EP3337846A1 - Compositions d'additifs destinées à la fabrication du papier et procédés et utilisations associés - Google Patents

Compositions d'additifs destinées à la fabrication du papier et procédés et utilisations associés

Info

Publication number
EP3337846A1
EP3337846A1 EP16839957.4A EP16839957A EP3337846A1 EP 3337846 A1 EP3337846 A1 EP 3337846A1 EP 16839957 A EP16839957 A EP 16839957A EP 3337846 A1 EP3337846 A1 EP 3337846A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pulp
papermaking additive
additive composition
mpa
weight
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Pending
Application number
EP16839957.4A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3337846A4 (fr
Inventor
Parker Dale
Parker David Dale
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Neozyme International Inc
Original Assignee
Neozyme International Inc
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Neozyme International Inc filed Critical Neozyme International Inc
Publication of EP3337846A1 publication Critical patent/EP3337846A1/fr
Publication of EP3337846A4 publication Critical patent/EP3337846A4/fr
Pending legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07C—ACYCLIC OR CARBOCYCLIC COMPOUNDS
    • C07C39/00—Compounds having at least one hydroxy or O-metal group bound to a carbon atom of a six-membered aromatic ring
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
    • D21C5/02—Working-up waste paper
    • D21C5/025—De-inking
    • D21C5/027—Chemicals therefor
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
    • C12P1/00—Preparation of compounds or compositions, not provided for in groups C12P3/00 - C12P39/00, by using microorganisms or enzymes
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto 
    • B08B9/02—Cleaning pipes or tubes or systems of pipes or tubes
    • B08B9/027—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N25/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests
    • A01N25/08—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators, characterised by their forms, or by their non-active ingredients or by their methods of application, e.g. seed treatment or sequential application; Substances for reducing the noxious effect of the active ingredients to organisms other than pests containing solids as carriers or diluents
    • A01N25/10—Macromolecular compounds
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01N—PRESERVATION OF BODIES OF HUMANS OR ANIMALS OR PLANTS OR PARTS THEREOF; BIOCIDES, e.g. AS DISINFECTANTS, AS PESTICIDES OR AS HERBICIDES; PEST REPELLANTS OR ATTRACTANTS; PLANT GROWTH REGULATORS
    • A01N63/00—Biocides, pest repellants or attractants, or plant growth regulators containing microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi, animals or substances produced by, or obtained from, microorganisms, viruses, microbial fungi or animals, e.g. enzymes or fermentates
    • A01N63/30—Microbial fungi; Substances produced thereby or obtained therefrom
    • A01N63/32—Yeast
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
    • C12N—MICROORGANISMS OR ENZYMES; COMPOSITIONS THEREOF; PROPAGATING, PRESERVING, OR MAINTAINING MICROORGANISMS; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING; CULTURE MEDIA
    • C12N1/00—Microorganisms, e.g. protozoa; Compositions thereof; Processes of propagating, maintaining or preserving microorganisms or compositions thereof; Processes of preparing or isolating a composition containing a microorganism; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/14—Fungi; Culture media therefor
    • C12N1/16—Yeasts; Culture media therefor
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
    • D21H17/005—Microorganisms or enzymes
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/06—Paper forming aids
    • D21H21/08—Dispersing agents for fibres
    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • D21H21/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties
    • D21H21/14—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its function, form or properties; Paper-impregnating or coating material, characterised by its function, form or properties characterised by function or properties in or on the paper
    • D21H21/32—Bleaching agents
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02W—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO WASTEWATER TREATMENT OR WASTE MANAGEMENT
    • Y02W30/00—Technologies for solid waste management
    • Y02W30/50—Reuse, recycling or recovery technologies
    • Y02W30/64—Paper recycling

Definitions

  • Paper is an incredibly important, practical and versatile substance with tens of thousands of different paper-based products being produced yearly.
  • Paper may be impregnated, enamelled, creped, waterproofed, waxed, glazed, sensitised, bent, folded, crumpled, cut, dissolved, macerated, moulded or embossed.
  • paper may be laminated with fabrics, plastics and metals.
  • the vast array of products that can be made from paper can be classified into five broad categories: 1) newsprint and magazine; 2) printing and writing paper; 3) sanitary and household; 4) packaging material and products; and 5) specialized papers. Being such a natural part of our daily lives, we can sometimes forget just how much we rely upon this essential, renewable and evolving resource.
  • the disclosed papermaking additive compositions comprises a treated fermented microbial supernatant and one or more nonionic surfactants.
  • the disclosed papermaking additive compositions may further comprise one or more anionic surfactants.
  • the disclosed papermaking additive compositions may optionally further comprise a cellulose digesting enzyme.
  • the disclosed papermaking additive compositions are biodegradable and substantially non-toxic to humans, mammals, plants and the environment.
  • the disclosed papermaking additive kit comprises a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein and instructions for how to use the compositions to improve or optimize the productivity and/or efficiency of paper production.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose methods of separating fibers from a pulp slurry.
  • the disclosed methods comprises applying an effective amount of a composition disclosed herein to the pulp slurry during pulping and/or paper production phases.
  • the application results in increased separation of fibers from raw materials present in the pulp slurry.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose methods of removing impurities and/or contaminates from pulp and/or paper material.
  • the disclosed methods comprises applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein to a pulping and/or a paper production phase.
  • the application results in the removal of impurities and/or contaminates from the pulp and/or paper material.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose methods of deinking pulp and/or paper material.
  • the disclosed methods comprise applying an effective amount of a composition disclosed herein to a pulping and/or paper production phases.
  • the application results in the removal of ink from the pulp and/or paper material.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose uses of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein for separating fibers from a pulp slurry.
  • the disclosed uses comprises applying an effective amount of the papermaking additive composition to the pulp slurry during pulping and/or paper production phases in order to increase separation of fibers from raw materials present in the pulp slurry.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose uses of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein for deinking pulp and/or paper material.
  • the disclosed uses comprises applying an effective amount of the papermaking additive composition to the pulp slurry during pulping and/or paper production phases in order to remove ink from the pulp and/or paper material.
  • FIGs. 1A-C show time-dependent improvement of homogenization of fibers treated with a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein in pulping process with FIG 1A showing freeness of fibers at 10 minutes; FIG 1 B showing freeness of fibers at 20 minutes; and FIG 1 C showing freeness of fibers at 30 minutes.
  • FIG. 2 shows refined fibers after treatment with a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein.
  • Paper is made from cellulosic fibers obtained from plant materials, such as, e.g., wood from hardwood or softwood trees, rags, flax, cotton linters and/or bagasse. Reclaimed paper can be recycled to produce new paper products, where is often blended with virgin fibers. Synthetic materials may be used to impart special qualities to a finished paper product. Other products made from cellulosic fibers include diapers, rayon, cellulose acetate, and cellulose esters, which are used for cloth, packaging films, and explosives.
  • Typical woods are comprised of about 40%-50% cellulose, 25%-35% hemicellulose, 15%-30% lignin and 2%-10% extractives.
  • one major step is to extract the cellulose from the remainder of the other components.
  • the higher amount of hemicellulose, lignin and extractives present in a paper product the lower the quality.
  • the fiber mesh then passes between large rolls loaded under high pressure to squeeze out as much water as possible to form a pressed sheet.
  • the pressed sheet then enter drying phase where it passes through a series of steam heated drying cylinders which reduces the water Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • the dried paper is smoothed and flattened under high loading and pressure using steel rollers to produce the finished untrimmed paper product.
  • the untrimmed paper is wound into rolls for use on web-fed presses, such as newspaper presses, or slit and cut into lengths to make sheets of paper for sheet-fed presses.
  • useful fibers are separated from lignin, extractives (e.g., oleoresins and waxes) and other raw material waste products using chemical and/or mechanical procedures.
  • extractives e.g., oleoresins and waxes
  • other raw material waste products using chemical and/or mechanical procedures.
  • chemical procedures raw material is processed into smaller particles, put into a pressurized kettle, called a digester, along with chemicals (white liquor) and water, and cooked with steam under high pressure. Cooking breaks down the lignin binding material which separates the cellulose fibers from the rest of the raw material.
  • the separated raw material and spent cooking chemicals are then sent to a recovery process, where the pulping chemicals and energy are recovered via multiple evaporation steps for concentration of pulping waste liquid (black liquor) which can then be burned as fuel.
  • raw material passes through a grinder where it is ground against a water lubricated rotating stone or the heat generated by grinding softens the lignin binding the fibers and the mechanized forces separate the fibers to form groundwood.
  • raw material passes through a refiner where it is subjected to intensive shearing forces between a rotating steel disc and a fixed plate. The discs have raised bars on their faces and pass each other with narrow clearance. This action separates the fibers from the rest of the raw material. The shearing action also unravels the fibers, causing the fibrils of the fibers to partially detach and bloom outward.
  • Raw material can also be softened by heating (thermo- mechanical) or impregnated with a chemical treatment before entering the digester or refiner to facilitate fibrillation (chemical thermos-mechanical).
  • the processed pulp is pumped through a sequence of holding tanks commonly called chests for further processing.
  • the pulp can be washed to cleanse the fibers and remove residual lignin and other impurities as well as screened to remove any remaining fiber bundles and achieve a more uniform quality and consistency.
  • the processed pulp can also be mixed in a blending chest with other processed pulp obtained from different raw material sources or recycled paper products in order to create a blended processed pulp.
  • the processed pulp can also pass through a series of chests were various fillers are added to the processed pulp to improve, e.g., opacity, brightness, mechanical strength, smoothness, ink receptivity, as well as other properties.
  • various fillers are added to the processed pulp to improve, e.g., opacity, brightness, mechanical strength, smoothness, ink receptivity, as well as other properties.
  • bleach or other whitening agents may be added to whiten the fibers and increase brightness
  • dyes and pigments may be added to produce colored papers
  • opacity agents like calcium carbonate, clay and titanium dioxide increase opacity to enable printing on the both sides
  • a sizing agent may be added to increase moisture resistance.
  • the processed pulp can also be treated to remove ink (deinking) and other contaminants, which typically is needed if the raw material was reclaimed paper products that are being recycled.
  • the processed pulp can have its pH adjusted and be diluted with waterto form a consistent furnish for subsequent processing. Dale, Paper
  • a major goal of the pulping phase is to remove as much lignin, extractives and otherwaste materials from the pulp in order to increase the amount of separated cellulose fibers present in the pulp, without sacrificing fiber integrity and strength in order to achieve a high fiber purity and quality.
  • Another major goal of the pulping phase is to increasing the surface area of fibers to promoting bonding by, e.g., causing the fibrils of the fibers to partially detach and bloom outward.
  • another goal is the removal of inks and adhesive contaminants, which can affect the purity and quality of the final paper product.
  • the presently disclosed papermaking additive compositions dissolve, disperse, or otherwise disrupt one or more components of the raw materials used to make pulp.
  • This mechanism of action appears, in part, to be tied to the ability of the papermaking additive compositions disclosed herein to break down lignin and/or facilitate the separation of individual cellulose and hemicellulose fibers from fiber bundles. The end result is improved separation of cellulose and hemicellulose fibers from fiber bundles which ultimately leads to the production of higher quality paper products in a more efficient and cost-effective manner.
  • This mechanism of action also appears, in part, to be tied to the ability of the papermaking additive compositions disclosed herein to break down ink and other organic compounds considered impurities in raw materials obtained from reclaimed paper products.
  • the disclosed papermaking additive compositions, methods and uses offer an alternative means of paper making that does not rely on chemicals toxic to humans or the environment.
  • the disclosed papermaking additive compositions, methods and uses results in a better breakdown of lignin and other impurities that facilitates easier recycling of waste water for reuse in the pulping or paper production phases which also benefits humans and the environment.
  • the disclosed papermaking additive compositions, methods and uses to not require extensive energy input, thereby enabling a reduction of overall energy usage which further benefits humans and the environment.
  • the papermaking additive compositions, methods and uses disclosed herein appear to increase cellulose fiber separation, increase the surface area of fibers as well as, remove ink, adhesive and other contaminants, without sacrificing fiber integrity and strength in order to achieve a high fiber purity and quality.
  • the disclosed papermaking additive compositions been proven to be substantially nontoxic to man and domestic animals and which have minimal adverse effects on wildlife and the environment.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein comprises a treated fermented microbial supernatant and one or more non-ionic surfactants.
  • the treated fermented microbial supernatant lacks any live microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria, and additionally, lacks any active enzymes, activatable proenzymes, or any enzymatic activity.
  • the papermaking additive composition itself lacks any live microorganisms such as yeast or bacteria, and additionally, lacks any active enzymes, activatable proenzymes, or any enzymatic activity.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein may be used in any personal or commercial papermaking processes.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 75% to about 99% of treated fermented microbial supernatant and about 1 %-25% of one or Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 80% to about 97% of treated fermented microbial supernatant and about 3%-20% of one or more non-ionic surfactants.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 85% to about 95% of treated fermented microbial supernatant and about 5%-15% of one or more non-ionic surfactants.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein comprises, e.g. , about 88% to about 92% of treated fermented microbial supernatant and about 8%-12% of one or more non-ionic surfactants.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 89% to about 91 % of treated fermented microbial supernatant and about 9%-11 % of one or more non-ionic surfactants.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein can be prepared by culturing a yeast strain, a bacterial strain, or a combination of both a yeast strain and a bacterial strain in a fermenting medium comprising a sugar source, a malt and a magnesium salt.
  • a yeast strain is used in a fermenting medium.
  • two or more different yeast strains are used in a fermenting medium.
  • only a single bacterial strain is used in a fermenting medium.
  • two or more different bacterial strains are used in a fermenting medium.
  • one or more different yeast strains are used in conjunction with one or more different bacteria in a fermenting medium.
  • two, three, four, five or more different yeast strains are used in conjunction with two, three, four, five or more different bacteria in a fermenting medium.
  • a sugar source includes, without limitation, sucrose from molasses, raw cane sugar, soybeans or mixtures thereof.
  • Molasses generally contains up to about 50% sucrose in addition to reducing sugars such as glucose and maltase as well as ash, organic nonsugars and some water.
  • the presence of the sugars of the type found in the molasses is important in encouraging the activity of the enzymes and the yeast bacteria by which they are produced.
  • the untreated cane blackstrap molasses is preferred, other molasses such as beet molasses, barrel molasses and the like may also be used as a natural source of the materials required for the enzymatic fermentation.
  • the amount of molasses useful in preparing a fermenting medium disclosed herein is between 40% and about 80% by weight, and preferably between about 55% and about 75% by weight. It will be appreciated that specific amounts of the molasses utilized may be varied to yield optimum compositions desired.
  • Raw cane sugar is a sugar product which has not been refined and which contains residual molasses as well as other natural impurities. Although it is not clearly understood, it has been found that the presence of raw sugar in the fermentation reaction yields significantly improved properties as compared to the use of refined sugars which contain residual chemicals used in the decolorization and final purification and refinement which may have some deleterious effect on the yeast and malt enzymes. It has been found that optimum biological and enzymatic properties of the disclosed fermenting medium are improved where Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • a portion of the fermentable materials present in the mixture comprises raw sugar.
