Classifications

• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
  • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
  • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
  • B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
  • B60L53/51—Photovoltaic means
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
  • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
  • B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
  • B60L53/52—Wind-driven generators
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
  • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
  • B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
  • B60L53/53—Batteries
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B60—VEHICLES IN GENERAL
  • B60L—PROPULSION OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; SUPPLYING ELECTRIC POWER FOR AUXILIARY EQUIPMENT OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRODYNAMIC BRAKE SYSTEMS FOR VEHICLES IN GENERAL; MAGNETIC SUSPENSION OR LEVITATION FOR VEHICLES; MONITORING OPERATING VARIABLES OF ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES; ELECTRIC SAFETY DEVICES FOR ELECTRICALLY-PROPELLED VEHICLES
  • B60L53/00—Methods of charging batteries, specially adapted for electric vehicles; Charging stations or on-board charging equipment therefor; Exchange of energy storage elements in electric vehicles
  • B60L53/50—Charging stations characterised by energy-storage or power-generation means
  • B60L53/54—Fuel cells
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
  • H01G11/08—Structural combinations, e.g. assembly or connection, of hybrid or EDL capacitors with other electric components, at least one hybrid or EDL capacitor being the main component
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
  • H01G11/10—Multiple hybrid or EDL capacitors, e.g. arrays or modules
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
  • H01G—CAPACITORS; CAPACITORS, RECTIFIERS, DETECTORS, SWITCHING DEVICES, LIGHT-SENSITIVE OR TEMPERATURE-SENSITIVE DEVICES OF THE ELECTROLYTIC TYPE
  • H01G11/00—Hybrid capacitors, i.e. capacitors having different positive and negative electrodes; Electric double-layer [EDL] capacitors; Processes for the manufacture thereof or of parts thereof
  • H01G11/14—Arrangements or processes for adjusting or protecting hybrid or EDL capacitors
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J3/00—Circuit arrangements for ac mains or ac distribution networks
  • H02J3/28—Arrangements for balancing of the load in a network by storage of energy
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/0013—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries acting upon several batteries simultaneously or sequentially
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02J—CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS OR SYSTEMS FOR SUPPLYING OR DISTRIBUTING ELECTRIC POWER; SYSTEMS FOR STORING ELECTRIC ENERGY
  • H02J7/00—Circuit arrangements for charging or depolarising batteries or for supplying loads from batteries
  • H02J7/34—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering
  • H02J7/345—Parallel operation in networks using both storage and other dc sources, e.g. providing buffering using capacitors as storage or buffering devices
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
  • H02M—APPARATUS FOR CONVERSION BETWEEN AC AND AC, BETWEEN AC AND DC, OR BETWEEN DC AND DC, AND FOR USE WITH MAINS OR SIMILAR POWER SUPPLY SYSTEMS; CONVERSION OF DC OR AC INPUT POWER INTO SURGE OUTPUT POWER; CONTROL OR REGULATION THEREOF
  • H02M3/00—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output
  • H02M3/02—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac
  • H02M3/04—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters
  • H02M3/06—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider
  • H02M3/07—Conversion of dc power input into dc power output without intermediate conversion into ac by static converters using resistors or capacitors, e.g. potential divider using capacitors charged and discharged alternately by semiconductor devices with control electrode, e.g. charge pumps
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/13—Energy storage using capacitors
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
  • Y02T10/70—Energy storage systems for electromobility, e.g. batteries
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T10/00—Road transport of goods or passengers
  • Y02T10/60—Other road transportation technologies with climate change mitigation effect
  • Y02T10/7072—Electromobility specific charging systems or methods for batteries, ultracapacitors, supercapacitors or double-layer capacitors
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
  • Y02T90/12—Electric charging stations
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02T—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES RELATED TO TRANSPORTATION
  • Y02T90/00—Enabling technologies or technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02T90/10—Technologies relating to charging of electric vehicles
  • Y02T90/14—Plug-in electric vehicles

Definitions

• the invention is in the field of storage of electrical energy, in particular energy storage in capacitive form. It applies in particular to the power supply of autonomous electric vehicles. More specifically, the invention relates to a capacitive energy storage device, a power system incorporating this device and an electric or hybrid vehicle incorporating this device or this power system. State of the art
• a machine or installation using energy in electrical form for its operation must often adapt the nature of the energy that is brought to it. This is particularly the case when the energy is supplied in mechanical form (for example a flywheel), or in an electrical form but with voltage and signal form properties (for example variable or continuous voltage) that are not appropriate.
• the energy storage is typically in the form of electrochemical charge transfer device. These are essentially batteries (or accumulators) and fuel cells. These electrochemical energy storage devices deliver a DC voltage whereas, very often, the electrical machines of the vehicles require an AC voltage. For this reason, it is common to associate an energy conversion device with these electrochemical energy storage devices.
• the energy conversion device can further adapt the voltage range delivered by the electrochemical energy storage device to the supply voltage or voltage range of the electric machine considered.
• the energy conversion device is highly optimized with respect to the latter.
• the input voltage range of the energy conversion device is adapted to the output voltage range of the storage device, in order to minimize Joule losses and increase energy efficiency.
• This adaptation in practice leads to a pairing of the energy conversion device with the energy storage device, without the possibility of replacing the storage device with another having different characteristics, or at the expense of energy efficiency.
• energy storage devices in capacitive form have experienced a strong development.
• supercapacitors now have a capacity / weight ratio sufficient to allow their use as a main source of energy for the propulsion of electric vehicles.
• simply replacing an electrochemical energy storage device with a supercapacitor or a plurality of supercapacitors would result in highly degraded performance.
