EP3334764A2 - Car macrophage (moto-car) en immunothérapie - Google Patents

Car macrophage (moto-car) en immunothérapie

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Publication number
EP3334764A2
EP3334764A2 EP16801306.8A EP16801306A EP3334764A2 EP 3334764 A2 EP3334764 A2 EP 3334764A2 EP 16801306 A EP16801306 A EP 16801306A EP 3334764 A2 EP3334764 A2 EP 3334764A2
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Prior art keywords
tumor
macrophage
macrophages
cells
cancer
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English (en)
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Kim O'NEILL
Scott Weber
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Brigham Young University
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Brigham Young University
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    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K16/00—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies
    • C07K16/18—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans
    • C07K16/28—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants
    • C07K16/30—Immunoglobulins [IGs], e.g. monoclonal or polyclonal antibodies against material from animals or humans against receptors, cell surface antigens or cell surface determinants from tumour cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/0005—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/0011—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/001154—Enzymes
    • A61K39/001162—Kinases, e.g. Raf or Src
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/461—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
    • A61K39/4614—Monocytes; Macrophages
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/461—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the cell type used
    • A61K39/4615—Dendritic cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/462—Cellular immunotherapy characterized by the effect or the function of the cells
    • A61K39/4622—Antigen presenting cells
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/463—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by recombinant expression
    • A61K39/4631—Chimeric Antigen Receptors [CAR]
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K39/46—Cellular immunotherapy
    • A61K39/464—Cellular immunotherapy characterised by the antigen targeted or presented
    • A61K39/4643—Vertebrate antigens
    • A61K39/4644—Cancer antigens
    • A61K39/464454—Enzymes
    • A61K39/464462—Kinases, e.g. Raf or Src
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P35/00—Antineoplastic agents
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K14/00—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof
    • C07K14/435—Peptides having more than 20 amino acids; Gastrins; Somatostatins; Melanotropins; Derivatives thereof from animals; from humans
    • C07K14/705—Receptors; Cell surface antigens; Cell surface determinants
    • C07K14/70596—Molecules with a "CD"-designation not provided for elsewhere
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K39/00—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies
    • A61K2039/505—Medicinal preparations containing antigens or antibodies comprising antibodies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/30—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency
    • C07K2317/31—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by aspects of specificity or valency multispecific
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/60—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/62—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments comprising only variable region components
    • C07K2317/622—Single chain antibody (scFv)
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2317/00—Immunoglobulins specific features
    • C07K2317/60—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments
    • C07K2317/62—Immunoglobulins specific features characterized by non-natural combinations of immunoglobulin fragments comprising only variable region components
    • C07K2317/626—Diabody or triabody
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/01—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif
    • C07K2319/02—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif containing a signal sequence
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/01—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif
    • C07K2319/03—Fusion polypeptide containing a localisation/targetting motif containing a transmembrane segment
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/33—Fusion polypeptide fusions for targeting to specific cell types, e.g. tissue specific targeting, targeting of a bacterial subspecies
    • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
    • C07—ORGANIC CHEMISTRY
    • C07K—PEPTIDES
    • C07K2319/00—Fusion polypeptide
    • C07K2319/70—Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction
    • C07K2319/74—Fusion polypeptide containing domain for protein-protein interaction containing a fusion for binding to a cell surface receptor

Definitions

  • the immune system plays an important role in the development of and progression of cancer.
  • Monocytes which differentiate into macrophages, display a variety of responses according to varying stimuli and exhibit different functions depending on the microenvironment surrounding them.
  • Macrophages can be pro-inflammatory (M1 ) or anti-inflammatory (M2). Research studies have shown that infiltration of macrophages into the tumor site can account for greater than 50% of the tumor mass, aid in metastasis by inducing angiogenesis, and signify poor prognosis.
  • M1 pro-inflammatory
  • M2 anti-inflammatory
  • TAMs tumor associated macrophages
  • macrophages can display different responses, ranging from proinflammatory to anti-inflammatory, depending on the type of stimuli they receive from the surrounding microenvironment [1 1 ].
  • Two major macrophage phenotypes have been proposed which correlate with extreme macrophage responses: M1 and M2.
  • M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages are activated upon contact with certain molecules such as lipopolysaccharide (LPS), IFN- ⁇ , IL-1 ⁇ , TNF- ⁇ , and Toll-like receptor engagement.
  • M1 macrophages constitute a potent arm of the immune system deployed to fight infections. They are capable of either direct (pathogen pattern recognition receptors) or indirect (Fc receptors, complement receptors) recognition of the pathogen. They are also armed in their ability to produce reactive oxygen species (ROS) as means to help killing pathogens.
  • ROS reactive oxygen species
  • M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory cytokines and chemokines attracting other types of immune cells and integrating/orchestrating the immune response. M1 activation is induced by IFN-g, TNFa, GM-CSF, LPS and other toll-like receptors (TLR) ligands,
  • M2 macrophages are activated by anti-inflammatory molecules such as IL-4, IL-13, and IL-10 [12, 13].
  • M2 macrophages exhibit immunomodulatory, tissue repair, and angiogenesis properties which allow them to recruit regulatory T cells to sites of inflammation.
  • M2 macrophages do not constitute a uniform population and often are further subdivided into M2a, M2b and M2c categories.
  • the common denominator of all three subpopulations is high IL-10 production accompanied by low production of IL-12.
  • One of their signatures is production of enzyme Arginase-1 that depletes L-arginine thereby suppressing T cell responses and depriving iNOS of its substrate.
  • macrophages can exhibit both pro-inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, it is important to understand their polarization and function in tumor progression and metastasis.
  • Macrophage polarization The tumor microenvironment can affect macrophage polarization.
  • the process of polarization can be diverse and complex because of the hostile environment of IL-10, glucocorticoid hormones, apoptotic cells, and immune complexes that can interfere with innate immune cells function [1 1 , 19].
  • the mechanisms of polarization are still unclear but it is known they involve transcriptional regulation. For example, macrophages exposed to LPS or IFN- ⁇ will polarize towards an M1 phenotype, whereas macrophages exposed to IL-4 or IL-13 will polarize towards an M2 phenotype.
