EP3304192B1 - Color display device and driving methods therefor - Google Patents

Color display device and driving methods therefor Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3304192B1
EP3304192B1 EP16804285.1A EP16804285A EP3304192B1 EP 3304192 B1 EP3304192 B1 EP 3304192B1 EP 16804285 A EP16804285 A EP 16804285A EP 3304192 B1 EP3304192 B1 EP 3304192B1
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Prior art keywords
particles
electric field
waveform
driving
applying
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German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
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EP3304192A1 (en
EP3304192A4 (en
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Craig Lin
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E Ink California LLC
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E Ink California LLC
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
    • G02F1/166—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect
    • G02F1/167—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field characterised by the electro-optical or magneto-optical effect by electrophoresis
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
    • G02F1/1685—Operation of cells; Circuit arrangements affecting the entire cell
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/2003—Display of colours
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G3/00—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes
    • G09G3/20—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters
    • G09G3/34—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source
    • G09G3/3433—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices
    • G09G3/344—Control arrangements or circuits, of interest only in connection with visual indicators other than cathode-ray tubes for presentation of an assembly of a number of characters, e.g. a page, by composing the assembly by combination of individual elements arranged in a matrix no fixed position being assigned to or needed to be assigned to the individual characters or partial characters by control of light from an independent source using light modulating elements actuated by an electric field and being other than liquid crystal devices and electrochromic devices based on particles moving in a fluid or in a gas, e.g. electrophoretic devices
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F1/00—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics
    • G02F1/01—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour 
    • G02F1/165—Devices or arrangements for the control of the intensity, colour, phase, polarisation or direction of light arriving from an independent light source, e.g. switching, gating or modulating; Non-linear optics for the control of the intensity, phase, polarisation or colour  based on translational movement of particles in a fluid under the influence of an applied field
    • G02F1/1675—Constructional details
    • G02F2001/1678—Constructional details characterised by the composition or particle type
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G02—OPTICS
    • G02F—OPTICAL DEVICES OR ARRANGEMENTS FOR THE CONTROL OF LIGHT BY MODIFICATION OF THE OPTICAL PROPERTIES OF THE MEDIA OF THE ELEMENTS INVOLVED THEREIN; NON-LINEAR OPTICS; FREQUENCY-CHANGING OF LIGHT; OPTICAL LOGIC ELEMENTS; OPTICAL ANALOGUE/DIGITAL CONVERTERS
    • G02F2203/00—Function characteristic
    • G02F2203/34—Colour display without the use of colour mosaic filters
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2230/00—Details of flat display driving waveforms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
    • G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
    • G09G2300/0439—Pixel structures
    • G09G2300/0452—Details of colour pixel setup, e.g. pixel composed of a red, a blue and two green components
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2300/00—Aspects of the constitution of display devices
    • G09G2300/04—Structural and physical details of display devices
    • G09G2300/0469—Details of the physics of pixel operation
    • G09G2300/0473—Use of light emitting or modulating elements having two or more stable states when no power is applied
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G09—EDUCATION; CRYPTOGRAPHY; DISPLAY; ADVERTISING; SEALS
    • G09G—ARRANGEMENTS OR CIRCUITS FOR CONTROL OF INDICATING DEVICES USING STATIC MEANS TO PRESENT VARIABLE INFORMATION
    • G09G2310/00—Command of the display device
    • G09G2310/06—Details of flat display driving waveforms
    • G09G2310/068—Application of pulses of alternating polarity prior to the drive pulse in electrophoretic displays

Definitions

  • This invention relates to color display devices in which each pixel can display at least five high quality color states, and to methods for driving such color display devices.
  • color filters are often used.
  • the most common approach is to add color filters on top of black/white sub-pixels of a pixelated display to display red, green and blue colors.
  • red color is desired
  • blue color is desired
  • red and blue sub-pixels are turned to the black state so that the only color displayed is blue.
  • red and blue sub-pixels are turned to the black state so that the only color displayed is green.
  • black state is desired, all three-sub-pixels are turned to the black state.
  • the white state is desired, the three sub-pixels are turned to red, green and blue, respectively, and as a result, a white state is seen by the viewer.
  • each of the sub-pixels has a reflectance of about one third of the desired white state, the white state is fairly dim.
  • a fourth sub-pixel may be added which can display only the black and white states, so that the white level is doubled at the expense of the red, green or blue color level (where each sub-pixel is only one fourth of the area of the pixel).
  • Brighter colors can be achieved by adding light from the white pixel, but this is achieved at the expense of color gamut to cause the colors to be very light and unsaturated.
  • a similar result can be achieved by reducing the color saturation of the three sub-pixels.
  • the white level is normally substantially less than half of that of a black and white display, rendering it an unacceptable choice for display devices, such as e-readers or displays that need well readable black-white brightness and contrast.
  • US 2014/0340735 A1 describes a display layer comprising an electrophoretic medium having first and second surfaces on opposed sides thereof, the electrophoretic medium comprising a first type of positive particles, a first type of negative particles, a second type of positive particles, and a second type of negative particles, all dispersed in a solvent or solvent mixture.
  • the four type of particles have optical characteristics differing from each other, such that: (a) application of an electric field having the same polarity as the first type of positive particles will cause the optical characteristics of the first type of positive particles to be displayed at the first surface; (b) application of an electric field having the same polarity as the first type of negative particles will cause the optical characteristic of the first type of negative particles to be displayed at the first surface; (c) once the optical characteristic of the first type of positive particles is displayed at the first surface, application of an electric field having the same polarity as the second type of negative particles, but not strong enough to overcome the attraction force between the first type of positive particles and the first type of negative particles, but sufficient to overcome the attraction forces between other oppositely charged particles will cause the optical characteristic of the second type of negative particles to be displayed at the first surface; or (d) once the optical characteristic of the first type of negative particles is displayed at the first surface, application of an electric field having the same polarity as the second type of positive particles, but not strong enough to overcome the attraction force between the first type of positive particles and
  • US 2012/0154899 A1 describes a method of operating a display device including applying a first electric field to a capsule including first particles having a first color and second particles having a second color to move the first and second particles into a first region of the capsule; and applying a second electric field to the capsule to move the second particles into a second region of the capsule different from the first region and to leave the first particles in the first region of the capsule.