• an electrochemical energy storage device works over a relatively narrow voltage range, while a supercapacitor works over a relatively wide voltage range.
• An electrochemical energy storage device typically operates over a voltage range U re f ⁇ 15%, where U re defines the nominal value of the voltage. Almost 100% of the useful energy of an electrochemical energy storage device is available over a voltage range [2/3 U re f; U re f].
• a supercapacitor over an equivalent voltage range, [2/3 U n ; U n ], with U n the nominal value of the voltage in the charged state, a supercapacitor only gives access to about 50% of its useful energy. Thus, over the same voltage range and for the same energy stored initially, a supercapacitor delivers half as much energy as an electric battery or a fuel cell.
• An object of the invention is in particular to overcome all or part of the aforementioned drawbacks.
• an object of the invention is to propose a device for storing electrical energy by capacitive effect which makes it possible to optimize the use of the stored energy.
• Another object of the invention is to provide a capacitive energy storage device that can effectively replace an electrochemical energy storage device.
• the capacitive energy storage device must in particular make it possible, when it replaces an electrochemical energy storage device coupled to a power converter, to use this energy converter in a conversion range exhibiting an efficiency. relatively high, typically greater than 95%.
• the capacitive effect energy storage device is based on the use of several elementary energy storage modules, and a reconfiguration of the connection between these modules so that the energy storage device has at its terminals. , over time, a voltage within a desired voltage range.
• the subject of the invention is a reconfigurable electrical energy storage device comprising:
• each storage module being able to store electrical energy by capacitive effect between a negative terminal and a positive terminal,
• ⁇ contactors arranged to allow to connect by their terminals M, x N, storage modules, according to different associations, each association designated by an index i comprising M, branches connected in parallel, each branch comprising N, storage modules connected in series; , where M, x N, ⁇ M x N, and
• Capacitive effect energy storage modules are typically supercapacitors or combinations of supercapacitors.
• the contactors can be of any type and any technology, as long as they are able to establish or interrupt an electrical contact between at least two electrical points. These include, for example, switches, in particular controllable switches, controllable inverters, or controllable switches. These contactors can be called reconfiguration contactors, as they allow to move from an association of storage modules to another association.
• the reconfigurable energy storage device can replace such a device without modifying its electrical environment, and in particular the energy converter.
• the reconfigurable device can be arranged to present, between the two connection terminals, a voltage able to vary between a minimum voltage U min and a maximum voltage U max .
• the reconfigurable device according to the invention has the advantage of optimizing the design of the internal connections of the energy storage device.
• energy converters usually work in power. The more the energy storage device operates at a low voltage, the higher the intensity of the current flowing through it, and thus crossing the energy converter.
• the capacitive energy storage device is not reconfigurable, its internal connections must be sized to pass the high currents flowing at low voltage. This assumes the use of relatively high power connections, with large sections of current flow, which ultimately generates additional constraints in terms of mass, volume and cost.
• a maximum allowable current can be defined, involving configuration changes to avoid an increase in the current beyond this threshold.
• the energy converter also benefits from current limiting, which allows for smaller current flow sections.
• energy converters working at lower current have the advantage of having better energy efficiency.
• the reconfigurable energy storage device according to the invention can be arranged so as to be in a safe configuration, that is to say a configuration in which the positive electrical connection terminal and the negative electrical connection terminal. are not connected to each other by a storage module.
• each branch of storage modules is isolated from at least one of the positive and negative electrical connection terminals. No current can then flow from the negative electrical connection terminal to the positive electrical connection terminal.
• the security configuration can be useful in particular to allow an operator to perform maintenance interventions by limiting the risk of electric shock.
• the security configuration can for example be obtained by providing the reconfigurable electrical energy storage device according to the invention with a trip contactor arranged to be able to take an isolation position, in which, for at least one association of storage modules, each branch is isolated from the positive electrical connection terminal and / or the negative electrical connection terminal.
• the trip contactor is for example placed between the positive ends of the branches connected in parallel and the positive electrical connection terminal or between the negative ends of the branches connected in parallel and the negative electrical connection terminal.
• the reconfigurable electrical energy storage device according to the invention may comprise a plurality of safety contactors, each being able to connect or isolate the positive electrical connection terminal, or the negative electrical connection terminal, of the end of one or more branches.
• the trip contactor can be a manual or controlled contactor. If necessary, it can be controlled by the same control unit as that controlling the contactors arranged to achieve the different associations of storage modules.
• the security configuration can also be achieved without introducing a specific trip contactor.
• the reconfiguration contactors, arranged to allow the storage modules to be connected in different combinations, can indeed be controlled so as to isolate each branch of the positive electrical connection terminal, and / or the negative electrical connection terminal.
• the M x N storage modules have the same maximum voltage U m0 d-max at their terminals and the same electrical capacitance.
• the reconfiguration of the storage modules according to different associations is then facilitated.
• the branches have the same voltage at their terminals and can therefore be connected in parallel without involving energy transfer between the storage modules.
• the contactors can be arranged so that, for each association, the product M, x N, the number of branches by the number of storage modules in each branch is equal the number M x N of storage modules in the reconfigurable device for storing electrical energy.
• the Contactors can be arranged such that, among the various associations, the maximum number N max of storage modules in each branch is less than or equal to three times the minimum number N min of storage modules in each branch.
• the reconfigurable device may further include:
• ⁇ a measuring unit arranged to measure a voltage control between the negative terminal of a first storage module of the M x N storage modules, and the positive terminal of a second storage module from the MxN modules storage, identical or different from the first storage module, and
• control unit designed to control the contactors controlled according to the control voltage.