  • LPS or IFN- ⁇ can interact with Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) on the surface of macrophages inducing the Trif and MyD88 pathways, inducing the activation of transcription factors IRF3, AP-1 , and N FKB and thus activating TNFs genes, interferon genes, CXCL10, NOS2, IL-12, etc. which are necessary in a pro-inflammatory M1 macrophage response [20].
  • TLR4 and IL-13 bind to IL-4R, activation the Jak/Stat6 pathway, which regulates the expression of CCL17, ARG1 , IRF4, IL-10, SOCS3, etc. , which are genes associated with an anti-inflammatory response (M2 response).
  • miRNA miRNA
  • miRNAs are small non-coding RNA of 22 nucleotides in length that regulate gene expression post-transcriptionally, as they affect the rate of mRNA degradation.
  • miRNAs have been shown to be highly expressed in polarized macrophages, especially miRNA-155, miRNA-125, miRNA-378 (M1 polarization), and miRNA let- 7c, miRNA-9, miRNA-21 , miRNA-146, miRNA147, miRNA-187 (M2 polarization) [21 ].
  • Macrophage polarization is a complex process where macrophages
  • macrophage polarization is better represented by a continuum of activation states where M1 and M2 phenotypes are the extremes of the spectrum.
  • M1 and M2 phenotypes are the extremes of the spectrum.
  • M1 pro-inflammatory macrophages or classically activated macrophages are aggressive, highly phagocytic, and produce large amounts of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, thereby promoting a Th1 response [1 1 ].
  • M1 macrophages secrete high levels of two important inflammatory cytokines, IL-12 and IL-23.
  • IL-12 induces the activation and clonal expansion of Th17 cells, which secrete high amounts of IL-17, which contributes to
  • M1 macrophages to control metastasis, suppress tumor growth, and control microbial infections [24]. Moreover, the infiltration and recruitment of M1 macrophages to tumor sites correlates with a better prognosis and higher overall survival rates in patients with solid tumors [17, 18, 25-28].
  • Polarization of macrophages to the M1 phenotype is regulated in vitro by inflammatory signals such as IFN- ⁇ , TNF-a, IL-1 ⁇ and LPS as well as transcription factors and miRNAs [29, 30].
  • inflammatory signals such as IFN- ⁇ , TNF-a, IL-1 ⁇ and LPS as well as transcription factors and miRNAs [29, 30].
  • Cytokine signaling-1 protein functions downstream of cytokine receptors, and takes part in a negative feedback loop to attenuate cytokine signaling.
  • Notch signaling plays an important role in the polarization of M1 macrophages, as it allows transcription factor RBP-J to regulate classical activation.
  • Macrophages that are deficient in Notch signaling express an M2
  • miRNA-155 is upregulated when macrophages are transitioning from M2 to M1 ; M1 macrophages overexpressing miRNA-155 are generally more aggressive and are associated with tumor reduction [33].
  • miRNA-342-5p has been found to foster a greater inflammatory response in macrophages by targeting Akt1 in mice. This miRNA also promotes the upregulation of Nos2 and IL-6, both of which act as inflammatory signals for macrophages [34].
  • Other miRNAs such as miRNA-125 and miRNA- 378 have also been shown to be involved in the classical activation pathway of macrophages (M1 ) [35].
  • M1 macrophages Classically activated macrophages are thought to play an important role in the recognition and destruction of cancer cells as their presence usually indicates good prognosis. After recognition, malignant cells can be destroyed by M1 macrophages through several mechanisms, which include contact-dependent phagocytosis and cytotoxicity (i.e. cytokine release such as TNF-a) [24].
  • cytokine release i.e. cytokine release such as TNF-a
  • Environmental signals such as the tumor microenvironment or tissue-resident cells, however, can polarize M1 macrophages to M2 macrophages.
  • M2 macrophages are anti-inflammatory and aid in the process of
  • IL-10 angiogenesis and tissue repair. They express scavenger receptors and produce large quantities of IL-10 and other anti-inflammatory cytokines [33, 36]. Expression of IL-10 by M2 macrophages promotes a Th2 response. Th2 cells consequently upregulate the production of IL-3 and IL-4. IL-3 stimulates proliferation of all cells in the myeloid lineage
  • IL-4 is an important cytokine in the healing process because it contributes to the production of the EPO.
  • EPO Erythropoietin
  • GM-CSF Granulocyte macrophage colony- stimulating factor
  • IL-6 IL-6.
  • IL-4 is an important cytokine in the healing process because it contributes to the production of the EPO.
  • M2 macrophages exhibit functions that may help tumor progression by allowing blood vessels to feed the malignant cells and thus promoting their growth.
  • microenvironment helps macrophages maintain an M2 phenotype [23, 39].
  • Anti-inflammatory signals present in the tumor microenvironment such as adiponectin and IL-10 can enhance an M2 response [41 ].
  • TAMs Tumor associated macrophages
  • tumor associated macrophages found in the periphery of solid tumors are thought to help promote tumor growth and metastasis, and have an M2-like phenotype [42].
  • Tumor associated macrophages can be either tissue resident macrophages or recruited macrophages derived from the bone marrow (macrophages that differentiate from monocytes to macrophages and migrate into tissue).
  • a study by Cortez-Retamozo found that high numbers of TAM precursors in the spleen migrate to the tumor stroma, suggesting this organ as a TAM reservoir also [43].
  • angiogenic switch is defined as the process by which the tumor develops a high density network of blood vessels that potentially allows the tumor to become metastatic, and is necessary for malignant transition.
  • angiogenic switch is defined as the process by which the tumor develops a high density network of blood vessels that potentially allows the tumor to become metastatic, and is necessary for malignant transition.
  • a breast cancer mouse model it was observed that the presence of macrophages was required for a full angiogenic switch.
  • angiogenic switch was also delayed suggesting that the angiogenic switch does not occur in the absence of macrophages and that
  • the tumor stromal cells produce chemokines such as CSF1 , CCL2, CCL3, CCL5, and placental growth factor that will recruit
  • macrophages to the tumor surroundings.
