EP3347945B1 - Radom mit einem aus streifen von metallnanoelementen geformten widerstandsheizsystem - Google Patents

Radom mit einem aus streifen von metallnanoelementen geformten widerstandsheizsystem Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3347945B1
EP3347945B1 EP16763775.0A EP16763775A EP3347945B1 EP 3347945 B1 EP3347945 B1 EP 3347945B1 EP 16763775 A EP16763775 A EP 16763775A EP 3347945 B1 EP3347945 B1 EP 3347945B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
radome
width
strips
ghz
transparency
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EP16763775.0A
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English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3347945A1 (de
Inventor
Caroline Celle
Laurent Dussopt
Jean-Pierre SIMONATO
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique CEA
Commissariat a lEnergie Atomique et aux Energies Alternatives CEA
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/02—Arrangements for de-icing; Arrangements for drying-out ; Arrangements for cooling; Arrangements for preventing corrosion
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/27—Adaptation for use in or on movable bodies
    • H01Q1/32—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles
    • H01Q1/3208—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the application wherein the antenna is used
    • H01Q1/3233—Adaptation for use in or on road or rail vehicles characterised by the application wherein the antenna is used particular used as part of a sensor or in a security system, e.g. for automotive radar, navigation systems
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q1/00—Details of, or arrangements associated with, antennas
    • H01Q1/42—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome
    • H01Q1/425—Housings not intimately mechanically associated with radiating elements, e.g. radome comprising a metallic grid
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/10—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor
    • H05B3/12—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material
    • H05B3/14—Heating elements characterised by the composition or nature of the materials or by the arrangement of the conductor characterised by the composition or nature of the conductive material the material being non-metallic
    • H05B3/145—Carbon only, e.g. carbon black, graphite
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B3/00—Ohmic-resistance heating
    • H05B3/20—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater
    • H05B3/22—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible
    • H05B3/26—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base
    • H05B3/267—Heating elements having extended surface area substantially in a two-dimensional plane, e.g. plate-heater non-flexible heating conductor mounted on insulating base the insulating base being an organic material, e.g. plastic
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01Q—ANTENNAS, i.e. RADIO AERIALS
    • H01Q15/00—Devices for reflection, refraction, diffraction or polarisation of waves radiated from an antenna, e.g. quasi-optical devices
    • H01Q15/0006—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices
    • H01Q15/0013—Devices acting selectively as reflecting surface, as diffracting or as refracting device, e.g. frequency filtering or angular spatial filtering devices said selective devices working as frequency-selective reflecting surfaces, e.g. FSS, dichroic plates, surfaces being partly transmissive and reflective
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/002—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements
    • H05B2203/005—Heaters using a particular layout for the resistive material or resistive elements using multiple resistive elements or resistive zones isolated from each other
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/013—Heaters using resistive films or coatings
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2203/00—Aspects relating to Ohmic resistive heating covered by group H05B3/00
    • H05B2203/034—Heater using resistive elements made of short fibbers of conductive material
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/02—Heaters specially designed for de-icing or protection against icing
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • H05B—ELECTRIC HEATING; ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS FOR ELECTRIC LIGHT SOURCES, IN GENERAL
    • H05B2214/00—Aspects relating to resistive heating, induction heating and heating using microwaves, covered by groups H05B3/00, H05B6/00
    • H05B2214/04—Heating means manufactured by using nanotechnology

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of radomes for protecting an antenna capable of radiating and / or sensing radio waves in a given range of frequencies from 3 MHz to 300 GHz.
  • these radomes are intended for antennas radiating / sensing super-high frequency (3 GHz to 30 GHz) or extremely high frequency (30 to 300 GHz) waves.
  • the invention relates in particular to the heating system integrated in the radome, provided for its defrosting and / or demisting.
  • the invention finds particular applications in the automotive, telecommunications, military and aeronautical fields.
  • frost filters the passage of radio waves and thus limits the transparency of the radome to these same waves.
  • the detection distance of a radar is directly correlated to the radome transparency to the radio waves.