  • the amount of raw cane sugar useful in preparing a fermenting medium disclosed herein may be about 10% and about 40% by weight, and preferably between about 10% and about 30% by weight. It will be appreciated that specific amounts of the raw cane sugar utilized may be varied to yield optimum compositions desired.
  • the essential enzymes which advantageously contribute to the fermentation reaction are provided by the malt and the yeast and/or bacteria.
  • the specific malt utilized is preferably a diastatic malt which contains enzymes including diastase, maltase and amylase.
  • the malt also is believed to improve the activity of the yeast and/or bacteria in addition to contributing to the overall potency and activity of the enzymatic composition within the final product mixture.
  • the amount of malt useful in preparing a fermenting medium disclosed herein may be between about 3% and about 15% by weight, and preferably between about 7% and about 12% by weight. It will be appreciated that specific amounts of the malt utilized may be varied to yield optimum compositions desired.
  • Fermentation is a metabolic process that results in the breakdown of carbohydrates and other complex organic substances into simpler substances like sugars, acids, gases or alcohol. Fermentation can occurs in yeast, bacteria and mold. Fermentation includes ethanol fermentation and lactic acid fermentation. Lactic acid fermentation includes homolactic fermentation and heterolactic fermentation.
  • a yeast refers to any fermentation fungi that can be produce the needed enzymes for a fermentation reaction that results in, for example the conversion of carbohydrates into carbon dioxide and alcohols.
  • a number of enzymes are produced by the active yeast during the fermentation reaction and include both hydrolytic and oxidative enzymes such as invertase, catalase, lactase, maltase, carboxylase and others.
  • Yeast include yeast strains useful in food processing fermentation, such as, e.g., bean-based fermentation, dough-based fermentation, grain-based fermentation, vegetable-based fermentation, fruit-based fermentation, honey-based fermentation, dairy-based fermentation, fish-based fermentation, meat-based fermentation and tea-based fermentation.
  • yeast genera useful in a fermentation reaction disclosed herein include, but is not limited, Brettanomyces, Candida, Cyberlindnera, Cystofilobasidium, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Issatchenkia, Kazachstania, Kloeckera, Kluyveromyces, Lecanicillium, Mucor, Neurospora, Pediococcus, Penicillium, Pichia, Rhizopus, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Thrichosporon, Torulaspora, Torulopsis, Verticillium, Yarrowia, Zygosaccharomyces and Zygotorulaspora.
  • yeast species useful in a fermentation reaction disclosed herein belong to, without limitation
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular yeast species useful in a fermentation reaction disclosed herein includes, but is not limited, B. anomalus, B. bruxellensis, B. claussenii, B. custersianus, B. naardenensis, B. nanus, C. colliculosa, C. exiguous, C. humicola, C. kefyr, C. krusei, C. milleri, C. mycoderma, C. pelliculosa, C. rugose, C. stellate, C. tropicalis, C. utilis, C. valida, C. vini, C.
  • a preferred yeast is Saccharomyces cerevisiae commonly available as baker's yeast.
  • Bacteria refer to any fermentation bacteria that can be produce the needed enzymes for a fermentation reaction that results in, for example the production of alcohols like ethanol or acids like acetic acid, lactic acid and/or succinic acid.
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular bacterial genera useful in a fermentation reaction disclosed herein include, but is not limited, Acetobacter, Arthrobacter, Aerococcus, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Barnobacterium, Carnobacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Gluconacetobacter, Gluconobacter, Hafnia, Halomonas, Kocuria, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Macrococcus, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Neisseria, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Psychi
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular bacterial species useful in a fermentation reaction disclosed herein includes, but is not limited, A. aceti, A. fabarum, A. lovaniensis, A. malorum, A. orientalis, A. pasteurianus, A. pasteurianus, A. pomorum, A. syzygii, A. tropicalis, Ar. arilaitensis, Ar. Bergerei, Ar. Globiformis, Ar. nicotianae, Ar. variabilis, B. cereus, B. coagulans, B. licheniformis, B. pumilus, B. sphaericus, B. stearothermophilus, B. subtilis, B.
  • adolescentis B. animalis, B. bifidum, B. breve, B. infantis, B. lactis, B. longum, B. pseudolongum, B. thermophilum, Br. alimentarium, Br. alimentarium, Br. tyrofermentans, Br. tyrofermentans, Bv. aurantiacum, Bv. casei, Bv. linens, C. divergens, C. maltaromaticum, C. piscicola, C. ammoniagenes, Co. casei, Co.flavescens, Co. mooreparkense, Co. variabile, E. faecalis, E. faecium, G.
  • azotocaptans G. diazotrophicus, G. entanii, G. europaeus, G. hansenii, G. johannae, G. oboediens, G. xylinus, Gl. oxydans, H. alvei, HI. elongate, K. rhizophila, K. rhizophila, K. varians, K. varians, L. acetotolerans, L. acidifarinae, L. acidipiscis, L. alimentarius, L. brevis, L. bucheri, L. cacaonum, L. casei, L. cellobiosus, L. collinoides, L. composti, L.
  • coryniformis L. crispatus, L. curvatus, L. delbrueckii, L. dextrinicus, L. diolivorans, L. fabifermentans, L. farciminis, L. fermentum, L. gasseri, L. ghanensis, L. hammesii, L. harbinensis, L. helveticus, L. hilgardii, L. homohiochii, L. jensenii, L. johnsonii, L. kefiranofaciens, L. kefiri, L. kimchi, L. kisonensis, L. kunkeei, L. mail, L.
  • Mold refer to any fermentation mold that can be produce the needed enzymes for a fermentation reaction that results in, for example the production of alcohols like ethanol or acids like acetic acid, lactic acid and/or succinic acid.
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular mold genera useful in a fermentation reaction disclosed herein include, but is not limited, Aspergillus.
  • a non-exhaustive list of particular mold species useful in a fermentation reaction disclosed herein includes, but is not limited, A. acidus, A. fumigatus, A. niger, A. oryzae, and A. sojae.
  • the amount of yeast useful in preparing a fermenting medium disclosed herein may be between about 0.2% and about 5% by weight, and preferably between about 1 % and about 3% by weight. It will be appreciated that specific amounts of the yeast utilized may be varied to yield optimum compositions desired.
  • magnesium salt is magnesium sulfate.
  • the amount of magnesium salt useful in preparing a fermenting medium disclosed herein may be between about 0.1 % and about 5% by weight, and preferably between about 1 % and about 3% by weight. It will be appreciated that specific amounts of the magnesium salt utilized may be varied to yield optimum compositions desired.
  • the molasses, sucrose and magnesium salt are added to a suitable amount of warm water.
  • suitable amounts of water are from about 2 to about 20 times the total weight of the other ingredients of the fermenting medium used in the fermentation reaction. This amount of water is sufficient to facilitate easy admixture as well as to activate the yeast, bacterial and/or mold and dissolve the other materials.
  • the temperature of the water cannot be too hot such that the heat inactivates the malt and yeast enzymes needed for fermentation.
  • water temperatures greater than about 65 °C must be avoided and preferred temperatures are between about 25 °C to about 45 °C.
  • the use of cold water may result in unduly slow fermentation reaction rates and, thus, should also be avoided where increased reaction rates are desired.
  • the malt and the yeast are added, the mixture stirred and allowed to set until fermentation is essentially complete.
  • the reaction time may be between about 2 and about 5 days at temperatures between about 20 °C and about 45 °C. Completion may be readily ascertained by noting that the effervescence of the reacting mixture has substantially subsided.
  • the fermented microbial culture is centrifuged to remove the "sludge" formed during the fermentation. The resulting Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • fermentation supernatant typically about 90% to about 98% by weight
  • a fermented microbial supernatant contains bio-nutrients, minerals and amino acids.
  • Bio-nutrients are typically present in an amount of from about 0.01 % to about 1 % of the total weight of fermented microbial supernatant.
  • Each individual bio-nutrient is typically present in an amount of from about 0.00001 % to about 0.01 % of the total weight of fermented microbial supernatant.
  • bio-nutrients include, without limitation, biotin, folic acid, glucans like a-glucan and ⁇ -glucan, niacin, insotil, pantothenic acid, pyridoxine, riboflavin and thiamine.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.00001 % to about 0.001 1 % of biotin, about 0.0006% to about 0.016% of folic acid, about 0.005% to about 15% of niacin, about 0.01 % to about 1 % of insotil, about 0.00017% to about 0.017% of pantothenic acid, about 0.0006% to about 0.016% of pyrodoxine, about 0.002% to about 0.023% of riboflavin and about 0.001 % to about 0.02% of thiamine.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.00006% to about 0.0006% of biotin, about 0.001 % to about 0.01 1 % of folic acid, about 0.01 % to about 0.1 % of niacin, about 0.08% to about 0.18% of insotil, about 0.002% to about 0.012% of pantothenic acid, about 0.001 % to about 0.01 1 % of pyrodoxine, about 0.007% to about 0.017% of riboflavin, about 0.003% to about 0.013% of thiamine.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.00012% to about 0.0006% of biotin, about 0.001 % to about 0.01 1 % of folic acid, about 0.01 % to about 0.1 % of niacin, about 0.08% to about 0.18% of insotil, about 0.003% to about 0.013% of pantothenic acid, about 0.001 % to about 0.01 1 % of pyrodoxine, about 0.008% to about 0.017% of riboflavin, about 0.003% to about 0.013% of thiamine.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.00009% to about 0.0003% of biotin, about 0.004% to about 0.008% of folic acid, about 0.03% to about 0.07% of niacin, about 0.1 1 % to about 0.15% of insotil, about 0.006% to about 0.01 % of pantothenic acid, about 0.004% to about 0.008% of pyrodoxine, about 0.01 % to about 0.014% of riboflavin, about 0.006% to about 0.010% of thiamine.
  • Minerals are typically present in an amount of from about 0.1 % to about 20% of the total weight of fermented microbial supernatant. Each individual mineral is typically present in an amount of from about 0.0001 % to about 5% of the total weight of fermented microbial supernatant. Examples of minerals include, without limitation, calcium, chromium, copper, iron, magnesium, phosphate, potassium, sodium and zinc.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.02% to about 0.3% of calcium, about 0.000002% to about 0.0016% of chromium, about 0.000009% to about 0.0014% of copper, about 0.00005% to about 0.02% of iron, about 0.001 % to about 1.3% of magnesium, about 0.2% to about 14% of phosphate, about 0.4% to about 16% of potassium, about 0.2% to about 15% of sodium and about 0.08% to about 13% of zinc.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.07% to about 0.21 % of calcium, about 0.000007% to about 0.001 1 % of chromium, about 0.00004% to about 0.0009% of copper, about 0.0001 % to about 0.015% of iron, about 0.005% to about 0.9% of magnesium, about 0.7% to about 9% of phosphate, about 0.9% to about 1 1 % of potassium, about 0.7% to about 10% of sodium and about 0.3% to about 8% of zinc.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g. , about 0.05% to about 1 % of calcium, about 0.0001 % to about 0.0009% of chromium, Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.12% to about
  • Amino acids are typically present in an amount of from about 20% to about 60% of the total weight of fermented microbial supernatant. Each individual amino acid is typically present in an amount of from about 0.1 % to about 15% of the total weight of fermented microbial supernatant.
  • minerals include, without limitation, alanine, arginine, aspartic acid, cysteine, glutamic acid, glycine, lysine, methionine, phenylalanine, proline, serine, and threonine.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.2% to about 16% of alanine, about 0.09% to about 15% of arginine, about 0.4% to about 18% of aspartic acid, about 0.003% to about 5% of cysteine, about 0.5% to about 20% of glutamic acid, about 0.09% to about 15% of glycine, about 0.09% to about 15% of lysine, about 0.002% to about 5% of methionine, about 0.09% to about 15% of phenylalanine, about 0.09% to about 15% of proline, about 0.09% to about 15% of serine and about 0.09% to about 15% of threonine.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.7% to about 1 1 % of alanine, about 0.5% to about 10% of arginine, about 0.9% to about 13% of aspartic acid, about 0.008% to about 1 .2% of cysteine, about 1 % to about 15% of glutamic acid, about 0.5% to about 10% of glycine, about 0.8% to about 12% of lysine, about 0.2% to about 1.6% of methionine, about 0.5% to about 10% of phenylalanine, about 0.5% to about 10% of proline, about 0.5% to about 10% of serine and about 0.5% to about 10% of threonine.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 0.5% to about 9% of alanine, about 0.5% to about 8% of arginine, about 1 % to about 1 1 % of aspartic acid, about 0.01 % to about 2% of cysteine, about 3% to about 13% of glutamic acid, about 0.5% to about 8% of glycine, about 1 % to about 10% of lysine, about 0.3% to about 3% of methionine, about 0.5% to about 7% of phenylalanine, about 0.5% to about 7% of proline, about 0.5% to about 7% of serine and about 0.5% to about 7% of threonine.
  • a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein comprises, e.g., about 2% to about 6% of alanine, about 1 % to about 5% of arginine, about 4% to about 8% of aspartic acid, about 0.03% to about 0.7% of cysteine, about 6% to about 10% of glutamic acid, about 1 % to about 5% of glycine, about 3% to about 7% of lysine, about 0.7% to about 1.1 % of methionine, about 1 % to about 5% of phenylalanine, about 1 % to about 5% of proline, about 1 % to about 5% of serine and about 1 % to about 5% of threonine.
  • a treated fermented microbial supernatant is one that is processed in a manner that denatures, kills or otherwise destroys any remaining live yeast, active enzymes contributed by the yeast and malt as well as any other microorganism or enzymes contributed by another source present in a fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein.
  • useful treatment procedures include a boiling Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • the treated fermented microbial supernatant can then be stored in liquid form for subsequent use.
  • the treated fermented microbial supernatant can be spray dried by methods known in the art to produce a dry powder.
  • the dry powder form can also be stored for subsequent use.
  • any amount of treated fermented microbial supernatant disclosed herein may be used in a disclosed papermaking additive composition, with the proviso that the amount is useful to practice the methods and uses disclosed herein.
  • Factor used in determining an appropriate amount include, e.g., whether the treated fermented microbial supernatant is in liquid or powder form, the particular commercial source of the treated fermented microbial supernatant, the particular method used to produce the treated fermented microbial supernatant, whether the papermaking additive composition is produced as a concentrate or as a ready as is product, and the dilution factor desired when preparing papermaking additive composition from a concentrate.
  • a larger amount of a liquid form of the treated fermented microbial supernatant will be required relative to a dry powder form.
  • the amount oftreated fermented microbial supernatant used is, e.g., about 0.5% by weight, about 1.0% by weight, about 1.5% by weight, about 2.0% by weight, about 2.5% by weight, about 3.0% by weight, about 3.5% by weight, about 4.0% by weight, about 4.5% by weight, about 5.0% by weight, about 6.0% by weight, about 7.0% by weight, about 7.5% by weight, about 8.0% by weight, about 9.0% by weight or about 10.0% by weight.
  • the amount oftreated fermented microbial supernatant used is, e.g., at least 0.5% by weight, at least 1 .0% by weight, at least 1 .5% by weight, at least 2.0% by weight, at least 2.5% by weight, at least 3.0% by weight, at least 3.5% by weight, at least 4.0% by weight, at least 4.5% by weight, at least 5.0% by weight, at least 6.0% by weight, at least 7.0% by weight, at least 7.5% by weight, at least 8.0% by weight, at least 9.0% by weight or at least 10.0% by weight.