  • These chemokines provide an environment for macrophages to activate the angiogenic switch, in which macrophages will produce high levels of IL-10, TGF- ⁇ , ARG-1 and low levels of IL-12, TNF-a, and IL-6.
  • the level of expression of these cytokines suggests macrophages modulate immune evasion. It is important to note that macrophages are attracted to hypoxic tumor environments and will respond by producing hypoxia-inducible factor-l a (HIF-1 a) and HIF-2a, which regulate the transcription of genes associated with angiogenesis.
  • HIF-1 a hypoxia-inducible factor-l a
  • HIF-2a hypoxia-inducible factor-2a
  • macrophages can also secrete VEGF (stimulated by the NF- ⁇ pathway), which will promote blood vessel maturation and vascular permeability [48].
  • Tumor associated macrophages are thought to be able to maintain their M2-like phenotype by receiving polarization signals from malignant cells such as IL-1 R and MyD88, which are mediated through IkB kinase ⁇ and NF-kB signaling cascade. Inhibition of NF-kB in TAMs promotes classical activation [40]. Moreover, another study suggested that p50 NF-kB subunit was involved in suppression of M1 macrophages, and reduction of inflammation promoted tumor growth. A p50 NF- ⁇ knock-out mouse generated by Saccani et. al suggested that M1 aggressiveness was restored upon p50 NF-kB knockout, reducing tumor survival [49].
  • TAMs Reducing the number of TAMs or polarizing them towards an M1 phenotype can help destroy cancer cells and impair tumor growth [50-52].
  • Luo and colleagues used a vaccine against legumain, a cysteine protease and stress protein upregulated in TAMs thought to be a potential tumor target [52]. When the vaccine against legumain was administered to mice, genes controlling angiogenesis were downregulated and tumor growth was halted [52].
  • Metabolic alterations present in tumor cells are controlled by the same genetic mutations that produce cancer [53]. As a result of these metabolic alterations, cancer cells are able to produce signals that can modify the polarization of macrophages and promote tumor growth [54, 55].
  • M1 and M2 macrophages demonstrate distinct metabolic patterns that reflect their dissimilar behaviors [56].
  • the M1 phenotype increases glycolysis and skews glucose metabolism towards the oxidative pentose phosphate pathway, thereby decreasing oxygen consumption and consequently producing large amounts of radical oxygen and nitrogen species as well as inflammatory cytokines such as TNF-a, IL-12, and IL-6 [56, 57].
  • the M2 phenotype increases fatty acid intake and oxidation, which decreases flux towards the pentose phosphate pathway while increasing the overall cell redox potential, consequently upregulating scavenger receptors and immunomodulatory cytokines such as IL-10 and TGF- ⁇ [56].
  • Protein kinases such as Akt1 and Akt2, alter macrophage polarization by allowing cancer cells to survive, proliferate, and use an intermediary metabolism [58]. Other protein kinases can direct
  • CARKL carbohydrate kinase-like protein
  • GSH:GSSSG complexes During an M2-like metabolic state,
  • macrophages upregulate CARKL and genes regulated by STAT6/IL-4 (IL- 10 and TGF- ⁇ ).
  • cancer immunotherapy The role of cancer immunotherapy is to stimulate the immune system to recognize, reject, and destroy cancer cells.
  • Cancer immunotherapy with monocytes/macrophages has the goal to polarize macrophages towards a pro-inflammatory response (M1 ), thus allowing the macrophages and other immune cells to destroy the tumor.
  • M1 pro-inflammatory response
  • Many cytokines and bacterial compounds can achieve this in vitro, although the side effects are typically too severe in vivo. The key is to find a compound with minimal or easily managed patient side effects.
  • monocytes/macrophages has been used in past decades and new approaches are being developed every year [64, 65].
  • Some approaches to cancer immunotherapy include the use of cytokines or chemokines to recruit activated macrophages and other immune cells to the tumor site which allow for recognition and targeted destruction of the tumor site [67, 68].
  • IFN- a and IFN- ⁇ have been shown to inhibit tumor progression by inducing cell differentiation and apoptosis [69].
  • IFN treatments are anti-proliferative and can increase S phase time in the cell cycle [70, 71 ].
  • Zhang and colleagues performed a study in nude mice using IFN- ⁇ gene therapy to target human prostate cancer cells. Their results indicate that adenoviral-delivered IFN- ⁇ gene therapy involves macrophages and helps suppress growth and metastasis [72].
  • the macrophage inhibitory factor is another cytokine that can be used in cancer immunotherapy.
  • MIF is usually found in solid tumors and indicates poor prognosis.
  • MIF inhibits aggressive macrophage function and drives macrophages toward an M2 phenotype, which can aid tumor growth and progression.
  • Simpson, Templeton & Cross (2012) found that MIF induces differentiation of myeloid cells, macrophage precursors, into a suppressive population of myeloid cells that express an M2 phenotype [73]. By targeting MIF, they were able to deplete this suppressive population of macrophages, inhibiting their growth and thus control tumor growth and metastasis [73].
  • CCR2 The chemokine receptor type 2, CCR2, is crucial to the recruitment of monocytes to inflammatory sites and it has been shown as a target to prevent the recruitment of macrophages to the tumor site, angiogenesis, and metastasis.
  • Sanford and colleagues (2013) studied a novel CCR2 inhibitor (PF-04136309) in a pancreatic mouse model, demonstrating that the CCR2 inhibitor depleted monocyte/macrophage recruitment to the tumor site, decreased tumor growth and metastasis, and increased antitumor immunity [74].
  • Schmall et al. showed that macrophages co-cultured with 10 different human lung cancers upregulated CCR2 expression. Moreover, they showed that tumor growth and metastatis were reduced in a lung mouse model treated with a CCR2 antagonist [75].
  • Other studies have used liposomes to deliver drugs to deplete M2
  • MENK methionine enkephalin
  • Bisphosphonates are commonly used to treat metastatic breast cancer patients to prevent skeletal complications such as bone resorption [78]. While bisphosphonates stay in the body for short periods of time, bisphosphonates can target osteoclasts, cells in the same family as macrophages, due to their high affinity for hydroxyapatite. Once bisphosphonates bind to the bones, the bone matrix internalizes the bisphosphonates by endocytosis. Once in the cytoplasm,
  • bisphosphonates can inhibit protein prenylation, an event that prevents integrin signaling and endosomal trafficking, thereby forcing the cell to go apoptotic.
