Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F27/00—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders
  • B01F27/05—Stirrers
  • B01F27/11—Stirrers characterised by the configuration of the stirrers
  • B01F27/113—Propeller-shaped stirrers for producing an axial flow, e.g. shaped like a ship or aircraft propeller
  • B01F27/1134—Propeller-shaped stirrers for producing an axial flow, e.g. shaped like a ship or aircraft propeller the impeller being of hydrofoil type
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F27/00—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders
  • B01F27/80—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a substantially vertical axis
  • B01F27/91—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders with stirrers rotating about a substantially vertical axis with propellers
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F2101/00—Mixing characterised by the nature of the mixed materials or by the application field
  • B01F2101/26—Mixing ingredients for casting metals
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F2215/00—Auxiliary or complementary information in relation with mixing
  • B01F2215/04—Technical information in relation with mixing
  • B01F2215/0413—Numerical information
  • B01F2215/0418—Geometrical information
  • B01F2215/0422—Numerical values of angles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
  • B01F2215/00—Auxiliary or complementary information in relation with mixing
  • B01F2215/04—Technical information in relation with mixing
  • B01F2215/0413—Numerical information
  • B01F2215/0418—Geometrical information
  • B01F2215/0431—Numerical size values, e.g. diameter of a hole or conduit, area, volume, length, width, or ratios thereof

Definitions

• the present invention relates to the general field of directed solidification, and in particular for purification by segregation of impurities. More particularly, the invention is particularly concerned with the field of purification by segregation of molten metals, such as in particular silicon. It can thus advantageously be applied to the purification of molten liquid silicon by a metallurgical process for the segregation of impurities, for its subsequent use, for example in photovoltaic cells.
• the invention thus proposes a device for mechanically stirring a molten metal, in particular silicon, suitable for a directed solidification process, and in particular for a metallurgical purification process by segregating impurities from the molten metal, an assembly comprising such a stirring device and an enclosure comprising a liquid bath of the molten metal, and an associated method of designing such a stirring device.
• metallurgical processes for the segregation of impurities such as, for example, the segregation by directed solidification process, in which the metallurgical silicon passes through a liquid phase. in melt, then purified by exploiting the physical properties of the impurities of the silicon (phase coefficients between phases liquid and solid or liquid phase, volatility properties, for example) or exploitation of reactivity properties of silicon impurities.
• the object of the invention is to remedy at least partially the needs mentioned above and the drawbacks relating to the embodiments of the prior art.
• the invention thus has, according to one of its aspects, a device for mechanically stirring at least one molten metal for a directed solidification process of at least one molten metal, comprising mechanical stirring means.
• rotary means in a direction of rotation of a liquid bath of said at least one molten metal, said mechanical stirring means comprising:
• a rotatable central portion extending substantially along a main longitudinal axis, in particular a rotating central rod,
• said mechanical stirring blades comprising a lower surface, intended to face the liquid bath of said at least one molten metal before immersion, and an upper surface, opposite to the lower surface, said mechanical stirring blades being each connected to the central part by means of a proximal edge, opposite their distal edge,
• each mechanical stirring blade being connected to each other by means of a front edge and a rear edge, defined with respect to the direction of rotation of the mechanical stirring means, said front, rear, proximal and distal edges delimiting together the upper surface of each mechanical stirring blade, characterized in that said mechanical stirring blades are at axial flow, each mechanical stirring blade having a constant angle of attack, between 5 and 20 °, and a constant leakage angle, between 45 and 80 °,
• the angle of attack of a mechanical stirring blade being defined as the angle between a first plane perpendicular to the main longitudinal axis of the central portion and passing through a point on the rear edge of the mechanical stirring blade, and a second plane tangential to the upper surface of the mechanical stirring blade at said rear edge point,
• the leakage angle of a mechanical stirring blade being defined as the angle between a third plane perpendicular to the main longitudinal axis of the central portion and passing through a point on the front edge of the mechanical stirring blade, and a fourth plane, tangent to the upper surface of the mechanical stirring blade at said point of the leading edge.