  • Figures 4A-4J and the related description at Paragraphs [0052]-[0074] of this application describe an electrophoretic medium having five different particles all bearing charges of the same polarity, and methods for the display of the colors of each of the five particles separately.
  • US 2014/0268302 describes an electro-optical device using electrophoretic particles migrating in a dispersion medium for image display.
  • the electro-optical device includes a first electrode, a second electrode, first electrophoretic particles that are pigmented in a first color and charged in a first polarity, and second electrophoretic particles that are pigmented in the first color and charged in the first polarity.
  • the first electrophoretic particles and the second electrophoretic particles are disposed between the first electrode and the second electrode.
  • An absolute value of a charge quantity of the first electrophoretic particles is larger than an absolute value of a charge quantity of the second electrophoretic particles.
  • Figure 12 and Paragraphs [0090] and [0091] of this application describes such an electro-optical device using five different types of charged particles.
  • This invention provides a method of driving a display layer which is similar to that described in the aforementioned US 2014/0340735 A1 in having a first, viewing surface and a second surface on the opposed side of the display layer from the first surface, the display layer being provided with means for applying an electric field between the first and second surfaces, the display layer further comprising an electrophoretic medium comprising a fluid and first, second, fourth and fifth types of particles dispersed in the fluid, the first, second, fourth and fifth types of particles having respectively first, second, fourth and fifth optical characteristics differing from one another, the first and fourth type of particles having charges of one polarity with the first type of particles having a higher charge potential that the fourth type of particles and the second and fifth types of particles having charges of the opposite polarity with the second type of particles having a higher charge potential than the fifth type of particles, the method comprising:
  • the method of the invention is characterized in that the electrophoretic medium further comprises a third type of particles bearing a charge of the same polarity as the first and fourth types of particles with the third type of particles having a charge potential lower than that of the first type of particles but higher than that of the fourth type of particles, the third type of particles having a third optical characteristic different from the first, second fourth and fifth optical characteristics, the method further comprising: (v) when the fifth optical characteristic is displayed at the viewing surface applying a fifth electric field having a magnitude intermediate the first and third electric fields and the same polarity as the first electric field, thereby driving the third type of particles towards the viewing surface, thereby causing the display layer to display the third optical characteristic at the viewing surface.
  • step (iii) may be effected by first applying a sixth electric field having a polarity opposite to that of the first electric field and a magnitude greater than that of the third electric field, thereby driving the fourth particles towards the second surface and thereafter applying the third electric field.
  • a shaking waveform may be applied prior to application of the sixth electric field, and the sixth electric field may be applied for a second period prior to the shaking waveform.
  • the application of the sixth electric field and the application of the third electric field may repeated at least twice, at least four times or at least eight times.
  • no electric field may be applied for a period.
  • no electric field may be applied for a period between the application of the sixth electric field and the application of the third electric field.
  • step (iv) may be effected by first applying a seventh electric field having the same polarity as the first electric field and a magnitude greater than that of the fourth electric field, thereby driving the fifth particles towards the second surface and thereafter applying the fourth electric field.
  • a shaking waveform may be applied prior to application of the seventh electric field, and the seventh electric field may be applied for a second period prior to the shaking waveform.
  • the application of the seventh electric field and the application of the fourth electric field may be repeated at least twice, at least four times or at least eight times.
  • no electric field may be applied for a period.
  • no electric field may be applied for a period between the application of the seventh electric field and the application of the fourth electric field.
  • step (v) may be effected by first applying an eighth electric field having a magnitude less than that of the fifth electric field and a polarity opposite to that of the first electric field, thereby driving the third particles towards the second surface, and thereafter applying the fifth electric field.
  • a nineth electric field having a magnitude greater than that of, but the same polarity as, the fifth electric field may be applied prior to application of the eighth electric field.
  • a shaking waveform may be applied prior to the nineth electric field. The nineth electric field may be applied for a second period prior to the shaking waveform.
  • step (v) may be effected by first applying a eighth electric field having a magnitude less than that of the fifth electric field and a polarity opposite to that of the first electric field, thereby driving the third particles towards the second surface and thereafter applying multiple periods of the fifth electric field alternating with periods of zero electric field.
  • a nineth electric field having a magnitude greater than that of, but the same polarity as, the fifth electric field may be applied prior to application of the eighth electric field.
  • a shaking waveform may be applied prior to the nineth electric field. The nineth electric field may be applied for a second period prior to the shaking waveform.
  • the driving methods of the present invention are suitable for driving an electrophoretic display utilizing a display fluid which comprises five types of particles dispersed in a fluid, which is typically a dielectric solvent or solvent mixture.
  • the particles may be referred to as a first type of particles, a second type of particles, a third type of particles, a fourth type of particles and a fifth type of particles.
  • the various types of particles have different optical characteristics. These optical characteristics are typically colors perceptible to the human eye, but may be other optical properties, such as optical transmission, reflectance, luminescence or, in the case of displays intended for machine reading, pseudo-color in the sense of a change in reflectance of electromagnetic wavelengths outside the visible range.
  • the invention broadly encompasses particles of any colors as long as the multiple types of particles are visually distinguishable.
  • the particles may be any combinations of white particles (W), black particles (K), red particles (R), green particles (G), blue particles (B), cyan particles (C), magenta particles (M) and yellow particles (Y).
  • the various types of particles have different levels of charge potential.