  • Cationic polymers are used in immunotherapy because of their reactivity once dissolved in water.
  • Chen et al. used cationic polymers including PEI, polylysine, cationic dextran and cationic gelatin to produce a strong Th1 immune response [77]. They were also able to induce proliferation of CD4+ cells and secretion of IL-12 typical of M1 macrophages [77].
  • Huang and colleagues also used biomaterials to trigger TAMs to produce an anti-tumor response by targeting TLR4 [80]. This study found that TAMs were able to polarize to an M1 phenotype and express IL-12. They found that these cationic molecules have direct tumoricidal activity and demonstrate tumor reduction in mice [80].
  • Artificial T cell receptors also known as chimeric T cell receptors, chimeric immunoreceptors, chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) are engineered receptors, which graft an arbitrary specificity onto an immune effector cell. Typically, these receptors are used to graft the specificity of a monoclonal antibody onto a T cell; with transfer of their coding sequence facilitated by retroviral vectors.
  • TCR T cell Receptor
  • scFv single chain variable fragment
  • Chimeric antigen receptors with extracellular antibody fragments directed against a tumor epitope fused to intracellular T-cell signaling domains, have been transduced into T cells, endowing them with a novel specificity toward a non-MHC restricted epitope[3].
  • Chimeric antigen receptors are recombinant receptors that provide both surface antigen-binding and T-cell-activating functions. A number of CARs have been reported over the past decade, targeting an array of cell surface tumor antigens. Their biologic functions have dramatically changed following the introduction of tripartite receptors comprising a costimulatory domain, termed second-generation CARs.
  • CARs may be combined with costimulatory ligands, chimeric costimulatory receptors, or cytokines to further enhance T-cell potency, specificity, and safety.
  • CARs represent a new class of drugs with exciting potential for cancer immunotherapy.
  • T cells are capable of inducing potent anti-tumor responses, however, T cells that would most efficiently respond to peptide-MHC epitopes on the surface of tumors are often subjected to clonal tolerance or deletion, as many of these epitopes are very similar or identical to self-epitopes.
  • T-cell therapies have involved genetic modification of T cells in vitro by introduction of TCRs against tumor-associated T-cell epitopes. This strategy has shown promise, but various challenges surrounding T-cell epitopes in general, as well as potential mispairing of introduced TCR with endogenous TCR, remain. There are proposals to harness the power of T cells in the fight against tumors, by allowing T cells to respond to traditional antibody epitopes.
  • BiTEs have been constructed targeting more than ten tumor associated epitopes, including blinatumomab against CD19 (for B cell leukemias), and MT-1 10 against EpCAM (for various adenocarcinomas and cancer stem cells), both being currently evaluated in clinical trials. High response rates for relapse-free survival and elimination of minimal residual disease were found in refractory acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) patients receiving blinatumomab in clinical trials.
  • ALL acute lymphoblastic leukemia
  • TK1 Human Thymidine Kinase 1
  • sTK serum of cancer patients
  • TK1 levels in primary breast tumors can be used to predict recurrence.
  • Other exciting TK1 prognostic studies show significant reductions in sTK1 levels when patients respond to treatment while sTK1 levels continue to rise in patients who do not appear to respond to their treatment. It is also known that sTK1 levels begin to rise prior to recurrence and noted in some cases sTK1 levels could predict recurrence "1 -6 months before the onset of clinical symptoms”.
  • HSV-TK has been used in gene therapy and PET imaging utilizes TK1 to identify proliferating cancer cells
  • TK1 The diagnostic and prognostic potential of TK1 has been demonstrated using the traditional TK activity radioassay for both haematological malignancies and solid tumors. TK1 has been extensively studied in the context of cancer diagnostic biomarkers, where it has been shown to be upregulated in tissue and serum in both solid tumors and haematological malignancies.
  • TK1 levels in serum have also been shown to have diagnostic potential in other cancers such as bladder, cervical carcinoma, gastric, non-small cell lung, and renal and colorectal cancers.
  • high TK1 serum levels correlate with tumor aggressiveness and can be indicative of early events in carcinogenesis.
  • the mechanism by which TK1 enters the serum and its function in the serum has been largely unexplored. Perhaps, its function in the serum is connected to regulating the immune system. Further analyses are needed to understand this connection and its significance.
  • TK1 adopts a variety of oligomeric forms although it is most commonly found as a dimer or tetramer, approximately 53 kDa and 100 kDa respectively.
  • Munch-Petersen reported that the TK1 dimer was the low- efficiency form of the enzyme with a high Km (15 ⁇ ).
  • the TK1 tetramer was a high- efficiency form with a low Km (0.7 ⁇ ) and was reported to have 30-fold increased efficiency compared to the dimer in catalyzing its phosphoryl transfer reaction. The crystallization of TK1 indicates that the tetrameric form is composed of a dimer of dimers.
  • TK1 Thymidine kinase 1
  • nucleotides are either synthesized de novo or through the salvage pathway where they are recycled from intracellular and extracellular sources.
  • TK1 is one of two major salvage pathway kinases responsible for
  • TK1 is primarily responsible for the phosphorylation of deoxythymidine (dT). Its product, dTMP, is then subsequently phosphorylated and incorporated into the DNA as deoxythymidine triphosphate (dTTP). Expectedly, dTTP helps to regulate this process as it inhibits TK1 , the rate-limiting step of this process. Under normal proliferating conditions, TK1 is regulated by the cell cycle. TK1 levels are very low or barely detectable during G1 phase and begin to increase during late G1 phase. TK1 levels peak during S phase at concentrations near 200 nM, at least 10- fold higher than levels during G1 phase. Interestingly, Sherley et al.