• the invention may be possible to provide a solution for homogenizing the concentration of impurities of at least one molten metal, in particular silicon comprising at least one impurity, in order to accelerate the speed of production of a directed solidification process, in particular for purification by segregation.
• impurity is meant an element having an ability to segregate, i.e. having a partition coefficient of less than 1 in the molten pool.
• the impurity may be a metal impurity with a low partition coefficient, such as aluminum, iron or copper, or a dopant such as boron or phosphorus.
• the stirring action can advantageously be carried out directly at the liquid / solid interface of the molten metal bath.
• the brewing device according to the invention is advantageously compatible with any method of purification by segregation of silicon, because it has a good resistance to infiltration of silicon and at high temperatures to ensure possible reuse. Finally, the brewing device according to the invention does not involve or little contamination.
• the stirring device according to the invention may further comprise one or more of the following characteristics taken separately or in any possible technical combinations.
• the stirring device is adapted for use during a directed solidification process, in particular for a metallurgical purification process by segregation of a molten metal.
• the chosen values of the angles of attack and leakage make it possible to generate an axial flow directed towards the solidification front during the metallurgical purification process by segregating the at least one molten metal so as to favor the transport of the impurities.
• having a low angle of attack and a high value leakage angle can help promote a significant mixing of said at least one molten metal, even at low rotational speed of the stirring device.
• the mechanical stirring blades are based on graphite, silica, quartz, alumina, silicon carbide and / or silicon nitride.
• the choice of graphite as a material for the realization of mechanical stirring blades can make it possible to obtain good resistance to infiltration of silicon and good temperature resistance.
• each stirring blade can in particular be substantially equal to 10 °.
• the leakage angle of each stirring blade can in particular be substantially equal to 65 °.
• the ratio between the largest transverse dimension of the central portion, in particular the diameter of the central portion, and the largest transverse dimension of the mechanical stirring means, comprising the central portion and the mechanical stirring blades, in particular the diameter mechanical stirring means may be between 0.1 and 0.3.
• the largest transverse dimension of the central portion is a function of the largest transverse dimension of the mechanical stirring means so as to ensure the mechanical strength of the stirring device.
• the ratio between the width of each mechanical stirring blade, corresponding to the horizontal distance between the front edge and the rear edge of each blade, and the largest transverse dimension of the central portion, in particular the diameter of the central portion can be between 1 and 2.
• the width of a mechanical stirring blade is advantageously limited to twice the largest transverse dimension of the central portion in order to avoid the accumulation of stresses on the junction between the blade and the central portion.
• each mechanical stirring blade may consist of the union of a plurality of connection planes.
• the upper surface of each mechanical stirring blade may have a continuous profile.
• each mechanical stirring blade may be between 3 and 8 mm, and in particular greater than or equal to 6 mm. Such a choice of values of the thickness of each mechanical stirring blade can advantageously make it possible to improve the mechanical strength and to facilitate machining of the blades.
• the ratio between the number 1 and the optimal number of mechanical stirring blades can be between 0.1 and 0.5.
• the number of mechanical stirring blades is defined in such a way that the flow rate generated by the stirring device is sufficient for a limited speed of rotation.
• the number The mechanical stirring blade is also advantageously determined so that all the blades can be connected to the central part, with a connection width sufficient to guarantee the mechanical strength.
• Another aspect of the invention is an assembly, characterized in that it comprises:
• an enclosure comprising a liquid bath of at least one molten metal
• Said at least one molten metal may be preferably silicon.
• the height of the mechanical stirring blades is minimal so as to optimize the material yield.
• a height H of the liquid bath equal to 27 cm
• a height Hp of mechanical stirring blade less than 4 cm can allow to obtain effective mixing on 85% of the height of the liquid bath.
