EP3359630A1 - Nano-suspensionsschmiermittel - Google Patents

Nano-suspensionsschmiermittel

Info

Publication number
EP3359630A1
EP3359630A1 EP16757364.1A EP16757364A EP3359630A1 EP 3359630 A1 EP3359630 A1 EP 3359630A1 EP 16757364 A EP16757364 A EP 16757364A EP 3359630 A1 EP3359630 A1 EP 3359630A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
nano particles
lubricating fluid
lubricant
nano
surface modified
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP16757364.1A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Annaji Rajiv Kumar TOMPALA
Srinivas VADAPALLI
Amitabh Kumar JAIN
Venkata Chalapathi Rao PEDDY
Venkateswarlu Choudary Nettem
Sri Ganesh GANDHAM
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Hindustan Petroleum Corp Ltd
Original Assignee
Hindustan Petroleum Corp Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Hindustan Petroleum Corp Ltd filed Critical Hindustan Petroleum Corp Ltd
Publication of EP3359630A1 publication Critical patent/EP3359630A1/de
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M171/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by purely physical criteria, e.g. containing as base-material, thickener or additive, ingredients which are characterised exclusively by their numerically specified physical properties, i.e. containing ingredients which are physically well-defined but for which the chemical nature is either unspecified or only very vaguely indicated
    • C10M171/06—Particles of special shape or size
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M101/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a mineral or fatty oil
    • C10M101/02—Petroleum fractions
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M157/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more macromolecular compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M143/00 - C10M155/00, each of these compounds being essential
    • C10M157/10—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being a mixture of two or more macromolecular compounds covered by more than one of the main groups C10M143/00 - C10M155/00, each of these compounds being essential at least one of them being a compound containing atoms of elements not provided for in groups C10M157/02 - C10M157/08
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M177/00—Special methods of preparation of lubricating compositions; Chemical modification by after-treatment of components or of the whole of a lubricating composition, not covered by other classes
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/04—Elements
    • C10M2201/05—Metals; Alloys
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/06—Metal compounds
    • C10M2201/065—Sulfides; Selenides; Tellurides
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2201/00—Inorganic compounds or elements as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2201/06—Metal compounds
    • C10M2201/065—Sulfides; Selenides; Tellurides
    • C10M2201/066—Molybdenum sulfide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/02—Well-defined aliphatic compounds
    • C10M2203/022—Well-defined aliphatic compounds saturated
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
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    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/06—Well-defined aromatic compounds
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
    • C10M2203/1006—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen used as base material
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/10—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof
    • C10M2207/12—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C10M2207/125—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids
    • C10M2207/126—Carboxylix acids; Neutral salts thereof having carboxyl groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms having hydrocarbon chains of eight up to twenty-nine carbon atoms, i.e. fatty acids monocarboxylic
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2207/28—Esters
    • C10M2207/287—Partial esters
    • C10M2207/289—Partial esters containing free hydroxy groups
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
    • C10M2215/00—Organic non-macromolecular compounds containing nitrogen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
    • C10M2215/02—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines
    • C10M2215/04—Amines, e.g. polyalkylene polyamines; Quaternary amines having amino groups bound to acyclic or cycloaliphatic carbon atoms
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/055—Particles related characteristics
    • C10N2020/06—Particles of special shape or size
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
    • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
    • C10N2020/055—Particles related characteristics
    • C10N2020/061—Coated particles
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/10—Inhibition of oxidation, e.g. anti-oxidants
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/12—Inhibition of corrosion, e.g. anti-rust agents or anti-corrosives
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
    • C10N2030/54—Fuel economy
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
    • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
    • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
    • C10N2070/00—Specific manufacturing methods for lubricant compositions

Definitions

  • the present subject matter relates, in general, to lubricants and, in particular, to nano suspension lubricants.
  • Lubricants play an important role in improving machine life and performance characteristics of a machine.
  • Lubricants are generally used in mechanical components of machines and automobiles to reduce friction and wear. Friction and wear between moving mechanical components of machines and automobiles often result in energy and material losses. Thus, lubricants are used to improve energy efficiency and mechanical durability of the moving mechanical components.
  • the functions of a lubricant are to: (a) keep surfaces of moving components separated under all loads, temperatures and speeds, thus minimizing friction and wear; (b) act as a cooling fluid removing the heat produced by friction or from external sources; (c) remain adequately stable in order to ensure uniform behavior over the forecasted useful life; and (d) protect surfaces of the moving mechanical components from the attack of corrosive products formed during operation.
  • additives or property modifiers are added into a base oil in a lubricant composition.
  • additives can be, for example, antioxidants, detergents, anti-wear substances, metal deactivators, corrosion inhibitors, rust inhibitors, etc.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a method for preparing a nano suspension lubricant, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 2 graphically illustrates X-ray Diffraction analysis test results for a copper based nano suspension lubricant, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 3(a) illustrates wear test results for a Molybdenum Disulphide
  • Fig. 3(b) illustrates wear test results for a Molybdenum Disulphide
  • Fig. 3(c) illustrates wear test results for a Molybdenum Disulphide
  • Fig. 3(d) illustrates wear test results for a Molybdenum Disulphide
  • Fig. 3(e) illustrates wear test results for a Molybdenum Disulphide
  • Fig. 3(f) illustrates wear test results for a Molybdenum Disulphide (MoS 2 ) based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid at a load of 80 kgf, according to an example implementation.
  • MoS 2 Molybdenum Disulphide
  • Fig. 3(g) illustrates wear test results for a Molybdenum Disulphide
  • Fig. 3(h) illustrates wear test results for a Molybdenum Disulphide
  • Fig. 4(a) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in coefficient of friction for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with diesel engine oil as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 4(b) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in seizure load for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with diesel engine oil as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 4(c) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in coefficient of friction for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with petrol engine oil as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 4(d) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in seizure load for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with petrol engine oil as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 4(e) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in coefficient of friction for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 4(f) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in seizure load for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 4(g) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in coefficient of friction for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 4(h) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in seizure load for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 5(a) graphically illustrates extreme pressure (EP) test results indicating the variation in Load wear index (LWI) of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • EP extreme pressure
  • Fig. 5(b) graphically illustrates the extreme pressure (EP) test results indicating the variation in weld load of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 5(c) graphically illustrates the extreme pressure (EP) test results indicating the variation in Load wear index (LWI) of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 5(d) graphically illustrates the extreme pressure (EP) test results indicating the variation in weld load of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 6 graphically illustrates characterization of worn out balls on a scanning electron microscope with X-ray diffraction attachment for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 7 graphically illustrates variations in brake thermal efficiency of the
  • MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant in a petrol engine test rig according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 8 graphically illustrates variations in brake thermal efficiency of the
  • MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant in a diesel engine test rig according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 9 graphically illustrates variation in total fuel consumption for the
  • MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 10(a) illustrates wear test results for a Tungsten Disulphide (WS 2 ) based nano suspension lubricant with diesel engine oil as the lubricating fluid at a load of 40 kgf, according to an example implementation.