  • the amount of treated fermented microbial supernatant used is, e.g., at most 0.5% by weight, at most 1.0% by weight, at most 1 .5% by weight, at most 2.0% by weight, at most 2.5% by weight, at most 3.0% by weight, at most 3.5% by weight, at most 4.0% by weight, at most 4.5% by weight, at most 5.0% by weight, at most 6.0% by weight, at most 7.0% by weight, at most 7.5% by weight, at most 8.0% by weight, at most 9.0% by weight or at most 10.0% by weight.
  • the amount of treated fermented microbial supernatant used is between, e.g.
  • the amount of treated fermented microbial supernatant used is, e.g., about 15.0% by weight, about 20.0% by weight, about 25.0% by weight, about 30.0% by weight, about 35.0% by weight, about 40.0% by weight, about 45.0% by weight, about 50.0% by weight, about 55.0% by weight, about 60.0% by weight, about 65.0% by weight, about 70.0% by weight, about 75.0% by weight, about 80.0% by weight, about 85.0% by weight or about 90.0% by weight.
  • the amount of treated fermented microbial supernatant used is, e.g.
  • the amount of treated fermented microbial supernatant used is, e.g., at most 15.0% by weight, at most 20.0% by weight, at most 25.0% by weight, at most 30.0% by weight, at most 35.0% by weight, at most 40.0% by weight, at most 45.0% by weight, at most 50.0% by weight, at most 55.0% by weight, at most 60.0% by weight, at most 65.0% by weight, at most 70.0% by weight, at most 75.0% by weight, at most 80.0% by weight, at most 85.0% by weight or at most 90.0% by weight.
  • the amount of treated fermented microbial supernatant used is between, e.g. , about 5% to about 7.5% by weight, about 5% to about 10% by weight, about 5% to about 15% by weight, about 5% to about 20% by weight, about 5% to about 25% by weight, about 5% to about 30% by weight, about 5% to about 35% by weight, about 5% to about 40% by weight, about 5% to about 45% by weight, about 5% to about 50% by weight, about 5% to about 55% by weight, about 5% to about 60% by weight, about 5% to about 65% by weight, about 5% to about 70% by weight, about 5% to about 75% by weight, about 5% to about 80% by weight, about 5% to about 85% by weight, about 5% to about 90% by weight, about 5% to about 95% by weight, about 10% to about 15% by weight, about 10% to about 20% by weight, about 10% to about 25% by weight, about 10% to about 30% by weight, about 10% to about 35% by weight, about 5% to about 40% by weight
  • Surfactants are compounds that lower the surface tension of a liquid, allowing easier spreading, and lowering of the interfacial tension between two liquids, or between a liquid and a solid. Either a single surfactant may be mixed with the buffered solution disclosed herein, or a plurality of surfactants may be mixed with the buffered solution disclosed herein.
  • Useful surfactants include, without limitation, ionic surfactants, zwitterionic (amphoteric) surfactants, non-ionic surfactants, or any combination therein.
  • the surfactant used in a method disclosed herein can be varied as appropriate by one skilled in the art and generally depends, in part, on the particular buffer being used, the protein being eluted, and the conductivity values being employed.
  • Ionic surfactants include anionic surfactants.
  • Anionic surfactants include ones based on permanent functional groups attached to the head, such as, e.g., sulfate, sulfonate, phosphate carboxylates) or pH dependent anionic surfactants.
  • Anionic surfactants include, without limitation, alkyl sulfates like ammonium lauryl sulfate and sodium lauryl sulfate (SDS); alkyl ether sulfates like sodium laureth sulfate and sodium myreth sulfate; docusates like dioctyl sodium sulfosuccinate; sulfonate fluorosurfactants like perfluorooctanesulfonate (PFOS) and perfluorobutanesulfonate; alkyldiphenyloxide Disulfonates like DOWFAXTM 2A1 (Disodium Lauryl Phenyl Ether Disulfonate), DOWFAXTM 3B2 (Disodium Decyl Phenyl Ether Disulfonate), DOWFAXTM C10L (Disodium Decyl Phenyl Ether Disulfonate), DOWFAXTM 2EP, and DOWFAXTM 83
  • Ionic surfactants also include cationic surfactants.
  • Cationic surfactants include ones based on permanent or pH dependent cationic surfactants, such as, e.g., primary, secondary or tertiary amines.
  • Cationic surfactants include, without limitation, alkyltrimethylammonium salts like cetyl trimethylammonium bromide (CTAB) and cetyl trimethylammonium chloride (CTAC); cetylpyridinium chloride (CPC); polyethoxylated tallow amine (POEA); benzalkonium chloride (BAC); benzethonium chloride (BZT); 5- Bromo-5-nitro-1 ,3-dioxane; dimethyldioctadecylammonium chloride; and dioctadecyldimethylammonium bromide (DODAB), as well as pH-dependent primary, secondary or tertiary amines like surfactants where the primary amine
  • bio- based anionic surfactants include bio- based anionic surfactants, including, without limitation, STEPONOL ® AM 30-KE, an ammonium lauryl sulfate, and STEPONOL ® EHS, a sodium 2-ethyl hexyl sulfate.
  • bio-based surfactants are not synthetic molecules, but instead are anionic biosurfactants derived from organic matter such as plants.
  • Zwitterionic surfactants are based on primary, secondary or tertiary amines or quaternary ammonium cation with a sulfonate, a carboxylate, or a phosphate.
  • Zwitterionic surfactants include, without limitation, 3-[(3-Cholamidopropyl)dimethylammonio]-1 -propanesulfonate (CHAPS); sultaines like cocamidopropyl hydroxysultaine; betaines like cocamidopropyl betaine; or lecithins. Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • Non-ionic surfactants are less denaturing and as such are useful to solubilize membrane proteins and lipids while retaining protein-protein interactions.
  • Nonionic surfactant include polyether nonionic surfactants, polyhydroxyl nonionic surfactants and biosurfactants.
  • Nonionic surfactant include alcohol ethoxylates, alkylphenol ethoxylates, phenol ethoxylates, amide ethoxylates, glyceride ethoxylates, fatty acid ethoxylates, and fatty amine ethoxylates.
  • a nonionic surfactant disclosed herein may have the general formula of H(OCH 2 CH 2 )xOCeH4R 1 , (OCH 2 CH 2 )xOR 2 , or H(OCH 2 CH 2 ) x OC(0)R 2 , wherein x represents the number of moles of ethylene oxide added to an alkyl phenol and/or a fatty alcohol or a fatty acid, R represents a long chain alkyl group and, R 2 represents a long chain aliphatic group.
  • R is a C7-C10 alkyl group and/or R 2 is a Ci 2 -C 2 o aliphatic group.
  • non-ionic surfactants include bio-based non-ionic surfactants, including, without limitation, STEPOSOL ® MET-10U, a metathesis-derived, nonionic surfactant that is an unsaturated, short chain amide.
  • bio-based surfactants are not synthetic molecules, but instead are non-ionic biosurfactants derived from organic matter such as plants.
  • Non-limiting examples of surfactants include polyoxyethylene glycol sorbitan alkyl esters (or ethoxylated sorbital esters) like polysorbate 20 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN ® 20), polysorbate 40 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN ® 40), polysorbate 60 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN ® 60), polysorbate 61 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN ® 61), polysorbate 65 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN ® 65), polysorbate 80 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN ® 80), polysorbate 81 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN ® 81) and polysorbate 85 sorbitan monooleate (TWEEN ® 85); sorbital esters like sorbitan monooleate, sorbitan monolaurate, sorbitan monopalmitate, sorbitan monostearate and sorbitan tristea
  • alkyl glucoside caprylyl/capryl glucoside, cetearyl glucoside, coco-glucoside, ethyl glucoside and lauryl glucoside.
  • alkylphenol ethers like Nonoxynol-9; phenoxypolyethoxylethanols like nonylphenoxypolyethoxylethanol and octylphenoxypolyethoxylethanol (IGEPAL ® CA-630 or NONIDETTM P-40); glucoside alkyl ethers like octyl glucopyranoside; maltoside alkyl ethers like dodecyl maltopyranoside; thioglucoside alkyl ethers like heptyl thioglucopyranoside; digitonins; glycerol alkyl esters like glyceryl laurate; alkyl aryl polyether sulfates; alcohol sulfonates; sorbitan alkyl esters; cocamide ethanolamines like cocamide monoethanolamine and cocamide diethanolamine; sucrose monolaurate; dodecyl dimethylamine oxide, and sodium cholate.
  • surfactants useful in the methods disclosed herein can be found in, e.g., Winslow, et al., Methods and Compositions for Simultaneously Isolating Hemoglobin from Red Blood Cells and Inactivating Viruses, U.S. 2008/0138790; Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems (Howard C. Ansel et al., eds., Lippincott Williams & Wilkins Publishers, 7 th ed. 1999); Remington: The Science and Practice of Pharmacy (Alfonso R. Gennaro ed., Lippincott, Williams & Wilkins, 20 th ed.
  • Non-ionic surfactants act synergistically to enhance the action of the fermentated microbial supernatant.
  • the non-ionic surfactants used in the papermaking additive compositions disclosed herein are compatible with enhance chemical reactions.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein contains only one or more nonionic surfactants.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein contains only one or more nonionic surfactants and one or more anionic surfactants.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein does not contain any cationic surfactants.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein does not contain any cationic surfactants or zwitterionic surfactants.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein does not contain any ionic surfactants.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein does not contain any ionic surfactants or zwitterionic surfactants.
  • any amount of surfactant disclosed herein may be used, with the proviso that the amount is useful to practice the methods and uses disclosed herein.
  • the amount of surfactant used is, e.g., about 0.01 % by weight, about 0.05% by weight, about 0.075% by weight, about 0.1 % by weight, about 0.2% by weight, about 0.3% by weight, about 0.4% by weight, about 0.5% by weight, about 0.6% by weight, about 0.7% by weight, about 0.8% by weight, about 0.9% by weight, about 1 .0% by weight, about 1 .5% by weight, about 2.0% by weight, about 2.5% by weight, about 3.0% by weight, about 4.0% by weight, about 5.0% by weight, about 6.0% by weight, about 7.0% by weight, about 7.5% by weight, about 8.0% by weight, about 9.0% by weight or about 10.0% by weight.
  • the amount of surfactant used is, e.g., at least 0.01 % by weight, at least 0.05% by weight, at least 0.075% by weight, at least 0.1 % by weight, at least 0.25% by weight, at least 0.5% by weight, at least 0.75% by weight, at least 1.0% by weight, at least 1 .5% by weight, at least 2.0% by weight, at least 2.5% by weight, at least 3.0% by weight, at least 4.0% by weight, at least 5.0% by weight, at least 6.0% by weight, at least 7.0% by weight, at least 7.5% by weight, at least 8.0% by weight, at least 9.0% by weight, or at least 10.0% by weight.
  • the amount of surfactant used is, e.g., at most 0.01 % by weight, at most 0.05% by weight, at most 0.075% by weight, at most 0.1 % by weight, at most 0.25% by Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • the amount of surfactant used is between, e.g., about 0.1 % by weight to about 0.5% by weight, about 0.1 % by weight to about 0.75% by weight, about 0.1 % by weight to about 1 .0% by weight, about 0.1 % by weight to about 1 .5% by weight, about 0.1 % by weight to about 2.0% by weight, about 0.1 % by weight to about 2.5% by weight, about 0.2% by weight to about 0.5% by weight, about 0.2% by weight to about 0.75% by weight, about 0.2% by weight to about 1.0% by weight, about 0.2% by weight to about 1.5% by weight, about 0.2% by weight to about 2.0% by weight, about 0.2% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, about 0.5% by weight to about 1.0% by weight, about 0.5% by weight to about 1 .5% by weight, about 0.5% by weight to about 2.0% by weight, about 0.5% by weight to about 2.5% by weight, about 0.5% by weight to about 3.0% by weight, about 0.5%
  • aspects of the present specification disclose, in part, a pH of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein.
  • the final pH of a papermaking additive composition is typically acidic as this contributes to a longer shelf-life of the composition.
  • the pH of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein is, e.g., about 2, about 2.5, about 3, about 3.5, about 4, about 4.5, about 5, about 5.5 or about 6.
  • the pH of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein is, e.g., at least 2, at least 2.5, at least 3, at least 3.5, at least 4, at least 4.5, at least 5, at least 5.5 or at least 6.
  • the pH of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein is, e.g., at most 2, at most 2.5, at most 3, at most 3.5, at most 4, at most 4.5, at most 5, at most 5.5 or at most 6.
  • the pH of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein is between, e.g., about 2 to about 3, about 2 to about 3.5, about 2 to about 4, about 2 to about 4.5, about 2 to about 5, about 2 to about 5.5, about 2 to about 6, about 2.5 to about 3, about 2.5 to about 3.5, about 2.5 to about 4, about 2.5 to about 4.5, about 2.5 to about 5, about Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein may optionally further comprise an enzyme.
  • Enzymes useful in pulp and paper production include enzymes that boosting bleaching, increase deinking, modify fiber structure, increase effluent control, remove pitch and stickies (adhesives) and modify starch all of which lead to enhance productivity, reduce environmental damage and lower energy requirements.
  • amylases are used to cleave starch molecules to reduce viscosity.
  • Xylanases hemicellulases
  • hemicellulases are used to cleave hemicellulose, making the bleaching process more effective and increase brightness.
  • Lipases cleave bonds of triglycerides to produce fatty acids and are used to control pitch in pulping phase.
  • Cellulases and Xylanases hydrolyze microfibrils causing fiber swelling which make fibers more flexible as well as facilitate removal of inks and adhesives.
  • Esterases breakdown ester bonds in ink particles and polymers used in toner and adhesives.
  • Non-limiting examples of an enzymes useful in pulp and paper production include a cellulase, a xylanase, a lipase, an esterase, an amylase, a pectinase, a catalase, a laccase, a peroxidase, a pulpase Dl, a pulpase RF and a pulpase BL.
  • a biodegradable papermaking additive composition disclosed herein is one that is prone to degrading, eroding, resorbing, decomposing, or breaking down to a substantial or significant degree once applied according to the methods and uses disclosed herein.
  • at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein biodegrades in, e.g., about 1 day, about 2 days, about 3 days, about 4 days, about 5 days, about 6 days or about 7 days.
  • At least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein biodegrades in, e.g. , about 1 to about 2 days, about 1 to about 3 days, about 1 to about 4 days, about 1 to about 5 days, about 1 to about 6 days, about 1 to about 7 days, about 2 to about 3 days, about 2 to about
  • At least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein biodegrades in, e.g. , about 7 day, about 8 days, about 9 days, about 10 days, about 1 1 days, about 12 days, about 13 days or about 14 days.
  • At least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein biodegrades in, e.g., about 7 to about 8 days, about 7 to about 9 days, about 7 to about 10 days, about 7 to about 11 days, about 7 to about 12 Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • At least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein biodegrades in, e.g., about 15 day, about 16 days, about 17 days, about 18 days, about 19 days, about 20 days or about 21 days.