  • TK1 mRNA only increased 3-fold or less, compared to the 15-fold increase in protein activity levels, during the cell cycle. They also determined that the rate of [35S] incorporation during S phase was 12-fold more efficient than during the G1 phase. Indicating that the rapid increase in TK1 levels during S phase was a result of an increase in the efficiency of TK1 translation, rather than an increase in transcription. This finding is particularly interesting in light of a study by Chou et al. in which a 5'- untranslated region (5'UTR) allowed translation of TK1 mRNA to be cap- independent. Munch-Peterson et al. has since demonstrated that this rapid increase in TK1 is also a result of conversion from an inactive dimeric to the active tetrameric TK1 form.
  • TK1 levels increase as a result of DNA damage, especially following irradiation or chemotherapy.
  • Chen et al. further characterized the connection between TK1 and DNA damage by showing p53-/- tumor cells increased TK1 levels in response to DNA damage while p53 wildtype tumor cells did not.
  • This connection between TK1 and p53 has been corroborated in other studies which report normal p53 function is required to maintain cell cycle dependent regulation of TK1 , and upon p53 loss, there is a compensatory increase in TK1 . Closer analysis of this connection revealed that the increase in TK1 levels following DNA damage is dependent on p21 .
  • TK1 knockdown did not affect the growth of tumor cells, even though the levels of dTTP significantly decreased (p ⁇ 0.01 ).
  • TK1 is responsible for maintaining the dTTP nucleotide pool in a cell cycle-dependent manner. Additionally, TK1 plays an invaluable role in DNA repair and survival of tumor cells following DNA damage. The biological significance of TK1 is less understood and somewhat puzzling.
  • TK1 function is essential for proper development and function of the kidney and salivary gland although these mechanisms are not understood. TK1 also appears to be necessary for the normal function of the immune system and may play a role in its deregulation. Another unexplored and puzzling function of TK1 is its role in the circulatory system of cancer patients.
  • HGPRT or HPRT is a crucial enzyme for the large-scale production of Guanine and Inosine bases. HPRT functions by transferring
  • Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyltransferase is an enzyme encoded in humans by the HPRT1 locus. This enzyme that allows cells to recycle purines, a type of building block of DNA and its chemical cousin RNA. Manufacturing purines uses more energy and takes more time than recycling purines, which makes recycling these molecules more efficient. Recycling purines ensures that cells have a plentiful supply of building blocks for the production of DNA and RNA. The process of recycling purines is also known as the purine salvage pathway.
  • HPRT Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase
  • HGPRT Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase
  • HGPRT Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase
  • PRPP Hypoxanthine Guanine Phosphoribosyltransferase
  • PPi pyrophosphate
  • HGPRT will transfer the ribose monophosphate from PRPP to a hypoxanthine base to form IMP.
  • This enzyme transfers phosphoribose from PRPP to hypoxanthine or guanine bases (Stout & Caskey, 1985; Wilson, Tarrt, & Kelley, 1983).
  • the HGPRT enzyme is composed of ten beta strands and six alpha helices with residues 37-189 forming the core of the enzyme (Eads, Scapin, Xu, Grubmeyer, &
  • the protein can exist as either a dimer or a tetramer with identical subunits (Eads et al., 1994; Keough, Brereton, De Jersey, & Guddat, 2005; Zhang et al., 2016).
  • the molecular weight of each of the protein subunits is 48.8783 kDa and the molecule has an instability index of 21 .69, which classifies the protein as stable.
  • the homo tetramer contains four subunits labeled A, A', B, and B' (Eads et al., 1994).
  • Shown in FIGURE 8 is the HGPRT biochemical pathway.
  • the homo tetramer structure of human HGPRT has beta sheets, beta strands, alpha helices, and beta turns.
  • the protein has only 27% alpha helices and 27% beta sheets, which indicates that the remaining 46% of the enzyme are beta turns and random coils.
  • the structure has subunits labeled, A, A ' and B, B'. Each subunit is relatively identical and is translated from the same mRNA message.
  • the carboxy terminal end of the central beta sheet is primarily involved in substrate recognition.
  • the core region of the protein contains twisted parallel beta sheets with five beta strands that are surrounded by four alpha helices.
  • Resides 65-74 form the most flexible portion of the protein as they create a loop that will bind pyrophosphate.
  • the residues of the enzyme that will bind PRPP substrate are 129-140, which are located on the floor of the active site.
  • the metal ion Mg 2+ is required (Eads et al., 1994; Zhang et al., 2016).
  • HPRT is found in all somatic tissue in low levels (Melton, Mcewan, Reid, & Mckie, 1986). In a majority of human cells
  • HPRT mRNA transcripts comprise only 0.005 to 0.01 % of the total mRNA (Caskey, 1981 ). The only exception is in central nervous tissue where there is an unusually elevated level of HPRT expression ranging from 0.02 to 0.04% of the total mRNA, which is a 4 fold increase in comparison to other somatic tissue (Caskey, 1981 ; Zoref-shani, Frishberg, & Bromberg, 2000). This elevated expression is not fully understood because cells in the central nervous system (CNS) are not stimulated to divide and would therefore require less machinery for nucleotide synthesis.
  • CNS central nervous system
  • HPRT would be upregulated in these environments (Linehan & Goedegebuure, 2005).
  • Linehan & Goedegebuure, 2005 Through preliminary studies to determine whether HPRT is upregulated in a cancerous setting, it has been determined that there is a strong association between HPRT and the plasma membrane of cancer cells. This association has been observed in a variety of cancer types and cell lines with multiple different assays. Confocal images and flow cytometry analysis have been obtained for multiple different cancer cell lines and show that HPRT is consistently expressed on the surface of all cancer types tested. This same expression is not observed for the salvage pathway enzymes DCK and APRT, indicating that HPRT has a role in a cancerous environment that is not shared by all salvage pathway enzymes.
  • Macrophages [0070] An aspect is the use of modified macrophages against the cancer
  • macrophages have antigen receptors against cancer antigens.
  • T-cells with antigen receptors against cancer antigens have been used to develop T-cells with antigen receptors against cancer antigens. These antigens are often substances that in normal condition don't activate an immune response, because they are identical or similar to human-produced substances. For this reason, T-cells have been modified to have such receptors. Therapies have been studied that involve such T-cells with chimeric antigen receptors (CAR), where the antigen receptors are directed against a tumor epitope. The T cells are capable of inducing potent anti-tumor responses, as noted in the Background above, these therapies are promising, but there are problems that have appeared.
