EP3303689A1 - Procédé pour la fabrication de nanocelluloses à partir d'un substrat cellulosique - Google Patents
Procédé pour la fabrication de nanocelluloses à partir d'un substrat cellulosiqueInfo
- Publication number
- EP3303689A1 EP3303689A1 EP16734421.7A EP16734421A EP3303689A1 EP 3303689 A1 EP3303689 A1 EP 3303689A1 EP 16734421 A EP16734421 A EP 16734421A EP 3303689 A1 EP3303689 A1 EP 3303689A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- cellulose
- nanocelluloses
- treatment
- genbank
- enzyme
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B82—NANOTECHNOLOGY
- B82Y—SPECIFIC USES OR APPLICATIONS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MEASUREMENT OR ANALYSIS OF NANOSTRUCTURES; MANUFACTURE OR TREATMENT OF NANOSTRUCTURES
- B82Y40/00—Manufacture or treatment of nanostructures
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L1/00—Compositions of cellulose, modified cellulose or cellulose derivatives
- C08L1/02—Cellulose; Modified cellulose
- C08L1/04—Oxycellulose; Hydrocellulose, e.g. microcrystalline cellulose
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C12—BIOCHEMISTRY; BEER; SPIRITS; WINE; VINEGAR; MICROBIOLOGY; ENZYMOLOGY; MUTATION OR GENETIC ENGINEERING
- C12P—FERMENTATION OR ENZYME-USING PROCESSES TO SYNTHESISE A DESIRED CHEMICAL COMPOUND OR COMPOSITION OR TO SEPARATE OPTICAL ISOMERS FROM A RACEMIC MIXTURE
- C12P19/00—Preparation of compounds containing saccharide radicals
- C12P19/04—Polysaccharides, i.e. compounds containing more than five saccharide radicals attached to each other by glycosidic bonds
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C5/00—Other processes for obtaining cellulose, e.g. cooking cotton linters ; Processes characterised by the choice of cellulose-containing starting materials
- D21C5/005—Treatment of cellulose-containing material with microorganisms or enzymes
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- D21C9/00—After-treatment of cellulose pulp, e.g. of wood pulp, or cotton linters ; Treatment of dilute or dewatered pulp or process improvement taking place after obtaining the raw cellulosic material and not provided for elsewhere
- D21C9/001—Modification of pulp properties
- D21C9/007—Modification of pulp properties by mechanical or physical means
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
- D21H11/02—Chemical or chemomechanical or chemothermomechanical pulp
- D21H11/04—Kraft or sulfate pulp
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
- D21H11/02—Chemical or chemomechanical or chemothermomechanical pulp
- D21H11/06—Sulfite or bisulfite pulp
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
- D21H11/16—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only modified by a particular after-treatment
- D21H11/18—Highly hydrated, swollen or fibrillatable fibres
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H11/00—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only
- D21H11/16—Pulp or paper, comprising cellulose or lignocellulose fibres of natural origin only modified by a particular after-treatment
- D21H11/20—Chemically or biochemically modified fibres
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
- D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
- D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
- D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D21H25/00—After-treatment of paper not provided for in groups D21H17/00 - D21H23/00
- D21H25/005—Mechanical treatment
Definitions
- the present invention relates generally to the field of nanocelluloses, and more particularly to the processes for producing these nanocelluloses from a cellulosic substrate.
- Cellulose is one of the most important natural polymers, a virtually inexhaustible raw material, and an important source of sustainable materials on an industrial scale.
- nanocelluloses have been identified with a dimension of the order of a nanometer, referred to as the generic name of "nanocelluloses”.
- nanocelluloses in particular their mechanical properties, their ability to form films and their viscosity, give them a major interest in many industrial fields.
- Nanocelluloses are thus used for example as a dispersant or stabilizer additive in the paper, pharmaceutical, cosmetic or agri-food industries. They are also used in the composition of paints and varnishes.
- Nanocelluloses are also used in many devices requiring control of nanoscale porosity because of their high surface area.
- nanocomposite materials based on nanocelluloses are currently being developed. Indeed, the remarkable mechanical properties of nanocelluloses, their nanoscale dispersion as well as their hydrophilic nature, give them excellent gas barrier properties. These characteristics are of particular interest for the manufacture of barrier packaging.
- the nanocelluloses can be classified mainly in two families: cellulose fibrils and cellulose nanocrystals.