  • the detection distance of a sensor may be so weakened by the presence of frost that the sensor must be disabled.
  • the invention firstly relates to a radome intended to protect an antenna capable of radiating and / or picking up radio waves in a given range of frequencies of 3 MHz at 300 GHz, said radome being equipped with a heating system comprising two electrical contacts between which resistive heating elements are arranged.
  • said resistive heating elements are parallel strips spaced apart from each other and each having two ends respectively connected to the two electrical contacts, each of the strips being made using a network of nano-elements comprising metallic nanowires.
  • the strips have a first width (L1) strictly less than half the length ( ⁇ ) of the radio wave radiated / picked up by the antenna, and the period (P) in which the bands succeed each other is substantially equal to the product n. ⁇ , with (n) corresponding to a natural integer preferably different from 1.
  • the structuring of the heating system into metal nanowire strips makes it possible to obtain a high performance resistive heating for defrosting the radome, while maintaining a high level of transparency to the radio waves concerned.
  • these nano-elements having high transparency properties in the visible spectrum the invention can advantageously be applied to semi-transparent radomes without significantly altering the optical transparency properties of this radome.
  • the invention can be easily implemented using controlled techniques, at low cost, and perfectly suited for the structuring in strips on a flat support or more complex shape.
  • the deposition of nano-elements can be achieved by spray, low temperature and high speed, widely controlled technology especially in the automotive field.
  • the invention preferably has at least one of the following optional features, taken singly or in combination.
  • the radome has a transparency to the radio waves, in said given range, greater than 50%, and more preferably greater than 70%.
  • the radome has an overall transmittance greater than 60% in the visible spectrum, and more preferably between 70 and 90%.
  • said nano-elements are based on silver and / or copper and / or nickel and / or gold.
  • the strips have a first identical width L1 for each strip, and they are separated by inter-strip areas having a second identical width L2 for each inter-band area, the ratio between the second width L2 and the first width L1. being greater than or equal to 1.
  • the width of the bands could differ from one band to another, without departing from the scope of the invention. It is the same for inter-band areas.
  • the first width L1 is between 0.5 and 3 mm, and more preferably of the order of 2 mm.
  • the second width L2 is between 4 and 10 mm.
  • This first embodiment proves to be perfectly suitable for many applications, in particular in the field of telecommunications with antennas operating at 60 GHz.
  • This second embodiment proves to be perfectly suitable for many applications, in particular in the field of the automobile and its ACC applications (of the English " Auto Cruise Control "), implementing sensors of long-distance detection integrating antennas operating at 77 GHz.
  • the radome has a main structure on which is deposited the heating system, this main structure having an intrinsic transparency to radio waves in the given range, greater than 70%.
  • the main structure is made of poly (ethylene naphthalate) or acrylonitrile butadiene styrene, although other plastic materials may be envisaged, without departing from the scope of the invention.
  • the radome is coated with an anti-scratch and / or thermal conduction layer.
  • the invention also relates to an assembly comprising an antenna capable of radiating and / or picking up radio waves in a given range of frequencies from 3 MHz to 300 GHz, and a radome as described above.
  • the radome is arranged so that its bands are parallel to the direction of polarization of the antenna.
  • the antenna is preferably designed to radiate and / or capture radio waves of 24 GHz, 60 GHz or 77 GHz. Other frequencies or frequency ranges are of course conceivable, without departing from the scope of the invention.
  • This set 1 is a system dedicated to the field of telecommunications, and includes an antenna 2 operating at a frequency of 60 GHz, and a radome 4 protecting this antenna.
  • terrestrial telecommunication networks use a large number of point-to-point links (radio links) to transmit long-distance communications, or to interconnect different parts of the same network.
  • the antennas of these links are generally arranged on high points (pylons, buildings, mountains) and thus naturally exposed to bad weather including frost and snow. Typical bands used are 30-45 GHz, 57-66 GHz and 71-86 GHz.
  • the assembly 1 could be a proximity sensor, with an antenna operating at a frequency of 24 GHz.