  • At least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 90%, at least 95%, at least 99% of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein biodegrades in, e.g., about 15 to about 16 days, about 15 to about 17 days, about 15 to about 18 days, about 15 to about 19 days, about 15 to about 20 days, about 15 to about 21 days, about 16 to about 17 days, about 16 to about 18 days, about 16 to about 19 days, about 16 to about 20 days, about 16 to about 21 days, about 17 to about 18 days, about 17 to about 19 days, about 17 to about 20 days, about 17 to about 21 days, about 18 to about 19 days, about 18 to about 20 days, about 18 to about 21 days, about 19 to about 20 days, about 19 to about 21 days or about 20 to about 21 days.
  • kits comprising one or more components useful to practice a method or use disclosed herein.
  • Kits provide a convenient enclosure of components useful to practice a method or use disclosed herein to facilitate or enhance a commercial sale.
  • a kit may comprises a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein and one or more other reagents useful to practice a method or use disclosed herein, such as, e.g., one or more dilutants and/or one or more carriers.
  • Kits typically provide a suitable container, e.g., a box or other enclosed carrier that contain the one or more components useful to practice a method or use disclosed herein.
  • kits disclosed herein will typically include separate containers, e.g., a bottle, a vial, a flask or other enclosed carrier that contains the one or more components.
  • Kits can be portable, for example, able to be transported and used in remote areas such as commercial or industrial installations or agricultural fields. Other kits may be of use in a residential building.
  • a kit disclosed herein may include labels or inserts.
  • Labels or inserts include "printed matter" that can be provided as separate material, a packing material (e.g., a box), or attached or affixed to a container containing a kit component.
  • Labels or inserts can additionally include a computer readable medium, such as a disk (e.g., hard disk, flash memory), optical disk such as CD- or DVD-ROM/RAM, DVD, MP3, magnetic tape, or an electrical storage media such as RAM and ROM or hybrids of these such as magnetic/optical storage media, FLASH media or memory type cards.
  • Labels or inserts may include identifying information of one or more components therein, dose amounts, does frequency or timing, information on the individual Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • Labels or inserts can include information identifying manufacturer information, lot numbers, manufacturer location and date. Labels or inserts can include information on a condition or situation for which a kit component may be used. Labels or inserts can include instructions for using one or more of the kit components in a method, or use as disclosed herein. Instructions can include dosage amounts, frequency or duration, and instructions for practicing any of the methods or uses, or treatment protocols described herein as well as warnings on potential hazards or situations where it would not be appropriate to use the components of the kit.
  • a method of separating fibers from a pulp slurry disclosed herein comprises applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein to the pulp slurry during a pulping and/or a paper production phase. The application resulting in increased separation of fibers from raw materials present in the pulp slurry.
  • a method of removing impurities and/or contaminates from pulp and/or paper material during paper production disclosed herein comprises applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein to a pulping and/or a paper production phase.
  • the application results in the removal of impurities and/or contaminates from the pulp and/or paper material produced by the pulping and/or the paper production phases.
  • a method of removing ink from pulp and/or paper material disclosed herein comprises applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein to a pulping and/or a paper production phase.
  • the application results in the removal of ink from the pulp and/or paper material produced by the pulping and/or the paper production phases.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein for separating fibers from a pulp slurry.
  • Use of a papermaking additive for separating fibers from a pulp slurry disclosed herein comprises applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition to the pulp slurry during a pulping and/or a paper production phase in order to increase separation of fibers from raw materials present in the pulp slurry.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose uses of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein for removing impurities and/or contaminates from pulp and/or paper material.
  • the disclosed uses comprises applying an effective amount of the papermaking additive composition to the pulp slurry during a pulping and/or a paper production phase in order to remove impurities and/or contaminates from pulp and/or paper material produced by the pulping and/or the paper production phases.
  • aspects of the present specification disclose uses of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein for removing ink from pulp and/or paper material.
  • the disclosed uses comprises applying an effective amount of the papermaking additive composition to the pulp slurry during a pulping and/or a paper Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • An impurity and/or contaminate typically comprise resins, waxes, fats, fatty acids and their esters, and unsaponifiable substances, photosterols, salts and other water-soluble substances and non-volatile hydrocarbons as well as inks, adhesives, plastics and other additives.
  • Such impurities and/or contaminates are generally referred to as extractives.
  • Inks are made up of pigment, pigment carrier and additives formulated to reduce smudging, picking and other printing problems associated with ink.
  • the combination of the nonionic surfactant and the treated fermented microbial supernatant in the papermaking additive compositions disclosed herein results in an accelerated in situ chemical reactions of the molecular structures, particularly chemical bonds present in polysaccharide and lipid-based components, present in the raw materials used to make pulp and paper material, particularly chemical bonds and lipid-based components.
  • the in situ chemical reactions dissolve, disperse, or otherwise disrupt one or more components of the raw material.
  • microbubbles upon application of a papermaking additive composition in an aqueous environment, highly reactive, uniquely structured, ultra-fine microbubbles are spontaneously formed.
  • These "functionalized” microbubbles comprise an outer "highly reactive” shell composed of one or more nonionic surfactants and components from the treated fermented microbial supernatant and an inner core containing air.
  • the "highly reactive” shell enables a dramatic increase in the mass transfer of oxygen in an aqueous environment and an accelerated bio-catalysis of the molecular structures of compounds, which in combination provide a synergistic functionality.
  • this functionality increases transfer rates of oxygen and raises the level of dissolved oxygen in an aqueous environment which far exceeding the solubility limits anticipated by Henry's Law, and, are at levels that simply cannot be achieved through mechanical aeration systems. It appears that components from the treated fermented microbial supernatant interfere with the ability of the nonionic surfactants to create a well- organized micellar shell. The result is a loose molecular packing of these fermentation components and surfactants that "functionalized" the shell to be more gas permeable, thereby creating more favorable conditions for mass gas transfer. As such, this oxygen transfer function increases the availability of oxygen in an aqueous environment.
  • this functionality lowers the transition of energy required for a catalytic reaction to occur by providing a reaction platform that increases localized concentrations of reactants, enables donation of electrons and facilitate chemical reactions at electron poor sites.
  • this bio-catalysis function mediates cleavage of chemical bonds, including glycosidic and ester bonds, present in a compound.
  • the "functionalized” shell of the microbubbles have catalytic activities that like conventional enzyme systems, but without the need of any enzymes.
  • application of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein creates "functionalized: microbubbles that increase oxygen dispersion resulting in higher dissolved oxygen levels and accelerate molecular interactions resulting in catalytic breakdown of compounds.
  • the "functionalized” shell chemically interacts with lignin and the lipid-based components of the material in a manner that enables donation of electrons Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • oxygen present in the core of the microbubble is also utilized.
  • the properties present in the "functionalized” shell works synergistically with the oxygen transfer capabilities of the core to enhance the in situ breaking of chemical bonds, including glycosidic and ester bonds, present in lignin, extractives, impurities and contaminants.
  • Application of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein can be by any method that exposes a raw material, an impurity and/or a contaminant to the disclosed papermaking additive compositions in a manner that provides adequate breakage of bonds one or more components of the raw material, the impurity and/or the contaminant.
  • exposure can be by applying a papermaking additive composition to pulp contained in a holding tank during the pulping phase, to the furnish being stored in a holding tank, or to the furnish during the forming phase.
  • An undiluted form of the papermaking additive composition disclosed herein can be used in the methods and uses disclosed herein. Alternatively, it may desirable to dilute the papermaking additive composition disclosed herein, and those skilled in the art are aware that dilutions of such compositions can be used. Dilution of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein is typically done using water, although other appropriate diluents may be used so long as they are compatible with the formation of microbubbles as disclosed herein.
  • a papermaking additive composition is diluted to a ratio of, e.g., 1 :10, 1 :25, 1 :50, 1 :75, 1 :100, 1 :200, 1 :300, 1 :400, 1 :500, 1 :600, 1 :700, 1 :800, 1 :900, 1 :1000, 1 :2000, 1 :3000, 1 :4000, 1 :5000, 1 :6000, 1 :7000, 1 :8000, 1 :9000, 1 :10000, 1 :20000, 1 :30000, 1 :40000, 1 :50000, 1 :60000, 1 :70000, 1 :80000, 1 :90000 or 1 :100000.
  • a papermaking additive composition is diluted to a ratio of, e.g., at least 1 :10, at least 1 :25, at least 1 :50, at least 1 :75, at least 1 :100, at least 1 :200, at least 1 :300, at least 1 :400, at least 1 :500, at least 1 :600, at least 1 :700, at least 1 :800, at least 1 :900, at least 1 :1000, at least 1 :2000, at least 1 :3000, at least 1 :4000, at least 1 :5000, at least 1 :6000, at least 1 :7000, at least 1 :8000, at least 1 :9000, at least 1 :10000, at least 1 :20000, at least 1 :30000, at least 1 :40000, at least 1 :50000, at least 1 :60000, at least 1 :70000, at least 1 :80000, at least 1 :90
  • a papermaking additive composition is diluted to a ratio of, e.g., at most 1 :10, at most 1 :25, at most 1 :50, at most 1 :75, at most 1 :100, at most 1 :200, at most 1 :300, at most 1 :400, at most 1 :500, at most 1 :600, at most 1 :700, at most 1 :800, at most 1 :900, at most 1 :1000, at most 1 :2000, at most 1 :3000, at most 1 :4000, at most 1 :5000, at most 1 :6000, at most 1 :7000, at most 1 :8000, at most 1 :9000, at most 1 : 10000, at most 1 :20000, at most 1 :30000, at most 1 :40000, at most 1 :50000, at most 1 :60000, at most 1 :70000, at most 1 :80000, at most 1 :
  • a papermaking additive composition is diluted to a ratio of, e.g., about 1 :1 to about 1 :10, about 1 :1 to about 1 :25, about 1 :1 to about 1 :50, about 1 :1 to about 1 :75, Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • An effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition can be an amount sufficient achieve a high fiber purity and quality.
  • an effective amount causes an increase in cellulose fiber separation, an increase in the surface area of fibers, removal of an ink, an adhesive and/or other impurity or contaminant, or any combination thereof. Preferentially, such an effective amount will not harm fiber integrity and strength.
  • the actual effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is determined by routine screening procedures employed to evaluate controlling activity and efficacy of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein. Such screening procedures are well known by those skilled in the art. It is expected that a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein having a higher level of activity can be used in smaller amounts and concentrations, while those having a lower level of activity may require larger amounts or concentrations in order to achieve the same controlling effect.
  • An effective amount of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein can be assessed by the purity and quality of pulp and paper products produced.
  • TAPPI Technical Association of Pulp and Paper Industry
  • ISO International Organization for Standardization
  • TAPPI Standard T 452 om-08 Dale Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • Wood Pulp, Paper and Paperboard Combustion at 525°C.
  • One aspect of high fiber purity and quality is pulp yield. Generally, the higher the yield of cellulosic material from the raw material the better the fiber purity and quality. Typical woods are comprised of about 40%-50% cellulose and 25%-35% hemicellulose. Extraction of over 70% cellulosic material is generally considered a high pulp yield.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to cause a high pulp yield.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to cause a pulp yield of, e.g., about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91 %, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to cause a pulp yield of, e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to cause a pulp yield of, e.g., at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91 %, at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or at most 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a pulp yield of, e.g., about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to about 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a high pulp yield.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a pulp yield of, e.g., about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91 %, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a pulp yield of, e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a pulp yield of, e.g.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a pulp yield of, e.g. , about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to about 99%.
  • alpha-cellulose is an indicator of intact, higher-molecular-weight cellulose content in pulp
  • beta-cellulose is an indicator of degraded cellulose
  • gamma-cellulose is an indicator of hemicellulose.
  • assays which measure cellulosic material content in processed pulp.
  • alpha-cellulose is the pulp fraction resistant to 17.5% and 9.45% sodium hydroxide solution under conditions of the test.
  • Beta- cellulose is the soluble fraction which is reprecipitated on acidification of the solution; gamma-cellulose is that fraction remaining in the solution.
  • GC% [6.85 (V4 - V3) x N x 20] / (25 x W), where GC% is the percent gamma-cellulose, V3 is the titration, in milliliters, of the solution after precipitation of beta-cellulose, V4 is the titration, in milliliters, of the blank, N is the exact normality of the ferrous ammonium sulfate solution and W is the oven-dry weight, in grams, of the pulp specimen.
  • BC% 100 - (AC% + GC%), where BC% is the percent beta-cellulose, where AC% is the percent alpha-cellulose and where GC% is the percent gamma- cellulose.
  • a standardized cellulose content assay is described in, e.g. , TAPPI Standard T 203 cm-99 Alpha- , Beta- and Gamma-Cellulose in Pulp, the content of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • an alkali resistance assay retention of cellulosic material using at least two different percent alkali solutions provide information on high molecular weight carbohydrates (intact cellulose or alpha- cellulose) in processed pulp.
  • the alkali is typically sodium hydroxide and the concentrations most frequently used are 18%, 10%, and 5 % (m/m).
  • a 10% sodium hydroxide solution dissolves both degraded cellulose and hemicellulose which provides an indication on the total amount of insoluble cellulosic material (retention in 10% alkali or R10 value).
  • the R10 value includes the amount of alpha-cellulose (intact cellulose).
  • only hemicellulose is soluble in an 18% sodium hydroxide solution which provides an estimate on the amount of both alpha- and beta-cellulose that remains in the Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • insoluble fraction retention in 18% alkali or Ris value.
  • pulp a known mass of oven-dried processed pulp is treated with sodium hydroxide solution for 60 minutes at 20°C, washed in acetic acid and the insoluble cellulosic material is dried and weighed.
  • Alkali resistance, R c is expressed as a percentage by mass using the following formula: mi x 100 / mo, where R c is alkali resistance, mo is the mass in grams of the test portion calculated on an oven dry basis, and mi is the oven dry mass in grams of the alkali-insoluble fraction.
  • Rc When the alkali resistance assay is performed using 10% alkali solutions, Rc is referred to as Rio, when performed using 18% alkali solutions, Rc is referred to as Ris.
  • a standardized alkali solubility assay is described in, e.g., ISO Standard 699:2015 Pulps - Determination of
  • solubility of cellulosic material at two different percent alkali solutions provide information on low molecular weight carbohydrates (degraded cellulose or beta-cellulose) and hemicellulose in processed pulp.
  • the alkali is typically sodium hydroxide and the concentrations most frequently used are 18% and 10% (m/m).
  • a 10% sodium hydroxide solution dissolves both degraded cellulose and hemicellulose which provides an indication on the total amounts of soluble cellulosic material in basic solutions (solubility in 10% alkali or Sio value).
  • the Sio value includes the sum of hemicellulose and beta-cellulose (degraded cellulose).
  • hemicellulose is soluble in an 18% sodium hydroxide solution which provides an estimate on the amount of residual hemicellulose present in the pulp (solubility in 18% alkali or Sie value).
  • beta-cellulose degraded cellulose
  • alpha-cellulose content can be calculated based on the alkali solubility assay by determining the total amount of cellulosic material and subtracting the Sio value.
  • Ammonium iron(ll) sulphate is used to titrate excess potassium dichromate and the amount of potassium dichromate consumed is used to calculate the cellulose equivalent.