- Cellulose nanocrystals also known as “crystalline nanocelluloses” or NCCs for “nanocrystalline cellulose" are generally obtained by hydrolysis with a strong acid under strictly controlled conditions of temperature, duration and agitation. Such a treatment makes it possible to attack the amorphous regions of the fibers while leaving the crystalline regions, more resistant, intact. The suspension obtained is then washed by successive centrifugations and dialyses in distilled water.
- NCCs have a length from a few tens of nanometers to about 1 ⁇ (in particular from 40 nm to 1 ⁇ and preferably from 40 nm to 500 nm), and a diameter ranging from 5 to 70 nm, preferably less than at 15 nm (typically 5 to 10 nm).
- Cellulose fibrils commonly referred to as cellulose microfibrils (also known as microfibrillated cellulose) or cellulose nanofibrils (NFC) are typically isolated from cellulosic by mechanical methods to delaminate the cellulose fibers and release the cellulose fibrils.
- cellulose microfibrils also known as microfibrillated cellulose
- NFC cellulose nanofibrils
- US 4,483,743 discloses a process for producing microfibrillated cellulose, which involves the passage of a liquid suspension of cellulose through a homogenizer type Gaulin high pressure. Repeated passages of the cellulose suspension make it possible to obtain microfibrils typically having a width ranging from 25 to 100 nm and a much longer length.
- a first pretreatment strategy consists in pretreating the cellulose fibers with cellulases in order to destructure the fiber before the application of the mechanical homogenization treatment.
- the quality of the nanocelluloses obtained (in particular the state of dispersion and in particular the lateral size of the nanofibrils which conditions the properties of use and the energy yields are very variable.
- a second pretreatment strategy is based on a chemical oxidation step of the cellulose fibers (for example Saito et al., Biomacromolecules, Vol 8, No. 8, 2007, pp. 2485-2491).
- the fibers are oxidized with an oxidant such as sodium hypochlorite catalyzed by the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1 -oxyl ("TEMPO") radical before undergoing the aforementioned mechanical treatment.
- an oxidant such as sodium hypochlorite catalyzed by the 2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidine-1 -oxyl ("TEMPO") radical before undergoing the aforementioned mechanical treatment.
- the oxidative treatment converts the primary alcohol function at the C 6 position of the glucose unit of the cellulose into a carboxylate function, which leads to the introduction of fillers on the surface of the cellulose fibers. These charges create electrostatic repulsions that facilitate delamination and increase its efficiency.
- nanocellulose production costs remain high, yields uncertain, and quality and properties are variable.
- the present invention proposes a process for manufacturing nanocelluloses based on a pretreatment step of cellulose fibers with at least one enzyme belonging to the family of lytic monooxygenases.
- polysaccharides commonly referred to as "LPMOs” for “Lytic Polysaccharide Monooxygenases”.
- At least one step of enzymatic treatment of said cellulosic substrate by placing it in contact with at least one cleavage enzyme, and then
- said at least one cleavage enzyme is selected from enzymes belonging to the family of LPMOs.
- the LPMOs are capable of ensuring an oxidative cleavage of the cellulose fibers, advantageously glucose cycles of the cellulose fibers, in the presence of an electron donor.
- LPMOs facilitates the manufacture of nanocellulose through two actions:
- the cleavage of the cellulosic chains causes fragilities within the fibers, facilitating the mechanical delamination
- the electron donor may be selected from ascorbate, gallate, cathecol, reduced glutathione, lignin fragments and fungal carbohydrate dehydrogenases (especially glucose dehydrogenases, and cellobiose dehydrogenases).
- the LPMOs are chosen from enzymes capable of cleaving the cellulose by oxidation of at least one of the carbon atoms in position (s) Ci, C 4 and C 6 of the glucose cycle. More preferably, the LPMOs are chosen from enzymes capable of effecting a cleavage of the cellulose by oxidation of at least one of the carbon atoms in position (s) Ci and / or C 4 , optionally in combination with C 6 , of the glucose cycle.
- the LPMOs can be selected from the fungal enzyme families AA9 (formerly known as GH61) and bacterial enzymes AA10 (formerly known as CBM33) of the CAZy classification (www.cazy.org).
- the LPMOs may be chosen from LPMOs derived from Podospora anserina and preferably from PaLPM09A (Genbank CAP68375), PaLPM09B (Genbank CAP73254), PaLPM09D (Genbank CAP66744) PaLPM09E (Genbank CAP67740), PaLPM09F (Genbank CAP71839), PaLPM09G (Genbank CAP73072), and PaLPM09H (Genbank CAP61476)
- the cellulosic substrate is obtained from wood, a fibrous plant rich in cellulose, beetroot, citrus, annual straw plants, marine animals, seaweeds. , mushrooms or bacteria.