  • WS 2 Tungsten Disulphide
  • Fig. 10(b) illustrates wear test results for the Tungsten Disulphide (WS 2 ) based nano suspension lubricant with diesel engine oil as the lubricating fluid at a load of 60 kgf, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 10(c) illustrates wear test results for the Tungsten Disulphide (WS 2 ) based nano suspension lubricant with petrol engine oil as the lubricating fluid at a load of 40 kgf, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 10(d) illustrates wear test results for the Tungsten Disulphide (WS 2 ) based nano suspension lubricant with petrol engine oil as the lubricating fluid at a load of 60 kgf, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 10(e) illustrates wear test results for the Tungsten Disulphide (WS 2 ) based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid at a load of 40 kgf, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 10(f) illustrates wear test results for the Tungsten Disulphide (WS 2 ) based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid at a load of 80 kgf, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 10(g) illustrates wear test results for the Tungsten Disulphide (WS 2 ) based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid at a load of 40 kgf, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 10(h) illustrates wear test results for the Tungsten Disulphide (WS 2 ) based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid at a load of 80 kgf, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 1 1 (a) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in coefficient of friction for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with diesel engine oil as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 1 1 (b) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in seizure load for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with diesel engine oil as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 1 1 (c) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in coefficient of friction for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with petrol engine oil as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 1 1 (d) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in seizure load for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with petrol engine oil as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 1 1 (e) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in coefficient of friction for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 1 1 (f) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in seizure load for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 1 1 (g) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in coefficient of friction for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 1 1 (h) graphically illustrates friction test results indicating the variation in seizure load for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 12 graphically illustrates characterization of worn out balls on a scanning electron microscope with X-ray diffraction attachment for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 13 graphically illustrates variations in brake thermal efficiency of the
  • Fig. 14 graphically illustrates variations in brake thermal efficiency of the
  • Fig. 15 graphically illustrates the variation in total fuel consumption for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 16(a) graphically illustrates extreme pressure (EP) test results indicating the variation in Load wear index (LWI) of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • EP extreme pressure
  • Fig. 16(b) graphically illustrates the extreme pressure (EP) test results indicating the variation in weld load of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 16(c) graphically illustrates the extreme pressure (EP) test results indicating the variation in Load wear index (LWI) of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig. 16(d) graphically illustrates the extreme pressure (EP) test results indicating the variation in weld load of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with gear oil of viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • EP extreme pressure
  • lubricants are prepared by adding additives to a base oil.
  • nano particles have been tested for use as additives in the base oils for lubricants in automobile and other industrial applications.
  • the nano particles may be metals, non-metals, or salts of metals and non-metals having an average particle diameter upto 100 nanometers.
  • Nano particle based lubricants exhibit better tribological properties as compared to ordinary lubricants without nanoparticles. Nanoparticles are considered well suited for tribological applications since lubrication takes place at nano scale level. For instance, certain nano particle molecules can form a thin coating with the thickness of just one or two molecules to separate surface asperities of the moving components of a machine. This may result in better friction resistance between the moving components.
  • Nano particles have a high surface affinity and chemical reactivity and their small sizes enable them to penetrate into wear crevices.
  • industrial lubricants such as, lubricating engine oils, greases, dry film lubricants, and forging lubricants.
  • lubricants such as, lubricating engine oils, greases, dry film lubricants, and forging lubricants.
  • Several types of nanoparticles have been studied as potential additives for lubricants, including metal oxides of silicon, titanium, nickel, tin, aluminium, and zinc; fluorides of metals such as cerium, lanthanum, and calcium; and zinc, tin, and lead sulfides, and metals, such as nickel, zinc, tin, and silver, and non-metals like carbon nanotubes.
  • nano particles act as miniature ball bearings.
  • the nano particles fall short in the intended lubricating functions.
  • high wear rates and friction failures remain to be challenging issues for nano particle based lubricants.
  • nano particles dispersed in base oils are not able to sufficiently provide the intended functions of the nano particle based lubricant.
  • lubricating fluids such as fully formulated lubricants, for example, petrol engine oil of SM grade, diesel engine oil of CI 4 grade, and gear oil GL 4 grade.
  • the lubricating fluids include base oils and other additives, such as, detergents, anti- foaming agents, antioxidants, etc., that have different property modifying effects which make them suitable for use as lubricants.
  • base oils and other additives such as, detergents, anti- foaming agents, antioxidants, etc.
  • the subject matter described herein relates to a method for preparing a nano suspension lubricant.
  • the nano suspension lubricant described herein includes nano particles dispersed in the lubricating fluid.
  • the lubricating fluid includes a base oil, such as, mineral oils, vegetable oils, esters, etc., and other additives, such as, boron, calcium, etc., that act as antioxidants, anti-wear agents, and the like.
  • the lubricating fluid may be a fully formulated lubricant, such as, petrol engine oil of SM grade, diesel engine oil CI 4 grade, and gear oil GL 4 grade.
  • the nano suspension lubricant is prepared by mixing surface modified nano particles in the lubricating fluid.
  • the nano suspension lubricant has a greater stability in the lubricating fluid.
  • surface modification of the nano particles results in the nano particles being coated with an appropriate surfactant selected based on the electrostatic charge of the nano particle and the surfactant that coats on the nano particle.
  • the surface modified nano particles are mixed in the lubricating fluid to form the nano suspension lubricant.
  • the surfactant coated on the surface of the nano particles prevents agglomeration of the nano particles in the lubricating fluid and ensures formation of a stable suspension of the surface modified nano particles in the lubricating fluid.
  • the nano suspension lubricant obtained on mixing the surface modified nano particles in the lubricating fluid also has better tribological properties, such as, better friction resistance, wear resistance, and an improved brake thermal efficiency, as compared to a conventional nano particle lubricant in which the nano particles are dissolved in a base oil.
  • Fig. 1 illustrates a method 100 for preparing the nano suspension lubricant, according to an example implementation of the present subject matter.
  • the method 100 for preparing the nano suspension lubricant includes providing substantially spherical nano particles, at block 102.
  • the nano particles may have different structures.
  • metallic nano particles such as zinc, tin, copper, tungsten, etc.
  • non-metallic nano particles like, tungsten disulphide nano rods and carbon nano tubes have a cylindrical structure with diameters in the nanometric range.
  • the present method includes providing substantially spherical nano particles having an average particle diameter ranging from about less than 50 nanometers to about 100 nanometers.
  • Nano particles having a greater particle diameter may tend to wear out the surfaces of the moving mechanical components that are lubricated using the nano suspension lubricant.
  • the nano particles used for the method 100 may be selected from one of copper, molybdenum disulphide, and tungsten disulphide.
  • the method 100 includes mixing the nano particles and a surfactant in about 1 :1 ratio in a solvent to form a mixture.
  • the solvent may be one of n-hexane, iso octane and toluene.
  • the solution is stirred in a probe sonicator for about 1 hour for thorough mixing.
  • the surface of the nano particles needs to be suitably modified with the surfactant.
  • the surfactants include compounds that lower the surface tension between two liquids or a liquid and a solid and may be used as detergents, anti-foaming agents, and dispersants.
  • surfactants include oleic acid, palmitic acid, lauryl alcohol, etc.
  • one end of the surfactant molecule attach to the surface of the nano particle through chemical bonds.
  • the other end of the surfactant molecule is free and extends into the lubricating fluid.
  • the surfactants generate an effective repulsive force between the nano particles due to steric repulsion between the surfactant molecules attached to the surface of the nano particles.
  • the effective repulsive force between the nano particles coated with the surfactant results in a stable mixture of the nano particles in the lubricating fluid.
  • the surfactant may be selected from one of lauric acid, , and cetrimonium bromide based on the electronegativity of the surfactant and the type of nano particle on which it is to be coated.
