents are added, are typically used for injection foaming.
  • PE-based foams are prone to shrinkage upon heat exposure, which may cause a complete loss of the sound and vibration absorbing and moisture blocking functions.
  • PE-based foams tend to degrade over time and to absorb moisture, so that they are not suitable to effectively prevent corrosion.
  • non-foamed sealing materials which provide for excellent water blocking properties, heat resistance, vibration damping and/or fire retardancy and either exhibit a multilayer structure (see JP 2001-088745 A , US 2010/0152335 A1 , and US 6,370,824 B1 , for example) or comprise embedded non-polymeric material, such as inorganic fillers or organic reinforcing fibers (see e.g. EP 0 430 109 A1 and EP 0 508 303 A1 ).
  • WO 2016/130976 A1 discloses a weatherseal comprising a stiffener and a resin coating providedon a TPE-based foam.
  • DE 10 2014 204 831 discloses an applicator head for a dispenser for cosmetic or pharmaceutical liquids and foodstuffs, which comprises a pump device with an elastic component, however, without referring to vibration/sound damping properties.
  • CN 102532778 A discloses a TPE-based elastomer door seal for improved low-temperature resistance.
  • sealing member having excellent sound and vibration damping properties, which effectively functions as moisture barrier and is chemically resistant to engine compartment fluids, fulfills flammability requirements, is resistant to deformation at elevated temperatures, which allows to be manufactured easily and facilitates insertion into the cavities to be sealed. From the environmental standpoint, it would be further desirable to provide a sealing member which may be fully and/or easily recycled (e.g. before vehicle scrappage).
  • This invention describes a sealing member for sound and/or vibration damping comprising one or more hollow internal cavity/cavities, wherein the sealing member has a uniform composition, optionally with an adhesive layer attached thereto, and comprises a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as the main component; or wherein the sealing member has multiple sections, optionally with an adhesive layer attached thereto, wherein each of the multiple sections comprise a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as the main component and the thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) in each section may be identical or different; wherein the thermoplastic elastomer in each case is selected from a compound comprising an elastomeric component at a content of 60 to 98% by weight and a thermoplastic component at a content of 2 to 40% by weight based on the total weight of the thermoplastic elastomer.
  • TPE thermoplastic elastomer
  • the invention is based on the finding that recyclable thermoplastic elastomers exhibit superior noise blocking and vibration damping performance, provide for an excellent moisture barrier when compared to foamed materials, do not degrade over time or shrink upon thermal loading, and exhibit excellent durability and a sufficient flexibility to allow for an easy assembly even in cavities having complex forms.
  • the present invention relates to a vehicle body member having a cavity comprising the aforementioned sealing member for sound and/or vibration damping and to methods of manufacturing the same.
  • the present invention relates to a sealing member for sound and/or vibration damping comprising one or more hollow internal cavity/cavities, wherein the sealing member has a uniform composition, optionally with an adhesive layer attached thereto, and comprises a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as the main component, wherein the thermoplastic elastomer is selected from a compound comprising an elastomeric component at a content of 60 to 98% by weight and a thermoplastic component at a content of 2 to 40% by weight based on the total weight of the thermoplastic elastomer.
  • TPE thermoplastic elastomer
  • uniform composition denotes a material consisting of a single, homogeneous phase, as opposed to multilayer compositions conventionally used in the art.
  • the present invention relates to a sealing member comprising one or more hollow internal cavity/cavities and having multiple sections, optionally with an adhesive layer attached thereto, wherein each of the multiple sections comprise a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as the main component and the thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) in each section may be identical or different, wherein the thermoplastic elastomer is selected from a compound comprising an elastomeric component at a content of 60 to 98% by weight and a thermoplastic component at a content of 2 to 40% by weight based on the total weight of the thermoplastic elastomer.
  • TPE thermoplastic elastomer
  • TPE thermoplastic elastomer
  • thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) used for each of the multiple sections may be identical or different, for example if additional functionalities are desired.