  • alkali solubility assay When the alkali solubility assay is performed using 10% alkali solutions, S c is referred to as S10, when performed using 18% alkali solutions, Sc is referred to as Sie. Standardized alkali solubility assays are described in, e.g., TAPPI Standard T 235 cm-09 Alkali Solubility of Pulp at 25°C and ISO Standard 692 Pulps - Determination of Alkali Solubility, the content of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • a pulp viscosity assay the viscosity of processed pulp is determined.
  • the viscosity of a pulp is an indicator of the average degree of polymerization of the cellulose.
  • Higher pulp viscosity is an indicator of longer cellulose chain length and lesser degradation.
  • alpha-cellulose higher-molecular-weight cellulose
  • beta-cellulose less degraded cellulose
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a high alpha-cellulose content of the processed pulp.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in an alpha-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91 %, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in an alpha-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in an alpha-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91 %, at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or at most 99%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in an alpha-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to about 99%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a low beta-cellulose content of the processed pulp.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a beta-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30% or about 35%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a beta-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., at most 5%, at most 10%, at most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most 35%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a beta-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35% or about 30% to about 35%.
  • a beta-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a low gamma-cellulose content of the processed pulp. In aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a gamma-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30% or about 35%. In aspects of this embodiment, an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a gamma-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g. , at most 5%, at most 10%, at most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most 35%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a gamma-cellulose content of the processed pulp of, e.g., about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35% or about 30% to about 35%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a high viscosity of a processed pulp.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a viscosity of a processed pulp of, e.g., about 5 mPa « s, about 10 mPa « s, about 15 mPa « s, about 20 mPa « s, about 25 mPa'S, about 30 mPa « s, about 35 mPa « s, about 40 mPa « s, about 45 mPa « s or about 50 mPa « s.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a viscosity of a processed pulp of, e.g., at least 5 mPa « s, at least 10 mPa « s, at least 15 mPa « s, at least 20 mPa « s, at least 25 mPa « s, at least 30 mPa « s, at least 35 mPa « s, at least 40 mPa'S, at least 45 mPa « s or at least 50 mPa « s.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a viscosity of a processed pulp of, e.g., at most 5 mPa « s, at most 10 mPa « s, at most 15 mPa « s, at most 20 mPa « s, at most 25 mPa « s, at most 30 mPa « s, at most 35 mPa « s, at most 40 mPa « s, at most 45 mPa « s or at most 50 mPa « s.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a viscosity of a processed pulp of, e.g., about 5 mPa « s to about 10 mPa « s, about 5 mPa'S to about 15 mPa « s, about 5 mPa « s to about 20 mPa « s, about 5 mPa « s to about 25 mPa « s, about 5 mPa'S to about 30 mPa « s, about 5 mPa « s to about 35 mPa « s, about 5 mPa « s to about 40 mPa « s, about 5 mPa'S to about 45 mPa « s, about 5 mPa « s to about 50 mPa « s, about 10 mPa « s to about 15 mPa « s, about 10 mPa'S to about 20 mP
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a high alpha-cellulose content.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having an alpha-cellulose content of, e.g., about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91 %, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having an alpha-cellulose content of, e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having an alpha-cellulose content of, e.g., at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91 %, at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or at most 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having an alpha-cellulose content of, e.g., about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to about 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low beta- cellulose content.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a beta-cellulose content of, e.g., about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30% or about 35%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a beta-cellulose content of, e.g., at most 5%, at most 10%, at most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most 35%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a beta-cellulose content of, e.g.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low gamma-cellulose content.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a gamma-cellulose content of, e.g., about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a gamma-cellulose content of, e.g., at most 5%, at most 10%, at most
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a gamma-cellulose content of, e.g., about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a high viscosity.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a viscosity of, e.g., about 5 mPa « s, about 10 mPa « s, about 15 mPa « s, about 20 mPa « s, about 25 mPa'S, about 30 mPa « s, about 35 mPa « s, about 40 mPa « s, about 45 mPa « s or about 50 mPa « s.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a viscosity of, e.g., at least 5 mPa « s, at least 10 mPa « s, at least 15 mPa « s, at least 20 mPa « s, at least 25 mPa « s, at least 30 mPa'S, at least 35 mPa « s, at least 40 mPa « s, at least 45 mPa « s or at least 50 mPa « s.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a viscosity of, e.g., at most 5 mPa « s, at most 10 mPa « s, at most 15 mPa « s, at most 20 mPa « s, at most 25 mPa « s, at most 30 mPa'S, at most 35 mPa « s, at most 40 mPa « s, at most 45 mPa « s or at most 50 mPa « s.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a viscosity of, e.g., about 5 mPa'S to about 10 mPa « s, about 5 mPa « s to about 15 mPa « s, about 5 mPa « s to about 20 mPa « s, about 5 mPa'S to about 25 mPa « s, about 5 mPa « s to about 30 mPa « s, about 5 mPa « s to about 35 mPa « s, about 5 mPa'S to about 40 mPa « s, about 5 mPa « s to about 45 mPa « s, about 5 mPa « s to about 50 mPa « s, about 10 mPa'S to about 15 mPa « s, about 10 mPa « s to about 20 mPa « s, about 10 mPa'S to
  • Another aspect of high fiber purity and quality is the amount of lignin, extractives and other impurities present in the processed pulp or paper product produced.
  • the lower the amount of lignin, extractives and other impurities in pulp the higher the purity and integrity of cellulosic material in Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • processed pulp Typical woods are comprised of about 15%-30% lignin and 2%-10% extractives. There are several assays which measure lignin content in processed pulp.
  • the kappa number is an indicator of the hardness, bleachability and delignification of the processed pulp.
  • the kappa number is defined as the volume in milliliters of 0.1 N potassium permanganate (KMnC ) consumed by one gram of moisture-free pulp in an acidic medium under defined time and temperature conditions.
  • the Kappa number has a range of 1 to 100 and is an assessment of how much lignin is present in pulp, which determines the amount of bleach that needs to be added to it if the goal is a white processed paper product. High Kappa numbers require more bleach, while lower numbers have less lignin and need less bleach.
  • a known quantity of processed pulp is allowed to react with equal amounts of 4 N sulfuric acid and 0.1 N potassium permanganate solution for a given time.
  • the amount of pulp is chosen so that about 50% of the total oxidation capacity of the permanganate is left unconsumed at the end of the reaction time.
  • Potassium iodine solution is added to the test solution and sodium thiosulphate is then used to titrate excess iodine and the amount of potassium permanganate consumed is used to calculate the lignin equivalent.
  • the Kappa number for bleachable pulps are in the range of 25-30, sack paper pulps in the range 45-55 and pulps for corrugated fiberboard are in the range 60-90.
  • the Kappa number can also monitor the effectiveness of the lignin-extraction from processed pulp because the number is approximately proportional to the residual lignin content of the pulp.
  • Standardized kappa number assays are described in, e.g., TAPPI Standard T 236 cm-99 Kappa Number of Pulp, ISO Standard 302:2015 Determination of Kappa Number and Chai and Zhu, Rapid Pulp Kappa Number Determination Using Spectrophotometry, J. Pulp Paper Sci. 25(1 1): 387-394 (1999), the content of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety.
  • the copper number is an indicator of the reducing groups of cellulosic material and impurities possessing reducing properties that are present in the processed pulp. Hydrolyzed or oxidized cellulose is capable of reducing certain metallic ions to lower valence states, and reactions of this type have served to detect damage to cellulose and to estimate the quantity of reducing groups.
  • the copper number can be regarded as an index of those impurities in cellulose such as oxycellulose, hydrocellulose, lignin, and sugars which possess reducing properties.
  • this assay is valuable for detecting changes accompanying deterioration and may, therefore, be considered as a test for indicating the permanence of paper.
  • Copper number is defined as the number of grams of metallic copper (as CU2O) resulting from the reduction of CUSC by 100.00 g of pulp fibers.
  • CU2O metallic copper
  • pulp a known mass of oven-dried processed pulp is treated with a CUSC solution and a carbonate- bicarbonate solution heated at 100°C for three hours with occasional shaking and then washed in in 5% Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • the treated cellulosic material is then incubated with phosphomolybdic acid, macerated, washed with water until the blue color of the fibers is removed, and the filtrate diluted to an appropriate volume and then titrated with 0.05 N KMnC to a faint pink end point.
  • a standardized alkali solubility assay is described in, e.g., TAPPI Standard
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low lignin content.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about or about 50.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45 or at least 50.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., at most 5, at most 10, at most 15, at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 35, at most 40, at most 45 or at most 50.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., about 5 to about 10, about 5 to about 15, about 5 to about 20, about 5 to about 25, about 5 to about 30, about 5 to about 35, about 5 to about 40, about 5 to about 45, about 5 to about 50, about 10 to about 15, about 10 to about 20, about 10 to about 25, about 10 to about 30, about 10 to about 35, about 10 to about 40, about 10 to about 45, about 10 to about 50, about 15 to about 20, about 15 to about 25, about 15 to about 30, about 15 to about 35, about 15 to about 40, about 15 to about 45, about 15 to about 50, about 20 to about 25, about 20 to about 30, about 20 to about 35, about 20 to about 40, about 20 to about 45, about 20 to about 50, about 25 to about 30, about 25 to about 35, about 25 to about 40, about 25 to about 45, about 25 to about 50, about 30 to about 35, about 5 to about 35, about
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low lignin content.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g. , about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about or about 50.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45 or at least 50.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., at most 5, at most 10, at most 15, at most 20, at most 25, Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low lignin content with a Kappa number of, e.g., about 5 to about 10, about 5 to about 15, about 5 to about 20, about 5 to about 25, about 5 to about
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low impurities.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g., about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1 .0, about 1 .25, about 1.5, about 1 .75, about 2.0, about 2.25, about 2.5, about 2.75, about 3.0, about 3.25, about 3.5, about 3.75, about 4.0, about 4.25, about 4.5, about 4.75, about 5.0, about 5.25, about 5.5, about 5.75, about 6.0, about 6.25, about 6.5, about 6.75 or about 7.0.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g., at least 0.5, at least 0.75, at least 1 .0, at least 1.25, at least 1.5, at least 1 .75, at least 2.0, at least 2.25, at least 2.5, at least 2.75, at least 3.0, at least 3.25, at least 3.5, at least 3.75, at least 4.0, at least 4.25, at least 4.5, at least 4.75, at least 5.0, at least 5.25, at least 5.5, at least 5.75, at least 6.0, at least 6.25, at least 6.5, at least 6.75 or at least 7.0.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g., at most 0.5, at most 0.75, at most 1 .0, at most 1.25, at most 1 .5, at most 1.75, at most 2.0, at most 2.25, at most 2.5, at most 2.75, at most 3.0, at most 3.25, at most 3.5, at most 3.75, at most 4.0, at most 4.25, at most 4.5, at most 4.75, at most 5.0, at most 5.25, at most 5.5, at most 5.75, at most 6.0, at most 6.25, at most 6.5, at most 6.75 or at most 7.0.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g., about 0.5 to about 1.0, about 0.5 to about 2.0, about 0.5 to about 3.0, about 0.5 to about 4.0, about 0.5 to about 5.0, about 0.5 to about 6.0, about 0.5 to about 7.0, about 0.75 to about 1.0, about 0.75 to about 2.0, about 0.75 to about 3.0, about 0.75 to about 4.0, about 0.75 to about 5.0, about 0.75 to about 6.0, about 0.75 to about 7.0, about 1 .0 to about 2.0, about 1 .0 to about 3.0, about 1 .0 to about 4.0, about 1 .0 to about 5.0, about 1 .0 to about 6.0, about 1 .0 to about 7.0, about 1.25 to about 2.0, about 1 .25 to about 3.0, about 1.25 to about 4.0, about 1.25 to about 5.0, about 1
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low impurities.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g., about 0.5, about 0.75, about 1 .0, about 1.25, about 1 .5, about 1.75, about 2.0, about 2.25, about 2.5, about 2.75, about 3.0, about 3.25, about 3.5, about 3.75, about 4.0, about 4.25, about 4.5, about 4.75, about 5.0, about 5.25, about 5.5, about 5.75, about 6.0, about 6.25, about 6.5, about 6.75 or about 7.0.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g., at least 0.5, at least 0.75, at least 1 .0, at least 1 .25, at least 1 .5, at least 1 .75, at least 2.0, at least 2.25, at least 2.5, at least 2.75, at least 3.0, at least 3.25, at least 3.5, at least 3.75, at least 4.0, at least 4.25, at least 4.5, at least 4.75, at least 5.0, at least 5.25, at least 5.5, at least 5.75, at least 6.0, at least 6.25, at least 6.5, at least 6.75 or at least 7.0.
  • a copper number of, e.g., at least 0.5, at least 0.75, at least 1 .0, at least 1 .25, at least 1 .5, at least 1 .75, at least 2.0, at least 2.25, at least 2.5, at least 2.75, at least 3.0, at least 3.25,
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g., at most 0.5, at most 0.75, at most 1 .0, at most 1 .25, at most 1 .5, at most 1.75, at most 2.0, at most 2.25, at most 2.5, at most 2.75, at most 3.0, at most 3.25, at most 3.5, at most 3.75, at most 4.0, at most 4.25, at most 4.5, at most 4.75, at most 5.0, at most 5.25, at most 5.5, at most 5.75, at most 6.0, at most 6.25, at most 6.5, at most 6.75 or at most 7.0.
  • a copper number of, e.g., at most 0.5, at most 0.75, at most 1 .0, at most 1 .25, at most 1 .5, at most 1.75, at most 2.0, at most 2.25, at most 2.5, at most 2.75, at most 3.0, at most 3.25, at most 3.5
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low impurities content with a copper number of, e.g., about 0.5 to about 1 .0, about 0.5 to about 2.0, about 0.5 to about 3.0, about 0.5 to about 4.0, about 0.5 to about 5.0, about 0.5 to about 6.0, about 0.5 to about 7.0, about 0.75 to about 1 .0, about 0.75 to about 2.0, about 0.75 to about 3.0, about 0.75 to about 4.0, about 0.75 to about 5.0, about 0.75 to about 6.0, about 0.75 to about 7.0, about 1 .0 to about 2.0, about 1.0 to about 3.0, about 1.0 to about 4.0, about 1 .0 to about 5.0, about 1.0 to about 6.0, about 1.0 to about 7.0, about 1 .25 to about 2.0, about 1 .25 to about 3.0, about 1 .25 to about 4.0, about 1 .25 to about 5.0, about 1.25 to about 6.0,
  • Another aspect of high fiber purity and quality is the content of carboxyl groups present in the processed pulp.
  • the higher the number carboxyl groups the higher the purity and integrity of cellulosic material in processed pulp.
  • the carboxyl content of processed pulp is determined, which is an indicator of paper strength, delignification and the number of times the cellulose fiber could be recycled.
  • Carboxyl groups are beneficial in the bonding of pulp fibers in paper, which contributes to paper strength. The higher the carboxyl group content, the greater the paper strength will be.
  • dried processed pulp is mixed with 0.1 M HCI for 60 minutes and then filtered and washed with water.
  • the treated cellulosic material is then added to a 250 mL of 1 mM NaCI solution which is Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • Co carboxyl group content (meq/100 g pulp)
  • N carboxyl group content (meq/100 g pulp)
  • V volume, in milliliters at the equivalence point
  • M mass, in grams, of the oven -dried pulp.