• control unit is arranged so that, when the control voltage becomes lower than a minimum voltage U m m, or greater than a maximum voltage U m ax, the controlled contactors are controlled to connect the storage modules in a new association, in which the control voltage is between the minimum voltage U min and the maximum voltage U max .
• control unit is arranged so that:
• the controlled switches are controlled to connect the storage modules in a new combination, wherein the control voltage is between a minimum operating voltage U min and a maximum operating voltage U max , where
• the controlled contactors are controlled to connect the storage modules in a new combination, in which the control voltage is between a minimum operating voltage U m m and a maximum operating voltage U ma x, where
• the measurement unit is for example arranged to measure the control voltage between the positive and negative electrical connection terminals of the reconfigurable device, that is to say between the ends of the branches connected in parallel.
• the control unit and the storage modules can be arranged so that the difference in voltage AU max between the maximum operating voltage U max and the minimum operating voltage U min is greater than or equal to the maximum voltage U m0 d- max at the terminals of a storage module.
• this condition makes it possible to guarantee that the addition or the deletion of a storage module in each branch reduces the observed voltage. between the ends of the branches between the minimum operating voltage U min and the maximum operating voltage U max .
• control unit and the storage modules may further be arranged such that the number of storage modules that can be added or removed in each branch as a result of an association to a next association is less than or equal to a maximum number n max , determined in order to satisfy the relationship:
• AUmax is the voltage difference between the maximum operating voltage U max and the minimum operating voltage U min between the positive and negative electrical connection terminals of the reconfigurable device.
• the invention also relates to a power system capable of supplying a load, such as a power train of an electric or hybrid vehicle, and to be recharged by a charging station.
• the system includes:
• ⁇ a reconfigurable device for storing electrical energy as described above, ⁇ a third electric connection terminal and a fourth electric connection terminal, adapted to be connected to the load or to the charging station, and
• the power supply system comprises a reconfigurable energy storage device in which the control unit is arranged so that, in the voltage range between the minimum operating voltage U min and the maximum operating voltage U max , the energy converter has a yield greater than or equal to 90% or 95%.
• the feed system further comprises:
• an electrochemical energy storage device charge transfer adapted to store electrical energy between a fifth terminal and a sixth electrical connection terminal for electrical connection
• a controlled switch arranged to connect the third and fourth electric connection terminals to the first and second electrical connection terminals of the electrical energy storage reconfigurable device or the fifth and sixth electrical connection terminals of the electrochemical energy storage device charge transfer.
• the feed system further comprises:
• ⁇ a generator capable of supplying electric power between a seventh terminal and an eighth electrical connection terminal for electrical connection, and ⁇ a controlled switch arranged to connect the third and fourth terminals for electrical connection to first and second electrical connection terminals of the reconfigurable device for storing electrical energy or the seventh and eighth electrical connection terminals of the generator.
• the first and second variants can be combined to have two complementary power sources in addition to the reconfigurable device.
• the controlled switch is arranged to connect the third and fourth electrical connection terminals to the first and second electrical connection terminals of the reconfigurable electrical energy storage device, to the fifth and sixth electrical connection terminals. the electrochemical charge transfer energy storage device or the seventh and eighth electrical connection terminals of the generator set.
• the subject of the invention is a vehicle comprising an electric traction chain and either a reconfigurable energy storage device as described above, or a power supply system as described above, the device or the power supply system. being arranged to supply the traction chain with electrical energy.
• FIG. 1A schematically represents a first example of a reconfigurable energy storage device according to the invention comprising twelve storage modules;
• FIG. 1B diagrammatically represents a variant of the first example of a reconfigurable energy storage device according to the invention
• FIG. 2 diagrammatically represents a second example of a reconfigurable energy storage device according to the invention, integrating a measurement unit and a control unit;
• FIGS. 3A to 3E illustrate various possible associations of the storage modules of the reconfigurable device of FIG. 1A;
• FIG. 4 represents an example of a power system comprising the reconfigurable device of FIG. 2, as well as an energy converter;
• FIGS. 5A and 5B illustrate an example of scheduling the switching of controlled inverters of the reconfigurable device of FIG. 1A during a reconfiguration between two associations;
• FIG. 6 represents the typical relationship between the useful energy accessible during a discharge of a capacitive element as a function of the voltage at its terminals
• FIGS. 7A to 7E represent various possible combinations for a reconfigurable energy storage device comprising sixteen storage modules
• FIG. 8 shows a power system comprising a reconfigurable energy storage device according to the invention and an electric battery.
• variants of the invention comprising only a selection of characteristics described, subsequently isolated from the other characteristics described (even if this selection is isolated within a sentence including these other features), if this selection of features is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to differentiate the invention from the state of the prior art.
• This selection comprises at least one characteristic, preferably functional without structural details, or with only a part of the structural details if this part alone is sufficient to confer a technical advantage or to differentiate the invention from the state of the prior art .
• capacitor effect electrical energy storage module or, more simply, “storage module”, any combination of one or more electrical capacitors connected together so as to have two connection terminals, one qualified as a negative terminal and the other as a positive terminal.
• a capacitor is defined as any electrical or electronic component having two conductive reinforcements separated by a dielectric and able to store opposite electrical charges on its armatures. The armatures are able to be connected to elements of an electrical circuit via the two connection terminals.
• the capacitors can be connected to each other according to any type of association.
• all the capacitors of a storage module are of the same type (for example electrolytic or insulating). They advantageously have the same properties in terms of capacity, maximum voltage and internal resistance.
• the storage module is intended to store a relatively large amount of electrical energy.