  • the nano particles and the surfactant are mixed in the solvent by stirring the nano particles and the surfactant in the solvent in an ultra-sound sonicator for about 7 to 8 hours.
  • the method 100 includes evaporating the solvent from the mixture to obtain surface modified nano particles.
  • the solvent may evaporated at room temperature.
  • one end of the surfactant molecule properly bonds to the surface of the nano particles.
  • the surface modified nano particles include the nano particles coated with the surfactant.
  • the surfactant ensures that the surface modified nano particles do not agglomerate when mixed in the lubricating fluid. Thus, a stable dispersion of the surface modified nano particles in the lubricating fluid may be obtained.
  • the method 100 includes mixing the surface modified nano particles with the lubricating fluid.
  • the lubricating fluid includes base oil and additives.
  • the lubricating fluid includes about 90% to 99% base oil and about 1 % to 10% additives.
  • the additives present in the lubricating fluid may include corrosion inhibitors often used in engine coolant like Boron, alkaline or detergent additives, such as magnesium and calcium used to neutralize acids which form during a combustion process in an engine, a friction-reducer and anti-oxidant, such as molybdenum, an anti-foaming agent, such as silicon, and an anti-oxidant and anti-wear agent, such as Zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate (ZDDP).
  • ZDDP Zinc dialkyl dithio phosphate
  • the lubricating fluid contains the above mentioned elements as additives for functioning under severe conditions.
  • mixing the surface modified nano particles with the lubricating fluid may include sonicating the surface modified nano particles in the lubricating fluid.
  • the sonication may be performed in an ultra-sound sonicator at an amplitude of about 50% and a power of about 200 watts for a duration of about 60 minutes.
  • the sonication of the surface modified nano particles in the lubricating fluid may be performed in two different modes of sonication. In the example implementation, for 30 minutes the sonication may be performed in pulse mode with 0.5 second pulse. This prevents the agglomeration of the surface modified nano particles. For remaining 30 minutes the sonication is performed in continuous mode which uniformly disperses the surface modified nano particles into the lubricating fluid.
  • viscosity index refers to change in viscosity of a lubricant with change in temperature. The lower the viscosity index, the greater is the change of viscosity of a lubricant with temperature. Thus, the higher the viscosity index, the better is the quality of the lubricant. A viscosity index value greater than 90 is preferred for the lubricant.
  • ASTM American Society for Testing and Materials
  • total acid number ASTM D 664 as used in the examples refer to a measure of weak organic and strong inorganic acids present in a lubricant.
  • the TAN is the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams required to neutralize the acids in one gram of the lubricant.
  • the TAN value indicates potential corrosiveness of the lubricant.
  • a TAN value lesser than 3 indicates that the lubricant is stable.
  • total base number refers to effectiveness of the lubricant in controlling acid formation during combustion process.
  • TBN total base number
  • a TBN value higher than 9 indicates that the lubricant has good control over acid formation during the combustion process.
  • ASTM D 2896 refers to a test method for determination of the TBN of the lubricant by potentiometric titration with perchloric acid in glacial acetic acid.
  • ASTM copper strip corrosion standard as per ASTM D 130 as used in the examples refers to a standard used for representing corrosion protection of the lubricant.
  • the standard has classification numbers from 1 to 4 for various color and tarnish levels of a copper strip immersed in the lubricant. A classification number of 1 a indicates excellent corrosion protection, 1 b indicates good corrosion protection, and 1 c indicates sufficient corrosion protection of the lubricant.
  • copper strip corrosion test refers to a test used for determining the classification number of the lubricant. The test involves immersion of a polished copper strip in the lubricant at elevated temperature for a period of time and testing the color and tarnish levels of the copper strip.
  • the term "four-ball wear test machine” as used in the examples refers to a machine used for testing various performance characteristics of the lubricant.
  • the machine comprises of a ball pot in which three balls are clamped together and thereby kept stationary or fixed in one position. These balls are then covered with the lubricant. A fourth ball is pressed against a cavity formed by the three stationary balls and the fourth ball is rotated.
  • wear scar diameter refers to diameter of wear scars on the three stationary balls tested on the four-ball wear test machine. The larger the wear scar, the poorer is the lubricating ability of the lubricant.
  • ASTM D 4172 refers to a test method for evaluation of the anti-wear properties of the lubricants in sliding contact by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine.
  • seizure load refers to a load at which a sudden increase in coefficient of friction value occurs.
  • ASTM D 5183 refers to a test method for determining coefficient of friction of the lubricant by means of the Four-Ball Wear Test Machine. Initially, a load is applied which gradually increased at regular time intervals until the lubricant undergoes seizure.
  • the term "friction test” as used in the examples refers to a test performed for determining the seizure load and the coefficient of friction of the lubricant.
  • the seizure load refers to the load at which there is a sharp rise in fractional torque characterized on a graph while the machine is running. The coefficient of friction is determined by considering the loads between initial load and the seizure load.
  • ASTM D 2783 refers to a test method for determination of the load-carrying properties of lubricating fluids. The following two determinations are made using ASTM D 2783: 1 . Load-wear index, and 2. Weld load by means of the four-ball extreme-pressure tester.
  • load-wear index refers to an extreme pressure (EP) property of the lubricant calculated using the four-ball wear test machine
  • EP extreme pressure
  • the speed of rotation is maintained at 1760 RPM and the whole test procedure is done under room temperature.
  • a series of tests of 10-s duration are carried out with increasing loads during each tests until 4 balls weld under extreme pressure.
  • the load at which weld occurs is called the weld load.
  • the first run is made at an initial load of 40 kgf and the additional runs are carried out at consecutively higher loads until and the 4 balls weld under extreme pressure.
  • a total of 10 readings are considered in the test and the corrected load is calculated for all ten readings.
  • the load wear index is calculated from the corrected load.
  • the corrected load is calculated as follows:
  • L is the applied load in kgf
  • Dh is hertz scar diameter in mm
  • X is average scar diameter in mm.
  • the term "endurance test” as used in the examples refers to a test conducted on an engine by subjecting it to varying loads and varying speeds for a continuous period of 80 hours without stoppage. This is used to determine the engine wear & tear and fuel consumption over a period of time.
  • test refers to a test performed on the engine at a particular load and a particular speed to determine the efficiency of the engine at that particular load and speed.
  • petrol engine rig refers to a test rig consisting of petrol engine connected to a dynamometer for applying speed and loads to an engine.
  • diesel engine rig refers to test rig consisting of diesel engine connected to dynamometer for applying speed and loads to an engine.
  • the nano suspension lubricant includes surface modified copper nano particles.
  • the copper nano particles have a particle diameter of less than about 50 nanometers. At this range the copper nano particles used in the nano suspension lubricant gives optimal results.
  • a surface of the copper nano particles is modified using a surfactant to prevent agglomeration of the copper nano particles and to get a uniform dispersion of the copper nano particles in the lubricating fluid.
  • carboxylate groups attach themselves to metal and metal oxide nano particles making them stable in fluids. The carboxylate groups are soluble in both water as well as oils as they contain both lipophilic and hydrophilic ends. Some of the carboxylate groups mostly used for oil dispersion are lauric acid, stearic acid, and maleic acid.
  • lauric acid is selected as a surfactant for surface modification of the copper nano particles.
  • the copper nano particles are coated with the lauric acid surfactant to form the surface modified copper nano particles.
  • the polar head of the lauric acid surfactant attaches to the copper nano particles and the hydrophobic end of the lauric acid surfactant attaches to the oil molecule enabling a stable dispersion of the surface modified copper nano particles in the lubricating fluid.