  • TPE thermoplastic elastomer
  • a combination of different thermoplastic elastomers may be used to create a relatively flexible sealing lip section and a less flexible central section.
  • the sealing member preferably has a uniform composition, optionally with an adhesive layer attached thereto, and comprises a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as the main component; or the sealing member preferably has multiple sections, optionally with an adhesive layer attached thereto, wherein each of the multiple sections comprise a thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) as the main component and the thermoplastic elastomer (TPE) in each section may be identical or different.
  • TPE thermoplastic elastomer
  • TPE thermoplastic elastomer
  • TPE thermoplastic elastomer
  • the total content of thermoplastic elastomer(s) is at least 90% by weight, more preferably at least 95% by weight based on the total weight of polymeric components present in the sealing member.
  • the polymeric components comprised in the sealing member consist of one or more thermoplastic elastomer(s), which ensures that the sealing member is fully recyclable.
  • the sealing member consists of one or more thermoplastic elastomer(s) and optional additives, which will be further explained below.
  • thermoplastic elastomer(s) may be selected from copolymers or physical mixtures of polymers having both thermoplastic and elastomeric properties.
  • the specific choice of thermoplastic and elastomeric materials is not particularly limited and may be suitably selected by the skilled artisan depending on the flexibility and temperature stability, taking into account the geometry and dimensions of the resulting sealing member.
  • a suitable choice of materials includes thermoplastic elastomers based on copolyamides, polyester elastomers or copolyesters, urethanes, styrene block copolymers (e.g. SBS, SEBS, SEPS, MBS, SEEPS), olefin-based thermoplastic elastomers (e.g. PP/EPDM), and cross-linked olefin-based thermoplastic elastomers.
  • thermoplastic elastomer used for the uniform composition or each of the sections is compounded from a mixture comprising an elastomeric component at a content of 60 to 98% by weight and a thermoplastic component at a content of 2 to 40% by weight based on the total weight of the thermoplastic elastomer.
  • the elastomeric component is a vulcanized rubber, under environmental aspects preferably a recycled vulcanized rubber, which is preferably used in a physical mixture with a thermoplastic component at the content ranges given above.
  • the thermoplastic component which may be compounded with the elastomeric component is not particularly limited and may include, but is not limited to, polystyrene, poly(methyl methacrylate), acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, polyamide, polybenzimidazole, polycarbonate, polyether sulfone, urethane, polyphenylene oxide, polyphenylene sulfide, polypropylene, polyvinyl chloride, and fluoropolymer.
  • EPMT elastomeric powder modified thermoplastic, commercially available from Ruhr Compounds GmbH
  • the sealing member composition may comprise optional additives selected from fillers (e.g. calcium carbonate, silica, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, kaolin, mica, talc, clay, glass fibers, and/or aramid fibers), antioxidants (e.g. radical scavenging antioxidants), nucleating agents (e.g. talc, silica, (poly)carboxylic acid salts), colorants (e.g. inorganic pigments selected from metal oxides, sulfides and/or hydroxides), plasticizing agents (e.g. ester plasticizers), and flame retardants.
  • fillers e.g. calcium carbonate, silica, carbon black, carbon nanotubes, kaolin, mica, talc, clay, glass fibers, and/or aramid fibers
  • antioxidants e.g. radical scavenging antioxidants
  • nucleating agents e.g. talc, silica, (poly)carboxylic acid salts
  • colorants
  • thermoplastic elastomer allows both recycling of excess material emerging during production of the sealing member and of the finished sealing member after scrapping. In comparison to foamed materials it also exhibits improved noise blocking performance, enhanced moisture barrier properties and durability, and is less prone to shrinkage at elevated temperatures.
  • the sealing member of the present invention is configured to comprise one or more hollow internal cavity(s).
  • a design may be accomplished by the manufacturing process itself or, preferably, by manufacturing the sealing member in two half-segments which are connectable through one or more fixing points, so that the sealing member comprises a hollow internal cavity upon connection of the two half-segments.