  • five types of particles may be high positive particles, middle positive particles, low positive particles, high negative particles and low negative particles, or alternatively, high negative particles, middle negative particles, low negative particles, high positive particles and low positive particles.
  • charge potential in the context of the present application, may be used interchangeably with “zeta potential” or with electrophoretic mobility.
  • the charge polarities and levels of charge potential of the particles may be varied by the method described in U.S. Patent Application Publication No. 2014/0011913 .
  • the magnitudes of the charges on, zeta potentials or electrophoretic mobilities on the "high positive” particles and the "high negative” particles may be the same or different.
  • the magnitudes of these parameters on the "middle positive” and the “middle negative” particles may be the same or different, and the magnitudes of these parameters on the "low positive” particles and the “low negative” particles may be the same or different.
  • the charge potentials of the particles may be measured in terms of zeta potential.
  • the zeta potential is determined by Colloidal Dynamics AcoustoSizer IIM with a CSPU-100 signal processing unit, ESA EN# Attn flow through cell (K:127).
  • the instrument constants such as density of the solvent used in the sample, dielectric constant of the solvent, speed of sound in the solvent, viscosity of the solvent, all of which at the testing temperature (25°C) are entered before testing.
  • Pigment samples are dispersed in the solvent (which is usually a hydrocarbon fluid having less than 12 carbon atoms), and diluted to be 5-10% by weight.
  • the sample also contains a charge control agent (Solsperse 17000, available from Lubrizol Corporation, a Berkshire Hathaway company; "Solsperse” is a Registered Trade Mark), with a weight ratio of 1:10 of the charge control agent to the particles.
  • Solsperse 17000 available from Lubrizol Corporation, a Berkshire Hathaway company; "Solsperse” is a Registered Trade Mark
  • the mass of the diluted sample is determined and the sample is then loaded into the flow through cell for determination of the zeta potential.
  • Methods and apparatus for the measurement of electrophoretic mobility are well known to those skilled in the technology of electrophoretic displays.
  • the dielectric fluid in which the particles are typically dispersed may be clear and colorless. It preferably has a dielectric constant in the range of about 2 to about 30, more preferably about 2 to about 15 for high particle mobility.
  • suitable dielectric fluids include hydrocarbons such as isoparaffin, decahydronaphthalene (DECALIN), 5-ethylidene-2-norbornene, fatty oils, paraffin oil, silicon fluids, aromatic hydrocarbons such as toluene, xylene, phenylxylylethane, dodecylbenzene or alkylnaphthalene, halogenated solvents such as perfluorodecalin, perfluorotoluene, perfluoroxylene, dichlorobenzotrifluoride, 3,4,5-trichlorobenzotrifluoride, chloropentafluorobenzene, dichlorononane or pentachlorobenzene, and perfluorinated solvents such as FC-43, FC-
  • the particles are preferably opaque, in the sense that they should be light reflecting not light transmissive. It be apparent to those skilled in color science that if the particles were light transmissive, some of the color states appearing in the following description of specific embodiments of the invention would be severely distorted or not obtained.
  • White particles are of course light scattering rather than reflective but care should be taken to ensure that not too much light passes through a layer of white particles. For example, if in the white state shown in Figure 3-3 discussed below, the layer of white particles allowed a substantial amount of light to pass through it and be reflected from the particles behind it, the brightness of the white state could be substantially reduced.
  • the particles used may be primary particles without a polymer shell. Alternatively, each particle may comprise an insoluble core with a polymer shell.
  • the core could be either an organic or inorganic pigment, and it may be a single core particle or an aggregate of multiple core particles.
  • the particles may also be hollow particles.
  • the primary particles or core particles may be Ti02, Zr02, ZnO, Al 2 O 3 , Sb 2 O 3 , BaSO 4 , PbSO 4 or the like.
  • the primary particles or core particles may be Cl pigment black 26 or 28 or the like (e.g., manganese ferrite black spinel or copper chromite black spinel) or carbon black.
  • the primary particles or core particles may include, but are not limited to, CI pigment PR 254, PR122, PR149, PG36, PG58, PG7, PB15:3, PY83, PY138, PY150, PY155 or PY20.
  • the primary particles or core particles may also be inorganic pigments, such as red, green, blue and yellow pigments. Examples may include, but are not limited to, CI pigment blue 28 (PB28), CI pigment green 50 and CI pigment yellow 227.
  • inorganic pigments such as red, green, blue and yellow pigments. Examples may include, but are not limited to, CI pigment blue 28 (PB28), CI pigment green 50 and CI pigment yellow 227.
  • the percentages of different types of particles in the fluid may vary. For example, one type of particles may take up 0.1% to 10%, preferably 0.5% to 5%, by volume of the electrophoretic fluid; another type of particles may take up 1% to 50%, preferably 5% to 20%, by volume of the fluid; and each of the remaining types of particles may take up 2% to 20%, preferably 4% to 10%, by volume of the fluid.
  • the various types of particles may have different particle sizes.
  • the smaller particles may have a size which ranges from about 50 nm to about 800 nm.
  • the larger particles may have a size which is about 2 to about 50 times, and more preferably about 2 to about 10 times, the sizes of the smaller particles.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic cross-section through a display layer containing five different types of particles which can display five different color states (i.e., a 5-CP display layer).
  • the display layer has a first, viewing surface 13 (the upper surface as illustrated in Figure 1 ) and a second surface 14 on the opposed side of the display layer from the first surface 13.
  • the term "viewing surface” of course refers to the side of the display on which a user normally views images.
  • the display layer comprises an electrophoretic medium comprising a fluid and first, second, third fourth and fifth types of particles (indicated respectively by numbers 1-5 enclosed in a circle) dispersed in the fluid.