- the cellulosic substrate is chosen from chemical papermaking pulps, preferably chemical wood pulp, and more preferably at least one of the following papermaking pulps:
- Said at least one mechanical treatment step generally comprises at least one of the following mechanical treatments:
- the method may also comprise a post-treatment step, for example an acid treatment, an enzymatic treatment, an oxidation, an acetylation, a silylation, or a derivatisation of certain chemical groups carried by the nanocelluloses.
- a post-treatment step for example an acid treatment, an enzymatic treatment, an oxidation, an acetylation, a silylation, or a derivatisation of certain chemical groups carried by the nanocelluloses.
- the invention also relates to nanocelluloses obtained by implementing the method of the invention.
- the nanocelluloses obtained consist of cellulose nanofibrils and / or of cellulose nanocrystals.
- the nanocelluloses comprise glucose rings of which at least one carbon atom is oxidized in position (s) Ci and / or C 4 , or even in position C 6 .
- FIGURES
- Figure 1 Appearance of cellulose kraft fibers treated with the enzyme PaLPM09H according to different enzyme / substrate ratios and subjected to a weak mechanical treatment with a homogenizer-disperser of the type of Ultra-Turrax and an ultrasonic treatment.
- Figure 2 Appearance of cellulose kraft fibers treated with the enzyme Pal_PM09H at an enzyme / substrate ratio 1:50 and subjected to a weak mechanical treatment with a homogenizer-disperser of the type of Ultra-Turrax and an ultrasonic treatment.
- Figure 4 Appearance of cellulose kraft fibers subjected to two successive treatments with the enzyme Pal_PM09H at different enzyme / substrate ratios and then subjected to a weak mechanical treatment with a homogenizer-disperser of the type of Ultra-Turrax and an ultrasonic treatment.
- Figure 5 Analysis of AFM photos for the enzyme Pal_PM09H, to characterize the height profile (Figure 5A) and the size distribution (Figure 5B) of the nanocelluloses.
- Key Figure 5A example of a height profile obtained on the surface width (x, ⁇ ) versus height (y, nm); legend Figure 5B: height distribution histogram with height (x, nm) versus number (y).
- the present invention relates to a method for producing nanocelluloses, in particular cellulose fibrils and / or cellulose nanocrystals, from a cellulosic substrate.
- Cellulose means a linear homopolysaccharide derived from biomass (including organic matter of plant origin, including algae, cellulose of animal origin and cellulose of bacterial origin) and consisting of units (or cycles ) glucose (D-Anhydroglucopyranose - AGU for "Anhydro glucose unit”) interconnected by ⁇ - (1 -4) glycosidic linkages.
- the repetition pattern is a dimer of glucose also called cellobiose dimer.
- AGUs have 3 hydroxyl functions: 2 secondary alcohols (on carbons in positions 2 and 3 of the glucose cycle) and a primary alcohol (on carbon in position 6 of the glucose cycle).
- these polymers associate with intermolecular links of the hydrogen bonding type, thus conferring a fibrous structure on the cellulose.
- the combination of cellobiose dimers forms an elemental cellulose nanofibril (whose diameter is about 5 nm).
- the combination of elementary nanofibrils forms a nanofibril (whose diameter generally varies from 50 to 500 nm).
- the arrangement of several of these nanofibrils then forms what is generally called a cellulose fiber.
- nanocellulose refers to the various forms of cellulose having a dimension of the order of one nanometer. This term includes, in particular according to the invention, two families of nanocelluloses: cellulose nanocrystals and cellulose fibrils.
- cellulose "nanofibrillated cellulose”, “microfibrils (of cellulose)”, “microfibrillated cellulose”, “microfibrillated cellulose”, “cellulose nanofibrils” are synonymous.
- NFCs cellulose nanofibrils
- Each cellulose nanofibril contains crystalline portions stabilized by a solid network of inter and intra-chain hydrogen bonds. These crystalline regions are separated by amorphous regions.
- NCCs cellulose nanocrystals
- the NCCs advantageously comprise at least 50% of crystalline part, more preferably at least 55% of crystalline part. They generally have a diameter ranging from 5 to 70 nm (preferably less than 15 nm) and a length ranging from 40 nm to approximately 1 ⁇ , preferably ranging from 40 nm to 500 nm.
- cellulose nanocrystals are synonymous.
- nanocrystalline cellulose cellulose whiskers
- microcrystals or “nanocrystal cellulose” are synonymous.