  • the invention covers all together 1 comprising an antenna and its radome, with the antenna capable of radiating and / or sensing radio waves in a given range of frequencies from 3 MHz to 300 GHz.
  • the main fields of application are automotive, military and aeronautics.
  • the radome 4 which forms part of the outer casing 6 of the assembly 1.
  • the radome 4 is here planar, but could have a more complex shape, for example single or double curvature. It comprises a main plastic structure 8, having a transparency intrinsic to the radio waves concerned, greater than 70%. Conventionally, this transparency corresponds to the percentage of transmitted radiation, defined by the ratio between the power transmitted and the incident power.
  • the radio-wave transparency of the main structure can reach very high values, depending on the nature of the material. For example, a structure 8 of ABS (acrylonitrile butadiene styrene), 3 mm thick, has a transparency to radio waves of the order of 72%. A structure 8 of PEN (polyethylene naphthalate), 125 ⁇ m thick, has a transparency to electric waves up to 98%.
  • polyethylene terephthalate polyethylene terephthalate
  • KAPTON® polyimide polycarbonate
  • PMMA PolyMethylMethAcrylate
  • copolymer ASA Acrylonytrile Styrene Acrylate PE (PolyEthylene), PP (PolyPropylene), PES.
  • the thickness of the main structure 8 is best adapted to optimize the transparency to radio waves. It is typically of the order of 1 to 3 mm, but can of course be lower as for the example of PEN described above. In general, the decrease in the thickness of the structure makes it possible to increase the transparency to the radio waves.
  • One of the particularities of the invention lies in the presence of a heating system 10 equipping the main structure 8 of the radome. It is a system comprising resistive heating elements forming strips 12 spaced from each other, and parallel to each other. In this respect, it is stated that when the structure 8 is non-planar, the parallelism between the strips 12 is characterized by the parallelism of the planes containing each of these strips.
  • the strips 12 have a first width L1, which is identical for all the strips. These also have the same length for example between 2 and 20 cm, and preferably between 5 and 15 cm, and the same thickness which is for example between 100 and 50,000 nm.
  • the strips 12 are each made using a network of nano-elements 18 comprising metal nanowires. By nanowires, it is understood elements whose ratio between the length and diameter is greater than 10, and whose diameter may vary from 20 to 800 nm.
  • metal nanowires 18 are preferably made using a metal of the Ag, Au, Ni or Cu type, or with a material containing at least 50% of one of the aforementioned metals.
  • Metal nanowires made in different materials selected from the group mentioned above can be mixed within the network deposited on the structure 8, without departing from the scope of the invention.
  • nano-elements can also be integrated therein, such as carbon nanotubes and / or derivatives of this type of nanotubes, graphene sheets and / or derivatives of this type of material, and / or nano-elements based on boron nitride or metal oxides, for example hexagonal boron nitride (h-BN), ZnO or SiO 2 type.
  • the nano-elements 18 form a percolating surface network deposited on the surface of the main structure 8 forming a substrate. Its surface density may be of the order of 10 to 100 mg / m 2 , and more preferably of the order of 20 to 70 mg / m 2 .
  • each strip 12 there is provided respectively an electrical input contact 14 and an electrical output contact 16, each made with a thin copper blade or silver paste.
  • These contacts 14, 16 have linear resistances much lower than those of the strips 12, to ensure the resistive heating in the network of metal nanowires 18. They are for example of the metal film type, obtained by evaporation or Ti / Au spraying, Cr / Au, Cr / Alu.
  • the deposit may also be carried out using a lacquer, for example a silver lacquer, or using electrically conductive adhesives.
  • the electrical contacts 14, 16 make it possible to apply an electrical voltage to the networks 18 forming resistive heating elements.
  • This voltage is delivered by an appropriate apparatus 20, possibly adapted for feeding the antenna 2, as has been shown schematically on the figure 1 .
  • the envisaged supply voltages are between 1 and 20V, and preferably between 1 and 12V.
  • the equivalent resistance formed by all the strips 12 of the heating system 10 is for example between 5 and 250 ohm.