  • the first, second, third, fourth and fifth types of particles having respectively first, second, third, fourth and fifth optical characteristics differing from one another, the first, third and fourth type of particles having charges of one polarity and the second and fifth types of particles having charges of the opposite polarity. More specifically, in the system shown in Figure 1 , the first type of particles are black particles (K) carrying a high positive charge and the second type of particles are yellow particles (Y) carrying a high negative charge.
  • the third type of particles are blue (B) particles carrying a middle positive charge and the fourth type of particles are red (R) particles are positively charged; but their magnitudes are progressively less than that of the black particles, which means that the black particles are high-positive particles, the blue particles are midpositive particles and the red particles are low-positive particles.
  • the fifth type of particles are white (W) particles carrying a low negative charge.
  • the display layer shown in Figure 1 is provided with means for applying electric fields across the display layer, these field applying means having the form of two electrode layers, the first of which is a light-transmissive or transparent common electrode layer 11 extending across the entire viewing surface of the display.
  • the electrode layer 11 may be formed from indium tin oxide (ITO) or a similar light-transmissive conductor.
  • the other electrode layer 12 is a layer of discrete pixel electrodes 12a, which define individual pixel of the display, these pixels being indicated by dotted vertical lines in Figure 1 .
  • the pixel electrodes 12a may form part of an active matrix driving system with, for example, a thin film transistor (TFT) backplane, but other types of electrode addressing may be used provided the electrodes provide the necessary electric field across the display layer.
  • TFT thin film transistor
  • Figure 2 is a voltage versus time graph of a shaking waveform may which be used in the driving methods of the present invention.
  • the shaking waveform may consist of repeating a pair of opposite driving pulses for many cycles.
  • the shaking waveform may consist of a +15V pulse for 20 msec and a -15V pulse for 20 msec, with this pair of pulses being repeated 50 times. The total duration of such a shaking waveform would be 2000 msec.
  • Figure 2 illustrates only seven pairs of pulses. In practice, there may be at least 10 repetitions (i.e., ten pairs of positive and negative pulses).
  • the shaking waveform may be applied regardless of the optical state prior to a driving voltage is applied. After the shaking waveform is applied, the optical state (at either the viewing surface or the second surface, if visible) will not be a pure color, but will be a mixture of the colors of the five types of pigment particles.
  • Each of the driving pulses in the shaking waveform is applied for not exceeding 50% (or not exceeding 30%, 10% or 5%) of the driving time required for driving from the color state of the high positive particles to the color state of the high negative particles, or vice versa.
  • the shaking waveform may consist of positive and negative pulses, each applied for not more than 150 msec. In practice, it is preferred that the pulses be shorter.
  • the display layer shown in Figure 1 comprises first, black, high positive particles, second, yellow, high negative yellow particles, third, blue, middle positive particles, fourth red, low positive particles, and fifth, white, low negative particles.
  • the manner in which the colors of the various particles can be displayed at the viewing surface will now be described with reference to Figures 3-1 to 3-5 .
  • V H2 a high negative driving voltage
  • -15V a high negative driving voltage
  • the low positive red and middle positive blue particles move slower than the high positive black particles and as a result, the blue particles are above the black particles but below the red particles because the blue particles carry higher charges than the red particles.
  • the black particles are closest to the pixel electrode, as shown in 3(a).
  • the low negative white particles move slower than the high negative yellow particles, and therefore the white particles are below and masked by the yellow particles and therefore not visible at the viewing surface. Thus, a yellow color is displayed at the viewing surface.
  • V H1 a high positive driving voltage
  • +15V a high positive driving voltage
  • an electric field is generated to cause the high positive black particles to be driven adjacent the common electrode 31 and the high negative yellow particles adjacent the pixel electrode 32a.
  • the resulting particle distribution (3(b)) is the exact inverse of that shown in 3(a) and a black color is displayed at the viewing surface.
  • the high driving voltages thus applied may be in the form of single pulses or pulsing waveforms having alternating periods of zero voltage and the driving voltage.
  • the magnitude of the driving voltage used in a pulsing waveform may be or may not be the same as that of the driving voltage used in a single pulse method. There may be, for example, 10-200 cycles of pulsing.
  • a pulsing waveform may lead to better color performance because it can prevent aggregation of the particles with each other, which usually causes reduction of hiding power of the layers of particles.
  • Figure 3-2 illustrates the manner in which the low positive (red) particles are displayed at the viewing surface of the display shown in Figure 1 .
  • the process starts from the (yellow) state 3(a) shown in Figure 3-1 and repeated on the left side of Figure 3-2 .
  • a low positive voltage (V L1 , e.g., +3V) is applied to the pixel electrode (i.e., the common electrode is made slightly negative with respect to the pixel electrode) for a time period of sufficient length to cause the high negative yellow particles to move towards the pixel electrode (32a) while the high positive black and middle positive blue particles move towards the common electrode (31).
  • the yellow, black and blue particles meet intermediate the pixel and common electrodes as shown at 3(c), they remain at the intermediate position because the electric field generated by the low driving voltage is not strong enough to overcome the attractive forces between them. As shown, the yellow, black and blue particles stay intermediate the pixel and common electrodes in a mixed state.
  • attractive force encompasses electrostatic interactions, linearly dependent on the particle charge potentials, and the attractive force can be further enhanced by other forces, such as Van der Waals forces, hydrophobic interactions and the like.
  • attractive forces also exist between the low positive red particles and the high negative yellow particles, and between the low negative white particles and both the high positive black and middle positive blue particles.
  • these attractive forces are not as strong as the attractive forces between the black and yellow particles and between the blue and yellow particles, and thus the weak attractive forces on the red and white particles can be overcome by the electric field generated by the low driving voltage, so that the low charged particles and the high charged particles of opposite polarity can be separated.