- NCCs cellulose nanocrystals
- the nanofibrils, or ribbons, of bacterial cellulose generally have a length of several micrometers and a width ranging from 30 to 60 nm, especially from 45 to 55 nm.
- the process for producing nanocelluloses according to the invention comprises the following successive steps:
- One or more, and especially at least two, enzymatic treatment steps can be implemented according to the method of the invention, prior to said at least one mechanical treatment step.
- at least two enzymatic treatment steps can be implemented successively, prior to said at least one mechanical treatment step.
- At least one enzymatic treatment step may also be carried out after said at least one mechanical treatment step.
- the treatment conditions may be identical or different from each other.
- said at least one enzymatic treatment step may be repeated, as described above, until a complete delamination of the cellulose fibers is obtained.
- the process of the invention may comprise at least two successive treatment cycles, each treatment cycle comprising at least one step of enzymatic treatment of the cellulosic substrate followed by at least one step of mechanical treatment of said substrate.
- the combination according to the invention (i) of an enzymatic treatment with at least one LPMO and (ii) a mechanical delamination treatment, makes it possible to obtain nanocelluloses whose structural characteristics and the mechanical properties are quite different from the existing nanocelluloses in the state of the art.
- the process of the invention makes it possible to obtain nanocelluloses in a simple and reproducible manner.
- the size and the mechanical properties of these nanocelluloses are homogeneous.
- the cellulosic substrate can be obtained according to the invention from any biomass material (including organic matter of plant origin, including algae, animal or fungal) comprising cellulosic fibers (ie cellulose fibers). ).
- biomass material including organic matter of plant origin, including algae, animal or fungal
- cellulosic fibers ie cellulose fibers.
- the cellulosic substrate is advantageously obtained from wood (of which cellulose is the main component), but also from any fibrous plant rich in cellulose, such as, for example, cotton, flax, hemp, bamboo, kapok, coconut fiber (coir), ramie, jute, sisal, raffia, papyrus and certain reeds, sugarcane bagasse, beetroot (including beet pulp), citrus fruits, stems maize or sorghum, or annual straw plants.
- wood of which cellulose is the main component
- any fibrous plant rich in cellulose such as, for example, cotton, flax, hemp, bamboo, kapok, coconut fiber (coir), ramie, jute, sisal, raffia, papyrus and certain reeds, sugarcane bagasse, beetroot (including beet pulp), citrus fruits, stems maize or sorghum, or annual straw plants.
- the cellulosic substrates can also be obtained from marine animals (such as tunicate for example), algae (such as for example Valonia or Cladophora) or bacteria for bacterial cellulose (for example bacterial strains of Gluconacetobacter types). .
- marine animals such as tunicate for example
- algae such as for example Valonia or Cladophora
- bacteria for bacterial cellulose for example bacterial strains of Gluconacetobacter types.
- cellulose from primary walls such as the parenchyma of fruits (for example beetroot, citrus fruits, etc.) or secondary walls, such as wood, will be chosen.
- the cellulosic substrate advantageously consists of a cellulosic material prepared by chemical or mechanical means, from any cellulosic source as mentioned above (and in particular from wood).
- the cellulosic substrate is advantageously in the form of a suspension of cellulose fibers in a liquid medium (preferably an aqueous medium), or a cellulose pulp.
- the cellulose pulps may be packaged in the "dry" state, ie typically in a state of dryness greater than or equal to 80%, especially greater than or equal to 90%.
- the cellulose pulp can then be redispersed in an aqueous medium by mechanical treatment.
- the cellulosic substrate contains at least 90%, especially at least 95% and preferably 100% of cellulosic fibers.
- the cellulosic substrate is suitable for making paper or a cellulosic product.
- the cellulosic substrate is thus preferably chosen from papermaking pulps (or paper pulp), and in particular chemical pulps.
- the cellulose pulp may contain, in association with the cellulose fibers, hemicellulose and lignin.
- the cellulose pulp contains less than 10% and especially less than 5% of lignin and / or hemicellulose.
- the chemical papermaking pulps contain almost exclusively or exclusively cellulose fibers.
- the paper pulp may be chosen from at least one of the following paper pulps: blanched pastes, semi-bleached pastes, unbleached pastes, sulphite pastes (unbleached or bleached), sulphate pastes (unbleached or bleached) , pasta with soda (unbleached or blanched) and kraft pasta.
- dissolving pastes having a low proportion of hemicellulose, preferably less than 10% and in particular less than or equal to 5%.
- the paper pulps used in a process of the invention are wood pulps, in particular chemical wood pulp.