• each storage module can store a quantity of energy of the order of one kilowatt-hour, for example between 0.1 kW.h and 10 kW.h.
• a capacitor is commonly called a "supercapacitor".
• Most of the existing supercapacitors are based on so-called “electrochemical double layer” technology. According to this technology, the supercapacitor comprises two porous electrodes containing, for example, activated carbon and bathed in an ionic solution.
• a capacitor is characterized mainly by its capacitance C, and the energy E stored by the capacitor is defined by the relation:
• U is the voltage across the capacitor considered ideal, that is to say not exhibiting, in particular, internal resistance.
• a contactor is defined as any electrical device capable of taking at least two positions, namely a first so-called contact position, in which it establishes an electrical contact between two points such as terminals of connection, and a second so-called insulation position, in which it electrically isolates these two points from each other.
• the contactor can take a greater number of positions. It can also manage the connection between three points, one of the points can alternatively connect to one of the other two points. This is usually called inverter.
• the contactor can be manually operated or controlled. In the latter case, it is called "controlled contactor".
• a controlled contactor can be realized according to different technologies. In particular, it can be realized in the form of a transistor, or an electrical circuit comprising at least one transistor.
• FIG. 1A schematically represents an example of a reconfigurable energy storage device according to the invention.
• the device 100 comprises a negative connection terminal 101, a positive connection terminal 102, twelve storage modules 111-122, and ten controlled inverters 131-140.
• the storage modules are designated individually or globally under the reference 110, and the controlled inverters are designated individually or globally under the reference 130.
• the storage modules 110 all have the same electrical properties, with a few percent due to deviations in design and aging of the electrical components. In particular, the storage modules 110 have the same nominal voltage Umod-max, and the same capacitance C. Thus, they are able to store each one a same amount of electrical energy.
• the storage modules 111, 112 and 113 are connected in series to form a first branch 151.
• the storage modules 114, 115 and 116 are connected in series to form a second branch 152.
• the storage modules 117, 118 and 119 are connected in series to form a third branch 153.
• the connection of the storage modules 111-119 is permanent within each branch 151-153.
• the device 100 does not include means for connecting the storage modules 111-119 other than by three associations in series.
• the remaining three modules 120-122 are not connected to each other permanently.
• the storage modules 110 are shown in FIG. 1A in an arrangement of 4 columns per 3 lines.
• the device 100 further comprises five internal connection points 161, 162, 163, 164, 165.
• connection points are described as internal insofar as they are not intended to be connected to the outside of the reconfigurable device.
• energy storage 100 to deliver the energy stored in the storage modules 110, or to receive energy to store in these modules.
• the connection points 161-165 can be made accessible from outside the device 100, for example to serve as measuring points for controlling a voltage.
• the connection points 161-165 serve in particular to simplify the production of the reconfigurable energy storage device 100 by forming points that can be connected to several elements (storage modules and controlled contactors) of the device 100.
• connection 161-163 also have the function of physically bringing certain connection terminals (of the device 100 and / or the storage modules 110) together. They take this way by example the form of electric cables.
• connection point 161 brings the negative terminal of the storage module 113 closer to the positive terminal of the storage module 114, and the positive terminal of the storage module 122;
• connection point 162 brings the negative terminal of the storage module 116 closer to the positive terminal of the storage module 117, and of the positive terminal of the storage module 121;
• connection point 163 brings the negative terminal of the storage module 119 closer to the positive terminal of the storage module 120.
• the approximation of certain connection terminals allows the use of controlled inverters, instead of simple controlled switches. The number of contactors ordered can thus be reduced, which facilitates the realization of the reconfigurable device for storing electrical energy and increases its reliability.
• the controlled inverter 131 is arranged to connect the positive terminal of the storage module 114 either to the connection point 161 or to the positive connection terminal 102 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverter 132 is arranged to connect the positive terminal of the module storage device 117 either at the connection point 162 or at the positive connection terminal 102 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverter 133 is arranged to connect the positive terminal of the storage module 120 either to the connection point 163 or to the terminal positive connection 102 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverter 134 is arranged to connect the negative terminal of the storage module 113 to either the connection point 161 or to the negative connection terminal 101 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverter 135 is arranged to connect the negative terminal of the storage module 116 to either the connection point 162 or to the negative connection terminal 101 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverter 136 is arranged to r connect the negative terminal of the storage module 119 either to the connection point 163 or to the negative connection terminal 101 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverter 137 is arranged to connect the negative terminal of the storage module 120 to the point of connection 164 or to the negative connection terminal 101 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverter 138 is arranged to connect the positive terminal of the storage module 121 either to the connection point 162 or to the connection point 164.
• the controlled inverter 139 is arranged to connect the negative terminal of the storage module 121 to either the connection point 165 or to the negative connection terminal 101 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverter 140 is arranged to connect the positive terminal of the storage module 122 to either connection point 161, ie at the connection point 165.
• connection points 164 and 165 could be deleted.
• the controlled inverter 137 would then be arranged to connect the negative terminal of the storage module 120 to either the positive terminal of the storage module 121 or to the negative connection terminal 101 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverter 138 could be replaced by a controlled switch arranged to connect or not the positive terminal of the storage module 121 to the connection point 162.
• the controlled inverter 139 would be arranged to connect the negative terminal of the storage module 121 to the positive terminal of the module 122 or the negative connection terminal 101 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverter 140 could be replaced by a controlled switch arranged to connect or not the positive terminal of the storage module 122 to the connection point 161.
• FIG. 1B represents a variant of the example of a reconfigurable energy storage device described with reference to FIG. 1A.
• the device 1000 is distinguished from the device 100 only in that it further comprises a switch 1001, called a safety switch, arranged to take either a contact position (closed position) or a position of insulation (open position).