• the ratio between the largest transverse dimension of the mechanical stirring means, comprising the central portion and the mechanical stirring blades, in particular the diameter of the mechanical stirring means, and the largest transverse dimension, in particular the width, of the enclosure comprising the liquid bath of said at least one molten metal may be between 0.1 and 0.5.
• the subject of the invention is also a method for designing a mechanical stirring device as defined above, for its implementation during a directed solidification process.
• at least one molten metal contained in a liquid bath of an enclosure characterized in that, to obtain an axial flow, it comprises the step (a1) of choosing a constant angle of attack, between 5 and 20 °, and a constant leakage angle, between 45 and 80 °, for each mechanical stirring blade.
• the method may especially comprise the following successive steps:
• the brewing device, the assembly and the method of designing the brewing device according to the invention may comprise any of the features set forth in the description, taken alone or in any technically possible combination with other characteristics.
• FIG. 1 shows, in section, an exemplary assembly comprising a chamber of a molten silicon bath and a stirring device of the liquid silicon according to the invention, provided with mechanical stirring blades immersed in the bath,
• FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C show, respectively in a perspective view, a view from above and a side view, an example of a stirring device according to the invention comprising mechanical stirring blades with two connection planes,
• FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C show, respectively in a perspective view, a view from above and a side view, an example of a stirring device according to the invention comprising mechanical stirring blades with three connection planes,
• FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C represent, respectively in a perspective view, a view from above and a side view, an example of a brewing device; according to the invention comprising mechanical stirring blades with a continuous blade profile,
• FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate the speed field, respectively for a Rushton turbine blade geometry and for a blade geometry of a stirring device according to the invention
• FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate the intensity of the friction stress (parietal stress) at the solid / liquid interface, respectively for a Rushton-type turbine blade geometry and for a blade geometry of a device brewing according to the invention.
• the molten metal intended to be stirred by the stirring device 1 according to the invention consists of silicon. 2, used for the manufacture of photovoltaic cells.
• the metallurgical purification process by segregation of impurities of the molten silicon 2 corresponds here to the purification method directed directed.
• these choices are in no way limiting.
• an exemplary assembly 10 having an enclosure 4 enclosing a bath of molten liquid silicon 2 and a mechanical stirring device 1 according to the invention for allow the mixing of the molten silicon 2 located in the chamber 4.
• the liquid silicon bath 2 contained in the chamber 4 corresponds to the molten liquid bath obtained during a metallurgical process for the purification of silicon by directed solidification, before the migration of the impurities and the solidification of the silicon.
• the stirring device 1 comprises rotating mechanical stirring means 3 of the liquid silicon bath 2, which comprise here a central portion 5 in the form of a rotating rod or a rotary shaft (direction of rotation represented by the arrow R in Figure 1), extending substantially along a main longitudinal axis X, and mechanical stirring blades 3a, 3b, located at the distal end of the rotary rod 5, totally immersed in the silicon bath 2.
• rotating mechanical stirring means 3 of the liquid silicon bath 2 comprise here a central portion 5 in the form of a rotating rod or a rotary shaft (direction of rotation represented by the arrow R in Figure 1), extending substantially along a main longitudinal axis X, and mechanical stirring blades 3a, 3b, located at the distal end of the rotary rod 5, totally immersed in the silicon bath 2.
• the mechanical stirring blades 3a, 3b are at axial flow, also called axial flow.
• axial flow also called axial flow.
• Axial flow mechanical mixers are grouped into several categories, such as marine propellers, sloping propellers and thin profile propellers.
• the radial flow mechanical mixers mainly comprise Rushton type turbines and inclined blade turbines.
• the two axial and radial flow regimes are mainly distinguished by the number of recirculation loops of the stirred liquid.
• a mechanical stirring blade 3a or 3b with an axial flow regime generates only a single recirculation loop throughout the enclosure, whereas a mechanical stirring blade with a radial flow regime would generate two recirculation loops, respectively above and below said stirring blade.
• the axial flow stirring blades are particularly effective for homogenization operations because they generate a better circulation of the liquid.