- the cellulosic substrate is thus subjected to at least one pretreatment step with at least one cleavage enzyme belonging to the family of lytic monooxygenases of polysaccharides ("Lytic Polysaccharide Ponooxygenases" or LPMO).
- LPMOs type II copper mononuclear enzymes. They exhibit common structural features, including:
- the interaction between the LPMO enzyme and the surface of the cellulose occurs via the flat face of the LPMO enzyme and involves interactions with polar aromatic residues.
- the LPMOs that can be used according to the invention are defined by their capacity to catalyze an oxidative cleavage of the cellulose fibers of the cellulosic substrate, by oxidation of at least one of the carbon atoms in positions Ci, C 4 and
- the principle of oxidative cleavage achieved by the LPMOs involves the activation of a CH group followed by dioxygen-dependent cleavage (O 2 ), thus producing oligomers oxidized on at least one of the carbon atoms in the C 1, C 4 positions . and C 6 .
- the LPMO (s) used is capable of catalyzing a cleavage of the cellulose fibers by oxidation of at least one of the carbons selected from the carbon atoms at the C and / or C 4 and / or C 6 positions of a glucose cycle of cellulose. Oxidative cleavage leads to the formation of carboxyl groups on the surface of the cellulose fibers:
- the LPMO (s) used catalyze cleavage of the cellulose fibers by oxidation of at least one of the carbons chosen from carbon atoms in the C 1 and / or C 4 position of a ring. glucose of the cellulose, optionally in combination with carbon in the C 6 position.
- LPMOs catalyze the oxidative cleavage of a cellobiose unit in the presence of an external electron donor.
- This electron donor generally a low molecular weight molecule, is selected from ascorbate, reduced glutathione, gallate, cathecol, lignin fragments, or an enzyme of the carbohydrate dehydrogenase family.
- the carbohydrate dehydrogenases are chosen from fungal enzymes, in particular cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDHs).
- CDHs cellobiose dehydrogenase
- CDHs are monomeric enzymes bearing two prosthetic groups, a heme group b and a flavin adenine dinucleotide. The flavoprotein domain of CDHs catalyzes the two-electron oxidation of cellobiose to lactone using an electron acceptor. This electron acceptor may for example be chosen from dioxygen, quinones and phenoxy radicals or LPMOs.
- the activity of a CDH enzyme can be determined by following the reduction of the 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol reagent (DCPIP) in a sodium acetate buffer containing cellobiose (Bey et al., 201 1, Microb Cell Fact. : 1 13).
- DCPIP 2,6-dichlorophenol indophenol reagent
- an LPMO enzyme is used for which cellulolytic activity (i.e., catalyzing the oxidative cleavage of cellulose) has been identified.
- cellulolytic activity i.e., catalyzing the oxidative cleavage of cellulose
- the oxidative cleavage activity of LPMOs on a cellulosic substrate can be tested in cleavage assays as described in the Example portion of the present application.
- the LPMOs used in the invention are advantageously chosen from the enzymes known as "auxiliary activity” (or “Auxiliary Activity” - AA) according to the classification established in the CAZy database, relative to carbohydrate-active enzymes (CAZy - Carbohydrate Active enZyme database - http://www.cazy.org/ - See also Levasseur et al., Biotechnology for Biofuels 2013, 6:41).
- the enzymatic treatment step is carried out with at least one enzyme chosen from the LPMOs enzymes of the so-called AA9, AA10, AA1 1 and AA13 families, according to the classification established in the CAZy database.
- the LPMO enzyme according to the invention may contain a carbohydrate binding module (CBM1), which is specific for CBM1 type cellulose according to the CAZy classification.
- CBM1 carbohydrate binding module
- the enzymes listed in the present application are identified by references Genbank (identifying a genetic sequence) and Uniprot when the latter is available (identifying a protein sequence - see Table 1). By default, the reference indicated in parentheses for each enzyme corresponds to the reference "Genbank”.
- At least one enzyme of the AA9 family and / or at least one enzyme of the AA10 family of the CAZy classification is used (advantageously exclusively).
- the enzymes of the AA9 family listed in Table 1 below, are fungal enzymes widely distributed in the genome of most ascomycetes and some basidiomycetes (fungi).
- the enzymes of the AA9 family were initially classified in the family of glycoside hydrolases 61 (GH61) of the CAZy classification. Specific analyzes have since shown that the endoglucanase activity of AA9 enzymes was low or non-existent (Morgenstern I et al., Briefings in Functional Genomics vol.3 (6P): 471-481).