  • the strips 12 are spaced apart by inter-band zones 22 on which the main structure 8 is left free, that is to say without deposition of nanowires 18.
  • These zones 22 have a second identical width L2 for all the zones, and greater than or equal to the first width L1 of the strips 12.
  • the ratio between the two widths L1 and L2 is therefore preferably greater than or equal to 1.
  • the sum of the two widths L1 and L2 also corresponds to the period P in which the bands 12 succeed each other on the main structure 8.
  • the first width L1 is between 0.5 and 3 mm, and even more preferably of the order of 2 mm, while the second width L2 is preferably between 2 and 8 mm.
  • L1 and P are chosen in relation to the wavelength of the incident signal.
  • the associated wavelength is 3.9 mm for working frequencies at 77 GHz, or 12.5 mm for working frequencies of 24 GHz.
  • the first width L1 of the strips 12 of silver nanowires is defined as being the smallest possible, for example 0.5 mm, and whose maximum value is of the order of ⁇ / 2, ie typically about 2 mm to 77 mm. GHz.
  • the period P may be substantially equal to a multiple of ⁇ , ie typically about 4, 8 or 12 mm at 77 GHz.
  • n. ⁇ a natural number other than 1.
  • a margin of plus or minus 10% remains perfectly acceptable between the value of P and the value of the product n. ⁇ .
  • Deposition of the nanowire strips 18 is done in a conventional manner.
  • the nanowires can for example be deposited at high flow rate and at low temperature using a spray and a stencil masking the inter-band zones 22.
  • the deposition of nanowires can be performed on the entire surface of the structure 8, to then be structured in order to reveal the strips 12 by eliminating the nanowires at the inter-band zones 22. This elimination can be achieved by ablation (solution etching or laser firing).
  • the technique of deposition by nebulization is also envisaged, without departing from the scope of the invention.
  • the nanowires 18 are previously obtained in a conventional manner.
  • copper nanowires can be synthesized according to the technique disclosed in the publication Nano Research 2014, 7 (3): 315-324 .
  • silver nanowires these can be prepared according to the procedure described in the publication Nanotechnology 2013, 24, 215501 .
  • the structure 8, equipped with its strips 12 of metal nanowires 18, may be coated with an anti-scratch protection layer (not visible on the figure 2 ), and / or a thermal conduction layer to best diffuse the heat produced by Joule effect over the entire surface of the radome.
  • This layer may be of the polymer, resin, varnish or other type, or an adhesive film.
  • it is a PSA barrier adhesive laminated on the structure 8, or a PU polyurethane varnish applied by spray on this structure.
  • the radome 4 may have optical semi-transparency properties, with a transmittance greater than 60% in the visible range, namely for wavelengths ranging from 390 to 780 nm.
  • This transmittance also called transmission factor or transparency, may nevertheless be greater for the radome 4, for example between 70 and 90%.
  • This very high transmittance range can be obtained by judiciously choosing the material of the structure 8, its thickness, and judiciously fixing the widths L1 and L2. This allows the radome 4 to retain its optical semi-transparency functions, when such a function is desired.
  • the radome equipped with the strips 12 has an overall transparency to the radio waves concerned, greater than 70%.
  • the simple structuring in bands or "rake teeth" of the resistive elements actually makes it possible to obtain a high transparency to the radio waves, while providing a satisfactory heating to generate a defrosting or demisting.
  • This This effect is all the more surprising when, when the entire surface of the structure 8 is coated with nanowires, the transparency to the radio waves does not exceed 25%, even by lowering the density of these nanowires to very low values. This level of transparency is totally insufficient to allow the associated system to function properly, and the low density of nanowires leading to this level of transparency does not in any case make it possible to obtain suitable temperatures to ensure correct defrosting of the system. radome.
  • the first column represents the surface electrical resistance of the layer of nanowires, this resistance being inversely proportional to the density of the nanowires within the layer.
  • the second column corresponds to the transmittance for a wavelength of 550 nm.
  • the transparency to radio waves (RF transparency) is the subject of the third column, for waves transmitted at 60GHz.
  • the fourth column reports the temperature obtained on the surface of the radome.
