Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M129/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen
  • C10M129/02—Lubricating compositions characterised by the additive being an organic non-macromolecular compound containing oxygen having a carbon chain of less than 30 atoms
  • C10M129/68—Esters
  • C10M129/78—Complex esters, i.e. compounds containing at least three esterified carboxyl groups and derived from the combination of at least three different types of the following five types of compound: monohydroxy compounds, polyhydroxy compounds, monocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids, hydroxy carboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M105/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound
  • C10M105/08—Lubricating compositions characterised by the base-material being a non-macromolecular organic compound containing oxygen
  • C10M105/32—Esters
  • C10M105/42—Complex esters, i.e. compounds containing at least three esterified carboxyl groups and derived from the combination of at least three different types of the following five types of compound: monohydroxy compounds, polyhydroxy compounds, monocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids and hydroxy carboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M169/00—Lubricating compositions characterised by containing as components a mixture of at least two types of ingredient selected from base-materials, thickeners or additives, covered by the preceding groups, each of these compounds being essential
  • C10M169/04—Mixtures of base-materials and additives
  • C10M169/044—Mixtures of base-materials and additives the additives being a mixture of non-macromolecular and macromolecular compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2203/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds and hydrocarbon fractions as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2203/10—Petroleum or coal fractions, e.g. tars, solvents, bitumen
  • C10M2203/102—Aliphatic fractions
  • C10M2203/1025—Aliphatic fractions used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2205/00—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2205/02—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers
  • C10M2205/028—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms
  • C10M2205/0285—Organic macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds or fractions, whether or not modified by oxidation as ingredients in lubricant compositions containing acyclic monomers containing aliphatic monomers having more than four carbon atoms used as base material
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/281—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic monocarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/282—Esters of (cyclo)aliphatic oolycarboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/283—Esters of polyhydroxy compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10M—LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS; USE OF CHEMICAL SUBSTANCES EITHER ALONE OR AS LUBRICATING INGREDIENTS IN A LUBRICATING COMPOSITION
  • C10M2207/00—Organic non-macromolecular hydrocarbon compounds containing hydrogen, carbon and oxygen as ingredients in lubricant compositions
  • C10M2207/28—Esters
  • C10M2207/30—Complex esters, i.e. compounds containing at leasst three esterified carboxyl groups and derived from the combination of at least three different types of the following five types of compounds: monohydroxyl compounds, polyhydroxy xompounds, monocarboxylic acids, polycarboxylic acids or hydroxy carboxylic acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
  • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2020/00—Specified physical or chemical properties or characteristics, i.e. function, of component of lubricating compositions
  • C10N2020/01—Physico-chemical properties
  • C10N2020/04—Molecular weight; Molecular weight distribution
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/02—Pour-point; Viscosity index
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2030/00—Specified physical or chemical properties which is improved by the additive characterising the lubricating composition, e.g. multifunctional additives
  • C10N2030/06—Oiliness; Film-strength; Anti-wear; Resistance to extreme pressure
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10N—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASS C10M RELATING TO LUBRICATING COMPOSITIONS
  • C10N2040/00—Specified use or application for which the lubricating composition is intended
  • C10N2040/25—Internal-combustion engines

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a lubricating oil composition
• a lubricating oil composition comprising polyglycerol partial esters of polyfunctional carboxylic acids and saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched fatty acids and/or poly(hydroxystearic acid) and the use thereof to lubricate an engine and reduce friction.
• Friction modifiers are used especially in gear and engine oil formulations where lower viscosity formulations are applied in order to save energy. While reducing the energy losses in the fluid, lubricants with low viscosities struggle to keep the sliding surfaces completely apart from each other and require a friction modifier to maintain a lubricant film on the surfaces. Friction modifiers work by forming adsorption layers on the metal surface. They are of high importance under mixed lubrication conditions when the sliding surfaces are not always separated by a lubricant film of sufficient thickness. Such conditions can be simulated with a mini traction machine (MTM) that is able to measure the friction coefficient over a broad range of conditions.
• MTM mini traction machine
• Friction reducing additives that have been used to improve fuel economy fall into three main chemically-defined categories, which are organic, metal organic and oil insoluble.
• the organic friction reducing additives themselves fall within four main categories which are (i) carboxylic acids or their derivatives, including partial esters, (ii) nitrogen-containing compounds such as amides, imides, amines and their derivatives, (iii) phosphoric or phosphonic acid derivatives and (iv) organic polymers.