• axial mixing blades 3a, 3b with axial flow can make it possible to comply with the constraints related to the purification of so-called "photovoltaic" silicon, namely in particular a resistance to the infiltration of silicon and a resistance to elevated temperatures in a directed solidification purification furnace, about 1500 ° C.
• the mechanical stirring blades 3a, 3b are made of a material capable of meeting the constraints associated with the brewing of photovoltaic silicon, namely in particular in terms of purity, temperature and ease of manufacture.
• the mechanical stirring blades 3a, 3b are based on graphite, silica, quartz, alumina, silicon carbide and / or silicon nitride, and in particular based on isomouled graphite for its good resistance to the infiltration of silicon and the associated machining and temperature resistance possibilities.
• the shapes of the mechanical stirring blades 3a, 3b are designed to be simple (limitation of the variability of the profiles radially to facilitate machining with graphite), and the height Hp of the blades 3a, 3b is chosen to be the lower possible to allow a stirring as long as possible during the process of crystallization of silicon.
• the mechanical stirrer is translated upward continuously during solidification to maintain a typical distance of about 5 cm, arbitrary and potentially variable with the solidification front.
• the translation is provided by a mechanical system, namely engine and screw-nut system.
• the mechanical stirring blades of the stirring device 1 according to the invention preferably made of graphite in order to meet the constraints inherent in their use in a molten silicon liquid bath 2, must be able to satisfy a certain number of simplified design criteria, including geometric constraints, in particular because of the fragile nature and difficult to machine graphite.
• FIGS. 2A, 2B and 2C show, respectively in a perspective view, a view from above and a side view, an example of a stirring device 1 according to the invention comprising mechanical stirring blades with two connection planes. ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2.
• FIGS. 3A, 3B and 3C show, respectively in a perspective view, a view from above and a side view, an example of a stirring device 1 according to the invention comprising mechanical stirring blades with three connection planes ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3.
• FIGS. 4A, 4B and 4C represent, respectively in a perspective view, a view from above and a side view, an example of a stirring device 1 according to the invention comprising mechanical stirring blades with a continuous blade profile. ⁇ .
• each stirring device 1 comprises three stirring blades 3a, 3b and 3c connected to a rotating central shaft (or shaft) 5, this choice being of course in no way limiting.
• the mechanical stirring blades 3a, 3b and 3c are axial flow, and are preferably made of graphite for the reasons mentioned above.
• the three mechanical stirring blades 3a, 3b, 3c comprise each a lower surface S2, oriented towards the molten silicon liquid bath 2 before immersion of the blades, and an upper surface SI, opposite to the lower surface S2.
• the three mechanical stirring blades 3a, 3b, 3c are each connected to the rotary rod 5 via a proximal edge BP, opposite their distal edge BD.
• each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c are connected to each other through a front edge BAV and a rear edge BAR.
• the latter are defined relative to the direction of rotation R of the mechanical mixing means 3, so that the edge before BAV first comes into contact with the liquid with respect to the rear edge BAR, during translation along the X axis towards the surface of the bath.
• the front BAV, rear BAR, proximal BP and distal BD edges together define the upper surface SI of each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c.
• each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c is at axial flow.
• each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c has a constant angle of attack Qa, comprised between 5 and 20 °, and in particular chosen to be substantially equal to 10 °, and a constant leakage angle ⁇ , between 45 and 80 °, and in particular chosen to be substantially equal to 65 °.
• the chosen values of the driving and the driving angles Qa and ⁇ make it possible to generate an axial flow directed towards the solidification front during the metallurgical purification process by segregating the silicon 2 so as to favor the transport of the impurities.
• having an angle of attack Qa of low value and a leakage angle ⁇ of high value can make it possible to promote a large stirring of silicon 2, even when the speed of rotation according to R is low.