• the safety switch 1001 connects the negative electrical connection terminal 101 to the negative terminal of the storage modules 120, 121 and 122.
• the isolation position it isolates the electrical connection terminal negative 101 of the negative terminal of the storage modules 120, 121 and 122.
• the safety switch 1001 can typically be a manual switch. Such a switch can thus be opened by an operator prior to a maintenance operation on the device 1000, and closed at the end of the intervention.
• the switch 1001 can also be a controlled switch. In this case, it can be controlled by the same control unit as the storage modules 111-122, or by a separate control unit.
• the device 1000 can take a safe configuration by controlling the controlled inverters 131-140 and by maneuvering (manually or automatically) the safety switch 1001 so as to isolate each storage module 111-122 from the negative electrical connection terminal. 101 and / or the positive electrical connection terminal 102.
• the controlled inverters 131-140 are controlled to form a first branch formed of the storage modules 111, 112, 113 and 122, a second branch formed of the modules 114, 115, 116 and 121, and a third branch formed of the storage modules 117, 118, 119 and 120, according to the configuration described below with reference to Figure 3B.
• the controlled inverters 131-140 are driven to form a single branch comprising all the storage modules 111-122 connected in series, in accordance with the configuration described below with reference to FIG. 3D.
• the safety switch 1001 is operated in the isolation position, in order to break the electrical connection between the negative electrical connection terminal 101 and the positive electrical connection terminal 102.
• the device 100 or 1000 may then comprise, in addition, means for controlling the inverters controlled so that the voltage between connection terminals 101 and 102 remains in this operating range [U max ; U min ].
• FIG. 2 represents an example of a reconfigurable energy storage device comprising such means.
• the device 200 comprises, in addition to the elements of the device 100, a measurement unit 201 arranged for measuring a control voltage between two terminals and a control unit 202, arranged to drive the controlled inverters 130.
• measurement 201 measures for example the voltage between the connection terminals 101 and 102 of the device 100.
• the control voltage could be measured between other points of the device 200, in particular between the terminals of one of the storage modules 110 , to the extent that this voltage is representative of the voltage at the terminals of the device 200. This is particularly the case when all the storage modules are identical, solicited and reloaded identically at each instant, and that the combination of the modules of storage is known.
• the control unit may have a purely hardware architecture, or a software architecture capable of executing a computer program. This is for example a programmable controller, a FPGA, a processor, a microprocessor or a microcontroller.
• the reconfigurable energy storage device 200 could of course include a manual or controlled safety switch, similar to the device of FIG. 1B.
• any association change involves the addition or deletion of at least one storage module connected in series in the various branches of the reconfigurable device.
• the voltage across the device is increased or decreased by at least once the voltage at the terminals of one of the storage modules at the time of the change of reconfiguration.
• a voltage within the desired operating range [U max ; U min ] it must be arranged so that the amplitude AU max of the voltage range [U max ; U min ] is at least equal to the maximum voltage U m0 d-max across a single storage module.
• This maximum number corresponds to the number of times that the maximum voltage U m0 d-max at the terminals of a storage module can be contained in the amplitude AU max of the desired operating range [Umax; Umin].
• the number n of storage modules that can be added or deleted must satisfy the following relation:
• FIGS. 3A to 3E illustrate various possible associations of the storage modules 110 in the device 100.
• the controlled inverters 131, 132, 133 thus connect the positive terminal of the storage modules 114, 117 and 120, respectively, to the positive connection terminal 102 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverters 134, 135, 136 connect the negative terminal of the modules 113, 116 and 119, respectively, to the negative connection terminal 101 of the device 100.
• the controlled inverters 137 and 138 respectively connect the negative terminal of the storage module 120 and the positive terminal of the storage module 121 to the connection point. 164.
• the controlled inverters 139 and 140 respectively connect the negative terminal of the storage module 121 and the positive terminal of the storage module 122 to the connection point 165.
• the first branch comprises the storage modules 111, 112, 113 and 122; the second branch comprises the storage modules 114, 115, 116 and 121; and the third branch comprises the storage modules 117, 118, 119 and 120.
• the first branch comprises the storage modules 111, 112, 113 and 122;
• the second branch comprises the storage modules 114, 115, 116 and 121;
• the third branch comprises the storage modules 117, 118, 119 and 120.
• the controlled inverters 131, 135, 137, 138, 139 and 140 have modified their connection with respect to FIG. 3B.
• the first branch comprises the storage modules 111-116; and the second branch comprises the storage modules 117-122.
• FIG. 3D only the controlled inverters 132 and 135 have changed their connection with respect to the association of FIG. 3C.
• all the storage modules 110 are integrated in one of the branches. They are all loaded or unloaded simultaneously.
• FIG. 3E shows an association in which not all storage modules are used, namely storage modules 120-122.
• the controlled inverters 131, 132, 133 connect the positive terminal of the storage modules 114, 117 and 120, respectively, to the connection points 161, 162 and 163, respectively.
• Controlled inverters 134 and 135 connect the negative terminal of the storage modules 113 and 116, respectively, to the connection points 161 and 162, respectively.
• the controlled inverter 136 connects the negative terminal of the storage module 119 to the negative connection terminal 101 of the device 100.
• the position of the controlled inverters 137, 138, 139 and 140 does not matter since the storage modules 120 -122 are not connected to the rest of the device 100.
• each storage module 110 when one or more storage modules 110 are not used in a given association, this storage module or modules can be used in a subsequent association, provided that each branch of the association has the same number. unused storage modules. More generally, when the device 100 comprises several branches in parallel in an association (M> 2), it is important that each branch has the same voltage at its terminals. In practice, this implies that each branch comprises a set of storage modules solicited identically collectively.