  • the electric field generated by the low driving voltage is sufficient to separate the low negative white and low positive red particles, thereby causing the red particles to move adjacent the common electrode (31) viewing surface and the white particles to move adjacent the pixel electrode (32a).
  • the pixel displays a red color, while the white particles lie closest to the pixel electrode, as shown in 3(c).
  • FIG 3-3 illustrates the manner in which the low negative (white) particles are displayed at the viewing surface of the display shown in Figure 1 .
  • the process starts from the (black) state 3(b) shown in Figure 3-1 and repeated on the left side of Figure 3-3 .
  • a low negative voltage (V L2 , e.g., -10V) is applied to the pixel electrode (i.e., the common electrode is made slightly positive with respect to the pixel electrode) for a time period of sufficient length to cause the high positive black and middle positive blue particles to move towards the pixel electrode (32a) while the high negative yellow particles move towards the common electrode (31).
  • the yellow, black and blue particles meet intermediate the pixel and common electrodes as shown at 3(d), they remain at the intermediate position because the electric field generated by the low driving voltage is not strong enough to overcome the attractive forces between them.
  • the yellow, black and blue particles stay intermediate the pixel and common electrodes in a mixed state.
  • attractive forces also exist between the low positive red particles and the high negative yellow particles, and between the low negative white particles and both the high positive black and middle positive blue particles.
  • these attractive forces are not as strong as the attractive forces between the black and yellow particles and between the blue and yellow particles, and thus the weak attractive forces on the red and white particles can be overcome by the electric field generated by the low driving voltage, so that the low charged particles and the high charged particles of opposite polarity can be separated.
  • the electric field generated by the low driving voltage is sufficient to separate the low negative white and low positive red particles, thereby causing the white particles to move adjacent the common electrode (31) viewing surface and the red particles to move adjacent the pixel electrode (32a).
  • the pixel displays a white color, while the red particles lie closest to the pixel electrode, as shown in 3(d).
  • Figures 3-4 and 3-5 illustrate the manner in which the middle positive (blue) particles are displayed at the viewing surface of the display shown in Figure 1 .
  • the process starts from the (white) state 3(d) shown in Figure 3-3 and repeated on the left sides of Figures 3-4 and 3-5 .
  • a medium positive voltage V M1 , e.g., +12V
  • the medium positive driving voltage causes the white particles to move away from the common electrode and the red particles to move away from the pixel electrode, thereby tending to cause all five types of particles to meet and form a "pack" intermediate the common and pixel electrodes.
  • the medium voltage applied is not sufficient to separate the high positive black from the high negative yellow particles in the pack, but (unlike the situation with the low driving voltage used in Figure 3-2 ) is sufficient to cause the middle positive blue particles to break away from the pack and move towards the common electrode.
  • the low positive red particles also separate from the high negative yellow particles and move towards the common electrode.
  • the middle positive blue particles move faster than the low positive red particles and arrive adjacent the common electrode first, so that the pixel displays a blue color at the viewing surface.
  • the low negative white particles separate from the high positive black particles and move adjacent the pixel electrode, to produce the state illustrated at 3(e).
  • Figure 3-5 shows an alternative method of effected the same white-to-blue transition as in Figure 3-4 .
  • the difference between Figures 3-4 and 3-5 is that in the latter the medium positive driving voltage is reduced from +12 to +8V, with the result that, although the blue and red particles separate from the pack in the same way as in Figure 3-4 , the electric field generated by the driving voltage of +8V is not sufficient to separate the low negative white particles from the high positive black particles, so that the black, yellow and white particles remain in a pack intermediate the common and pixel electrodes.
  • a blue color is still displayed at the viewing surface but the pixel electrode surface (if visible) will display the color of a mixture of black, yellow and white particles, rather than the white state displayed at this surface in Figure 3-4 .
  • this difference is of no consequence.
  • Figure 4 illustrates a waveform which may be used to effect the yellow-to-red (high negative to low positive) transition of Figure 3-2 .
  • a high negative driving voltage V H2 , for example -15V
  • This initial application of a high negative driving voltage may be omitted but is preferably included to ensure that the entire waveform of Figure 4 is DC balanced.
  • DC balanced is used herein to mean that the integral of the driving voltage applied to a pixel with respect to time taken over an entire waveform is substantially zero.
  • a shaking waveform is then applied, followed by application of the high negative driving voltage (V H2 ) for a period of t2, thus ensuring that the pixel is in the yellow state shown in Figure 3-2 .
  • V H2 high negative driving voltage
  • the pixel is driven to the red state by applying a low positive driving voltage (V L1 , for example +3V) for a period of t3, to effect the yellow-to-red transition shown in Figure 3-2 .
  • V L1 for example +3V
  • the period t2 is sufficient to drive the pixel to the yellow state when V H2 is applied and the period t3 is sufficient to drive the pixel to the red state from the yellow state when V L1 is applied.
  • Figure 5 illustrates a waveform which may be used to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 4 occurring in period t3.
  • the high negative driving voltage (V H2 ) is applied to a pixel for a period of t4 to drive the pixel towards the yellow state, then a positive driving voltage (+V') is applied for a period of t5 to drive the pixel towards the red state.
  • the magnitude of V' is lower than that of V H (e.g., V H1 or V H2 ).
  • the magnitude of +V' may be less than 50% of the magnitude of V H , and t5 may greater than t4, for example, t4 may be in the range of 20-400 msec and t5 may be ⁇ 200 msec.
  • the waveform of Figure 5 is repeated for at least 2 cycles (N ⁇ 2), preferably at least 4 cycles and more preferably at least 8 cycles. The red color becomes more intense after each driving cycle.
  • the waveform of Figure 5 may be used to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 4 occurring in period t3.
  • Figure 6 illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of Figure 4 occurring in period t3 is replaced by five cycles of the waveform of Figure 5 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used).