• the angle of attack Qa of a mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c is defined as the angle between a first plane PI, perpendicular to the main longitudinal axis X of the rotary rod 5 and passing through a point T1 of the rear edge BAR of the mechanical mixing blade 3a, 3b, 3c, and a second plane P2, tangential to the upper surface SI of the mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b , 3c at said point T1 of the rear edge BAR.
• the angle of leakage ⁇ of a mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c is defined as the angle between a third plane P3, perpendicular to the main longitudinal axis X of the rotary rod 5 and passing through a point T2 of the front edge BAV of the mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c, and a fourth plane P4, tangential to the upper surface SI of the mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c at said point T2 of the front edge BAV.
• the second plane P2 is the plane comprising the connection plane ⁇ 1
• the fourth plane P4 is the plane comprising the connection plane ⁇ 2.
• the second plane P2 is the plane comprising the connection plane ⁇ 1
• the fourth plane P4 is the plane comprising the connection plane ⁇ 3.
• the second P2 and fourth P4 planes are tangent to the upper surface SI corresponding to the continuous profile ⁇ .
• stirring device 1 and in particular the three stirring blades 3a, 3b, 3c, as well as the assembly 10 comprising the stirring device 1 and the chamber 4 containing the liquid silicon bath 2, are advantageously characterized by a certain number of parameters in order to respect the various constraints mentioned previously.
• the ratio a2 between the diameter Da of the rotary rod 5 and the diameter D of the mechanical stirring means 3 is between 0.1 and 0.3.
• the diameter Da of the rotary rod 5 is thus a function of the diameter D of the mechanical stirring means 3 so as to ensure the mechanical strength of the stirring device 1.
• the ratio a3 between the width Lp of each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c, the distance between the front edge BAV and the rear edge BAR of each blade, and the diameter Da of the rotary rod 5 is between 1 and 2.
• the width Lp of a mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c is advantageously limited to twice the diameter Da of the rotary rod 5 in order to avoid the accumulation of stresses on the junction between the blade and the rotary rod 5.
• the ratio ⁇ 1 between the number 1 and the optimal number n * of mechanical stirring blades 3a, 3b, 3c is between 0.1 and 0.5.
• n m ax represents the maximum number of 3a mechanical stirring blades, 3b, 3c.
• the ratio ⁇ between the diameter D of the mechanical stirring means 3 and the width L of the enclosure 4 is between 0.1 and 0.5, in order to obtain a good compromise between the efficiency of the stirring and the manufacturing cost of the stirring device 1 according to the invention.
• the thickness of material e (visible in FIGS. 2C, 3C and 4C) of the mechanical stirring blades 3a, 3b and 3c is in particular between 3 and 8 mm, and preferably at less than 6 mm, so as to guarantee the mechanical strength of each blade.
• a first step al it may be possible to choose the constant angle of attack Qa, between 5 and 20 °, and the constant leakage angle ⁇ , and between 45 and 80 °, for each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c. In this way, it may be possible to obtain axial flow.
• the diameter D of the mechanical stirring means 3 is determined from the value of the width L of the enclosure 4 and a choice of value of the ratio a1, between 0 , 1 and 0.5, between the diameter D of the mechanical stirring means 3 and the width L of the enclosure 4.
• the choice of value of the ratio can in particular be done according to the cost of material and the desired brewing efficiency.
• the diameter Da of the rotary rod 5 is determined to define the mechanical strength of the rotary rod 5. This determination is made from the value of the diameter D of the mechanical stirring means 3 and a choice of value of the ratio a2, between 0.1 and 0.3, between the diameter Da of the rotary rod 5 and the diameter D of the mechanical stirring means 3.
• the width Lp of each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c is then determined from the value of the diameter Da of the rotary rod 5 and from a choice of value of the ratio a3. between 1 and 2, between the width Lp of each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c and the diameter Da of the rotary rod 5.
• the sixth step a6 then makes it possible to determine the number n of mechanical stirring blades.
• the optimum number n * of blades is defined as a function of the diameter D of the mechanical mixing means 3 and the width L (see FIG. 1) of the enclosure 4.