• the reconfigurable energy storage device can typically be integrated into a power supply system further comprising a power converter.
• the energy converter can be a chopper. It can also be an inverter, when the reconfigurable energy storage device supplies electrical energy to a load, or a rectifier when the reconfigurable device receives electrical energy from an external source.
• Figure 4 shows an example of a power system
• the energy converter 410 operates alternately inverter and rectifier, according to that the reconfigurable device 200 supplies or receives energy, respectively. It comprises two connection terminals 411 and 412, on the AC side, and two connection terminals 413 and 414, on the DC side.
• the connection terminals 411 and 412 are intended to be connected to a load to be powered by the reconfigurable device 200; and the connection terminals 413 and 414 are connected to the negative connection terminal 101 and the positive connection terminal 102, respectively, of the device 200.
• the efficiency of a power converter being dependent on the voltage it receives at the input, on two of its terminals, and the voltage that it must output, on its other two terminals, it is preferable to operate on predetermined voltage ranges. In the present description, it is considered that the average voltage between the connection terminals 411 and 412 is constant. Only the voltage between connection terminals 413 and 414 is considered.
• the voltage range on which the efficiency is optimal varies between a minimum voltage U min and a maximum voltage U max , and is called optimal operating range [Umax; Umin]. This range is for example determined so that the energy converter has a yield ⁇ greater than 90%, or greater than 95%.
• a power converter has a yield ⁇ greater than 95% over an operating range whose lower limit U m m is approximately equal to two thirds of the maximum voltage U ma x, an amplitude equal to one third of the voltage maximum
• the switching of the controlled inverters or, more generally, of the controlled contactors must preferably be carried out under conditions of low current flow in order to avoid deterioration of these controlled contactors.
• a switching of the controlled contactors is therefore advantageously carried out with a low current, or even zero.
• This temporary limitation of the supply of electrical energy can introduce a difficulty in "uninterruptible power supply” applications which, by definition, require a constant supply of energy.
• an uninterruptible power supply system is used as a backup energy source, making it possible to ensure continuity of service of the supply of energy when the main power grid is in fault.
• One solution is to couple the reconfigurable energy storage device 200 with another source of electrical energy, such as an electrochemical charge transfer energy storage device.
• the temporary limitation of the supply of electrical energy does not pose a problem.
• the reconfigurable device 200 and the system Power supply 400 are particularly well suited to applications such as "electric or hybrid vehicles" and "network filtering".
• the term "electric or hybrid vehicle” refers to all vehicles intended to transport people and / or goods, and based on at least partial and / or occasional use of an electric motor for moving the vehicle.
• the vehicle is for example a subway, a tramway, a bus, a ship, a car, a two-wheelers, a truck, a ferry, an elevator or a crane.
• the electric or hybrid vehicle has a mechanical inertia that can overcome the limitation of energy supply.
• the term “network filtering” refers to all electrical devices to improve the quality of energy provided by an electrical network. Currently, some devices rely mainly on capacitors arranged to optimize the power factor ("cos phi") of an alternative electrical network.
• Electrochemical energy storage devices store energy during a sudden rise in power, for example due to a wind squall or at the end of the passage of a cloud, and release a complement of energy during sudden power falls, for example due to a lull in the wind, or the passage of a cloud. Capacitors and electrochemical storage devices of these devices can thus be replaced by the reconfigurable energy storage device according to the invention.
• Another precaution to be taken when switching the controlled contactors relates to the voltage present at each instant at the terminals of the reconfigurable energy storage device.
• This voltage must typically be within a predetermined voltage range, for example the optimum operating range [U max ; U min ] of the energy converter.
• the control unit can be arranged in such a way that, during any change of association, any branch connected to the negative connection terminals 101 and positive 102 of the device 100 has the same number of storage modules. in series that either that of a branch of the association before reconfiguration, or that of a branch of the association after reconfiguration.
• the controlled inverters 133, 134 and 135 are actuated, which has the effect of disconnecting the storage modules, respectively 120, 113 and 116 from the negative connection terminals 101 and positive 102.
• the controlled inverter (136) is actuated, in which the controlled inverters (138) and (140) are actuated. each step, the controlled inverters can be actuated successively or simultaneously.
• This verification mechanism sends for example a return information to the control unit, allowing it to trigger the successive switching of the controlled contactors.
• the reconfigurable energy storage device may comprise any number M x N storage modules, with M and N two natural numbers greater than or equal to one.
• M and N two natural numbers greater than or equal to one.
• Different optimizations of the associations are possible, in particular in terms of available energy, efficiency of the energy converter and / or number of reconfigurations.
• k is a strictly positive natural integer and indicates that the integer N, is a multiple of the specified integer.
• M can be a multiple of the integer considered, since one can not do not want to use all the associations.
• sequence of associations beginning with 6 x 2k is only a continuation of the first terms of the sequence beginning with 3 x 2k by grouping the branches two by two. The same goes for suites starting with 8 x 3k and 4 x 3k.
• association 2 leaves out two storage modules. These modules are not traversed by any current, they remain in the same state of charge all the time of the association. Association 3 reintroduces the two isolated modules to Association 2, one module per branch, and isolates six others. Association 4 reintroduces the six isolated modules, with three storage modules per branch. Optimization in terms of the number of reconfigurations
• Figure 6 illustrates a feature of a capacitive effect energy storage module. It represents the useful energy accessible during a discharge of the storage module as a function of the voltage at its terminals at the end of the discharge.