  • the surface modified copper nano particles from about 0.05 weight % to 0.1 weight % is dispersed in the lubricating fluid. Mixing the surface modified copper nano particles at the mentioned range gives optimal results for the nano suspension lubricant.
  • the surface modified nano particles there may be an increase in wear effects on mechanical moving components of an engine where the nano suspension lubricant is being used. This may be due to overcrowding of the surface modified copper nano particles at an interface between the mechanical moving components of the engine in relative motion.
  • the lauric acid surfactant is mixed in approximately 25.0 ml of n-hexane or toluene solvent by proper stirring to form a mixture.
  • lauryl alcohol and triton-X may also be used as surfactants.
  • the copper nano particles are added to the mixture and stirred again for 7-8 hours.
  • the n-hexane or toluene solvent is evaporated at room temperature by keeping the mixture undisturbed overnight thus leaving behind the surface modified copper nano particles.
  • the surface modified copper nano particles are coated with the lauric acid surfactant.
  • the surface modified copper nano particles are mixed in the lubricating fluid using an ultra-sound sonicator for 1 hour to achieve a stable suspension of the surface modified copper nano particles in the lubricating fluid.
  • the amount of the copper nano particles and surfactant to be mixed in the lubricating fluid to form the stable suspension of the surface modified copper nano particles in the lubricating fluid is given in the following table.
  • Table 1 .1 Amount of the copper nano particles and surfactants used to obtain a stable nano suspension lubricant according to an example implementation
  • the test results indicate that when uncoated nano particles are dispersed in the lubricating fluid, the nano particles get agglomerated and settle within the first minute of the test.
  • the nano suspension lubricant containing 2 mMol of lauryl alcohol as surfactant remains stable for about 10 minutes and the nano suspension lubricant containing 2.5 mMol of lauryl alcohol remains stable for about 20 minutes under the centrifugal action.
  • tests are also being performed for evaluating changes in Physico- chemical properties, such as, density, viscosity index, total acid number, total base number, sulfonated ash, flash Point, fire point, pour point, etc., of the nano suspension lubricant dispersed with surface modified copper nano particles according to an example implementation of the present subject matter. Any deterioration of the Physico-chemical properties of the nano suspension lubricant below predetermined standards may render the nano suspension lubricant unsuitable for use in automotive environment.
  • the Table 1 .2 depicts test results of the physico-chemical properties of the copper based nano suspension lubricant.
  • test results tabulated in table 1 .2 indicate that there is no significant change in the physico-chemical properties of the nano suspension lubricant that may render the nano suspension lubricant unsuitable for use in the automotive environment.
  • the tribological properties, such as friction resistance, wear resistance, etc., of the copper based nano suspension lubricant is also tested to evaluate improvements in lubricating properties of the nano suspension lubricant.
  • Table 1 .3 illustrates the same.
  • the copper based nano suspension lubricant exhibits improved friction resistance.
  • the wear preventive and anti-friction properties of the lubricants mixed with nano particles are being evaluated using ASTM 4 ball wear tester. As per ASTM D 4172, the wear preventive properties of the nano suspension lubricant can be characterized from the test results tabulated below.
  • wear scar diameter has substantially reduced with increase in the weight % of the surface modified copper nano particles dispersed in the lubricating fluid. This indicates improvement in wear preventive properties of the copper based nano suspension lubricant.
  • Metallographic studies are conducted to assess the reduction in wear due to use of the nano suspension lubricant according to an example implementation.
  • the balls of wear test are subjected to XRD analysis for analysis of the possible deposition of the copper nano particles on surfaces of the worn balls.
  • Fig. 2 graphically illustrates the XRD analysis test results for the copper based nano suspension lubricant according to an example implementation.
  • the graph 200 shown in Fig. 2 depicts the amount of deposition of the copper nano particles present in the nano suspension lubricant onto the worn out surfaces of the metallic balls.
  • a diffraction angle of the X-ray diffraction is plotted and in the y-axis the amount of deposition of the copper nano particles on the surface of the worn our metallic balls is depicted.
  • the diffraction angle is measured in degrees and the amount of deposition is expressed in an arbitrary unit of number of cycles of measurement in the XRD. From the Fig. 2 it may be noted that along with iron(Fe), Nickel(Ni), Chromium (Cr) and oxygen(O) copper (Cu) can also be seen at peaks of the graph 200. This suggests deposition of the copper nano particles on the surface of the worn out balls and form a protective coating thereby offering resistance to wear.
  • the friction test has been conducted to determine the coefficient of friction of the copper based nano suspension lubricant under the following prescribed test conditions using the ASTM 4 Ball wear tester.
  • test is conducted under the following test conditions:
  • Base lubricant ⁇ 0.1 % Cu siafio particles 150 0,088
  • test results depicted in the Table 1 .5 suggest that the coefficient of friction deceases with increase in the surface modified copper nano particles dispersed in the lubricating fluid and thus at 0.1 weight % of the surface modified copper nano particles dispersed in the lubricating fluid the results are optimum.
  • Tests have been done using roller test bench with a two-wheeler mounted on it. Hydraulic load is applied on the rollers of the test bench and the rollers in turn apply braking action on the rear wheel. Tests were carried out with the lubricating fluid without nano particles and the lubricating fluid mixed with 0.05 weight % & 0.1 weight % of the surface modified copper nano particles.
  • the hydraulic loading is done by means of water forcing through a dynamometer at a particular pressure.
  • the pressure may be regulated by operating a gate valve. To increase or decrease the load, the gate valve is opened or closed thereby regulating the pressure.
  • the tests were carried out at constant speeds of 40, 50 & 50 KMPH at various gate openings of the dynamometer. The initial gate opening is fixed at 40 KMPH and 2 kgf, 3 kgf & 4 kgf load respectively and the speed is increased with a corresponding increase in load.
  • the rated brake power of the engine is 5.733 kW(7.8 HP) and the testing was carried out up to a maximum load 8 kgf @ 60 KMPH which corresponds to 3.5 kW of brake power or 62 % of Maximum brake power.
  • the following sample results compare the results of the lubricating fluid and lubricating fluid mixed with the surface modified copper nano particles. From the results tabulated below it can be observed that when the two-wheeler uses the lubricating fluid mixed with surface modified copper nano particles better mileage and brake thermal efficiency is obtained.
  • Table 1 .6 Test results for roller test bench with the copper based nano suspension lubricant
  • the friction in moving parts of an engine of the two-wheeler is directly related to acceleration and deceleration of the two-wheeler.
  • a high acceleration and low deceleration of the two-wheeler infers lesser friction in the moving parts.
  • the test method of assessing the reduction in friction of the moving parts is being done by noting the acceleration and deceleration of the two-wheeler.
  • the two-wheeler is accelerated to 60 KMPH speed and the power of the two-wheeler is switched off.
  • the time required by the two-wheeler to decelerate from 60 KMPH to 0 KMPH is noted down. The results are tabulated below.
  • the nano suspension lubricant described herein can be based on a number of different exemplary compositions.
  • metallic copper can be used as a nano particle to be dispersed into the lubricating fluid.
  • metallic sulphides such as, molybdenum sulphide is used as a nano particle in the nano suspension lubricant.
  • the surfactants used for modifying the surface of the metallic sulphides are cationic surfactants.