  • the latter design allows for a simple manufacturing process, and the resulting half-segments may be connected before or after delivery (by the car manufacturer, for example).
  • the fixing points may consist of openings which allow for a connection through separately provided components (e.g. clips or screws made of plastic or metal), they are preferably configured to be mechanically self-connecting, e.g.
  • the two half-segments are connected by a hinge connection which may be formed of the same material as the half-segments. Also, said design avoids a misalignment of the two half-segments during the connection step.
  • the sealing member is formed so as to comprise one or more sealing lip portions extending from the portion defining the hollow internal cavity.
  • the lip portions are typically formed at a thickness which is the same or lower than the thickness of the portions defining the hollow internal cavity and ensure an improved flexibility of the edges of the sealing member, thereby enhancing its moisture barrier and corrosion prevention function and allowing easier insertion into the cavity to be sealed.
  • the sealing lip portions may be formed by using a thermoplastic elastomer composition which differs from that used for the central portion and exhibits higher flexibility.
  • FIG. 1 A typical shape of a conventional fender seal (either pre-cut or formed by expansion during thermal curing processes) inserted between an outer body panel, an inner body panel and a wheelhouse liner of an automobile is shown in Fig. 1 .
  • Fig. 2a illustrates a preferred embodiment of a fender seal in accordance with the present invention comprising two half-segments (A and B) comprising a plurality of fixing points 2a and 2b.
  • the half-segments (A and B) further comprise lip portions 3a/3b extending from the central portions (1a and 1b) which - upon connection of the two half-segments - define a hollow cavity in accordance with the cross-section illustrated in Fig. 3b .
  • half-segments (A and B) could be connected via a hinge connection (4), which may be configured as a small strip. Before or after delivery, the half-segments may then be folded and connected at the fixing points, resulting in the configuration shown in Fig. 2b .
  • FIG. 3a An example configuration of a fixing point comprising a self-connection is illustrated in Fig. 3a .
  • a male connector portion of one half-segment (5) comprising a pin-like feature and an opening provided in a female connector portion (6) comprised in the complementary half-segment are assembled into each other in order to securely connect both half-segments. Any other suitable mechanical fixation is also considered.
  • the sealing member may comprise additional hollow cavity portions and tongue-and-groove joints (7) formed between the half-segments which additionally enhance mechanical hold.
  • Fig. 3b shows a cross-section, which illustrates the central portion (9) defining the hollow cavity (10) and the lip portions (8a and 8b) extending therefrom.
  • the lip portions (8a and 8b) surround the central portion (9) along its entire circumference.
  • the lip portions (8a and 8b) preferably exhibit a thickness t L lower than the thickness t H of the portions surrounding the hollow cavity.
  • the wall thicknesses of the sealing member may be suitably selected by the skilled artisan depending on the type of thermoplastic elastomer and the desired rigidity and flexibility.
  • the wall thicknesses are in the range of from 0.5 to 10 mm.
  • the sealing member will be designed to snugly fit into the cavity to be sealed without requiring additional fixation (be it mechanical through screws, clips etc. or chemical fixation through adhesive layers) to the surrounding material, which further facilitates assembly.
  • additional fixation be it mechanical through screws, clips etc. or chemical fixation through adhesive layers
  • mechanical fixation means and/or an adhesive layer may be incorporated.
  • the material used for the optional adhesive layer is not particularly limited and may be suitably selected by the skilled artisan from adhesives known in the art.
  • the sealing member of the present invention may be used in cavities of any parts of manufacturing which necessitate sound damping, vibration damping, a moisture barrier function and/or corrosion prevention, including auto body parts (e.g. fender, inner/outer dash, car roof, insulation hood) and domestic electrical appliances (e.g. whitegoods).
  • auto body parts e.g. fender, inner/outer dash, car roof, insulation hood
  • domestic electrical appliances e.g. whitegoods.
  • the sealing member is used in direct contact with the (finished or unfinished) metallic surface of the parts of manufacturing.
  • the present invention relates to a vehicle body member, further preferably an automotive fender comprising the above-described sealing member for sound and/or vibration damping.