  • the development of the silver nanowires in solution is carried out according to the following method: 1.766 g of PVP (polyvinylpyrrolidone) are added to 2.6 mg of NaCl (sodium chloride) in 40 ml of EG (ethylene glycol). The mixture is stirred at 600 rpm (revolutions per minute) at 120 ° C until complete dissolution of the PVP and NaCl (about 4-5 minutes). This mixture is then added dropwise to a solution of 40 ml of Ethylene Glycol ("EG”) in which are dissolved 0.68 g of AgNO3 (silver nitrate). The oil bath is then heated to 160 ° C and stirring at 700 rpm is operated for 80 minutes. Three washes are made with methanol by centrifuging at 2000 rpm for 20 min, then the nanowires are precipitated with acetone, and finally redispersed in water or methanol.
  • PVP polyvinylpyrrolidone
  • the substrate chosen is a PEN substrate of 125 ⁇ m of 10 ⁇ 10 cm. This substrate corresponds to the main structure of the radome.
  • the substrate here has an intrinsic RF transparency of 98%, for waves generated at 60 GHz by the antenna
  • the electrical contacts consist of a deposit of 150 nm Au, made by cathodic sputtering before printing the nanowire strips.
  • the elaboration of the strips is carried out by full-plate spray of a network of silver nanowires with a homogeneous density of a solution of 0.5 g / l metal nanowires in methanol. This step can be performed using a Sonotek ⁇ spray. Four samples with increasing nanowire densities are prepared.
  • the protective layer of the radome consists of a PSA barrier adhesive laminated on the sample.
  • the ambient temperature during measurements is 25 ° C.
  • the temperatures given in the fourth column are measured after 2 minutes of stabilization at the applied voltage, here 12V.
  • the heating rates are of the order of 1 ° C / s.
  • the surface electrical resistance is extremely difficult to determine on each band, which is why the first column of the table provides information on the electrical resistance of each band.
  • This resistance is also called “resistance 2 points", because it is measured between the two occasions of each electrical contact, at both ends of one of the bands.
  • This first example shows that it is possible to obtain an extremely high RF transparency with carefully chosen values for the values L1 and L2. More precisely, with an L1 value of 2 mm and a L2 value of 2 mm, the RF transparency can reach 98% at 66 GHz (with a band electrical resistance of between 3 and 4 ⁇ , preferably 3.5 ⁇ ).
  • This transparency obtained for the test described in the first line of the table is notably higher than the transparency obtained during the second test associated with the second line.
  • the density of nanowires is lower and the second width L2 of the inter-band areas is higher. Intuitively, this would lead to increase the RF transparency, but the tests disclose the opposite to choose a particular combination for the values of L1 and L2 to maintain an almost perfect RF transparency.
  • the generated resistive heating is also very satisfactory for the combination chosen, since a temperature of 44 ° C was obtained with the application of a voltage of 5V. As such, it is noted that an increase in the applied voltage allows a rise in the surface temperature. Heating limits are however associated with the thermal resistance of the plastic structures 8. For example, with a voltage of 9V for the second test, the temperature goes to 60 ° C instead of 40 ° C obtained at 6V.
  • the second example proves to be perfectly suited for the field of long-range detection sensors for the automotive field, with an antenna operating at a frequency of the order of 77 GHz.
  • This type of sensor is particularly suitable for ACC applications.
  • This second example also shows that it is possible to obtain an extremely high RF transparency with carefully chosen values for the L1 and L2 values, and for a principal structure of a given nature. More specifically, with a value L1 of 2 mm and a value L2 between 4 and 5 mm, preferably 4.5 mm, the RF transparency can reach 97% at 77 GHz (with a band electrical resistance of between 9 and 10 ⁇ preferably 9.5 ⁇ ).
  • This RF transparency obtained during the test described in the first line of the table is notably higher than the RF transparency obtained during the second test associated with the second line.
  • the density of nanowires is lower and the second width L2 of the inter-band areas is higher. Intuitively, this should lead to increase the RF transparency, but the tests reveal the contrary that there is a particular combination for the values of L1 and L2 to maintain a near perfect RF transparency.