  • the cationic surfactant molecules carry a positive charge at the hydrophilic end of the surfactant molecule. Examples of cationic surfactants include quaternary ammonium salts, cetrimonium bromide (CTAB), etc.
  • the nano suspension lubricant includes surface modified molybdenum disulphide nano particles from about 0.05 weight % to 0.1 weight % dispersed in the lubricating fluid.
  • the lubricant fluid includes about 90 % to 99 % base oil, such as, petroleum fractions, mineral oils, vegetable oils, synthetic oils, solvent refined mineral oils, hydrocracked mineral oils, polyalphaolefins, polyalkylglycols, synthetic esters, and the like.
  • the lubricating fluid also includes about 1 % to 10 % additives, such as, antioxidants, detergents, and antiwear agents.
  • the molybdenum disulphide (MoS 2 ) nano particles are coated with sorbitan monooleate surfactant in a similar method as employed for coating the copper nano particles with lauric acid in the example 1 to obtain surface modified MoS 2 nano particles .
  • the surface modified molybdenum disulphide nano particles from about 0.05 weight % to 0.1 weight % are dispersed in the lubricating fluid by stirring for about 1 hour in an ultra sound sonicator.
  • the MoS 2 nano particles used have a size less that about 100 nanometers.
  • Silane can be used for being coated on the MoS 2 nano particles for surface modification of the MoS 2 nano particles.
  • Dynamic light scattering is a technique used to determine the size distribution profile of small particles in suspension or polymers in a mixture.
  • the stability of any suspension is measured in terms of relative change in average particle size of the dispersed particles in the suspension. In a good suspension the size of the particles remain more or less same over a period of time.
  • the stability of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles in lubricating fluid is tested using DLS.
  • the stability of the suspension in terms of average particle size is investigated over a period of 2 months.
  • the variation of the MoS 2 nano particles surface modified with Sorbitan Monooleate is shown in the following table.
  • Table 2.1 The average particle size of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles over a period of 60 days
  • the average particle size of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles over a period of 60 days did not have substantial change. This indicates good steric repulsions between the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles.
  • the Sorbitan Monooleate keeps the suspension of the modified MoS 2 nano particles in the lubricating fluid stable.
  • the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant described herein can be used for lubrication in vehicles the automotive industry.
  • evaluation of physico chemical properties of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant becomes necessary.
  • the physico-chemical properties of a lubricant include viscosity index, total acid number, total base number of a nano suspension lubricant that determine the suitability of the nano suspension lubricant for use in vehicles, such as in engines of two-wheelers and four-wheelers.
  • the physico-chemical properties of the nano suspension lubricants are evaluated to investigate the suitability of the surfactant and the surface modification process to the automotive environment.
  • a nano suspension lubricant exhibits different physico-chemical properties depending on a kind of base oil used in the lubricating fluid. Accordingly, test results are illustrated below for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant including lubricating fluids having different compositions for the base oil.
  • Viscosity of the nano suspension lubricant is closely related to its ability to reduce friction. Viscosity index is a parameter that indicates the variation of viscosity with temperature. The Viscosity index is calculated as per ASTM D 445 standard by measuring viscosity of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant at 40 °C and 100 °C. A high value (normally > 90) of the viscosity index indicates that the nano suspension lubricant has good lubricating properties.
  • Total Acid Number is a measure of presence of acids within the nano suspension lubricant.
  • the Total Acid Number is the amount of potassium hydroxide in milligrams that is needed to neutralize the acids in one gram of the nano suspension lubricant.
  • the TAN value indicates potential corrosiveness of the nano suspension lubricant. Thus, maintaining a low TAN value is essential to maintain and protect components of engines. Generally, a low TAN value ( ⁇ 3) gives an indication that the nano suspension lubricant is non-corrosive.
  • Table below illustrates the TAN values of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant including surface modified MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in different lubricating fluids having different base oil compositions.
  • Table 2.5 Total Acid number with MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having diesel engine oil CI4 grade (SAE 15 W 40) as the lubricating fluid Lubricant used Total Acid number
  • the Total Acid Number of the nano suspension lubricant dispersed with surface modified MoS 2 nano particles does not result in substantial change or deterioration of the total acid number of the nano suspension lubricant and is suitable for use in the automotive industry.
  • the nano suspension lubricant is required to prevent acidic corrosion within the combustion chamber of a running engine and should protect different engine components, such as, piston rings, cylinder liner and piston crown from damage by sulphur or nitrogen containing acids.
  • the Total Base Number (TBN) of the nano suspension lubricant determines how effectively acids formed during combustion process of the engine are reduced. The higher the TBN (typically > 9), the more effective the nano suspension lubricant is in suspending wear-causing contaminants and reducing the corrosive effects of acids over an extended period of time.
  • the TBN of the nano suspension lubricant is measured by the ASTM D 2896 standard potentiometric titration with perchloric acid.
  • the TBN of the nano suspension lubricant may vary depending on the different kinds of lubricating fluid that is being used. For example, depending on the composition of the lubricating fluid, i.e., the kind of base oil and additives used in the lubricating fluid, the TBN of the nano suspension lubricant may differ.
  • the tables below illustrate the TBN values of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant including surface modified MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in different lubricating fluids having different base oil compositions.
  • Table 2.6 Total Base number with the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having diesel engine oil CI4 grade (SAE 15 W 40) as the lubricating fluid Diesel Engine oil CI4 grade +0.1 % >10
  • Table 2.7 Total Base number with MoS2 nano suspension lubricant having petrol engine oil SM grade (SAE 20 W 40) as the lubricating fluid
  • the Copper Strip Corrosion Test is carried out to assess the relative degree of corrosiveness of a number of petroleum products, including aviation fuels, automotive gasoline, lubricating oils and other products.
  • the copper strip corrosion test is performed for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant.
  • a classification number from 1 -4 is assigned based on a comparison with the ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standards.
  • a value of 1 a, 1 b, and 1 c indicates corrosion protection provided by the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant under test. Further, it may be understood by a person skilled in the art that the value of 1 a denotes excellent protection, 1 b denotes good protection, and 1 c denotes sufficient protection provided by the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant.
  • the petrol engine oil of SM 4 grade is selected as the lubricating oil.
  • the lubricating oil mixed with MoS 2 was tested for copper strip corrosion test at 100 °C for 3 hours and their tarnish level was assessed against the ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standard.
  • the Four Ball Wear Test determines the wear protection properties of a lubricant.
  • the wear tests are conducted for each of petrol engine oil and diesel engine oil as the lubricating fluid at 40 kgf load and 60 kgf load.
  • the wear tests on gear oils of GL 4 grade are conducted at 40 kgf and 80 kgf loads.
  • the wear scar diameters (WSD) on the stationary balls were measured using a Metallurgical microscope.
  • Fig.(s) 3(a)-3(h) illustrate the wear test results for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles suspended in different lubricating fluids, according to an example implementation.
  • the y-axis depicts the wear scar diameter and the x- axis depicts different compositions of the MoS2 based nano suspension lubricant with different lubricating fluids, such as diesel engine oil, petrol engine oil, and gear oil.
  • the wear scar diameter is represented in microns.
  • FIG. 3(a) depicts the wear test results of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having diesel engine oil of CI 4 grade as the lubricating fluid at 40 Kgf load, according to an example implementation. It may be noted from the graph 300(a) that the wear scar diameter is greater without the MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in the lubricating fluid and on mixing the MoS 2 nano particles in the lubricating fluid the wear scar diameter substantially reduces.