  • the sealing member according to the present invention may be applied after the car body paint curing step, so that, contrary to thermal foam expansion seals, the curing temperature conditions do not have to be taking into account when performing the sealing.
  • one embodiment of the present invention relates to a method of manufacturing a sealing member for sound and/or vibration damping comprising a step of forming the above-described sealing member by a molding process.
  • Specific molding processes may be suitably selected by the skilled artisan depending on the main component. Suitable molding processes include (reactive) injection molding, extrusion molding, rotational molding, blow molding, transfer molding, thermoforming, pultrusion, casting or compression molding.
  • injection molding is used as the molding process.
  • the composition comprising the thermoplastic elastomer may be fed into a heated barrel, mixed, and forced into a mold cavity, where it cools and hardens to the configuration of the cavity.
  • injection molding may be carried out as a multi-component injection molding process (e.g. 2K-molding) including, but not being limited to sequential molding, co-injection, or overmolding, for example.
  • the sealing member described above may be manufactured in a procedure comprising only a single or a few steps, which remarkably simplifies the production process when compared to the manufacture of complex multilayer structures.
  • use of thermoplastic elastomers allows excess material to be recycled or directly reused.
  • the method of the present invention thus provides a simple, cost-effective and environmentally friendly sealing member production process.
  • the transmission loss of polyethylene (PE) foam has been compared to that of the thermoplastic elastomer EPMT (purchased from Ruhr Compounds GmbH).
  • PE polyethylene
  • EPMT thermoplastic elastomer
  • an impedance tube technique according to ISO 10534-2 was used in a range of from 2 Hz to 6400 Hz.
  • a single layer EPMT with thickness 1.6 mm was compared to PE foam with thickness 20 and 40 mm.
  • 2 layers of EPMT with thickness 1.6 mm and a distance in between of 35 and 65 mm respectively was measured.
  • the results of the transmission loss measurements are shown in Fig. 4 .
  • the graph demonstrates that at a thickness of 1.6 mm, the thermoplastic elastomer exhibits a higher transmission loss in the high frequency range (> 3 kHz) when compared to the thicker PE foam samples, whereas the TPE material with in between distance of 35 respectively 65 mm, provides at least similar transmission loss in the frequency range of from 2 Hz to 2 kHz, and superior transmission loss at frequencies higher than 2 kHz.
  • thermoplastic elastomer material exhibits excellent acoustic blocking properties.
  • the TPE samples were inserted into steel tubes (see Fig. 5d ) with an inner diameter of 47 mm (resulting lip interference 1.5 mm) and 53 mm (resulting lip interference 3 mm) and connected via the fixing point.
  • PE foams having a thickness of 20 mm were pressed into identical steel tubes (at identical interferences). The samples were then heat-treated at 90°C for 24 h.
  • sealing members in accordance to the present invention are less prone to shrinkage under heat loading, enable improved mechanical fixation and hence effectively maintain their acoustic blocking and moisture barrier properties.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
  • Body Structure For Vehicles (AREA)
  • Vehicle Interior And Exterior Ornaments, Soundproofing, And Insulation (AREA)

Claims (13)

  1. Élément d'étanchéité pour un amortissement de sons et/ou de vibrations ayant une composition uniforme, facultativement avec une couche adhésive attachée à celui-ci, caractérisé en ce que l'élément d'étanchéité comprend un élastomère thermoplastique (TPE) en tant que composant principal,
    dans lequel l'élastomère thermoplastique est choisi parmi un composé comprenant un composant élastomère à une teneur de 60 à 98 % en poids et un composant thermoplastique à une teneur de 2 à 40 % en poids sur la base du poids total de l'élastomère thermoplastique, et
    dans lequel l'élément d'étanchéité comprend une ou plusieurs cavités internes creuses (10).