  • the generated resistive heating is also very satisfactory for the combination chosen, since a temperature of 40 ° C was obtained with the application of a voltage of 10V.
  • the most satisfactory combination resides in a value L1 of 2 mm and a value L2 between 5 and 6 mm, preferably 5.5 mm.
  • the RF transparency can then reach 98% at 77 GHz (with a band electrical resistance of between 8 and 9 ⁇ , preferably 8.5 ⁇ ).
  • the generated resistive heating is also very satisfactory for the combination chosen, since a temperature of 42 ° C was obtained with the application of a voltage of 9V.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Computer Security & Cryptography (AREA)
  • Radar, Positioning & Navigation (AREA)
  • Remote Sensing (AREA)
  • Details Of Aerials (AREA)

Claims (15)

  1. Radom (4), welches dazu vorgesehen ist, eine Antenne (2) zu schützen, welche in der Lage ist, radioelektrische Wellen in einem gegebenen Frequenzbereich abzustrahlen und/oder zu empfangen, welcher von 3 MHz bis 300 GHz läuft, wobei das Radom mit einem Heizsystem (10) ausgerüstet ist, welches zwei elektrische Kontakte (14, 16) umfasst, zwischen welchen Widerstand-Heizelemente (12) angeordnet sind,
    wobei die Widerstand-Heizelemente (12) parallele Bänder sind, welche voneinander beabstandet sind und jeweils zwei Enden aufweisen, welche jeweils mit den beiden elektrischen Kontakten (14, 16) verbunden sind, wobei jedes der Bänder (12) mit Hilfe eines Netzes aus Nanoelementen hergestellt ist, welches metallische Nanodrähte (18) umfasst,
    und wobei die Bänder (12) eine erste Breite (L1) aufweisen, welche streng kleiner als die Hälfte der Länge (λ) der von der Antenne abgestrahlten/empfangenen radioelektrischen Welle ist, und wobei die Periode (P), gemäß welcher die Bänder (12) aufeinander folgen, im Wesentlichen gleich dem Produkt n*λ ist, wobei (n) einer natürlichen Ganzzahl, vorzugsweise verschieden von 1, entspricht.
  2. Radom nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es eine Transparenz für radioelektrische Wellen in dem gegebenen Bereich größer als 50% und weiter bevorzugt größer als 70% aufweist.
  3. Radom nach Anspruch 1 oder Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es eine globale Durchlässigkeit größer als 60% und weiter vorzugsweise zwischen 70% und 90% im sichtbaren Spektrum aufweist.
  4. Radom nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Nanoelemente (18) auf Basis von Silber und/oder Kupfer und/oder Nickel und/oder Gold sind.
  5. Radom nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Bänder (12) eine erste Breite (L1) aufweisen, welche für jedes Band identisch ist, und dass sie durch Zwischenband-Zonen (22) getrennt sind, welche eine zweite Breite (L2) aufweisen, welche für jede Zwischenband-Zone identisch ist, wobei das Verhältnis zwischen der zweiten Breite (L2) und der ersten Breite (L1) größer oder gleich 1 ist.
  6. Radom nach Anspruch 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die erste Breite (L1) zwischen 0,5 und 3 mm und vorzugsweise in der Größenordnung von 2 mm beträgt.
  7. Radom nach Anspruch 5 oder Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die zweite Breite (L2) zwischen 4 und 10 mm beträgt.
  8. Radom nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass:
    - jedes Band (12) einen elektrischen Widerstand aufweist, welcher zwischen 3 und 4 Ω beträgt;
    - die erste Breite (L1) etwa 2 mm beträgt; und
    - die zweite Breite (L2) etwa 2 mm beträgt.
  9. Radom nach einem der Ansprüche 5 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass:
    - jedes Band (12) einen elektrischen Widerstand aufweist, welcher zwischen 8 und 10 Ω beträgt;
    - die erste Breite (L1) etwa 2 mm beträgt; und
    - die zweite Breite (L2) zwischen 4 und 6 mm beträgt.