• connection width Lr (see FIG. 2B) between each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c and the rotary rod 5.
• This connection width Lr can then be adjusted by cutting the blade at an angle as is the case for the examples of FIGS. 2A-2C, 3A-3C and 4A-4C.
• n m ax (nx Da) / ( ⁇ 5 x Lp), where the ratio a5 is between 0.5 and 1.
• n * the design of the device of stirring 1 or else increase the speed of rotation according to R to maintain a sufficient flow.
• a seventh step a7 it is possible to determine the number of connection planes forming the upper surface SI of each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c. In the present case, it is then two planes ⁇ 1 and ⁇ 2 for the example of FIGS. 2A-2C, and of three planes ⁇ 1, ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3 for the example of FIGS. Figures 3A-3C. Alternatively, it is also possible to choose a continuous profile ⁇ of the upper surface SI of each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c, or an infinite number of connection planes, as is the case for the example of FIGS. 4A. -4C.
• each mechanical stirring blade 3a, 3b, 3c is chosen from 3 and 8 mm, and in particular being greater than or equal to 6 mm.
• the silicon charge 2 introduced can reach 90 kg, which gives a height H of liquid silicon equal to 240 mm.
• Step a2 diameter D of the mechanical stirring means 3
• a diameter D L / 3 is chosen here in order to guarantee effective action of the stirring device 1 over the entire solidification front.
• Step a3 Da diameter of the central portion 5
• Step a4 blade width Lp
• Step a6 number n of blades
• n * of blades is equal to 3.
• a coefficient a5 0.5 is chosen between the width Lr of connection to the central portion 5 and the width Lp of the blade. .
• a maximum number of blades n m ax 4 is then obtained. It is then decided to produce a stirring device 1 with three blades 3a, 3b and 3c.
• Step a7 number of connection plans
• Step a8 thickness e of the blades
• a thickness e of the blades is chosen equal to 6 mm, in order to guarantee their resistance.
• stirring device 1 is similar to that shown in Figures 3A, 3B and 3C.
• stirring device 1 Starting from this stirring device 1 according to the invention, a numerical study has been conducted to show the effectiveness of the stirring device 1 vis-à-vis the segregation of impurities represented by the parietal constraint at the interface, as described in international application WO 2013/105060 A1.
• FIGS. 5 and 6 illustrate the velocity field calculated in a vertical plane, respectively for the blade geometry of a Rushton type turbine and for the blade geometry of the stirring device 1 according to the invention.
• FIGS. 7 and 8 illustrate the intensity of the friction stress (wall stress) at the solid / liquid interface, respectively for the blade geometry of a Rushton type turbine and for the blade geometry. of the stirring device 1 according to the invention.
• the stirring device 1 according to the invention induces a substantially stronger stress than the Rushton-type turbine.
• the stress distribution varies with the geometry of the agitator.
• the area under the blades has a high stress which decreases rapidly towards the walls of the crucible.
• the zone of high stress is more extensive.
• the axial flow agitator that forms the stirring device 1 according to the invention produces a more intense flow in the vicinity of the solidification front, which is favorable to the transport of impurities.
• the invention is not limited to the embodiments which have just been described. Various modifications may be made by the skilled person.
• the stirring device 1 can make it possible to efficiently mix a liquid bath of molten metal, in particular silicon, with a size of at least G2 (approximately 380 ⁇ 380 mm of bottom), even G5 size (about 840 x 840 mm bottom) or G6 size (about 990 x 990 mm bottom).

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• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
• Silicon Compounds (AREA)
• Waste-Gas Treatment And Other Accessory Devices For Furnaces (AREA)
• Manufacture And Refinement Of Metals (AREA)

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• 2015
  • 2015-09-04 FR FR1558211A patent/FR3040644B1/fr active Active
• 2016
  • 2016-09-01 EP EP16759770.7A patent/EP3344378A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2016-09-01 WO PCT/EP2016/070585 patent/WO2017037156A1/fr active Application Filing

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