  • Standardized alkali solubility assays are described in, e.g., TAPPI Standard T 237 cm-
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a high carboxyl content.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g., about 4 meq/100 g pulp, about 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp, about 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or about 10 meq/100 g pulp.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g., at least 4 meq/100 g pulp, at least 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 6 meq/100 g pulp, at least 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 8 meq/100 g pulp, at least 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 9 meq/100 g pulp, at least 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or at least 10 meq/100 g pulp.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g., at most 4 meq/100 g pulp, at most 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 6 meq/100 g pulp, at most 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 7 meq/100 g pulp, at most 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 8 meq/100 g pulp, at most 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 9 meq/100 g pulp, at most 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or at most 10 meq/100 g pulp.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g., about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 5 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g g
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a high carboxyl content.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g., about 4 meq/100 g pulp, about 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp, about 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or about 10 meq/100 g pulp.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g. , at least 4 meq/100 g pulp, at least 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 6 meq/100 g pulp, at least 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 8 meq/100 g pulp, at least 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 9 meq/100 g pulp, at least 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or at least 10 meq/100 g pulp.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g., at most 4 meq/100 g pulp, at most 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 6 meq/100 g pulp, at most 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 7 meq/100 g pulp, at most 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 8 meq/100 g pulp, at most 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 9 meq/100 g pulp, at most 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or at most 10 meq/100 g pulp.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a carboxyl content of, e.g., about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 5 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 4 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 6 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 7 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 8 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 9 meq/100 g pulp, about 5 meq/100 g pulp to about 10 meq/100 g g
  • Another aspect of high fiber purity and quality is the brightness of the processed pulp or paper product produced.
  • the higher the brightness the higher the purity and integrity of cellulosic material in processed pulp or paper product produced.
  • Brightness is a numerical value of the reflectance factor of a sample with respect to blue light of specific spectral and geometric characteristics. Blue-light reflectance measurements were originally designed to provide an indication of the amount of bleaching that has taken place in the manufacture of pulp. This procedure is applicable to all naturally-colored pulps, and papers and board made therefrom. Brightness is based on a scale of zero to 100, with a higher blue-light reflectance number indicating the whiter the paper products will appear. To perform a brightness assay, a paper sample is exposed to a laser with a wavelength of 457 nm and a width of 44 nm and the amount of blue light having a wavelength of 457 nm reflected from the surface of a paper is measured. Standardized brightness assays are described in, Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp or paper product derived from such pulp to have a high brightness.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp or paper product derived from such pulp to have a brightness of, e.g. , about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91 %, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp or paper product derived from such pulp to have a brightness of, e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp or paper product derived from such pulp to have a brightness of, e.g., at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91 %, at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or at most 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having an alpha-cellulose content of, e.g., about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about 70% to about 90%, about 70% to about 95%, about 70% to about 99%, about 75% to about 85%, about 75% to about 90%, about 75% to about 95%, about 75% to about 99%, about 80% to about 90%, about 80% to about 95%, about 80% to about 99%, about 85% to about 93%, about 85% to about 95%, about 85% to about 97%, about 85% to about 99%, about 90% to about 93%, about 90% to about 95%, about 90% to about 97%, about 90% to about 99%, about 93% to about 95%, about 93% to about 97%, about 93% to about 99%, about 95% to about 97% or about 95% to about 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp or paper product derived from such pulp to have a high brightness.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp or paper product derived from such pulp to have a brightness of, e.g., about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91 %, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp or paper product derived from such pulp to have a brightness of, e.g., at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp or paper product derived from such pulp to have a brightness of, e.g., at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91 %, at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%, at most 97%, at most 98% or at most Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having an alpha-cellulose content of, e.g., about 70% to about 80%, about 70% to about 85%, about
  • Another aspect of high fiber purity and quality is the amount of impurity and/or contaminate content of the processed pulp or paper product produced.
  • the lower the impurity and/or contaminate content the higher the purity and integrity of cellulosic material in processed pulp or paper product produced.
  • Another aspect of high fiber purity and quality is the ink content of the processed pulp or paper product produced.
  • the lower the ink content the higher the purity and integrity of cellulosic material in processed pulp or paper product produced.
  • impurities and/or contaminates typically comprise resin and fatty acids and their esters, waxes and unsaponifiable substances as well as impurities and/or contaminates of reclaimed paper products such as inks, plastics and other additives.
  • Such impurities and/or contaminates are generally referred to as extractives.
  • solvent extractive assay the extractive content of processed pulp is determined, which is an indicator of paper strength, delignification and the number of times the cellulose fiber could be recycled.
  • Solvent extractive assays include a dichloromethane-based assay and an ethanol-benzene assay.
  • the dichloromethane-extractable content of a processed pulp is a measure of waxes, fats, resins, photosterols and non-volatile hydrocarbons.
  • the ethanol-benzene extractable content of a processed pulp include dichloromethane-insoluble components including low-molecular weight carbohydrates, salts and other water-soluble substances in addition to waxes, fats, resins, photosterols and non-volatile hydrocarbons.
  • E% [(We - Wb) / Wp] x 100, where E% is extractive content, W e is the oven-dry weight, in grams, of extract, W is the oven-dry weight, in grams, of blank residue, and W is the oven-dry weight, in grams, of the initial pulp sample.
  • Standardized solvent extractive assays are described in, e.g., TAPPI Standard T 204 cm-97 Solvent Extractives of Wood and Pulp, the content of each of which is hereby incorporated by reference in its entirety. Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having a low extractives content.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having an extractives content of, e.g., about 0.01 %, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1 %, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1 %, about 2%, about 3%, about 4% or about 5%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having an extractives content of, e.g., at most 0.01 %, at most 0.02%, at most 0.03%, at most 0.04%, at most 0.05%, at most 0.06%, at most 0.07%, at most 0.08%, at most 0.09%, at most 0.1 %, at most 0.2%, at most 0.3%, at most 0.4%, at most 0.5%, at most 0.6%, at most 0.7%, at most 0.8%, at most 0.9%, at most 1 %, at most 2%, at most 3%, at most 4% or at most 5%.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is an amount sufficient to result in a processed pulp having an extractives content of, e.g., about 0.001 % to about 0.005%, about 0.001 % to about 0.01 %, about 0.001 % to about 0.05%, about 0.001 % to about 0.1 %, about 0.001 % to about 0.5%, about 0.001 % to about 1 %, about 0.001 % to about 5%, about 0.005% to about 0.01 %, about 0.005% to about 0.05%, about 0.005% to about 0.1 %, about 0.005% to about 0.5%, about 0.005% to about 1 %, about 0.005% to about 5%, about 0.01 % to about 0.05%, about 0.01 % to about 0.1 %, about 0.01 % to about 0.5%, about 0.01 % to about 0.5%, about 0.01 % to about 0.05%, about 0.01 % to about 0.1 %, about 0.01 % to about 0.5%
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having a low extractives content.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having an extractives content of, e.g., about 0.01 %, about 0.02%, about 0.03%, about 0.04%, about 0.05%, about 0.06%, about 0.07%, about 0.08%, about 0.09%, about 0.1 %, about 0.2%, about 0.3%, about 0.4%, about 0.5%, about 0.6%, about 0.7%, about 0.8%, about 0.9%, about 1 %, about 2%, about 3%, about 4% or about 5%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having an extractives content of, e.g., at most 0.01 %, at most 0.02%, at most 0.03%, at most 0.04%, at most 0.05%, at most 0.06%, at most 0.07%, at most 0.08%, at most 0.09%, at most 0.1 %, at most 0.2%, at most 0.3%, at most 0.4%, at most 0.5%, at most 0.6%, at most 0.7%, at most 0.8%, at most 0.9%, at most 1 %, at most 2%, at most 3%, at most 4% or at most 5%.
  • a method or use disclosed herein results in a processed pulp having an extractives content of, e.g., about 0.001 % to about 0.005%, about 0.001 % to about 0.01 %, about 0.001 % to about 0.05%, about 0.001 % to about 0.1 %, about 0.001 % to about 0.5%, about 0.001 % to about 1 %, about 0.001 % to about 5%, about 0.005% to about 0.01 %, about 0.005% to about 0.05%, about 0.005% to about 0.1 %, about 0.005% to about 0.5%, about 0.005% to about 1 %, about 0.005% to about 5%, about 0.01 % to about 0.05%, about 0.01 % to about 0.1 %, about 0.01 % to about 0.5%, about 0.01 % to about 1 %, about 0.01 % to about 5%, about 0.01 % to about 0.05%, about 0.01 % to about 0.1 %, about 0.01 % to
  • An effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition can be a dilution of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g., about 1:50, about 1:75, about 1:100, about 1:125, about 1:150, about 1:175, about 1:200, about 1:225, about 1:250, about 1:275, about 1:300, about 1:325, about 1:350, about 1:375, about 1:400, about 1:425, about 1:450, about 1:475, about 1:500, about 1:525, about 1:550, about 1:575 or about 1:600.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g., at least 1:50, at least 1:75, at least 1:100, at least 1:125, at least 1:150, at least 1:175, at least 1:200, at least 1:225, at least 1:250, at least 1:275, at least 1:300, at least 1:325, at least 1:350, at least 1:375, at least 1:400, at least 1:425, at least 1:450, at least 1 :475, at least 1 :500, at least 1 :525, at least 1 :550, at least 1 :575 or at least 1 :600.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g., at most 1 :50, at most 1:75, at most 1 :100, at most 1 :125, at most 1:150, at most 1:175, at most 1:200, at most 1:225, at most 1:250, at most 1:275, at most 1:300, at most 1 :325, at most 1 :350, at most 1 :375, at most 1 :400, at most 1 :425, at most 1 :450, at most 1 :475, at most 1 :500, at most 1 :525, at most 1 :550, at most 1 :575 or at most 1 :600.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g., about 1 :50 to about 1 :100, about 1 :50 to about 1 :200, about 1 :50 to about 1 :300, about 1 :50 to about 1 :400, about 1 :50 to about 1 :500, about 1 :50 to about 1 :600, about 1 :100 to about 1:200, about 1:100 to about 1:300, about 1:100 to about 1:400, about 1:100 to about 1:500, about 1 :100 to about 1 :600, about 1 :200 to about 1 :300, about 1 :200 to about 1 :400, about 1 :200 to about 1 :500, about 1 :200 to about 1 :600, about 1 :300 to about 1 :400, about 1 :300 to about 1 :500, about 1 :300 to about 1 :600, about 1 :400 to about 1 :300 to about 1 :
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g., about 1:500, about 1:750, about 1:1000, about 1:1250, about 1:1500, about 1:1750, about 1:2000, about 1:2250, about 1:2500, about 1:2750, about 1:3000, about 1:3250, about 1:3500, about 1:3750, about 1:4000, about 1:4250, about 1 :4500, about 1 :4750, about 1 :5000, about 1 :5250, about 1 :5500, about 1 :5750, about 1 :6000 about 1 :7000, about 1 :8000, about 1:9000 or about 1 :10000.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g., at least 1:500, at least 1:750, at least 1:1000, at least 1:1250, at least 1:1500, at least 1:1750, at least 1 :2000, at least 1 :2250, at least 1 :2500, at least 1 :2750, at least 1 :3000, at least 1 :3250, at least 1 :3500, at least 1:3750, at least 1:4000, at least 1:4250, at least 1:4500, at least 1:4750, at least 1:5000, at least 1 :5250, at least 1 :5500, at least 1 :5750, at least 1 :6000, at least 1 :7000, at least 1 :8000, at least 1 :9000 or at least 1 :10000.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g., at most 1:500, at most 1:750, at most 1:1000, at most 1:1250, at most 1:1500, at most 1:1750, at most 1:2000, at most 1:2250, at most 1:2500, at most 1:2750, at most 1:3000, at most 1:3250, at most 1:3500, at most 1:3750, at most 1 :4000, at most 1 :4250, at most 1 :4500, at most 1 :4750, at most 1 :5000, at most 1 :5250, at most 1 :5500, at most 1:5750, at most 1:6000 at most 1:7000, at most 1:8000, at most 1:9000 or at most 1:10000.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition is a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of, e.g. , about 1 :500 to about 1 :1000, about 1 :500 to about
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition has a final concentration of, e.g., about 0.0001 %, about 0.0002%, about 0.0003%, about 0.0004%, about 0.0005%, about 0.0006%, about 0.0007%, about 0.0008%, about 0.0009%, about 0.001 %, about 0.002%, about 0.003%, about 0.004%, about 0.005%, about 0.006%, about 0.007%, about 0.008%, about 0.009%, about 0.01 %, about 0.02%, about 0.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition has a final concentration of, e.g., at least 0.0001 %, at least 0.0002%, at least 0.0003%, at least 0.0004%, at least 0.0005%, at least 0.0006%, at least 0.0007%, at least 0.0008%, at least 0.0009%, at least 0.001 %, at least 0.002%, at least 0.003%, at least 0.004%, at least 0.005%, at least 0.006%, at least 0.007%, at least 0.008%, at least 0.009%, at least 0.01 %, at least 0.02%, at least 0.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition has a final concentration of, e.g., at most 0.0001 %, at most 0.0002%, at most 0.0003%, at most 0.0004%, at most 0.0005%, at most 0.0006%, at most 0.0007%, at most 0.0008%, at most 0.0009%, at most 0.001 %, at most 0.002%, at most 0.003%, at most 0.004%, at most 0.005%, at most 0.006%, at most 0.007%, at most 0.008%, at most 0.009%, at most 0.01 %, at most 0.02%, at most 0.
  • an effective amount of a disclosed papermaking additive composition has a final concentration of, e.g., about 0.0001 % to about 0.0005%, about 0.0001 % to about 0.001 %, about 0.0001 % to about
  • 0.005% about 0.0001 % to about 0.01 %, about 0.0001 % to about 0.05%, about 0.0001 % to about 0.1 %, about 0.0001 % to about 0.5%, about 0.0001 % to about 1 %, about 0.0001 % to about 5%, about 0.0001 % to about 10%, about 0.0005% to about 0.001 %, about 0.0005% to about 0.005%, about 0.0005% to about
  • 0.005% about 0.001 % to about 0.01 %, 0.001 % to about 0.05%, about 0.001 % to about 0.1 %, 0.001 % to about 0.5%, 0.001 % to about 1 %, 0.001 % to about 5%, about 0.001 % to about 10%, about 0.005% to about
  • 0.005% to about 1 % about 0.005% to about 5%, about 0.005% to about 10%, about 0.01 % to about 0.05%, about 0.01 % to about 0.1 %, about 0.01 % to about 0.5%, about 0.01 % to about 1 %, about 0.01 % to about
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein can be achieved by any process that effectively creates microbubbles as disclosed herein.
  • the microbubbles formed with the papermaking additive composition disclosed herein appear to increase the mass transfer of oxygen in liquids.
  • the surfactants formulated into a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein include nonionic surfactants and/or biosurfactants which significantly alter the properties of bubble behavior.
  • a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein requires a much lower concentration of surfactants for microbubble formation. It has been suggested that surfactant concentrations must approach the critical micelles concentration (CMS) of a surfactant system.