• friction reducing additives are glycerol monooleate and oleylamide, which are both derived from unsaturated fatty acids, or molybdenum
• the present invention is directed to a lubricating oil composition comprising a lubricating base oil and polyglycerol partial esters, characterized in that the polyglycerol partial esters are obtainable by esterification of a polyglycerol mixture with
• Polyglycerol esters were found to work especially in apolar formulations containing mainly API Group I I, I I I and/or IV as lubricating base oils.
• API American Petroleum Institute
• Groups I , II and III are mineral oils which are classified by the amount of saturates and sulphur they contain and by their viscosity indices.
• the table below illustrates these API classifications for Groups I , I I and III.
• Group I base stocks are solvent refined mineral oils, which are the least expensive base stock to produce, and currently account for the majority of base stock sales. They provide satisfactory oxidation stability, volatility, low temperature performance and traction properties and have very good solvency for additives and contaminants.
• Group II base stocks are mostly hydroprocessed mineral oils, which typically provide improved volatility and oxidation stability as compared to Group I base stocks.
• Group III base stocks are severely hydroprocessed mineral oils or they can be produced via wax or paraffin isomerisation. They are known to have better oxidation stability and volatility than Group I and II base stocks but have a limited range of commercially available viscosities.
• Group IV base stocks differ from Groups I , I I and III in that they are synthetic base stocks comprising e.g. polyalphaolefins (PAOs).
• PAOs have good oxidative stability, volatility and low pour points. Disadvantages include moderate solubility of polar additives, for example antiwear additives.
• Group I I, I I and IV oils are known for their exceptional stability towards oxidation and high temperatures, but they provide only limited solubility for polar additives such as friction modifiers. For this reason the lubricating oil compositions according the present invention may contain up to 10% of an ester base oil according to API Group V as solubilizer.
• Group V base stocks are all base stocks that are not included in the other Groups. Examples include alkyl naphthalenes, alkyl aromatics, vegetable oils, esters (including polyol esters, diesters and monoesters), polycarbonates, silicone oils and polyalkylene glycols.
• the friction modifier performance of polyglycerol partial esters according to the present invention can be achieved in formulations with and without the additional ester base stock.
• the lubricating oil compositions according to the present invention are characterized in that they comprise
• Polyglycerol partial esters of poly(hydroxystearic acid) and polyfunctional carboxylic acids are known as W/O emulsifiers in cosmetic or pharmaceutical formulations and as auxiliaries for dispersing inorganic micropigments in oily dispersions (EP 1 500 427 B1 and EP 1 683 781 B1 ).
• W/O emulsifiers for best performance as friction modifiers the parameters surface activity or polarity and oil solubility have to be balanced and adjusted to the polarity of the respective oil mixture used as base stock.
• the balance of polar and apolar parts in the polymer is described by the HLB value that is calculated. This can be done by selection of a polyglycerol characterized by a certain degree of polymerization and selection of carboxylic acids and polycarboxylic acids.
• the ratio of acid and alcohol functions is important as it determines the degree of esterification and thus the amount of unreacted OH-functions (described by the OH- number determined by titration). Free acid functions are unwanted and should be kept at a minimum level (described by the acid value, determined by titration).
• the superior performance relative to other friction modifiers is attributed to the high polarity of the polyglycerol moieties, the free OH-functions due to the partial esterification and the polymeric nature of the substances which provides multiple interaction sites between the surface and the friction reducing component.
• the polymeric nature of the described friction modifiers is especially important for the solubility of the component as very polar moieties in the molecule have to be kept in solution.
• polyglycerol partial esters of polyfunctional carboxylic acids and saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched fatty acids and/or poly(hydroxystearic acid) are obtainable by esterification of a polyglycerol mixture with saturated or unsaturated, linear or branched fatty acids having 8 to 22 carbon atoms, preferably 12 to 18 carbon atoms, and polyfunctional carboxylic acids having 4 to 54 carbon atoms, preferably 6 to 36 carbon atoms, more preferably 6 to 18 carbon atoms and even more preferably 6 to 12 carbon atoms, and a mean functionality of from 2 to 4, preferably 2 to 3 and more preferably 2 to 2.5, the degree of esterification of the polyglycerol mixture being between 30 and 75% of the OH groups.
• Particularly suitable linear or branched saturated fatty acid components are selected from the group consisting of caprylic acid, capric acid, lauric acid, tridecanoic acid, myristic acid, palmitic acid, margaric acid, stearic acid, isostearic acid, arachidic acid, behenic acid and mixtures thereof.
• a suitable saturated fatty acid is also 12-hydroxy stearic acid.