  • the waveform of Figure 6 comprises driving towards yellow for a period of t1 (cf. Figure 4 ), a shaking waveform, driving towards yellow for a period of t2 (again, cf. Figure 4 ), and then applying multiple cycles of the waveform of Figure 5 .
  • Figure 7 illustrates a waveform similar to that of Figure 6 but in which the step of driving towards the yellow state for the period of t2 is eliminated, so that the waveform of Figure 7 transitions from the shaking waveform immediately to the waveform of Figure 5 .
  • the waveforms of Figures 6 and 7 may each be DC balanced.
  • the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be less than 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage.
  • Steps (i) and (ii) may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.
  • the method may further comprise a shaking waveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise driving the pixel to the color state of the second type of particles after the shaking waveform but prior to step (i).
  • Figure 8 illustrates a waveform which may be used in place of the waveform of Figure 5 to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 4 occurring in period t3.
  • the waveform of Figure 8 comprises driving towards yellow for an initial period of t6 (cf. period t4 in Figure 5 ), followed by driving towards red for a period of t7 (cf. period t5 in Figure 5 ).
  • period t7 is followed by a wait period of t8 in which no driving voltage is applied.
  • the waveform of Figure 8 is designed to release the charge imbalance stored in the dielectric layers and/or at the interfaces between layers of different materials, in an electrophoretic display device, especially when the resistance of the dielectric layers is high, for example, at a low temperature.
  • the wait time presumably can dissipate the unwanted charge stored in the dielectric layers and cause the short pulse t6 for driving a pixel towards the yellow state and the longer pulse t7 for driving the pixel towards the red state to be more efficient. As a result, this alternative driving method will bring a better separation of the low charged (red) particles from the higher charged ones.
  • the wait period t8 may be in the range of 5-5000 msec, depending on the resistance of the dielectric layers.
  • the entire waveform of Figure 8 may be repeated at least 2 times (N ⁇ 2), preferably at least 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.
  • the waveform of Figure 8 may be used to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 4 occurring in period t3.
  • Figure 9 illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of Figure 4 occurring in period t3 is replaced by four cycles of the waveform of Figure 8 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used).
  • the waveform of Figure 9 comprises driving towards yellow for a period of t1 (cf. Figure 4 ), a shaking waveform, driving towards yellow for a period of t2 (again, cf. Figure 4 ), and then applying multiple cycles of the waveform of Figure 8 .
  • Figure 10 illustrates a waveform similar to that of Figure 9 but in which the step of driving towards the yellow state for the period of t2 is eliminated, so that the waveform of Figure 10 transitions from the shaking waveform immediately to the waveform of Figure 8 .
  • the waveforms of Figures 9 and 10 may each be DC balanced.
  • the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be less than 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage.
  • Steps (i), (ii) and (iii) may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.
  • the method may further comprise a shaking waveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise driving the pixel to the color state of the second type of particles after the shaking waveform but prior to step (i).
  • the lengths of the driving periods may be temperature dependent.
  • Figure 11 illustrates a waveform which may be used in place of the waveform of Figure 5 or 8 to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 4 occurring in period t3.
  • the waveform of Figure 11 comprises driving towards yellow for an initial period of t9 (cf. period t4 in Figure 5 ), followed by a wait time of t10 during which no driving voltage is applied.
  • the wait time of t10 is followed by driving towards red for a period of t11 (cf. period t5 in Figure 5 ), followed by a wait period of t12 in which no driving voltage is applied (cf. period t8 in Figure 8 ).
  • the waveform of Figure 11 may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.
  • the first wait time t10 is very short while the second wait time t12 is longer.
  • the period t9 is also shorter than the period t11.
  • t9 may be in the range of 20-200 msec; t10 may be less than 100 msec; t11 may be in the range of 100-200 msec; and t12 may be less than 1000 msec.
  • the waveform of Figure 11 may be used to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 4 occurring in period t3.
  • Figure 12 illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of Figure 4 occurring in period t3 is replaced by four cycles of the waveform of Figure 11 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used).
  • the waveform of Figure 12 comprises driving towards yellow for a period of t1 (cf. Figure 4 ), a shaking waveform, driving towards yellow for a period of t2 (again, cf. Figure 4 ), and then applying multiple cycles of the waveform of Figure 11 .
  • the better the yellow state achieved at the end of period t2 the better the red state that will be displayed at the end of the waveform.
  • Figure 13 illustrates a waveform similar to that of Figure 12 but in which the step of driving towards the yellow state for the period of t2 is eliminated, so that the waveform of Figure 13 transitions from the shaking waveform immediately to the waveform of Figure 11 .
  • the waveforms of Figures 12 and 13 may each be DC balanced.
  • the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be less than 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage.
  • Steps (i)- (iv) may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.
  • the method may further comprise a shaking waveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise driving the pixel to the color state of the second type of particles after the shaking waveform but prior to step (i).
  • the lengths of the driving periods may be temperature dependent.
  • This driving method not only is particularly effective at a low temperature, but can also provide a display device better tolerance of structural variations caused during manufacture of the display device. Therefore its usefulness is not limited to low temperature driving.
  • Figure 14 illustrates a waveform which may be used to effect the black-to-white (high positive to low negative) transition of Figure 3-3 .
  • a high positive driving voltage V H1 , for example +15V
  • V H1 high positive driving voltage
  • This initial application of a high positive driving voltage may be omitted but is preferably included to ensure that the entire waveform of Figure 14 is DC balanced.
  • a shaking waveform is then applied, followed by application of the high positive driving voltage (V H1 ) for a period of t14, thus ensuring that the pixel is in the black state shown in Figure 3-3 .
  • the pixel is driven to the white state by applying a low negative driving voltage (V L2 , for example -10V) for a period of t15, to effect the black-to-white transition shown in Figure 3-3 .