  • CAR chimeric antigen receptors
  • T-cell therapies have involved genetic modification of T cells in vitro by introduction of TCRs against tumor-associated T-cell epitopes. This strategy has shown promise, but various challenges surrounding T-cell epitopes in general, as well as potential mispairing of introduced TCR with endogenous TCR, remain.
  • T-cells can be long-lived and be present indefinitely in the in the body, and can also be antigen-experienced against the cancer antigen. This means that T-cells that are antigen-specific against the tumor antigen marker can be present after the therapy treatment and elimination of the cancer. This can be a problem because the tumor-antigens are usually human created (necessitating the CARs in the first place) and may be present in small amounts for different body functions. Continued existence of the modified CAR T-cells and the potential innocent occurrence of the target antigen may result in harmful and unwanted activation of the T-cells.
  • cytokine storm This may compromise an important process in the body, or lead to a cytokine storm, where breakdown of the cytokine production/activation feed-back loop for T-cells results in uncontrolled and ballooning activation of immune cells, resulting in a massive immune response.
  • a cytokine storm can do significant damage and potentially result in death.
  • Macrophage CAR Macrophage CAR
  • Macrophage cells although they may last several weeks after an infection, and do not appear to possess memory, unlike CAR T cells. Accordingly, potential harm from a response to innocent low concentrations of the cancer antigen by lingering CARs will diminish.
  • macrophages do not participate in the cytokine storm
  • Antigens Associated with Cancers An aspect of the present therapy is that certain cancer and tumor antigens are associated with cancers and tumors, and are not associated with noncancerous tissues. For example, It has been demonstrated that TK1 and HGPRT are expressed on the surfaces of many, and likely all, cancerous types, with little or no expression on the surface of normal cells. These provide an antigen marker that allows a therapy to detect and target cancer cells, and kill the cancerous cells without harming non-cancerous cells.
  • An aspect is the use of monocytes/macrophages to combat cancer by combining modified macrophage-specific CAR technology and
  • human/humanized antibodies against human thymidine kinase 1 (TK1 ) and Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyS transferase (HPRT). It also includes the use of humanized antibodies against other common tumor targets such as CD19, CD20, epidermal growth factor (EGFR), receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1 (ROR1 ) and other novel tumor targets to produce a macrophage potentially activated against many different tumors.
  • TK1 human thymidine kinase 1
  • HPRT Hypoxanthine-guanine phosphoribosyS transferase
  • CD19, CD20 epidermal growth factor
  • EGFR epidermal growth factor
  • ROR1 receptor tyrosine kinase-like orphan receptor 1
  • additional potential antigen markers that can be used by the present therapy system to target cancer cells over normal cells. These may include, for example, salvage pathway enzymes, substance that contribute to metastasis such as
  • any normal antigen that is not found on the surface of normal cells but may be expressed on the surface of cancer cells any mutated normal human protein that may be significantly different from normal protein so as to be distinguished by CAR or MOTO CAR.
  • Some fetal antigens that may be expressed exclusively on cancer cells, mutated proteins produced as a result of tumor formation may also be used as targets if they are sufficiently different from the non-mutated protein so as to be distinguished by antibodies.
  • TK1 and HPRT are up regulated in many forms of cancer and have been found on the surface of many cancer cells. Neither is found on the surface of normal cells and therefore is a prime target for immunotherapy.
  • Preliminary findings indicate that HGPRT is on the surface in the same proportion as TK1 i.e. if TK1 is high HGPRT is also high, if TK1 is low HGPRT is also low. While not being bound to a theory, they may be complexed together.
  • the present technology contemplates the use of a CAR or BiTE produced with a scFv from a humanized or non-human mammal (such as mouse) monoclonal antibody to HGPRT or TK1 , that could be used with
  • the uniqueness of the present technology lies in part in the fact that using specifically generated antibodies to human cancer antigens that are associated with cancer cells and not normal cells can be used to target tumors.
  • antigens expressed in this manner on the surface of the cancer cell like TK1 and HGPRT can be used to target CARs, MOTO CARs and BiTEs to the tumors.
  • Antibodies specific to human TK are known, such as disclosed in United States Patents 9267948, 7837998, 7311906, and 5698409
  • An aspect is using a macrophage or a monocyte or other immune cell containing a MOTO-CAR Vector (scFV fused to a Toll like receptor intracellular activating region) designed against as specific tumor associated antigen, and using monocytes or macrophages and a MOTO- CAR technology against tumors or other diseases. The technology could be used against any specific antigen using vectors to illicit an immune response utilizing monocytes or macrophages.
  • An aspect is using a macrophage or a monocyte or other immune cell containing a MOTO-CAR Vector (scFV fused to a Toll like receptor intracellular activating region) designed against as specific tumor associated antigen such as TK1 and HPRT.
  • An aspect is a method for treating tumors where the specific tumor antigen is in particular HPRT.
  • TK1 has high levels in serum from patients with aggressive tumors this could bind to the MOTO-CAR and activate the CAR before it gets to the tumor site.
  • HPRT has been shown to have low serum levels and also seems to be more abundantly dispersed on the cancer cell membranes and not on normal cells.
  • An aspect is a method for polarizing macrophages to an M1 phenotype in a cancerous environment. The MOTO-CAR is designed to attach to TK1 or HPRT on the surface of cancer cells and activate the macrophage converting it to a M1 aggressive killing macrophage as opposed to the M2 that associates with the tumor and protects it from immune destruction.
  • An aspect is use of macrophage specific promoter for macrophage CAR activation. Since the MOTO-CAR may bind soluble TK1 in the serum it could activate without being near the tumor. A possible solution to this is to separate monocytes from the patient and infect them with a MOTO- CAR construct that will be under the control of a macrophage specific promoter. Monocytes only become macrophages when they move from the blood to the tissues. Having the MOTO-CAR under the control of a macrophage specific promoter will allow the MOTO-CAR only to be expressed in tissue and thereby avoid the problems with activation in serum. [0089] Another aspect is utilizing cytoplasmic macrophage activating molecules/ signaling cascades such as Toll like receptors.