• Naturally occurring mixtures are, for example, the coconut fatty acids, which contain lauric acid as the main constituent and also contain saturated C14 - to C18 -fatty acids and possibly small amounts of saturated C8 - to C18 -fatty acids and unsaturated fatty acids, and tallow fatty acids, which are essentially a mixture of palmitic acid and stearic acid.
• Suitable unsaturated fatty acid components are monoolefinically unsaturated acids, for example hexadecenoic acids, octadecenoic acids, such as oleic acid (cis-9-octadecenoic acid) or eladidic acid (trans-9-octadecenoic acid), eicosenoic acids and docosenoic acids, such as erucic acid (cis- 13-docosenoic acid) or brassidic acid (trans-13-docosenoic acid), poly-unsaturated fatty acids, for example octadecadienoic acids and octadecatrienoic acids, such as linoleic acid and linolenic acid, ricinoleic acid and mixtures thereof.
• monoolefinically unsaturated acids for example hexadecenoic acids, octadecenoic acids, such as oleic acid (cis-9
• liquid fatty acids which contain 18 to 22 carbon atoms, namely oleic, ricinoleic, erucic and isostearic acids, are particularly suitable. Because of branching solidification points are below 35 DEG C. It is also possible to use fatty acid mixtures, which can also contain wax-like components, such as hydrogenated ricinoleic acid.
• the poly(hydroxystearic acids) co-used according to the invention are prepared, for example, by polycondensation of hydroxystearic acid, preferably 12-hydroxystearic acid, which is obtained by hardening of ricinoleic acid or technical-grade castor oil fatty acid, by known processes. They have a mean degree of polymerization of 1 to 10 units, preferably 2 to 8 units and in particular 2 to 5 units.
• the polyfunctional carboxylic acids can be dicarboxylic acids, tricarboxylic acids or polycarboxylic acids.
• the polyfunctional carboxylic acids may be unsubstituted or optionally substituted by one, two or three hydroxyl groups, preferably by one hydroxyl group.
• the aliphatic dicarboxylic acids used for the esterification should have a chain length of 3 to 18 carbon atoms. They can be straight-chain or branched, such as, for example, malonic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, maleic acid, dimethylglutaric acid, adipic acid, trimethyladipic acid, azelaic acid, sebacic acid, dodecanedioic acid, hecadecanedioic acid, octadecanedioic and their anhydrides.
• the dicarboxylic acids used can also be dimeric fatty acids. As is known, these are mixtures of acyclic and cyclic dicarboxylic acids which are obtained by a catalyzed dimerization reaction of unsaturated fatty acids having 12 to 22 carbon atoms.
• the dicarboxylic acids can also contain, to a lesser extent, tri-and polyfunctional carboxylic acids.
• the functionality of the mixture should not exceed a value of 2 to 2.5 molar average.
• polyfunctional carboxylic acids can be used phthalic acid, trimellitic acid and pyromellitic acid.
• polyglycerol encompasses a polyglycerol comprising glycerol. Therefore, for the calculation of amounts, masses etc. the glycerol content has to be taken into account.
• glycerol oligomers or polyglycerol(s) encompasses linear as well as cyclic structures.
• Suitable polyglycerols are in particular those having a mean degree of condensation of >2, preferably from 3 to 6. These are technical-grade polyglycerol mixtures which are obtained, for example, by alkali-catalyzed condensation of glycerol at elevated temperatures and from which fractions with the desired degree of condensation can be obtained if desired by distillation methods. Also suitable are polyglycerols obtained by other methods, e.g. from epichlorohydrin or glycidol. Commercial polyglycerols can be obtained from companies like Solvay, Spiga Nord, Daicel or Lonza.
• polyglycerol partial esters from 30 to 75%, preferably from 50 to 65% , of the hydroxyl groups of the polyglycerol are esterified. They are initially esterified to a degree of esterification of from 25 to 60%, preferably from 35 to 50%, using fatty acid and in a second step, using dicarboxylic acids to an overall degree of esterification of from 30 to 75%, preferably from 50 to 65%.
• an HLB value of from 3 to 7 is aimed at in order to obtain favorable products.
• the HLB value is a measure of the degree to which the molecule is hydrophilic or lipophilic, determined by calculating values for the different regions of the molecule.
• the HLB value of the polyglycerol partial esters is calculated as follows:
• mp is the mass of polyglycerol
• ma is the mass of carboxylic acid mixture comprising mono-, di- and polycarboxylic acids as well as polyhydroxy fatty acids used in the synthesis of the polyglycerol ester.