  • the graph 300(b) illustrated in Fig. 3(b) depicts the wear test results of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having diesel engine oil of CI 4 grade as the lubricating fluid at 60 Kgf load, according to an example implementation. It may be noted that minimum wear scar diameter or in other words, maximum wear protection is possible when the lubricating fluid is mixed with 0.1 weight % of MoS 2 nano particles.
  • the graph 300(c) illustrated in Fig. 3(c) depicts the wear test results of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having petrol engine oil of SM grade as the lubricating fluid at 40 Kgf load, according to an example implementation. It may be noted that optimum wear protection is possible when 0.1 weight % of MoS 2 nano particles is mixed in the lubricating fluid.
  • the graph 300(d) illustrated in Fig. 3(d) depicts the wear test results of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having petrol engine oil of SM grade as the lubricating fluid at 60 Kgf load, according to an example implementation. Again, minimum wear scar diameter at 0.1 % MoS2 is mixed in the lubricating fluid.
  • the wear properties of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade as the lubricating fluid are also tested.
  • the gear oil of GL 4 grade having two different viscosity grades, such as EP 140 and SAE 80 W 90 have been used for the tests.
  • the graph 300(e) illustrated in Fig. 3(e) depicts the wear test results of MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade with viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid at 40 Kgf load, according to an example implementation.
  • the gear oil having 0.1 % of MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in it shows optimal results with minimum scar diameter.
  • FIG. 3(f) depicts the wear test results of MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade with viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid at 80 Kgf load, according to an example implementation.
  • the gear oil having 0.05 % of MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in it shows optimal results with minimum wear scar diameter value of 512.42.
  • the graph 300(g) illustrated in Fig. 3(g) depicts the wear test results of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade with viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid at 40 Kgf load, according to an example implementation.
  • the gear oil mixed with the MoS 2 nano particles shows substantial improvement in wear protective properties, as can be understood from the graph 300(f).
  • the graph 300(h) illustrated in Fig. 3(h) depicts the wear test results of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade with viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid at 80 Kgf load, according to an example implementation.
  • Fig.(s) 4(a)-4(h) graphically illustrate the friction test results for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles suspended in different lubricating fluids, according to an example implementation.
  • the y-axis depicts the coefficient of friction of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricants and the x-axis depicts different compositions of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with varying percentages of the MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in the lubricating fluid.
  • the y-axis depicts seizure load and the x-axis depicts different compositions of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with varying percentages of the MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in the lubricating fluid.
  • the graph 400(a) illustrates the variations in the coefficient of friction in MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having diesel engine oil of CI 4 grade as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation. It may be noted from the 400(a) that the coefficient of friction of the lubricating fluid, i.e., CI4 grade diesel engine oil is greater without the MoS 2 nano particles and on mixing the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles in the lubricating fluid the coefficient of friction substantially reduces. This reduces the frictional force between the moving mechanical components in the engine.
  • the graph 400(b) illustrates the variations in seizure load of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having diesel engine oil of CI 4 grade as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation. It may be noted that when the lubricating fluid, i.e., diesel engine oil of CI 4 grade in this case, is mixed with 0.05% of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles, the nano suspension lubricant can endure a maximum seizure load of upto 140 Kgf.
  • the graph 400(c) illustrates the variations in the coefficient of friction in the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having petrol engine oil of SM grade as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation. It may be noted, that the nano suspension lubricant having 0.05 % of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in the lubricating fluid has a minimum coefficient of friction value of 0.0908. Thus, it may be concluded that the mentioned composition has optimal friction resistance properties.
  • the graph 400(d) illustrates the variations in seizure load of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having petrol engine oil of SM grade as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • the graph 400(d) depicts that the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having 0.05 % of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in the lubricating fluid can endure a maximum seizure load of upto 140 Kgf.
  • a lubricating oil such as gear oil of Gl 4 grade oil having two different viscosity grades, such as EP 140 and SAE 80 W 90 have been used for the tests.
  • the graph 400(e) illustrates the variations in the coefficient of friction in the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • the gear oil having 0.05 % of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in it shows optimal results with a minimum value of friction coefficient of 0.071 .
  • the graph 400(f) illustrates the variations in seizure load of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade with viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • the gear oil having 0.05 % of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles and 0.1 % of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in the lubricating fluid can endure a maximum seizure load of upto 160 Kgf.
  • the graph 400(g) illustrates the variations in the coefficient of friction in the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade of viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • the gear oil mixed with the MoS 2 nano particles shows substantial improvement in friction protective properties, as can be understood from the graph 400(g).
  • a minimum coefficient of friction value of 0.071 is observed for 0.05% of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles mixed in the lubricating fluid, i.e., the gear oil.
  • the graph 400(h) illustrates the variations in seizure load of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade of viscosity grade EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • the gear oil having 0.05 % of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles dispersed in the gear oil can endure a maximum seizure load of upto 160 Kgf.
  • the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant evidences substantially improved friction properties with endurance over higher seizure loads. Further, for optimum results the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles between 0.05 weight % to 0.1 weight % can be mixed in the lubricating fluid.
  • Extreme pressure lubricants such as gear oils are designed for use in severe applications across a variety of conditions, including high load, moisture and a wide range of operating speeds and loads.
  • extreme pressure (EP) properties of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with the gear oil as the lubricating fluid are tested.
  • Load-wear index and Weld load are evaluated to make this determination.
  • the load wear index and weld load for a lubricant may be understood to have better EP properties.
  • Gear oils of GL4 grade of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 and EP 140 as the lubricant fluid Gear oils of GL4 grade of viscosity grade SAE 80 W 90 and EP 140 as the lubricant fluid.
  • Fig.(s) 5(a)-5(d) graphically illustrates the variation of extreme pressure (EP) properties of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant, according to an example implementation.
  • the results of Table 2.13 are plotted in the graphs 500(a) and 500(b) illustrated in Fig.(s) 5(a) and 5(b), respectively.
  • the graph 500(a)) depicts the variation in Load wear index of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade with viscosity grade of SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid.
  • the graph 500(a) depicts the load-wear index and the x-axis depicts different compositions of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant, varying in the weight % of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles mixed in the lubricating fluid.
  • the graph 500(b) depicts the variation in weld load of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade with viscosity grade of SAE 80 W 90 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • the y-axis of the graph 500(b) represents the weld load and the x-axis depicts different compositions of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant, varying in the weight % of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles mixed in the lubricating fluid.
  • the weld load is represented in Kgf.
  • the graph 500(c) illustrates the variation in Load wear index of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade with viscosity grade of EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • the results of the Table 2.14 are plotted in the graphs 500(c) and 500(d).
  • the y-axis of the graph 500(c) depicts the load-wear index and the x-axis depicts different compositions of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant.
  • the graph 500(d) depicts the variation in weld load of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oil of GL 4 grade with viscosity grade of EP 140 as the lubricating fluid, according to an example implementation.
  • the weld load characteristics have substantially improved.
  • the lubricant can endure a weld load as high as 280 Kgf.
  • metallographic studies of worn out metallic balls used in the wear test can be performed.
  • the scar area of the worn out metallic balls after the wear test are magnified in a Scanning Electron Microscope (SEM) and observed for deposition of particles on the worn out surface of the balls.
  • SEM Scanning Electron Microscope
  • Fig. 6 illustrates characterization of the worn out balls on scanning electron microscope with X-ray diffraction attachment, according to an example implementation.