  • CMS critical micelles concentration
  • microbubbles are formed below estimated CMCs for the surfactants used. This suggests that the microbubbles are the result of aggregates of surfactant molecules with a loose molecular packing more favorable to gas mass transfer characteristics. A surface containing fewer surfactant molecules would be more gas permeable than a well-organized micelle containing gas. Regardless of the mechanism, the tendency of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein to organizes into clusters, aggregates, or gas-filled bubbles provides a platform for reactions to occur by increasing localized concentrations of reactants, lowering the transition of energy required for a catalytic reaction to occur, or some other mechanism which has not yet been described.
  • a microbubbles disclosed herein have a mean diameter of, e.g., about 5 pm, about 10 pm, about 15 pm, about 20 pm, about 25 pm, about 30 pm, about 40 pm, about 50 pm, about 75 pm, about 100 pm, about 150 pm, about 200 pm, about 250 pm, about 300 pm, about 350 pm, about 400 pm, about 450 pm, about 500 pm, about 550 pm, about 600 pm, about 650 pm, about 700 pm, about 750 pm, about 800 pm, about 850 pm, about 900 pm, about 950 pm or about 1000 pm.
  • Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • a microbubbles disclosed herein have a mean diameter of, e.g., at least 5 pm, at least 10 pm, at least 15 pm, at least 20 pm, at least 25 pm, at least 30 pm, at least 40 pm, at least 50 pm, at least 100 pm, at least 150 pm, at least 200 pm, at least 250 pm, at least 300 pm, at least 350 pm, at least 400 pm, at least 450 pm, at least 500 pm, at least 550 pm, at least 600 pm, at least 650 pm, at least 700 pm, at least 750 pm, at least 800 pm, at least 850 pm, at least 900 pm, at least 950 pm or at least
  • a microbubbles disclosed herein have a mean diameter of, e.g., at most 5 pm, at most 10 pm, at most 15 pm, at most 20 pm, at most 25 pm, at most 30 pm, at most
  • a microbubbles disclosed herein have a mean diameter of, e.g., about 5 pm to about 10 pm, about 5 pm to about 15 pm, about 5 pm to about 20 pm, about 5 pm to about 25 pm, about 5 pm to about 30 pm, about 5 pm to about 40 pm, about 5 pm to about 50 pm, about 5 pm to about 75 pm, about 5 pm to about 100 pm, about 10 pm to about 15 pm, about 10 pm to about 20 pm, about 10 pm to about 25 pm, about 10 pm to about 30 pm, about 10 pm to about 40 pm, about 10 pm to about 50 pm, about 10 pm to about 75 pm, about 10 pm to about 100 pm, about 15 pm to about 20 pm, about 15 pm to about 25 pm, about 15 pm to about 30 pm, about 15 pm to about 40 pm, about 15 pm to about 50 pm, about 15 pm to about 75 pm, about 15 pm to about 100 pm, about 20 pm to about 25 pm, about 20 pm to about 30 pm, about 20 pm to about 40 pm, about 15 pm to about 50 pm, about 15 pm to about 75 pm,
  • 650 pm to about 850 pm about 650 pm to about 900 pm, about 650 pm to about 950 pm, about 650 pm to about 1000 pm, about 700 pm to about 750 pm, about 700 pm to about 800 pm, about 700 pm to about
  • 850 pm about 700 pm to about 900 pm, about 700 pm to about 950 pm, about 700 pm to about 1000 pm, about 750 pm to about 800 pm, about 750 pm to about 850 pm, about 750 pm to about 900 pm, about 750 pm to about 950 pm, about 750 pm to about 1000 pm, about 800 pm to about 850 pm, about 800 pm to about 900 pm, about 800 pm to about 950 pm, about 800 pm to about 1000 pm, about 850 pm to about
  • the papermaking additive compositions, method and uses described herein will most likely not harm mammals or the environment and are non-phytotoxic and can be safely applied to a paper making process. Furthermore, the papermaking additive compositions, method and uses described herein can be used indoors and outdoors and will not soften, dissolve, or otherwise adversely affect treated surfaces.
  • a method of separating fibers from a pulp comprising applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition to the pulp during a pulping and/or a paper production phase, wherein the application results in increased separation of cellulose fibers from raw materials present in the pulp, the composition comprising a treated, fermented microbial supernatant and one or more nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes or live bacteria, and wherein the composition has a pH of at most 5.0.
  • a method of removing one or more impurities and/or one or more contaminates from a pulp and/or a paper material comprising applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition to the pulp during a pulping and/or a paper production phase, wherein the application results in removal of the one or more impurities and/or the one or more contaminates from the pulp and/or paper material, the composition comprising a treated, fermented microbial supernatant and one or more nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes or live bacteria, and wherein the composition has a pH of at most 5.0.
  • a method of removing an ink from a pulp and/or a paper material comprising applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition to the pulp during a pulping and/or a paper production phase, wherein the application results in removal of the ink from the pulp and/or paper material, the composition comprising a treated, fermented microbial supernatant and one or more nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes or live bacteria, and wherein the composition has a pH of at most 5.0.
  • composition for separating fibers from a pulp slurry, wherein the composition comprises a treated, fermented microbial supernatant and one or more nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes or live bacteria, and wherein the composition has a pH of at most 5.0.
  • a papermaking additive composition for removing one or more impurities and/or one or more contaminates from a pulp and/or a paper material, wherein the composition comprises a treated, fermented microbial supernatant and one or more nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes or live bacteria, and wherein the composition has a pH of at most 5.0.
  • a papermaking additive composition for removing ink from a pulp and/or a paper material, wherein the composition comprises a treated, fermented microbial supernatant and one or more nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes or live bacteria, and wherein the composition has a pH of at most 5.0.
  • the fermented yeast supernatant is produced from a species of yeast belonging to the genera Brettanomyces, Candida, Cyberlindnera, Cystofilobasidium, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Issatchenkia, Kazachstania, Kloeckera, Kluyveromyces, Lecanicillium, Mucor, Neurospora, Pediococcus, Penicillium, Pichia, Rhizopus, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Thrichosporon, Torulaspora, Torulopsis, Verticillium, Yarrowia, Zygosaccharomyces or Zygotorulaspora.
  • the fermented bacterial supernatant is produced from a species of bacteria belonging to the genera Acetobacter, Arthrobacter, Aerococcus, Bacillus, Bifidobacterium, Brachybacterium, Brevibacterium, Barnobacterium, Carnobacterium, Corynebacterium, Enterococcus, Escherichia, Gluconacetobacter, Gluconobacter, Hafnia, Halomonas, Kocuria, Lactobacillus, Lactococcus, Leuconostoc, Macrococcus, Microbacterium, Micrococcus, Neisseria, Oenococcus, Pediococcus, Propionibacterium, Proteus, Pseudomonas, Psychrobacter, Salmonella, Sporolactobacillus, Staphylococcus, Streptococcus, Streptomyces, Tetragenococcus, Vagococcus, Weissells or Zy
  • nonionic surfactant comprises a polyether nonionic surfactant, a polyhydroxyl nonionic surfactant, and/or a nonionic biosurfactant.
  • polyhydroxyl nonionic surfactant comprising a sucrose ester, an ethoxylated sucrose ester, a sorbital ester, an ethoxylated sorbital ester, an alkyl glucoside, an ethoxylated alkyl glucoside, a polyglycerol ester, or an ethoxylated polyglycerol ester.
  • the nonionic surfactant comprises an amine oxide, an ethoxylated alcohol, an ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol, an alkylamine, an ethoxylated alkylamine, an ethoxylated alkyl phenol, an alkyl polysaccharide, an ethoxylated alkyl polysaccharide, an ethoxylated fatty acid, an ethoxylated fatty alcohol, or an ethoxylated fatty amine, or a nonionic surfactant having the general formula of H(OCH2CH2)xOC6H4R , (OCH 2 CH2)xOR 2 , or H(OCH 2 CH2)xOC(0)R 2 , wherein x represents the number of moles of ethylene oxide added to an alkyl phenol and/or a fatty alcohol or a fatty acid, R represents a long chain alkyl group and, R
  • R is a C7-C10 normal- alkyl group and/or wherein R 2 is a C12-C20 aliphatic group.
  • nonionic surfactant is an ethoxylated nonyl phenol, an ethoxylated octyl phenol, an ethoxylated ceto- oleyl alcohol, an ethoxylated ceto-stearyl alcohol, an ethoxylated decyl alcohol, an ethoxylated dodecyl alcohol, an ethoxylated tridecyl alcohol, or an ethoxylated castor oil.
  • the nonionic surfactant is an ethoxylated nonyl phenol, an ethoxylated octyl phenol, an ethoxylated ceto- oleyl alcohol, an ethoxylated ceto-stearyl alcohol, an ethoxylated decyl alcohol, an ethoxylated dodecyl alcohol, an ethoxylated tridecyl alcohol, or an ethoxylated castor oil.
  • the papermaking additive composition comprises from about 5% to about 13% by weight of the one or more nonionic surfactants.
  • the papermaking additive composition comprises from about 7% to about 1 1 % by weight of the one or more nonionic surfactants.
  • the papermaking additive composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the one or more anionic surfactants.
  • the papermaking additive composition comprises from about 1 % to about 8% by weight of the one or more anionic surfactants.
  • the papermaking additive composition comprises from about 2% to about 6% by weight of the one or more anionic surfactants.
  • the method according to embodiments 1-3 or 7-29 or use according to embodiments 4-29 further comprising applying an enzymatic composition comprising an enzyme that digests lignin, boosts bleaching, increases deinking, modifies cellulose fiber structure, increases effluent control, removes pitch and stickies (adhesives) and modifies starch.
  • an enzymatic composition comprising an enzyme that digests lignin, boosts bleaching, increases deinking, modifies cellulose fiber structure, increases effluent control, removes pitch and stickies (adhesives) and modifies starch.
  • the enzyme is a cellulase, a xylanase, a lipase, an esterase, an amylase, a pectinase, a catalase, a laccase, a peroxidase, a pulpase Dl, a pulpase RF and a pulpase BL.
  • the method or use according to embodiment 34 resulting in a pulp yield of about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91 %, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99%; or at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%; or at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91 %, at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 95%, at most 96%
  • the effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in a beta-cellulose content of the processed pulp of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30% or about 35%; or at most 5%, at most 10%, at most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most 35%; or about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35% or about 30% to about 35%.
  • the effective amount of the papermaking additive composition results in a gamma-cellulose content of the processed pulp of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30% or about 35%; or at most 5%, at most 10%, at most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most 35%; or about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35% or about 30% to about 35%.
  • the method or use according to embodiment 46 resulting in a beta-cellulose content of the processed pulp of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30% or about 35%; or at most 5%, at most 10%, at most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most 35%; or about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35% or about 30% to about 35%.
  • a gamma-cellulose content of the processed pulp of about 5%, about 10%, about 15%, about 20%, about 25%, about 30% or about 35%; or at most 5%, at most 10%, at most 15%, at most 20%, at most 25%, at most 30% or at most 35%; or about 5% to about 10%, about 5% to about 15%, about 5% to about 20%, about 5% to about 25%, about 5% to about 30%, about 5% to about 35%, about 10% to about 15%, about 10% to about 20%, about 10% to about 25%, about 10% to about 30%, about 10% to about 35%, about 15% to about 20%, about 15% to about 25%, about 15% to about 30%, about 15% to about 35%, about 20% to about 25%, about 20% to about 30%, about 20% to about 35%, about 25% to about 30%, about 25% to about 35% or about 30% to about 35%.
  • most 45 or at most 50 or about 5 to about 10, about 5 to about 15, about 5 to about 20, about 5 to about 25, about 5 to about 30, about 5 to about 35, about 5 to about 40, about 5 to about 45, about 5 to about 50, about 10 to about 15, about 10 to about 20, about 10 to about 25, about 10 to about 30, about 10 to about 35, about 10 to about 40, about 10 to about 45, about 10 to about 50, about 15 to about 20, about 15 to about 25, about 15 to about 30, about 15 to about 35, about 15 to about 40, about
  • the method or use according to embodiment 54 resulting in a lignin content of the processed pulp with a Kappa number of about 5, about 10, about 15, about 20, about 25, about 30, about 35, about 40, about or about 50; or at least 5, at least 10, at least 15, at least 20, at least 25, at least 30, at least 35, at least 40, at least 45 or at least 50; or at most 5, at most 10, at most 15, at most 20, at most 25, at most 30, at most 35, at most 40, at most 45 or at most 50; or about 5 to about 10, about 5 to about 15, about 5 to about 20, about 5 to about 25, about 5 to about 30, about 5 to about 35, about 5 to about 40, about 5 to about 45, about 5 to about 50, about 10 to about 15, about 10 to about 20, about 10 to about 25, about 10 to about 30, about 10 to about 35, about 10 to about 40, about 10 to about 45, about 10 to about 50, about 15 to about 20, about 15 to about 25, about 15 to about 30, about 15 to about 35, about 15 to about 40, about 15 to about 45, about 15 to about
  • meq/100 g pulp at least 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 6 meq/100 g pulp, at least 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7 meq/100 g pulp, at least 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 8 meq/100 g pulp, at least 8.5 meq/100 g pulp, at least 9 meq/100 g pulp, at least 9.5 meq/100 g pulp or at least 10 meq/100 g pulp; or at most 4 meq/100 g pulp, at most 4.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 5.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 6 meq/100 g pulp, at most 6.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 7 meq/100 g pulp, at most 7.5 meq/100 g pulp, at most 8 meq/100 g pulp, at least 4.5 me
  • the method or use according to embodiment 66 resulting in a brightness of the processed pulp or paper material about 70%, about 75%, about 80%, about 85%, about 86%, about 87%, about 88%, about 89%, about 90%, about 91 %, about 92%, about 93%, about 94%, about 95%, about 96%, about 97%, about 98% or about 99%; or at least 70%, at least 75%, at least 80%, at least 85%, at least 86%, at least 87%, at least 88%, at least 89%, at least 90%, at least 91 %, at least 92%, at least 93%, at least 94%, at least 95%, at least 96%, at least 97%, at least 98% or at least 99%; or at most 70%, at most 75%, at most 80%, at most 85%, at most 86%, at most 87%, at most 88%, at most 89%, at most 90%, at most 91 %, at most 92%, at most 93%, at most 94%, at most 9
  • the effective amount of the papermaking additive composition is a papermaking additive composition:dilutant ratio of about 1:50, about 1:75, about 1:100, about 1:125, about 1:150, about 1:175, about 1:200, about 1:225, about 1:250, about 1:275, about 1:300, about 1:325, about 1:350, about 1:375, about 1:400, about 1:425, about 1:450, about 1:475, about 1:500, about 1:525, about 1:550, about 1:575 or about 1:600; or at least 1:50, at least 1:75, at least 1:100, at least 1:125, at least 1 :150, at least 1 :175, at least 1 :200, at least 1 :225, at least 1 :250, at least 1 :275, at least 1 :300, at least 1 :325, at least 1 :350, at least 1 :375, at least 1
  • a papermaking additive composition comprising a treated, fermented microbial supernatant and one or more nonionic surfactants, wherein the composition lacks any active enzymes or live bacteria, and wherein the composition has a pH below 5.0. Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • the papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 75, wherein the treated, fermented microbial supernatant is from a fermented yeast supernatant, a fermented bacterial supernatant, a fermented mold supernatant, or any combination thereof.