• the polyglycerol backbone of the polyglycerol partial ester comprises an average degree of polymerization of from 2 to 8, preferred from 2.5 to 6, particularly preferred from 3 to 4.5.
• a suitable method for determining the oligomer distribution of the polyglycerol in a given polyglycerol partial ester comprises hydrolysis or alcoholysis of the partial ester, separation of the resulting polyglycerol from the formed carboxylic acid compounds, and analysis by gas chromatography after derivatization.
• the polyglycerol partial esters according to the invention can be prepared in a manner known per se by heating the reaction components and removing the resultant water of reaction by distillation.
• the reaction can be accelerated by means of acidic catalysts such as sulfonic acids, phosphoric acid or phosphorous acid or basic catalysts such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal oxides or hydroxides, alcoholates or salts, or Lewis acids, such as tin salts,.
• acidic catalysts such as sulfonic acids, phosphoric acid or phosphorous acid
• basic catalysts such as alkali metal or alkaline earth metal oxides or hydroxides, alcoholates or salts, or Lewis acids, such as tin salts,.
• Lewis acids such as tin salts
• the polyglycerol is esterified using the monofunctional fatty acid or some of the fatty acid .
• the polyfunctional carboxylic acid is then added and the esterification reaction is continued.
• the progress of the reaction can be monitored, for example, via the water of reaction removed, by measuring the acid number or by infrared spectroscopy.
• an acid number in the end product of ⁇ 20, preferably ⁇ 10, is desired. Products with an acid number of ⁇ 5 are particularly preferred. The acid number is measured according to DIN EN ISO 21 14.
• the weight average molecular weight M w of the claimed polyglycerol partial esters determined via SEC versus polymethylmethacrylate (PMMA) standard is in the range of 2,000 to 15,000 g/mol, preferably in the range of 4,000 to 10,000 g/mol, with a polydispersity index of 1 .5 to 5, preferably 2 to 4.
• the OH-number of the polyglycerol partial esters according to the present invention is in the range of 50 to 180 mg KOH/g, preferably 80 to 170 mg KOH/g and most preferred in the range of 1 10 to 150 mg KOH/g.
• the OH-number is measured according to DIN 53 240-2.
• a preferred embodiment of the present invention is directed to a lubricating oil composition , comprising
• API American Petroleum Institute
• the lubricant oil compositions detailed herein may also comprise one or more further additive(s).
• additives include viscosity index (VI) improvers, pour point depressants and dispersant inhibitor (Dl) additives selected from the group consisting of dispersants, detergents, defoamers, corrosion inhibitors, antioxidants, antiwear and extreme pressure additives and further friction modifiers.
• Suitable viscosity index improvers are, for example, polyalkyl(meth)acrylate polymers, ethylene- propylene copolymers, styrene-isoprene copolymers, hydrogenated styrene-isoprene copolymers, polyisobutylene, and dispersant type viscosity index improvers.
• Suitable pour point depressants are, for example, polyalkyl(meth)acrylate polymers.
• Suitable dispersants are, for example, alkenyl succinimides, alkenyl succinate esters, alkenyl succinimides modified with other organic compounds, alkenyl succinimides modified by post- treatment with ethylene carbonate or boric acid, pentaerythritols, phenatesalicylates and their post- treated analogs, alkali metal or mixed alkali metal, alkaline earth metal borates, dispersions of hydrated alkali metal borates, dispersions of alkaline-earth metal borates, polyamide ashless dispersants and the like or mixtures of such dispersants.
• Suitable detergents are, for example, metal detergents which include oil-soluble neutral and overbased sulfonates, phenates, sulfurized phenates, thiophosphonates, salicylates, and naphthenates and other oil-soluble carboxylates of a metal, particularly the alkali or alkaline earth metals, as for example barium, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium.
• metal detergents which include oil-soluble neutral and overbased sulfonates, phenates, sulfurized phenates, thiophosphonates, salicylates, and naphthenates and other oil-soluble carboxylates of a metal, particularly the alkali or alkaline earth metals, as for example barium, sodium, potassium, lithium, calcium, and magnesium.
• the most commonly used metals are calcium and magnesium, which may both be present in detergents used in a lubricant, and mixtures of calcium and/or magnesium with sodium.
• Particularly convenient metal detergents are neutral and overbased calcium sulfonates having TBN of from 20 to 450, neutral and overbased calcium phenates and sulfurized phenates having TBN of from 50 to 450 and neutral and overbased magnesium or calcium salicylates having a TBN of from 20 to 450. Combinations of detergents, whether overbased or neutral or both, may be used as well.