  10. Radom nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es eine Hauptstruktur (8) aufweist, an welcher das Heizsystem (10) angeordnet ist, wobei die Hauptstruktur eine intrinsische Transparenz für radioelektrische Wellen in dem gegebenen Bereich größer als 70% aufweist.
  11. Radom nach dem vorhergehenden Anspruch, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Hauptstruktur (8) aus Poly(ethylennaphtalat) oder aus Acrylnitril-Butadien-Styrol hergestellt ist.
  12. Radom nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass es mit einer kratzfesten und/oder einer thermisch leitfähigen Schicht bedeckt ist.
  13. Anordnung (1), umfassend eine Antenne (2), welche in der Lage ist, radioelektrische Wellen in einem gegebenen Frequenzbereich abzustrahlen und/oder zu empfangen, welcher von 3 MHz bis 300 GHz läuft, und ein Radom (4) nach einem der vorhergehenden Ansprüche.
  14. Anordnung nach dem vorhergehenden Anspruch, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass das Radom (4) derart angeordnet ist, dass seine Bänder parallel zu der Richtung der Polarisation der Antenne (2) sind.
  15. Anordnung nach Anspruch 13 oder Anspruch 14, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Antenne (2) dazu ausgelegt ist, radioelektrische Wellen von 24 GHz, von 60 GHz oder von 77 GHz abzustrahlen und/oder zu empfangen.
EP16763775.0A 2015-09-11 2016-09-08 Radom mit einem aus streifen von metallnanoelementen geformten widerstandsheizsystem Active EP3347945B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
FR1558498A FR3041166B1 (fr) 2015-09-11 2015-09-11 Radome equipe d'un systeme resistif chauffant structure en bandes de nano-elements metalliques
PCT/EP2016/071205 WO2017042284A1 (fr) 2015-09-11 2016-09-08 Radome equipe d'un systeme resistif chauffant structure en bandes de nano-elements metalliques

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KR101812024B1 (ko) * 2016-06-10 2017-12-27 한국기계연구원 열선 및 이를 포함하는 면상 발열 시트
DE102018214108A1 (de) * 2018-08-21 2020-02-27 Conti Temic Microelectronic Gmbh Temperaturregulierungselement und Sensoranordnung
WO2021022885A1 (zh) * 2019-08-05 2021-02-11 深圳光启高端装备技术研发有限公司 一种超材料、雷达罩及飞行器
WO2021022884A1 (zh) * 2019-08-05 2021-02-11 深圳光启高端装备技术研发有限公司 一种超材料、雷达罩及飞行器
JPWO2021187095A1 (de) * 2020-03-16 2021-09-23
KR102589937B1 (ko) * 2021-04-01 2023-10-17 현대모비스 주식회사 레이더용 웨이브가이드
KR20230129728A (ko) * 2022-03-02 2023-09-11 경희대학교 산학협력단 메타물질 구조체, 메타물질 타입의 투명 히터 및 그것이 사용된 레이더 장치
CN115117637B (zh) * 2022-07-25 2024-04-12 中国人民解放军国防科技大学 双极化吸透一体石墨烯频选复合超构表面及天线罩

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US5408244A (en) * 1991-01-14 1995-04-18 Norton Company Radome wall design having broadband and mm-wave characteristics
US5528249A (en) * 1992-12-09 1996-06-18 Gafford; George Anti-ice radome
US7554499B2 (en) * 2006-04-26 2009-06-30 Harris Corporation Radome with detuned elements and continuous wires
DE102013200364A1 (de) * 2012-12-07 2014-06-12 Decoma (Germany) Gmbh Karosserieteil
US9616623B2 (en) * 2015-03-04 2017-04-11 Ebert Composites Corporation 3D thermoplastic composite pultrusion system and method

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US20180269559A1 (en) 2018-09-20
EP3347945A1 (de) 2018-07-18
FR3041166B1 (fr) 2018-09-28
WO2017042284A1 (fr) 2017-03-16
FR3041166A1 (fr) 2017-03-17

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