  2. Élément d'étanchéité pour un amortissement de sons/et/ou de vibrations ayant de multiples sections, facultativement avec une couche adhésive attachée à celui-ci, caractérisé en ce que chacune des multiples sections comprend un élastomère thermoplastique (TPE) en tant que composant principal et l'élastomère thermoplastique (TPE) dans chaque section peut être identique ou différent,
    dans lequel l'élastomère thermoplastique est choisi parmi un composé comprenant un composant élastomère à une teneur de 60 à 98 % en poids et un composant thermoplastique à une teneur de 2 à 40 % en poids sur la base du poids total de l'élastomère thermoplastique, et
    dans lequel l'élément d'étanchéité comprend une ou plusieurs cavités internes creuses (10).
  3. Élément d'étanchéité selon la revendication 1 ou 2, dans lequel la teneur de l'élastomère thermoplastique totale est d'au moins 90 % en poids, de préférence d'au moins 95 % en poids sur la base du poids total des composants polymères présents dans l'élément d'étanchéité.
  4. Élément d'étanchéité selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel le composant élastomère est un caoutchouc vulcanisé, de préférence un caoutchouc vulcanisé recyclé.
  5. Élément d'étanchéité selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'élément d'étanchéité est un joint de pare-chocs.
  6. Élément d'étanchéité selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, dans lequel l'élément d'étanchéité ou les sections de l'élément d'étanchéité sont constitués du ou des élastomères thermoplastiques.
  7. Élément d'étanchéité selon l'une quelconque des revendications précédentes, constitué de deux demi-segments (A, B) pouvant être reliés par un ou plusieurs points de fixation (2a, 2b).
  8. Élément d'étanchéité selon la revendication 7, dans lequel une cavité interne creuse (10) est formée lors de la connexion des deux demi-segments (A, B).
  9. Élément d'étanchéité selon l'une quelconque des revendications 7 ou 8, dans lequel l'élément d'étanchéité est formé de manière à comprendre une ou plusieurs parties de lèvre d'étanchéité (3a, 3b, 8a, 8b) s'étendant depuis la partie définissant la cavité interne creuse (10).
  10. Élément d'étanchéité selon l'une quelconque des revendications 7 à 9, dans lequel les deux demi-segments sont reliés par une liaison charnière formée du même matériau que les demi-segments.
  11. Élément de carrosserie de véhicule ayant une cavité comprenant l'élément d'étanchéité selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10.
  12. Élément de carrosserie de véhicule selon la revendication 11, dans lequel l'élément de carrosserie de véhicule est un pare-chocs d'automobile.
  13. Procédé de fabrication d'un élément d'étanchéité pour un amortissement de sons et/ou de vibrations comprenant une étape de formation de l'élément d'étanchéité selon l'une quelconque des revendications 1 à 10 par un procédé de moulage, de préférence par moulage par injection.
EP17000232.3A 2017-02-14 2017-02-14 Élément d'étanchéité amortissant les vibrations et les sons à base d'élastomères thermoplastiques ou de résines thermodurcissables Active EP3360660B1 (fr)

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EP17000232.3A EP3360660B1 (fr) 2017-02-14 2017-02-14 Élément d'étanchéité amortissant les vibrations et les sons à base d'élastomères thermoplastiques ou de résines thermodurcissables

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EP17000232.3A EP3360660B1 (fr) 2017-02-14 2017-02-14 Élément d'étanchéité amortissant les vibrations et les sons à base d'élastomères thermoplastiques ou de résines thermodurcissables

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EP3360660A1 EP3360660A1 (fr) 2018-08-15
EP3360660B1 true EP3360660B1 (fr) 2023-10-04

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EP3632718A1 (fr) * 2018-10-02 2020-04-08 Nitto Belgium N.V Élément d'étanchéité cvc, véhicules comprenant celui-ci et procédés et utilisations apparentés

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OBERBACH KARL: "Kunststofftaschenbuch", vol. 28. Auflage, 1 January 2001 (2001-01-01), XP055960786, ISBN: 9783446216051, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://docplayer.org/58073995-Kunststoff-taschenbuch.html> [retrieved on 20220914] *

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