  • the MOTO-CAR may be activated by utilizing the Toll like receptor cytoplasmic domain.
  • activating signaling molecules that can have a similar function.
  • a different activating molecule is contemplated.
  • the molecule used does not have to be a Toll like Receptor there are other signaling pathways that could utilize this technology.
  • Another aspect involves utilizing an scFv derived from a
  • scFv's from mouse or human are contemplated.
  • MOTO-CAR with scFv's from both mouse and human, or obtaining human antibodies against
  • TK1 and HPRT using a yeast library that produces human monoclonal antibodies using a yeast library that produces human monoclonal antibodies.
  • MOTO-CAR technology may not be limited to attacking cancer, and there may be other diseases where this technology could be effective.
  • Another aspect is use of co-stimulatory molecules to enhance the
  • BIME bispecific macrophage engagers
  • BIMEs Bispecific Macrophage Engagers
  • the first is a molecule composed of a molecule of IFN- ⁇ linked by an amino acid spacer to any ScFv against TK1 , HPRT or any other tumor antigen.
  • the second is designed by the union of a ScFv against the CSF-1 receptor and a ScFv against a tumor antigen.
  • the third involves a bispecific antibody against the hydrophobic pocket of the
  • MD2 protein which brings in close activation proximity two TLR4 proteins triggering the signaling cascade by the physical encounter of the two TLR4s's TIR domains in the cytosol.
  • MOTO-CARS and BIMES are part of the new generation of cancer immunotherapy technologies and both of them could be used to in the treatment of many different cancer types.
  • Figure .2 is a schematic showing a Macrophage Toll-like receptor CAR.
  • MOTO CAR The intracellular domain and transmembrane domain of Toll like receptors, FC-gamma III receptor, IL-1 or the IFN-gamma receptors can be fused to a suitable hinge and a ScFv against a tumor antigen to activate Macrophages upon binding to a specific tumor antigen.
  • FIG 4 is a schematic showing where Bispecific Macrophage Engagen F N- Y (B IMEIFN-Y)- M2 tumor resident macrophages can be polarized and anchored to tumor cells using a molecule of IFN- ⁇ linked by a aminoacid spacer to a ScFv against a tumor antigen.
  • Figure 5 is a schematic showing where Bispecific Macrophage Engager (BIME). M2 macrophages can be polarized towards M1 phenotype and directed to tumor cells.
  • a bispecific antibody can block CSF-1 receptor blocking CSF-1 a receptor that leads to an M2 profile
  • the macrophage can be anchored with a ScFv against a tumor antigen. The patient then can receive IFN- ⁇ and the macrophage can be polarized towards a M1 phenotype for tumor elimination.
  • FIG. 6 is a schematic showing Macrophage Activator M D2 (BIME M D2)-
  • Toll-like receptor 4 dimerization can be triggered by using a ScFv against the hydrophobic pocket of the MD2 protein. Then a BIME can be added to anchor macrophages to the tumor cells.
  • Figure 7 is a schematic illustrating Toll Like Receptor Signaling
  • FIG. 8 is shown the HGPRT biochemical pathway
  • Figure 9 is a graph illustrating HGPRT protein surface expression
  • TK1 and HPRT are exclusively expressed on the surface membrane of tumor cells and have led to the development of a range of monoclonal antibodies against human TK1 and HPRT.
  • the specific binding capacity of these specific monoclonal antibodies could be used in macrophages transfected with a modified macrophage-specific chimeric antigen receptor to treat cancer patients.
  • a method for modifying a monocyte/macrophage to have receptors against human TK1 might include producing human/humanized monoclonal antibodies that are TK1 and
  • FIGURE 1 HPRT specific (FIGURE 1 ). These TK1 and HPRT specific monoclonal antibodies would be used to create chimeric antigen receptors (CARs) by fusion of the single-chain variable fragments to macrophage (MO) signaling domains (FIGURE 2) (such as the cytoplasmic domain portion from a toll-like receptor (TO), the FC gamma III, IL-1 or INF-gamma receptors) (FIGURE 7) that would be transduced into the macrophage (FIGURE 3a, b).
  • MO macrophage
  • FIGURE 7 chimeric antigen receptors
  • monocytes/macrophages would be removed from the patient and transfected ex vivo with a macrophage- specific chimeric antigen receptor lentiviral vector.
  • cDNA was purified from a monoclonal antibody hybridoma cell (CB1 ) with an antibody specific to human TK1 and used to amplify the heavy and light chains of the CB1 variable region via polymerase chain reaction (PCR) Sequences from the heavy and light chain were confirmed using NCBI Blast. CB1 heavy and light chains were fused together via site overlap extension (SOE) PCR to make a single chain fragment variable (scFv) using a G4S linker.
  • SOE site overlap extension
  • scFv single chain fragment variable
  • the G4S linker was codon optimized for yeast and humans using the Codon Optimization tool provided by IDT
  • TK-1 and HPRT-specific human scFv antibodies were isolated from a yeast antibody library. TK-1 and HPRT protein was isolated, His-tagged, and purified. TK-1 and HPRT protein was labeled with an anti-His biotinylated antibody and added to the library to select for TK-1 and
  • HPRT-specific antibody clones TK-1 and HPRT antibody clones were alternately stained with streptavidin or anti-biotin microbeads and enriched using a magnetic column. Two additional rounds of sorting and selection were performed to isolate TK-1 and HPRT specific antibodies. For the final selection, possible TK-1 and HPRT antibody clones and their respective protein were sorted by fluorescence-activated cell sorting (FACS) by alternately labeling with fluorescently-conjugated anti-HA or anti-c-myc antibodies to isolate TK-1 and HPRT specific antibodies. High affinity clones were selected for CAR construction. Other human antibodies or humanized antibodies from other animals could be selected or altered to be TK-1 or HPRT specific by using phage display or other recombination methods.
  • FACS fluorescence-activated cell sorting
  • the antibody construct was inserted into the pPNL9 yeast secretion vector and YVH10 yeast were transformed with the construct and induced to produce the antibody.