  • the graph 602 in Fig. 6 depicts the deposition of particles on the worn out balls when the lubricating fluid, such as gear oil GL 4 grade is being used.
  • the graph 604 depicts the deposition of particles on the worn out balls when the lubricating fluid, such as gear oil of GL 4 grade mixed with 0.05 weight % of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles is being used for lubrication.
  • the graph 606 depicts the deposition of particles on the worn out balls when the lubricating fluid, such as gear oil GL 4 grade mixed with 0.10 weight % of the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles is being used for lubrication.
  • the y-axis of the graphs 602, 604, and 606 depict the amount of deposition of the nano particles on the moving components of an engine and the x-axis depicts the energy of the x-ray radiation used by the SEM.
  • the energy of the x-ray radiation is represented in Kilo electron volts (Kev).
  • Kev Kilo electron volts
  • the surface modified MoS 2 nano particles result in deposition of Molybdenum (Mo) and sulphide (S) on the surface of the worn out balls thereby providing wear resistance.
  • the performance test with lubricating oil is carried out on petrol engine by means of a specially designed test rig.
  • the petrol engine test rig consists of an 800 cc 3 cylinder mpfi petrol engine of connected to an eddy current dynamometer.
  • the morse test is generally used to determine brake power or power available at a crank shaft of the engine and various efficiencies of an engine. Morse test is carried out at different speeds and loads to determine various efficiencies of the engine with lubricants.
  • Fig. 7 illustrates graphical representations of variations in brake thermal efficiency of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant in a petrol engine test rig, according to an example implementation.
  • the graph 700 illustrated in Fig. 7 depicts the variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power at 2500 RPM speed of the engine and the graph 702 illustrated in Fig. 7 depicts the variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power at 4000 RPM speed of the engine.
  • the y-axes depicts the brake thermal efficiency (n, b ra k e t h erma l ) and the x-axes depicts the brake power.
  • the brake power is represented in watts.
  • Fig. 8 graphically illustrates variations in brake thermal efficiency of the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant in a diesel engine test rig, according to an example implementation.
  • the graph 800 illustrated in Fig. 8 depicts the variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power at 2500 RPM speed of the engine and the graph 802 illustrated in Fig. 8 depicts the variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power at 4000 RPM speed of the engine.
  • the y-axis depicts the brake thermal efficiency (nbrake thermal) and the x-axis depicts the brake power.
  • the brake power is represented in watts. It may be understood from the Fig. 8 that the MoS2 based nano suspension lubricant has enhanced brake thermal efficiency in the diesel engine test rig.
  • the wear performance of lubricant is tested by subjecting the engine lubricated with the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant to 80 hour test under cyclic loading on a test rig.
  • the engine test rig consists of a 100 cc single cylinder petrol engine connected to an alternating current dynamometer.
  • the alternating current dynamometer is used for loading the engine.
  • the speed of dynamometer, voltage & current developed by dynamometer, fuel consumption and temperature of exhaust gases are measured.
  • the cyclic loading is conducted with 16 cycles of 5 hrs cyclic loading.
  • the cyclic loading of 2 1 ⁇ 2 hour is done as per the sequence given in following table.
  • the engine is dismantled and the conditions of the aforementioned design features, such as the cylinder liner of the engine and the piston rings are inspected for possible wear and tear.
  • the wear of the cylinder liner is measured in terms of increase in diameter of the cylinder liner.
  • the readings of diameter of the cylinder liner before & after the test are noted down and the difference is reported as wear loss of the cylinder liner.
  • the wear losses of the cylinder liner for the MOS 2 based nano suspension lubricant is given in the table below.
  • Another parameter to be determined for determination of endurance of the engine is the wear of the piston rings in the engine.
  • the wear of the piston rings are reported in terms of weight loss of the piston rings.
  • the test results for weight loss of the piston rings are tabulated below.
  • the nano suspension lubricant having the MoS 2 nano particles dispersed therein have substantially reduced the wear in the piston rings and the cylinder liners of the engine.
  • the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant offers better endurance to the engine.
  • the fuel consumption is measured during the endurance test at an interval of 2 hours to assess the fuel efficiency of the nano suspension lubricant.
  • the fuel consumption at an instant and total fuel consumption were recorded and tabulated in the table given below.
  • Fig. 9 graphically illustrates variation in total fuel consumption for the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant, according to an example implementation.
  • the y-axis of the graph 900 illustrated in Fig. 9 depicts the total fuel consumption and the x-axis depicts the time duration of the test. The time duration is expressed in hours and the total fuel consumption is expressed in Kg/hr.
  • the fuel consumption has reduced with the MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant as compared to the lubricating fluid without having nano particles.
  • MoS 2 based nano suspension lubricant exhibits a reduction in the wear of the components of the engine and improvement in the mileage of the engine. Further, based on the stability test, tribological tests, bench tests, and endurance tests, it may be concluded that for optimal results MoS 2 nano particles from about 0.05 weight % to 0.1 weight % may mixed in the lubricating fluid.
  • the nano suspension lubricant includes surface modified tungsten disulphide nano particles from about 0.05 weight % to 0.1 weight % dispersed in the lubricating fluid.
  • the lubricant fluid includes about 90 % to 99 % base oil, such as, petroleum fractions, mineral oils, vegetable oils, synthetic oils, solvent refined mineral oils, hydrocracked mineral oils, polyalphaolefins, polyalkylglycols, synthetic esters, and the like.
  • the lubricating fluid also includes about 1 % to 10 % additives, such as, antioxidants, detergents, and antiwear agents.
  • the WS 2 nano particles are coated with Cetrimonium Bromide(CTAB) surfactant to obtain surface modified WS 2 nano particles .
  • CTAB Cetrimonium Bromide
  • the surface modified WS 2 nano particles from about 0.05 weight % to 0.1 weight % are dispersed in the lubricating fluid by stirring for about 1 hour in an ultra sound sonicator.
  • the WS 2 nano particles used have a size less that about 100 nanometers.
  • SPAN 80 surfactant may be used for surface modification of the WS 2 nano particles.
  • Stability of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant is evaluated using a Dynamic Light Scattering (DLS) technique.
  • the DLS technique determines the size distribution profile of small particles in suspension or polymers in a mixture.
  • the stability of any suspension is measured in terms of relative change in average particle size of the dispersed particles in the suspension. In a good suspension the size of the particles remain more or less same over a period of time.
  • the stability of the suspension in terms of average particle size is investigated over a period of 2 months.
  • the variation of the WS 2 nano particles surface modified with CTAB is shown in the following table.
  • Table 3.1 The average particle size of the surface modified WS 2 nano particles over a period of 60 days
  • the average particle size of the surface modified WS 2 nano particles over a period of 60 days did not have substantial change. This indicates good steric repulsions between the surface modified WS 2 nano particles in the lubricating fluid and consequently better stability. Test results are illustrated below for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant including lubricating fluids having different compositions for the base oil.
  • Viscosity of the nano suspension lubricant is closely related to its ability to reduce friction. Viscosity index is a parameter that indicates the variation of viscosity with temperature. The Viscosity index is calculated as per ASTM D 445 standard by measuring viscosity of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant at 40 °C and 100 °C. A high value (normally > 90) of the viscosity index indicates that the nano suspension lubricant has good lubricating properties.