  • the papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 76 wherein the fermented yeast supernatant is produced from a species of yeast belonging to the genera Brettanomyces, Candida, Cyberlindnera, Cystofilobasidium, Debaryomyces, Dekkera, Fusarium, Geotrichum, Issatchenkia, Kazachstania, Kloeckera, Kluyveromyces, Lecanicillium, Mucor, Neurospora, Pediococcus, Penicillium, Pichia, Rhizopus, Rhodosporidium, Rhodotorula, Saccharomyces, Schizosaccharomyces, Thrichosporon, Torulaspora, Torulopsis, Verticillium, Yarrowia, Zygosaccharomyces or Zygotorulaspora.
  • nonionic surfactant comprises a polyether nonionic surfactant, a polyhydroxyl nonionic surfactant, and/or a biosurfactant.
  • the papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 83 wherein the polyhydroxyl nonionic surfactant comprising a sucrose ester, an ethoxylated sucrose ester, a sorbital ester, an ethoxylated sorbital ester, an alkyl glucoside, an ethoxylated alkyl glucoside, a polyglycerol ester, or an ethoxylated polyglycerol ester.
  • the polyhydroxyl nonionic surfactant comprising a sucrose ester, an ethoxylated sucrose ester, a sorbital ester, an ethoxylated sorbital ester, an alkyl glucoside, an ethoxylated alkyl glucoside, a polyglycerol ester, or an ethoxylated polyglycerol ester.
  • nonionic surfactant comprises an amine oxide, an ethoxylated alcohol, an ethoxylated aliphatic alcohol, an alkylamine, an ethoxylated alkylamine, an ethoxylated alkyl phenol, an alkyl polysaccharide, an ethoxylated alkyl polysaccharide, an ethoxylated fatty acid, an ethoxylated fatty alcohol, or an ethoxylated fatty amine, or a nonionic surfactant having the general formula of H(OCH2CH2)xOC6H4R , (OCH 2 CH2)xOR 2 , or H(OCH 2 CH2)xOC(0)R 2 , wherein x represents the number of moles of ethylene Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof
  • R represents a long chain alkyl group and, R 2 represents a long chain aliphatic group.
  • nonionic surfactant is an ethoxylated nonyl phenol, an ethoxylated octyl phenol, an ethoxylated ceto- oleyl alcohol, an ethoxylated ceto-stearyl alcohol, an ethoxylated decyl alcohol, an ethoxylated dodecyl alcohol, an ethoxylated tridecyl alcohol, or an ethoxylated castor oil.
  • the nonionic surfactant is an ethoxylated nonyl phenol, an ethoxylated octyl phenol, an ethoxylated ceto- oleyl alcohol, an ethoxylated ceto-stearyl alcohol, an ethoxylated decyl alcohol, an ethoxylated dodecyl alcohol, an ethoxylated tridecyl alcohol, or an ethoxylated castor oil.
  • the papermaking additive composition according to any one of embodiments 75-87, wherein the papermaking additive composition comprises from about 1 % to about 15% by weight of the one or more nonionic surfactants.
  • the papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 91 wherein the papermaking additive composition comprises from about 0.5% to about 10% by weight of the one or more anionic surfactants.
  • the papermaking additive composition according to embodiment 100 wherein the enzyme is a cellulase, a xylanase, a lipase, an esterase, an amylase, a pectinase, a catalase, a laccase, a peroxidase, a pulpase Dl, a pulpase RF, a pulpase BL or any combination thereof.
  • the enzyme is a cellulase, a xylanase, a lipase, an esterase, an amylase, a pectinase, a catalase, a laccase, a peroxidase, a pulpase Dl, a pulpase RF, a pulpase BL or any combination thereof.
  • the enzyme is a cellulase, a xylanase, a lipase, an esterase, an amylase, a pectinas
  • a method of separating fibers from a pulp comprising applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition as defined in any one of embodiments 75-101 to the pulp during a pulping and/or a paper production phase, wherein the application results in increased separation of cellulose fibers from raw materials present in the pulp.
  • a method of removing one or more impurities and/or one or more contaminates from a pulp and/or a paper material comprising applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition as defined in any one of embodiments 75-101 to the pulp during a pulping and/or a paper production phase, wherein the application results in removal of the one or more impurities and/or the one or more contaminates from the pulp and/or paper material.
  • a method of removing an ink from a pulp and/or a paper material comprising applying an effective amount of a papermaking additive composition as defined in any one of embodiments 75-101 to the pulp during a pulping and/or a paper production phase, wherein the application results in removal of the ink from the pulp and/or paper material.
  • a fermentation reaction is set up in which about 1 ,000 L of warm water having a temperature of between about 29 °C to about 38 °C was placed in a large jacketed mixing kettle. To the water was added about 84.9 kg black untreated cane molasses, about 25.2 kg raw cane sugar and about 1.2 kg magnesium sulfate. The mixture was thoroughly blended, after which about 11 .4 kg diastatic malt and about 1.2 kg baker's yeast were added and agitated slightly. The mixture is incubated at about 26 °C to about 42 °C for about 3 days, after which the effervescent reaction had subsided, indicating essentially complete fermentation.
  • yeast fermentation composition is centrifuged to remove the "sludge" formed during the fermentation.
  • the resulting fermentation supernatant (about 98.59%, by weight) was collected and sterilized by autoclaving.
  • the treated fermented yeast supernatant can then be stored in liquid form for subsequent use.
  • the treated fermented yeast supernatant can be spray dried by methods known in the art to produce a dry powder.
  • the dry powder form can also be stored for subsequent use.
  • a fermentation reaction is set up in which about 1 ,000 L of warm water having a temperature of between about 29 °C to about 38 °C was placed in a large jacketed mixing kettle. To the water was added about 42.5 kg black untreated cane molasses, about 12.6 kg raw cane sugar and about 1.2 kg magnesium sulfate. The mixture was thoroughly blended, after which about 10.3 kg diastatic malt and about 1 .2 kg baker's yeast were added and agitated slightly. The mixture is incubated at about 26 °C to about 42 °C for about 3 days, after which the effervescent reaction had subsided, indicating essentially complete fermentation.
  • the yeast fermentation culture is centrifuged to remove the "sludge" formed during the fermentation.
  • the resulting fermentation yeast supernatant (about 98.59%, by weight) was collected and treated by autoclaving.
  • the treated fermented yeast supernatant can then be stored in liquid form for subsequent use.
  • the treated fermented yeast supernatant can be spray dried by methods known in the art to produce a dry powder.
  • the dry powder form can also be stored for subsequent use.
  • a fermentation reaction is set up in which about 1 ,000 L of warm water having a temperature of between about 29 °C to about 38 °C was placed in a large jacketed mixing kettle. To the water was added about 21.3 kg black untreated cane molasses, about 6.3 kg raw cane sugar and about 1.2 kg magnesium sulfate. The mixture was thoroughly blended, after which about 9.3 kg diastatic malt and about 1.2 kg baker's yeast were added and agitated slightly. The mixture is incubated at about 26 °C to about 42 °C for about 3 days, after which the effervescent reaction had subsided, indicating essentially complete fermentation.
  • the yeast fermentation culture is centrifuged to remove the "sludge" formed during the fermentation.
  • the resulting fermentation supernatant (about 98.59%, by weight) was collected and treated by autoclaving.
  • the treated fermented yeast supernatant can then be stored in liquid form for subsequent use.
  • the treated fermented yeast supernatant can be spray dried by methods known in the art to produce a dry powder.
  • the dry powder form can also be stored for subsequent use.
  • alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate
  • TRITONTM H-66 phosphate polyether ester
  • the pH of the resulting papermaking additive composition was adjusted to from about 3.7 to about 4.2 with phosphoric acid.
  • the pH adjusted papermaking additive composition was then filter sterilized to remove any microbial contamination.
  • composition was found to be nonirritating to skin tissue, nontoxic and could be stored in a cool location over periods of months without any discernible loss in effectiveness or deterioration.
  • DOWFAXTM 2A1 can be substituted with an anionic biosurfactant such as, e.g., STEPONOL ® AM 30-KE, an ammonium lauryl sulfate, STEPONOL ® EHS, a sodium 2-ethyl hexyl sulfate, or a combination thereof.
  • an anionic biosurfactant such as, e.g., STEPONOL ® AM 30-KE, an ammonium lauryl sulfate, STEPONOL ® EHS, a sodium 2-ethyl hexyl sulfate, or a combination thereof.
  • the resulting papermaking additive composition may then be mixed with preservative or stabilizing agents, such as about 1 % by weight sodium benzoate, about 0.01 % by weight imidazolidinyl urea, about 0.15% by weight diazolidinyl urea, about 0.25% by weight calcium chloride.
  • preservative or stabilizing agents such as about 1 % by weight sodium benzoate, about 0.01 % by weight imidazolidinyl urea, about 0.15% by weight diazolidinyl urea, about 0.25% by weight calcium chloride.
  • sodium benzoate, imidazolidinyl urea, diazolidinyl urea and calcium chloride are added.
  • the temperature of the mixture is then slowly raised to about 40 °C and the mixture is agitated continuously. The temperature is maintained at about 40 °C for about one hour to ensure that all the components of the mixture are dissolved.
  • the mixture is then cooled to from about 20 °C to about 25 °C.
  • the pH of the resulting papermaking additive composition was adjusted to from about 3.7 to about 4.2 with phosphoric acid.
  • the pH adjusted papermaking additive composition was then filter sterilized to remove any microbial contamination.
  • a papermaking additive composition 850 L of hot sterile water (about 60 °C to about 65 °C) was placed in a large jacketed mixing kettle. To the water was added about 7.62 g treated fermented yeast supernatant dried powder, about 37.5 kg of TERGITOLTM 15-S-7, a linear secondary alcohol ethoxylate, about 37.5 kg of TERGITOLTM 15-S-5, a linear secondary alcohol ethoxylate, about 15.0 kg of DOWFAXTM 2A1 , alkyldiphenyloxide disulfonate, and about 25.0 kg of TRITONTM H-66, phosphate polyether ester. This mixture was thoroughly blended to effect solution.
  • the resulting papermaking additive composition may then be mixed with preservative or stabilizing agents, such as about 1 % by weight sodium benzoate, about 0.01 % by weight imidazolidinyl urea, about 0.15% by weight diazolidinyl urea, about 0.25% by weight calcium chloride.
  • preservative or stabilizing agents such as about 1 % by weight sodium benzoate, about 0.01 % by weight imidazolidinyl urea, about 0.15% by weight diazolidinyl urea, about 0.25% by weight calcium chloride.
  • the temperature is maintained at about 40 °C for about one hour to ensure that all the components of the mixture are dissolved.
  • the mixture is then cooled to from about 20 °C to about 25 °C.
  • the pH of the resulting papermaking additive composition was adjusted to from about 3.7 to about 4.2 with phosphoric acid.
  • the pH adjusted papermaking additive composition was then filter sterilized to remove any microbial contamination.
  • composition was found to be nonirritating to skin tissue, nontoxic and could be stored in a cool location over periods of months without any discernible loss in effectiveness or deterioration.
  • DOWFAXTM 2A1 can be substituted with an anionic biosurfactant such as, e.g., STEPONOL ® AM 30-KE, an ammonium lauryl sulfate, STEPONOL ® EHS, a sodium 2-ethyl hexyl sulfate, or a combination thereof.
  • an anionic biosurfactant such as, e.g., STEPONOL ® AM 30-KE, an ammonium lauryl sulfate, STEPONOL ® EHS, a sodium 2-ethyl hexyl sulfate, or a combination thereof.
  • treated fermented yeast supernatant dried powder disclosed in Examples 1 -3
  • commercially available treated fermented yeast supernatant dried powders can be used, including, e.g., TASTONE ® 154, TASTONE ® 210 or TASTONE ® 900.
  • This example shows an increase in the efficiency of a pulping process by applying a papermaking additive composition as disclosed herein.
  • This example shows the effectiveness of a papermaking composition disclosed herein to effectively remove ink and adhesives from recycled paper.
  • Group 1 contained White 3 paper alone and serves as a control.
  • Group 2 contained White 3 broke paper and 500 mL of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein per ton of raw material.
  • Group 3 contained White 3 broke paper and 500 mL of a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein per ton of raw material and also containing a cellulosic enzyme.
  • a 3.0 g sample was taken from the disintegrator and analyzed for brightness using the ISO Brightness assay. Both samples treated with a papermaking additive composition disclosed herein improved the disintegration of the White 3 broke paper and improved brightness by almost 2 points.
  • the Group 3 treatment which added the cellulosic enzyme to not result in any appreciable different in improvement relative to the Group 2 treatment. .
  • the open-ended transitional term "comprising" (and equivalent open-ended transitional phrases thereof like including, containing and having) encompasses all the expressly recited elements, limitations, steps and/or features alone or in combination with unrecited subject matter; the named elements, limitations and/or features are essential, but other unnamed elements, limitations and/or features may be added and still form a construct within the scope of the claim.
  • the meaning of the open-ended transitional phrase “comprising” is being defined as encompassing all the specifically recited elements, limitations, steps and/or features as well as any optional, additional unspecified ones.
  • the meaning of the closed-ended transitional phrase “consisting of” is being defined as only including those elements, limitations, steps and/or features specifically recited in the claim whereas the meaning of the closed-ended transitional phrase “consisting essentially of is being defined as only including those elements, limitations, steps and/or features specifically recited in the claim and those elements, limitations, steps and/or features that do not materially affect the basic and novel characteristic(s) of the claimed subject matter.
  • the open-ended transitional phrase “comprising” includes within its meaning, as a limiting case, claimed subject matter specified by the closed-ended transitional phrases “consisting of or “consisting essentially of.”
  • claimed subject matter specified by the closed-ended transitional phrases “consisting of or “consisting essentially of.”
  • embodiments described herein or so claimed with the phrase “comprising” are expressly or inherently unambiguously described, enabled and supported herein for the phrases “consisting essentially of and “consisting of.” Dale, Papermaking Additive Compositions and Methods and Uses Thereof

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Abstract

La présente invention concerne des compositions d'additifs destinées à la fabrication du papier, des articles manufacturés, des récipients ou des kits comprenant de telles compositions, et des procédés et des utilisations pour améliorer la séparation de fibres de cellulose contenues dans une pâte, pour éliminer une ou plusieurs impuretés et/ou un ou plusieurs contaminants contenus dans une pâte et/ou un matériau de papier et pour éliminer une encre contenue dans une pâte et/ou un matériau de papier.
EP16839957.4A 2015-08-22 2016-08-22 Compositions d'additifs destinées à la fabrication du papier et procédés et utilisations associés Pending EP3337846A4 (fr)

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BR112018003404A2 (fr) 2018-10-02
AU2021200398B2 (en) 2023-03-02
CO2018002709A2 (es) 2018-06-20
CO2018002747A2 (es) 2018-05-31
JP2018527485A (ja) 2018-09-20
WO2017035100A1 (fr) 2017-03-02
EP3337846A4 (fr) 2019-05-15
AU2016311181C1 (en) 2019-05-02
BR112018003404B1 (pt) 2022-07-05
CN108135179A (zh) 2018-06-08

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