• Suitable defoamers are, for example, selected from the group consisting of alkyl (meth)acrylate polymers, silicone oil and dimethyl silicone polymers.
• Suitable corrosion inhibitors are, in many cases, divided into antirust additives and metal passivators/deactivators.
• the antirust additives used may, inter alia, be sulphonates, for example petroleumsulphonates or (in many cases overbased) synthetic alkylbenzenesulphonates, e.g.
• dinonylnaphthenesulphonates include carboxylic acid derivatives, for example lanolin (wool fat), oxidized paraffins, zinc naphthenates, alkylated succinic acids, 4-nonylphenoxy-acetic acid, amides and imides (N-acylsarcosine, imidazoline derivatives); amine-neutralized mono- and dialkyi phosphates; morpholine, dicyclohexylamine or diethanolamine.
• carboxylic acid derivatives for example lanolin (wool fat), oxidized paraffins, zinc naphthenates, alkylated succinic acids, 4-nonylphenoxy-acetic acid, amides and imides (N-acylsarcosine, imidazoline derivatives); amine-neutralized mono- and dialkyi phosphates; morpholine, dicyclohexylamine or diethanolamine.
• the metal passivators/deactivators include benzotriazole, tolyltriazole, tolutriazole (such as Vanlube® 887 or 887E), 2-mercaptobenzothiazole, dialkyl-2,5-dimercapto-1 ,3,4-thiadiazole; N,N'-disalicylideneethylenediamine,
• Suitable anti-oxidants are, for example, phenol type (phenolic) oxidation inhibitors, such as 4,4'- methylene-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 4,4'-bis(2,6-di-tert-butylphenol), 4,4'-bis(2-methyl-6-tert- butylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis( 4-methyl-6-tert-butyl-phenol), 4,4'butylidene-bis(3-methyl-6-tert- butylphenol), 4,4'-isopropylidene-bis(2,6-di-tertbutylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6- nonylphenol), 2,2'-isobutylidene-bis(4,6-dimethylphenol), 2,2'-methylene-bis(4-methylene-bis(4-methylene-bis(4-methyl-6- nonylphenol), 2,2'-isobutylidene-bis(4,6-di
• Suitable antiwear additives are, for example, phosphates, phosphites, carbamates, esters, sulfur containing compounds and molybdenum complexes.
• Suitable extreme pressure additives are, for example, zinc dialkyldithiophosphate (primary alkyl, secondary alkyl, and aryl type), sulfurized oils, diphenyl sulfide, methyl trichlorostearate, chlorinated naphthalene, fluoroalkylpolysiloxane and lead naphthenate.
• a second embodiment of the present invention is directed to an engine oil comprising the lubricating oil composition as described hereinbefore.
• a third embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of lubricating an engine using the lubricating oil composition as described hereinbefore.
• a fourth embodiment of the present invention is directed to a method of reducing friction in an engine by applying/by the addition of the lubricating oil composition as described hereinbefore.
• the invention has been illustrated by the following non-limiting examples.
• Example 1 Polycarboxylic acid ester prepared from polyglycerol, isostearic acid, sebacic acid and poly(hydroxystearic acid) according to synthesis example 2 of EP 1 500 427
• Comparative Example 2 Polycarboxylic acid ester prepared from polyglycerol, isostearic acid and sebacic acid
• the OH-value of this polymer is much lower than the favorable range according to the present invention.
• Polymeric friction modifier PerfadTM 3057 diluted form of PerfadTM 3050, which is commercially available by Croda Sucursal Colombia (see US 2013/0079536, WO 201 1/107739 A1 for structure and Lube Magazine No. 120, April 2014, page 27 for physical properties).
• This polymer is different to polyglycerol partial ester according to the present invention and therefore not encompassed by the present invention.
• Table 1 physical data of examples and comparative examples
• the measurements of the coefficient of friction at 100°C were performed on a Mini Traction Machine (MTM) from PCS Instruments.
• MTM Mini Traction Machine
• the test consist of evaluating the friction level occurring in a lubricated contact formed by a steel ball and a steel disc. The speeds of the ball and the disc are driven independently. The ball is loaded and rubbed in rolling sliding conditions against the steel disc, the contact being fully immersed in oil.
• the Stribeck curves are plotted in Figure 1 .
• the curve NB3043-Ref refers to the formulation containing 100% of Group III oil named Nexbase 3043.
• Table 5 shows the integration data of the friction value curves within the sliding speed range from 0.005 to 0.090 m/s.

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