- LPMOs whose endoglucanase activity is insignificant or non-existent are used.
- the copper ion of LPMOs of the AA9 family is bound to the protein according to a hexacoordination model involving at least 2 conserved histidine residues and water molecules.
- the enzymes of the AA9 family catalyze an oxidative cleavage of the cellobiose unit on the carbon in the C 1 and / or C 4 position, preferably on the C 1 or C 4 carbon.
- Some enzymes T. aurantiacus TaGH6 ⁇ ⁇ A (G3XAP7) and Podospora anserina PaGH61 B (B2AVF1) could catalyze an oxidative cleavage of cellobiose on a C 6 carbon.
- the LPMOs of the AA9 family expressed in fungi generally exhibit a post-translational modification consisting of a methylation of N-terminal histidine residue.
- LPMOs of the AA9 family comprising at least one CBM1 or CBM18 (CBM for "carbohydrate binding module”) domain are used in the N-terminal position.
- CBM carboxymethyl methacrylate
- These enzymes then comprise a flat surface formed of several polar aromatic residues forming a CBM1 or CBM1 type domain.
- said at least one LPMO of the AA9 family is derived from Podospora anserina and / or Neurospora crassa.
- the enzymes of the AA9 family from Podospora anserina are typically selected from the group consisting of PaLPM09A (CAP68375), PaLPM09B (CAP73254), PaLPM09D (CAP66744), PaLPM09E (CAP67740), PaLPM09F (CAP71 839), PaLPM09G (CAP73072), PaLPM09H (CAP61476).
- the enzymes PaLPM09E (CAP67740) and / or PaLPM09H (CAP61476) are used.
- the AA9 family of enzymes derived from Neurospora crassa are typically selected from the group consisting of A / cLPMO9C (EAA36362), A / cLPM09D (EAA32426 / CAD21 296), A / cLPM09E (EAA26873), A / cLPM09F (EAA26656 / CAD70347).
- a / cLPMO9M (EAA331 78), A / c00836 (EAA34466), A / c02040 (EAA30263), A / c07760 (EAA2901 8).
- the enzymes of the AA10 family were formerly classified in the CBM33 family (or "carbohydrate binding module family 33") of the CAZy classification.
- the AA10 family of LPMOs currently comprises more than a thousand enzymes, identified particularly in bacteria, but also in some eukaryotes as well as in a few viruses.
- the LPMOs of the AA10 family have a structure similar to that of the AA9 family of enzymes and in particular at least one N-terminal tyrosine residue which is involved in the binding with the copper ion. However, in most LPMOs of the AA10 family, one of the other tyrosine residues involved in the axial bonding of the copper ion is replaced by a phenylalanine residue. For these enzymes, oxidative activity has been demonstrated on chitin and cellulose.
- the enzymes of the AA10 family are multimodular and include a CBM domain in the N-terminal position. These domains are typically CBM2, CBM5, CBM1 0, CBM12 domains as well as fibronectin type I I I.
- the AA1 family is characterized by enzymes that perform a C1 cleavage cleavage on chitin.
- the enzyme Aspergillus oryzae will preferably be selected (see also Hemsworth et al., Nature Chemical Biology 2014 (10): 1 22-1 26 - Discovery and characterization of a new family of lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases).
- the AA1 3 family is characterized by enzymes that cleave oxidative reaction on starch.
- the Aspergillus nidulans enzyme (Lo Leggio et al., Nat. Commun. 2015 (22) 6: 5961 -Structure and boosting activity of a starch-degrading lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase) will preferably be selected.
- the enzymatic treatment step is carried out using at least one LPMO enzyme listed in Table 2 below.
- said at least one enzyme of the family of LPMOs is used in combination with at least one cellulase.
- the cellulase is advantageously chosen from at least one endoglucanase (for example an endoglucanase) and / or at least one carbohydrate dehydrogenase (advantageously a cellobiose dehydrogenase (CDHs)).
- Carbohydrate dehydrogenases can act as electron donors for LPMOs.
- said at least one LPMO enzyme used is advantageously purified from a culture supernatant of a fungus and / or produced in a heterologous system, in particular in a bacterium, a fungus or a yeast, for example in the yeast Pichia pastoris.
- Said at least one LPMO enzyme is mixed with the cellulosic substrate, so as to allow contact between said at least one enzyme and the cellulose fibers.
- the enzymatic treatment step is preferably carried out with gentle stirring, so as to ensure good dispersion of the enzymes within the fibers.