  • V L2 low negative driving voltage
  • the period t14 is sufficient to drive the pixel to the black state when V H1 is applied and the period t15 is sufficient to drive the pixel to the white state from the black state when V L2 is applied.
  • the waveform of Figure 14 may be DC balanced.
  • Figure 15 illustrates a waveform which may be used to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 14 occurring in period t15.
  • the high positive driving voltage (V H1 ) is applied to a pixel for a period of t16 to drive the pixel towards the black state, then a negative driving voltage (-V') is applied for a period of t17 to drive the pixel towards the white state.
  • the magnitude of -V' is lower than that of V H (e.g., V H1 or V H2 )
  • the magnitude of -V' may be less than 50% of the magnitude of V H
  • t17 may greater than t16, for example, t16 may be in the range of 20-400 msec and t17 may be ⁇ 200 msec.
  • the waveform of Figure 15 is repeated for at least 2 cycles (N ⁇ 2), preferably at least 4 cycles and more preferably at least 8 cycles. The white color becomes more intense after each driving cycle.
  • the waveform of Figure 15 may be used to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 14 occurring in period t15.
  • Figure 16 illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of Figure 14 occurring in period t15 is replaced by four cycles of the waveform of Figure 15 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used).
  • the waveform of Figure 16 comprises driving towards black for a period of t13 (cf. Figure 14 ), a shaking waveform, driving towards black for a period of t14 (again, cf. Figure 14 ), and then applying multiple cycles of the waveform of Figure 15 .
  • Figure 17 illustrates a waveform similar to that of Figure 16 but in which the step of driving towards the black state for the period of t14 is eliminated, so that the waveform of Figure 17 transitions from the shaking waveform immediately to the waveform of Figure 15 .
  • the waveforms of Figures 16 and 17 may each be DC balanced.
  • the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be less than 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage.
  • Steps (i) and (ii) may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.
  • the method may further comprise a shaking waveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise driving the pixel to the color state of the first type of particles after the shaking waveform but prior to step (i).
  • the lengths of the driving periods may be temperature dependent.
  • Figure 18 illustrates a waveform which may be used in place of the waveform of Figure 15 to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 14 occurring in period t15.
  • the waveform of Figure 8 which is essentially an inverted version of the waveform of Figure 8 , comprises driving towards black for an initial period of t18 (cf. period t16 in Figure 15 ), followed by driving towards white for a period of t19 (cf. period t17 in Figure 15 ). However, in the waveform of Figure 18 , period t19 is followed by a wait period of t20 in which no driving voltage is applied.
  • the waveform of Figure 18 is designed to release the charge imbalance stored in the dielectric layers and/or at the interfaces between layers of different materials, in an electrophoretic display device, especially when the resistance of the dielectric layers is high, for example, at a low temperature.
  • the wait time presumably can dissipate the unwanted charge stored in the dielectric layers and cause the short pulse t18 for driving a pixel towards the black state and the longer pulse t19 for driving the pixel towards the white state to be more efficient.
  • the wait period t20 may be in the range of 5-5000 msec, depending on the resistance of the dielectric layers.
  • the entire waveform of Figure 8 may be repeated at least 2 times (N ⁇ 2), preferably at least 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.
  • the periods, t18 and t19 in Figure 18 are similar to periods t16 and t17 in Figure 15 , respectively. In other words, t19 is greater than t18.
  • the waveform of Figure 18 may be used to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 14 occurring in period t15.
  • Figure 19 illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of Figure 14 occurring in period t15 is replaced by three cycles of the waveform of Figure 18 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used).
  • the waveform of Figure 19 comprises driving towards black for a period of t13 (cf. Figure 14 ), a shaking waveform, driving towards black for a period of t14 (again, cf. Figure 14 ), and then applying multiple cycles of the waveform of Figure 18 .
  • Figure 20 illustrates a waveform similar to that of Figure 19 but in which the step of driving towards the black state for the period of t14 is eliminated, so that the waveform of Figure 20 transitions from the shaking waveform immediately to the waveform of Figure 18 .
  • the waveforms of Figures 19 and 20 may each be DC balanced.
  • the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be less than 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage.
  • Steps (i), (ii) and (iii) may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.
  • the method may further comprise a shaking waveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise driving the pixel to the color state of the first type of particles after the shaking waveform but prior to step (i).
  • the lengths of the driving periods may be temperature dependent.
  • Figure 21 illustrates a waveform which may be used in place of the waveform of Figure 15 or 18 to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 14 occurring in period t15.
  • the waveform of Figure 21 which is essentially an inverted version of the waveform of Figure 11 , comprises driving towards black for an initial period of t21 (cf. period t16 in Figure 15 ), followed by a wait time of t22 during which no driving voltage is applied.
  • the wait time of t22 is followed by driving towards white for a period of t23 (cf. period t17 in Figure 15 ), followed by a wait period of t24 in which no driving voltage is applied (cf. period t20 in Figure 18 ).
  • the waveform of Figure 21 may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.
  • the first wait time t22 is very short while the second wait time t24 is longer.
  • the period t21 is also shorter than the period t23.
  • t21 may be in the range of 20-200 msec; t22 may be less than 100 msec; t23 may be in the range of 100-200 msec; and t24 may be less than 1000 msec.
  • the waveform of Figure 21 may be used to replace the portion of the waveform of Figure 14 occurring in period t15.
  • Figure 22 illustrates a waveform in which the portion of the waveform of Figure 14 occurring in period t15 is replaced by three cycles of the waveform of Figure 21 (more or fewer cycles may of course be used).
  • the waveform of Figure 22 comprises driving towards black for a period of t13 (cf. Figure 14 ), a shaking waveform, driving towards black for a period of t14 (again, cf. Figure 14 ), and then applying multiple cycles of the waveform of Figure 21 .
  • the better the black state achieved at the end of period t14 the better the white state that will be displayed at the end of the waveform.