  • Other expression systems such as E. coli or mammalian systems could also be used to secrete antibodies.
  • humanized or non-human mammal such as mouse
  • monoclonal antibody to HPRT and TK1 that could be used with appropriate genetic
  • HPRT and TK1 are on the surface of cancer cells and not on the surface of any normal cell is a major part of the discovery, as this knowledge can be used to allow lymphocytes to be directed specifically to the tumor cells.
  • This application is to protect the technology that would allow the use of a CAR or BiTE produced with a scFv from a humanized or mouse monoclonal antibody to HPRT, TK1 or other tumor antigen, that could be used with appropriate genetic engineering to manipulate macrophages, neutrophils or other immune cells ultimately from a patient but not limited to such, to treat a disease such as cancer.
  • the scFv from the humanized mouse monoclonal would be engineered to attach to the transmembrane and cytoplasmic domain of the TLR4, resulting in a TLR4 macrophage chimeric antigen receptor. That fact that HPRT is on the surface of cancer cells and not on the surface of any normal cell is a major part of the discovery, as this knowledge and these techniques can be used to allow the macrophages to be directed, (using the HPRT
  • Immunotherapy requires the activation of the immune system however it is difficult to find a cytokine, chemokine, compound, or biomaterial that will not produce some side effects.
  • Macrophages belong to the innate immune system and exhibit pro- inflammatory and anti-inflammatory properties, they are the ideal im m unotherapy cand idates.
  • Macrophage polarization tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends in Immunology, 23(1 1 ), 549-55. Retrieved from
  • tumour-associated macrophages in tumour progression: implications for al of Pathology, 196(3), 254-
  • Tumor necrosis factor a potent effector molecule for tumor cell killing by activated macrophages.
  • microRNA-342- 5p fosters inflammatory macrophage activation through an Akt1 - and microRNA-155-dependent pathway during atherosclerosis.
  • bromopyruvate hexokinase 2 inhibitor
  • CARKL directs macrophage polarization through control of glucose metabolism. Cell Metabolism, 15(6), 813-26.
  • IL-4 interleukin-4
  • STAT6 protein signaling axis in obesity.
  • Macrophage Migration Inhibitory Factor Promotes Tumor Growth and Metastasis by Inducing Myeloid-Derived Suppressor Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. The Journal of Immunology.
  • Lymphocyte in vitro cytotoxicity characterization of human lymphotoxin. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 1250-1255. Retrieved from
  • CARs CAR Receptors
  • BiTEs Bispecific T -cell engagers
  • Garrido F Garrido F, Cabrera T, Concha A, Glew S, Ruiz-Cabello F, Stern PL.
  • Macrophage Polarisation an Immunohistochemical Approach for Identifying M1 and M2 Macrophages. PloS One, 8(1 1 ), e80908.
  • Class A scavenger receptor attenuates myocardial infarction-induced cardiomyocyte necrosis through suppressing M1 macrophage subset polarization.
  • Lymphocyte in vitro cytotoxicity
  • Macrophage polarization tumor-associated macrophages as a paradigm for polarized M2 mononuclear phagocytes. Trends in Immunology, 23(1 1 ),
  • Tumor necrosis factor a potent effector molecule for tumor cell killing by activated macrophages. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America, 83(14), 5233-7. Retrieved from
  • Hexokinase 2 is a key mediator of aerobic glycolysis and promotes tumor growth in human glioblastoma multiforme. The Journal of

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Abstract

Cellules immunitaires macrophages modifiées destinées au traitement du cancer et d'autres maladies.
EP16801306.8A 2015-10-13 2016-10-13 Car macrophage (moto-car) en immunothérapie Ceased EP3334764A2 (fr)

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WO2015063069A1 (fr) * 2013-10-28 2015-05-07 Benjamin Felder Récepteurs antigéniques chimériques avec domaines de liaison à l'antigène dérivés des récepteurs des cellules t gamma delta
CN104910279B (zh) * 2015-06-05 2019-02-22 重庆精准生物技术有限公司 靶向癌胚抗原的嵌合抗原受体、慢病毒表达载体及其制备方法和应用

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EP3328402A4 (fr) * 2015-07-28 2019-04-03 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Monocytes/macrophages modifiés exprimant des récepteurs d'antigène chimériques et leurs utilisations
US11034749B2 (en) 2015-07-28 2021-06-15 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Modified monocytes/macrophage expressing chimeric antigen receptors and uses thereof
US11306133B2 (en) 2015-07-28 2022-04-19 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Modified monocytes/macrophage expressing chimeric antigen receptors and uses thereof
US11306134B2 (en) 2015-07-28 2022-04-19 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Modified monocytes/macrophage expressing chimeric antigen receptors and uses thereof
US11319358B2 (en) 2015-07-28 2022-05-03 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Modified monocytes/macrophage expressing chimeric antigen receptors and uses thereof
US11325963B2 (en) 2015-07-28 2022-05-10 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Modified monocytes/macrophage expressing chimeric antigen receptors and uses thereof
US11332511B2 (en) 2015-07-28 2022-05-17 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Modified monocytes/macrophage expressing chimeric antigen receptors and uses thereof
US11359002B2 (en) 2015-07-28 2022-06-14 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Modified monocytes/macrophage expressing chimeric antigen receptors and uses thereof
US11407805B2 (en) 2015-07-28 2022-08-09 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Modified monocytes/macrophage expressing chimeric antigen receptors and uses thereof
US11498954B2 (en) 2015-07-28 2022-11-15 The Trustees Of The University Of Pennsylvania Modified monocytes/macrophage expressing chimeric antigen receptors and uses thereof
US11312939B2 (en) 2020-06-04 2022-04-26 Carisma Therapeutics Inc. Constructs for chimeric antigen receptors
US11739297B2 (en) 2020-06-04 2023-08-29 Carisma Therapeutics Inc. Method of increasing tumor killing activity of macrophages or monocytes comprising chimeric antigen receptor

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WO2017025944A2 (fr) 2017-02-16
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WO2017025944A3 (fr) 2017-04-27

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