- This enzymatic treatment step is for example carried out for a period ranging from 24 to 72 hours (preferably 48 hours).
- the enzymatic treatment step is carried out at a temperature ranging from 30 to 45 ° C.
- said at least one LPMO enzyme can be added to the cellulosic substrate in an enzyme / cellulose ratio (or ratio) ranging from 1: 1000 to 1: 50, in particular from 1: 500 to 1: 50 or 1: 1. 00 to 1:50 or 1: 1,000 to 1: 500, 1: 500 to 1: 1 00.
- said at least one LPMO enzyme is used at a concentration ranging from 0.001 to 10 g / l, in particular from 0.1 to 5 g / l, and more preferably from 0.5 to 5 g / l.
- the cellulosic substrate is subjected to at least two (or only two) successive enzymatic treatment steps (in series, advantageously separated by a rinsing step).
- the LPMO or LPMOs implemented during each of these enzymatic treatment steps are identical or different; the conditions (in particular the ratio enzyme / substrate) are identical or different between these successive steps.
- the Examples demonstrate that the fibers are fully destructured, including at low enzyme / cellulose ratios.
- the pretreated cellulosic substrate is then subjected to at least one mechanical treatment step which is intended to delaminate the cellulose fibers to obtain the nanocelluloses.
- Delamination also called “fibrillation” or “defibrillation” consists in separating, by a mechanical phenomenon, the cellulose fibers into nanocelluloses.
- the oxidative cleavage of the cellulose fibers catalyzed by the at least one LPMO facilitates the delamination of these cellulose fibers during the mechanical treatment step.
- This mechanical delamination step of the cellulose fibers can then be carried out under less stringent conditions and therefore less expensive in terms of energy.
- the use of LPMOs according to the invention makes it possible to introduce into the cellulose fibers charged groups inducing electrostatic repulsions, without contamination with treatment reagents, as when using TEMPO reagents.
- a mechanical treatment may be chosen from mechanical treatments for homogenization, microfluidization, abrasion, or cryomilling.
- the homogenization treatment involves the passage of the pretreated cellulosic substrate, typically a cellulose pulp or a liquid suspension of cellulose, through a narrow space under high pressure (as described for example in US Pat. No. 4,486,743).
- the pretreated cellulosic substrate typically a cellulose pulp or a liquid suspension of cellulose
- This homogenization treatment is preferably carried out using a Gaulin type homogenizer.
- the pretreated cellulosic substrate typically in the form of a cellulose suspension
- the pretreated cellulosic substrate is pumped at high pressure and dispensed through a small orifice automatic valve.
- a rapid succession of valve openings and closures subject the fibers to a large pressure drop (typically at least 20 MPa) and high speed shear action followed by high velocity deceleration impact.
- the passage of the substrate into the orifice is repeated (generally 8 to 10 times) until the cellulose suspension becomes stable.
- the cooling water is generally used.
- This homogenization treatment can also be implemented using a device of microfluidizer type (see for example Sisqueira et al., Polymer 2010 2 (4): 728-65).
- a device of microfluidizer type see for example Sisqueira et al., Polymer 2010 2 (4): 728-65.
- the cellulose suspension passes through a thin chamber typically shaped "z" (whose channel dimensions are generally between 200 and 400 ⁇ ) under high pressure (about 2070 bar).
- the high shear rate that is applied generally greater than 10 7 % -1 ) makes it possible to obtain very fine nanofibrils
- a variable number of passages for example from 2 to 30, in particular from 10 to 30 or from 5 to 25, and in particular 5 to 20
- chambers of different sizes can be used, to increase the degree of fibrillation.
- the abrasion or grinding treatment (see for example Iwamoto Set et al., 2007 Applied Physics A89 (2): 461-66) is based on the use of a grinding device capable of exerting shear forces provided by grinding stones.
- the pretreated cellulosic substrate generally in the form of a cellulose pulp, is passed between a static grinding stone and a rotating grinding stone, typically at a rate in the order of 1500 rotations per minute (rpm). Several passes (usually between 2 and 5) may be necessary to obtain nano-sized fibrils.
- a mixer-type device (for example as described in Unetani K et al., Biomacromolecules 201 1, 12 (2), pp.348-53) can also be used to produce microfibrils from the pretreated cellulosic substrate, for example from a suspension of wood fibers.