• the abscissa axis corresponds to the voltage at the end of the discharge, in percentage relative to the maximum voltage U m0 d-max, and the ordinate axis corresponds to the accessible useful energy, in percentage relative to the energy total available in the storage module.
• This figure shows that 90% of the nominal energy of the storage module is accessible over a voltage range [U m0 d-max; Umod-min], where U m0 d-min is approximately equal to one third of U m0 d-max.
• control unit can control the controlled contactors so that the voltage U d is P across the terminals of the reconfigurable device according to the invention is in the voltage range [U max ; U min ], corresponding for example to the optimum operating range of the energy converter.
• the control unit can thus be arranged so that, when the voltage U d is P becomes lower than the voltage U min , or greater than the voltage U max , the controlled contactors are controlled to connect the storage modules in a new association, in which the voltage U d is P returns to the voltage range [U max ; U min ].
• the energy converter can introduce voltage oscillations, of the order of a few volts, a bagging phenomenon between two associations can be observed if the change of association is made at the same voltage as well as in the load. discharge of the reconfigurable device. In order to avoid such a phenomenon, it is possible to introduce hysteresis of a few volts (for example 1 to 5 V) around each association change voltage.
• hysteresis of a few volts (for example 1 to 5 V) around each association change voltage.
• the passage of the first association to the second can be performed when the voltage U d is P reaches a U d voltage ech from a few volts to the voltage U min .
• the passage of the second association to the first can be performed when the voltage U d isp reaches the voltage U min .
• the reconfigurable energy storage device according to the invention is particularly suitable for supplying electric vehicles for public transport, in particular when they carry out trips comprising predetermined stops in stations. This is particularly the case for buses and trams.
• the reconfigurable energy storage device of the vehicle can effectively be recharged regularly during station stops, allowing it to store enough energy to circulate autonomously between the stations.
• the stations are then called "charging stations”.
• Capacitive effect energy storage technology especially covering supercapacitors, allows relatively short recharge times, compatible with the stopping time of the vehicle station, typically of the order of ten seconds, or even at maximum of thirty seconds.
• this device supplies a vehicle comprising a traction chain (variator + motor) operating over an input voltage range between 300 V and 450 V, with an energy efficiency optimum of between 330 V and 430 V.
• a device for energy storage by non-reconfigurable capacitive effect that is to say the association of the storage modules is fixed.
• This non-reconfigurable device comprises, for example, four branches in parallel of eight storage modules connected in series, each storage module having a maximum voltage between its terminals U m0 d-max of 50 V.
• the maximum voltage across the terminals of the device is 400 V, which is close to the upper limit of the optimum operating range of the drive chain (430 V).
• a discharge of the non-reconfigurable device until its voltage reaches the lower limit of the optimal operating range (330 V) allows only a small part of the energy stored in the device to be used, either about 33%. This share can reach about 50% if one authorizes a discharge up to the voltage of 300 V, but remains relatively low. For a given autonomy of the electric vehicle, this utilization rate of the stored energy imposes an over-dimensioning of the non-reconfigurable storage device.
• the reconfigurable energy storage device makes it possible to increase the autonomy available from the same number of storage modules, to optimize the number of branches in parallel or to make a compromise between these two options. .
• an increase in autonomy it can be observed that, according to the table presented above with an initial association of four branches in parallel of eight storage modules each, up to 86% of the stored energy is usable.
• Figures 7A-7E schematically show the different corresponding associations.
• the device 700 comprises two branches in parallel of eight storage modules in series each.
• the first branch 710 comprises storage modules numbered consecutively from 1 to 8 and the second branch 720 comprises storage modules numbered consecutively from 9 to 16.
• the device 700 comprises a single branch formed storage modules 1 to 10, the storage modules 11 to 16 being isolated.
• the device 700 always comprises a single branch, but this time formed storage modules 1 to 3 and 9 to 16, the storage modules 4 to 8 being isolated.
• FIG. 7D illustrating the fourth association, the device 700 comprises a single branch formed of the storage modules 4 to 16, the storage modules 1 to 3 being isolated.
• the device comprises a single branch formed of all sixteen storage modules connected in series.
• the device 700 comprises a contactor controlled between the storage modules 3 and 4, between the storage modules 10 and 11, between the storage module 8 and the negative connection terminal of the device 700 and between the storage module 9 and the positive connection terminal of the device 700.
• this device supplies an electric vehicle whose traction chain operates over an input voltage range between 300 V and 750 V, with an optimum energy efficiency included between 350 V and 730 V.
• the range of operating voltage is relatively wide (with U max > 2 U min ), it would be possible to use a non-reconfigurable capacitive energy storage device.
• the reconfigurable device according to the invention is of particular interest for recharging the electric vehicle station. Indeed, arrived at the station, the reconfigurable device can have a voltage at its terminals of 350 V and require recharging via a power converter bringing a voltage to its terminals of 700 V.
• the energy converters are mainly of two types , namely elevators and step downs.
• the input voltage range is less than the output voltage range.
• the recharge time must be short, strong currents must pass between the station and the electric vehicle, which requires specific connectors and generates significant design and maintenance costs. In addition, Joule losses are important.
• the input voltage range is greater than the output voltage range.
• a disadvantage of this energy converter is the security risk.
• the charging station is typically located in an urban environment, with the risk of electrical contact with passengers or bystanders. The presence of this high voltage and the significant power transferred, thus imposes very restrictive safety rules in terms of mechanical integration, materials and therefore costs.
• the reconfigurable energy storage device limits these disadvantages by allowing a reloading in two steps.
• the reconfigurable device comprises for example two branches (or a multiple of two branches) of fourteen modules in series, each storage module having a maximum voltage at its terminals of 50 V.