  • Figure 23 illustrates a waveform similar to that of Figure 22 but in which the step of driving towards the black state for the period of t14 is eliminated, so that the waveform of Figure 23 transitions from the shaking waveform immediately to the waveform of Figure 21 .
  • the waveforms of Figures 22 and 23 may each be DC balanced.
  • the magnitude of the second driving voltage may be less than 50% of the magnitude of the first driving voltage.
  • Steps (i)-(iv) may be repeated at least 2 times, preferably at least 4 times and more preferably at least 8 times.
  • the method may further comprise a shaking waveform before step (i), and/or may further comprise driving the pixel to the color state of the first type of particles after the shaking waveform but prior to step (i).
  • the lengths of the driving periods may be temperature dependent.
  • This driving method not only is particularly effective at a low temperature, but can also provide a display device better tolerance of structural variations caused during manufacture of the display device. Therefore its usefulness is not limited to low temperature driving.
  • Figure 24 illustrates a waveform which may be used to effect the white-to-blue (low negative to middle positive) transition of Figure 3-4 or 3-5 .
  • the waveform of Figure 24 is a "single pulse" waveform comprising a low negative driving voltage (V L2 , for example - 3V) to drive the pixel to the white state shown on the left hand side of Figure 3-4 or 3-5 , followed by a medium positive driving voltage V M1 , for example +12V).
  • V L2 low negative driving voltage
  • V M1 medium positive driving voltage
  • the single pulse waveform shown in Figure 24 can lead to a blue color state, with proper timing.
  • the driving time for the single blue-going pulse may be in the range of about 100 to about 2,000 msec. If the pulse is applied for too long, the red particles may catch up with the blue particles adjacent the viewing surface of the display, which may cause some red contamination of the blue state.
  • the white-to-blue transition of Figure 3-4 or 3-5 may be effected using a pulsing waveform as shown in Figure 25 .
  • the waveform of Figure 25 begins with the same white-going pulse as the waveform of Figure 24 but instead of the single blue-going pulse in the waveform of Figure 24 , the waveform of Figure 25 has a series of short driving pulses of the medium positive driving voltage V M1 , alternating with periods of zero voltage.
  • the medium positive driving voltage used in the waveform of Figure 25 has a magnitude which may or may not be the same as that of the medium positive driving voltage used in the single pulse waveform of Figure 24 .
  • a pulsing waveform may lead to better color performance because it can prevent self-aggregation of the blue particles, which usually causes reduction of the hiding power of layers of such particles.
  • the five particle system shown in Figures 1 and 3-1 to 3-5 has high, middle and low positive particles, and high and low negative particles. If the middle positive particles were replaced with middle negative particles, the color state of these middle negative particles could be displayed by a transition from the color state of the low positive particles using waveforms which are inverted versions of those shown in Figures 24 and 25 .
  • the white state needed for the white-to-blue transition of Figure 3-4 or 3-5 can be achieved by any of the methods described above, and Figures 26 and 27 illustrate two possible waveforms for this purpose.
  • the waveform of Figure 26 is in effect a combination of the waveforms of Figures 14 and 24
  • the waveform of Figure 27 is in effect a combination of the waveforms of Figures 14 and 25 .
  • the waveforms described above make use of three levels of positive driving voltage, high positive (V H1 ), medium positive (V M1 ) and low positive (V L1 ), and two levels of negative driving voltage, high negative (V H2 ) and low negative (V L2 ).
  • the medium positive driving voltage (V M1 ) may be 40% to 100%, preferably 50% to 90%, of the high positive driving voltage (V H1 ) and the low positive driving voltage (V L1 ) may be 5% to 50%, preferably 15% to 40%, of the high positive driving voltage (V H1 ).
  • the low negative driving voltage (V L2 ) may be 10% to 90%, preferably 30% to 70%, of the high negative driving voltage (V H2 ).
  • the medium negative driving voltage (V M2 ) may be 40% to 100%, preferably 40% to 90%, of the high negative driving voltage (V H2 ) and the low negative driving voltage (V L2 ) may be 5% to 50%, preferably 10% to 45%, of the high negative driving voltage (V H2 ).
  • the low positive driving voltage (V L1 ) may be 5% to 95%, preferably 25% to 75%, of high positive driving voltage (V H1 ).
  • the "high" driving voltage (positive or negative) referred to above is usually the driving voltage required to drive a pixel from a color state of one type of the high charged particles to a color state of another type of high charged particles of opposite polarity.
  • a high driving voltage V H1 or V H2
  • V H1 or V H2 is defined as a driving voltage which is sufficient to drive a pixel from the black color state to the yellow color state, or vice versa (see Figure 3-1 ).
  • each particle type/color can occupy 100% of the pixel area at a particular driving voltage, the brightness of each individual color state is not compromised.
  • This type of full color electrophoretic display will provide not only non-compromised white and black states, but also non-compromised color states of other colors, such as red, green and blue.
  • each pixel can display five color states, so that the system is a 5-CP system. More color states may be displayed if a pixel consists of multiple sub-pixels each capable of displaying five color states. For example, if each pixel has three sub-pixels, one of the five color states may be displayed by the pixel if all three sub-pixels display that color. If the three sub-pixels display red, blue and black color states respectively, the pixel will display a magenta color state. If the three sub-pixels display green, blue and black color states respectively, the pixel will display a cyan color state. If the three sub-pixels display red, green and black color states respectively, the pixel will display a yellow color state. More color states may be displayed through adjusting driving waveforms or by using various image processing techniques.
  • the electrophoretic medium used in the present invention may be unencapsulated, microencapsulated, a polymer-dispersed electrophoretic medium or in microcells or other display cells, for example as described in US Patent No. 6,930,818 , or in microchannels or equivalents, regardless of their shapes or sizes.

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