  • Viscosity index for the WS2 based nano suspension lubricant with diesel engine oil CI 4 grade (SAE 20 W 40) as the lubricating fluid Lubricant used Viscosity index
  • TAN value As explained above, maintaining a low TAN value is essential for lubricants to protect components of engines from acidic corrosion. Generally, a low TAN value ( ⁇ 3) gives an indication that the nano suspension lubricant is non-corrosive.
  • the table below illustrates the TAN values of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant including surface modified WS 2 nano particles dispersed in different lubricating fluids having different base oil compositions.
  • Table 3.4 Total Acid number with WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having petrol engine oil SM grade (SAE 20 W 40) as the lubricating fluid
  • Table 3.5 Total Acid number with WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having diesel engine oil CI4 grade (SAE 15 W 40) as the lubricating fluid
  • the Total Acid Number of the nano suspension lubricant dispersed with surface modified WS 2 nano particles does not result in substantial change or deterioration of the total acid number of the nano suspension lubricant and is suitable for use in the automotive industry.
  • TBN typically > 9
  • the tables below illustrate the TBN values of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant including surface modified WS 2 nano particles dispersed in different lubricating fluids having different base oil compositions.
  • Table 3.6 Total Base number with the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having diesel engine oil CI4 grade (SAE 15 W 40) as the lubricating fluid
  • Table 3.7 Total Base number with WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having petrol engine oil SM grade (SAE 20 W 40) as the lubricating fluid
  • the Copper Strip Corrosion Test is carried out to assess the relative degree of corrosiveness of a number of petroleum products, including aviation fuels, automotive gasoline, lubricating oils and other products. Hence, the copper strip corrosion test is performed for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant.
  • the petrol engine oil of SM 4 grade is selected as the lubricating oil.
  • the lubricating oil mixed with surface modified WS 2 nano particles was tested for copper strip corrosion test at 100 °C for 3 hours and the tarnish level of the copper strips were assessed against the ASTM Copper Strip Corrosion Standard. The results are shown in the table below.
  • CTAB is suitable as a surfactant for surface modification of the WS 2 nano particles, at least for uses in the automotive industry.
  • wear and friction tests are performed on the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant. The wear and friction tests are conducted for the surface modified WS 2 nano particles dispersed in different lubricating fluids at different load conditions.
  • the wear tests are conducted for each of petrol engine oil and diesel engine oil as the lubricating fluid at 40 kgf load and 60 kgf load.
  • the wear tests on gear oils of GL 4 grade are conducted at 40 kgf and 80 kgf loads.
  • Wear scar diameters (WSD) on the stationary balls are measured using a Metallurgical microscope.
  • Fig.(s) 10(a)-10(h) graphically illustrate the wear test results for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with the surface modified WS 2 nano particle suspended in different lubricating fluids, according to an example implementation.
  • the y-axis depicts the wear scar diameter
  • the x-axis depicts different compositions of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with different lubricating fluids, such as diesel engine oil, petrol engine oil, and gear oil.
  • the wear scar diameter is represented in microns.
  • the graphs 1000(a) - 1000(h) illustrate the wear test results for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant. It may be concluded that based on the lubricating oil an optimum weight percentage of the nano particles may be chosen for best performance. As may be observed from the graphs, in general, the optimum weight % of the surface modified WS 2 nano particles for best results lies between 0.05% to 0.1 %.
  • Fig.(s) 1 1 (a)-1 1 (h) graphically illustrates the friction test results for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant with the surface modified WS 2 nano particle suspended in different lubricating fluids, according to an example implementation. It may be noted from the graphs 1 100(a)-1 100(h) that the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant has enhanced friction protection capabilities.
  • Fig. 12 graphically illustrates characterization of the worn out balls on scanning electron microscope with X-ray diffraction attachment for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant, according to an example implementation.
  • the graph 1202 depicts the deposition of tungsten and sulphur particles at peak 1203 on the worn out balls when the lubricating fluid, such as gear oil of GL 4 grade mixed with 0.05 weight % of the surface modified WS 2 nano particles is being used for lubrication.
  • the graph 1204 depicts the deposition of tungsten and sulphur particles at peak 1205 on the worn out balls when the lubricating fluid, such as gear oil GL 4 grade mixed with 0.10 weight % of the surface modified WS 2 nano particles is being used for lubrication.
  • the lubricating fluid such as gear oil GL 4 grade mixed with 0.10 weight % of the surface modified WS 2 nano particles
  • Fig. 13 graphically illustrates variations in brake thermal efficiency of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant in a petrol engine rig, according to an example implementation.
  • the graph 1300 illustrated in Fig. 13 depicts the variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power at 2500 RPM speed of the engine and the graph 1302 illustrated in Fig. 13 illustrates the variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power at 4000 RPM speed of the engine.
  • the y- axes depicts the brake thermal efficiency (n, b ra k e t h erma l ) and the x-axes depicts the brake power.
  • the brake power is represented in watts.
  • Fig. 14 graphically illustrates variations in brake thermal efficiency of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant in a diesel engine rig, according to an example implementation.
  • the graph 1400 illustrated in Fig. 14 depicts the variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power at 2500 RPM speed of the engine and the graph 1402 illustrated in Fig. 8 depicts the variation of brake thermal efficiency with brake power at 4000 RPM speed of the engine.
  • the y-axis depicts the brake thermal efficiency (Hbrake thermal) and the x-axis depicts the brake power.
  • the brake power is represented in watts. From the graphs of Fig. 14 it is evident that the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant has an improved brake thermal efficiency.
  • the wear performance of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant is tested by subjecting the engine lubricated with the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant to 80 hour test under cyclic loading on a test rig.
  • the test conditions are same as for the endurance test performed in example 2 on the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant.
  • Another parameter to be determined for determination of endurance of the engine is the wear of the piston rings in the engine.
  • the wear of the piston rings are reported in terms of weight loss of the piston rings, the test results for weight loss in the piston rings are tabulated below.
  • the nano suspension lubricant having the WS 2 nano particles dispersed therein have substantially reduced the wear in the piston rings and the cylinder liners of the engine.
  • the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant offers improved endurance to the engine.
  • the fuel consumption is measured during the endurance test at an interval of 2 hours to assess the fuel efficiency of the nano suspension lubricant.
  • the fuel consumption at an instant and total fuel consumption were recorded and tabulated in the table given below.
  • Fig. 15 graphically illustrates the variation in total fuel consumption for the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant, according to an example implementation.
  • the fuel consumption has reduced with the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant as compared to the lubricating fluid without having nano particles.
  • the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant provides improved mileage to automobiles.
  • the EP test determines the load carrying properties of the nano suspension lubricant. Generally, two parameters, such as Load-wear index and Weld load are evaluated to make this determination. Higher the value of the load wear index and weld load for a lubricant, the lubricant may be understood to have better EP properties.
  • the EP tests are carried out on the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant having gear oils of GL4 grade of viscosity grades of SAE 80 W 90 and EP 140 as the lubricant fluid.
  • the results of the EP test are tabulated below:
  • Fig.(s) 16(a)-16(d) graphically illustrates the variation of extreme pressure (EP) properties of the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant, with the surface modified WS 2 nano particle suspended in different lubricating fluids, according to an example implementation.
  • the results of Table 3.12 are plotted in the graphs 1600(a) and 1600(b) illustrated in Fig.(s) 16(a) and 16(b), respectively. From the graphs of Fig.(s) 16(a)-16(d), it may be understood that the WS 2 based nano suspension lubricant has improved EP properties.

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