• the two branches are put in series (or branches are put in series two by two) to form a branch of 28 modules. The voltage at the terminals of this branch will go from 700 V to 1000 V.
• each branch of fourteen storage modules is divided into two parallel branches of seven storage modules each. When recharging, the voltage at the terminals of the branches goes from 225 V to 350 V.
• the device is then reconfigured in its initial configuration, each branch having a voltage at its terminals of 700 V.
• the The use of a step-down energy converter is preferable to the use of a boost converter, since the highest voltages are located upstream of the energy converter, installed a priori within the charging station. and therefore less accessible to people.
• the use of an elevator places the highest voltages downstream of the energy converter, and in particular on the power connection device between the charging station and the vehicle, which is generally more accessible to people.
• the reconfigurable device according to the invention has advantages as a power source for an electric vehicle. It can also be useful in a charging station, in order to facilitate the transfer of energy during recharging station reconfigurable device embedded in the vehicle.
• the reconfigurable device disposed in the charging station called “reconfigurable device on the ground”, has a relatively long duration to load, of the order of several minutes, corresponding to the time interval between two stops of vehicles in the charging station. The transfer powers are therefore much lower, which allows charging directly from the power supply network.
• a power system of an electric or hybrid vehicle may thus include a first reconfigurable energy storage device according to the invention, embedded on the vehicle, to supply it autonomously between two stations, a second reconfigurable device according to the invention, disposed in each charging station, and a power converter arranged to connect the two reconfigurable devices.
• the electrical properties of the vehicle power train impose the voltage range of the embedded reconfigurable device and, consequently, the number of modules of serial storage in each branch.
• the required autonomy between two recharging stations fixes the number of branches in parallel in the embedded reconfigurable device.
• an embedded reconfigurable device comprising, in an initial association, four branches in parallel of eight storage modules in series each, ie a total of thirty-two storage modules.
• the energy to be transferred from the ground reconfigurable device to the on-board reconfigurable device corresponds to the energy required by the vehicle to move between two charging stations, ignoring the losses due to the transfer of energy, in particular in the converter. 'energy.
• the ground reconfigurable device thus comprises the same number of storage modules.
• the voltage range in which the ground reconfigurable device must operate is dictated by the conversion ratio of the energy converter.
• the embedded reconfigurable device and the ground reconfigurable device can be manufactured from the same basic reconfigurable device, comprising four branches of eight storage modules in series, and a connection system allowing to choose either a parallel association of the four branches. or an association of two branches in parallel of sixteen storage modules.
• the reconfigurable ground device works at half the voltage of the on-board reconfigurable device.
• the thirty-two storage modules of this reconfigurable device are therefore connected according to an association of eight parallel branches of four storage modules in series.
• the embedded reconfigurable device and the reconfigurable ground device can also be manufactured from the same basic reconfigurable device, comprising eight branches of four storage modules in series, and a connection system allowing to choose either an association parallel of the eight branches, an association of four branches in parallel of eight storage modules.
• the connection system may comprise bus bars, or "busbars" in English, bolted at the end of manufacture to the required position depending on the destination of the reconfigurable device, namely the vehicle or the charging station.
• the connection system may also include manually controlled switches, such as manual power disconnectors, the position of which is determined according to the destination of the reconfigurable device. It should be noted that the destination of the reconfigurable device is a priori definitive. It is therefore not necessary that the connection system used can be controlled.
• the reconfigurable energy storage device according to the invention can be associated with other power supply sources, in particular with a charge transfer electrochemical energy storage device (electric battery or fuel cell), or with a generator. These additional power sources can take over from the reconfigurable device during brownouts, for example during association changes, as well as during a point power request, or when the reconfigurable device is unloaded.
• FIG. 8 represents an example of a power supply system comprising a power supply source in addition to the reconfigurable device according to the invention.
• the power supply 800 comprises a reconfigurable device 810, a power converter 820, an electric battery 830 and a controlled switch 840.
• the reconfigurable device 810 comprises a negative connection terminal 811, a positive connection terminal 812, a set of storage modules 813 and a set of controlled contactors 814.
• the electric battery 830 comprises a negative connection terminal 831 and a positive connection terminal 832.
• the energy converter 820 has two input terminals 821, 822 and two terminals 823, 824.
• the 820 energy converter can operate in both directions, so that its connection terminals are qualified “input” or “output” for descriptive purposes only.
• the controlled switch 840 is for example controlled by the control unit of the reconfigurable device 810, or by any control means of the supply system. It makes it possible to connect the input terminals 821, 822 of the energy converter either to the connection terminals 811, 812 of the reconfigurable device 810, or to the connection terminals 831, 832 of the electric battery.
• the invention is not limited to the examples that have just been described and many adjustments can be made to these examples without departing from the scope of the invention.
• the various features, shapes, variants and embodiments of the invention may be associated with each other in various combinations to the extent that they are not incompatible or exclusive of each other.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Power Engineering (AREA)
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• Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
• Microelectronics & Electronic Packaging (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Sustainable Development (AREA)
• Sustainable Energy (AREA)
• Charge And Discharge Circuits For Batteries Or The Like (AREA)
• Electric Double-Layer Capacitors Or The Like (AREA)
• Electric Propulsion And Braking For Vehicles (AREA)

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• 2015
  • 2015-07-23 FR FR1556994A patent/FR3039313B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2016
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  • 2016-07-20 CN CN201680042551.1A patent/CN107851521A/zh active Pending
  • 2016-07-20 WO PCT/EP2016/067319 patent/WO2017013179A1/fr active Application Filing
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