- cryomilling (or cryoconcassage) treatment (Dufresne et al., 1997, Journal of Applied Polymer Science, 64 (6): 1185-94) consists in grinding a suspension of pretreated cellulosic substrate previously frozen with liquid nitrogen. The ice crystals formed inside the cells detonate the cell membranes and release fragments of walls. These processes are generally used for the production of cellulose microfibrils from products, or residues, of agriculture. Etaoe (s) of post-treatment of the cellulosic substrate
- the manufacturing method comprises at least one post-treatment step of the cellulosic substrate, carried out after said substrate has been subjected to mechanical treatment.
- said at least one post-treatment step aims to increase the degree of fibrillation of the obtained nanocelluloses and / or to confer on said nanocelluloses new mechanical properties, depending on the applications envisaged.
- Said at least one post-treatment step can in particular be chosen from an acid treatment, an enzymatic treatment, an oxidation, an acetylation, a silylation, or a derivatization of certain chemical groups carried by the microfibrils.
- the process according to the invention thus makes it possible to obtain nanocelluloses, in particular cellulose nanocrystals and / or cellulose nanofibrils.
- the nanocelluloses obtained by the process of the invention are devoid of residues of oxidation reagents (ie for example sodium bromide, sodium hypochlorite, sodium chlorite, the radical (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxyl (TEMPO), derivatives or the like).
- oxidation reagents ie for example sodium bromide, sodium hypochlorite, sodium chlorite, the radical (2,2,6,6-tetramethylpiperidin-1-yl) oxyl (TEMPO), derivatives or the like.
- the nanocelluloses comprise at least one glucose cycle (typically several glucose cycles) of which at least one of the carbon atoms in positions Ci and / or C 4 , or even also C 6 , is oxidized by an oxidative cleavage phenomenon.
- glucose cycle typically several glucose cycles
- the nanocelluloses according to the invention thus comprise glucose cycles which are:
- glucose rings oxidized on the atoms in positions Ci and / or C 4 , may further comprise an oxidized carbon atom in position C 6 .
- oxidized carbon atom is meant in particular a carbon atom which has a carbonyl function, and advantageously also a carboxyl function.
- the nanocelluloses according to the invention are thus advantageously negatively charged, because of the presence of various surface functions, including carboxylate functions on the carbons at the Ci and / or C 4 positions (unlike the TEMPO process which leads to a specific oxidation of the carbon in position C 6 ).
- Cellulose cleavage tests with an LPMO enzyme can be carried out according to the following protocol:
- the cleavage test is performed in a volume of 300 ⁇ of liquid containing 4.4 ⁇ of LPMO enzyme and 1 mM of ascorbate and 0.1% (weight / volume) of cellulose powder swollen with phosphoric acid ( PASC phosphoric acid-swoller cellulose - prepared as described in Wood TM, Methods Enzym 1988, 160: 19-25) in 50 mM sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.8 or 5 ⁇ l cello-oligosaccharides (Megazyme, Wicklow) , Ireland) in 10 mM sodium acetate buffer at pH 4.8.
- the enzymatic reaction is carried out in a 2 ml tube incubated in a thermomixer (Eppendorf, Montesson, France) at 50 ° C. and 580 rpm (rotation per minute).
- the sample After 16 hours of incubation, the sample is heated at 100 ° C. for 10 minutes in order to stop the enzymatic reaction, and then centrifuged at 16,000 rpm for 15 minutes at 4 ° C. in order to separate the solution fraction. of the remaining insoluble fraction.
- the cleaved products obtained can be analyzed by ion exchange chromatography and / or by mass spectrometry (MALDI-TOF).
- the fibers are contacted with enzymes (at a concentration of 1 g / L and in enzyme / cellulose ratios of 1:50, 1: 100, 1: 500 and 1: 1000) and ascorbate (2 mM). then subjected to gentle stirring for 48 hours at 40 ° C.
- the treated fibers are then subjected to mechanical action with a homogenizer-disperser (Ultra-Turrax power 500 W, maximum speed for 3 minutes), followed by sonication for 3 minutes.
- a homogenizer-disperser Ultra-Turrax power 500 W, maximum speed for 3 minutes
- the dispersions were then analyzed by TEM (Transmission Electron Microscopy) and AFM (Atomic Force Microscopy).
- FIGS. 2C, 2D, 3C and 3D demonstrate indisputably that nanocelluloses are obtained.
- the fibers having undergone a first treatment with the LPMO enzyme are again subjected to a second successive treatment with an LPMO enzyme under the conditions described above, followed by the mechanical treatment, the fibers are completely destructured, including the enzyme / cellulose ratios. low (ie the ratios 1/500 and 1/1000) ( Figure 4).
- the AFM photos for the enzyme PaLPM09H were analyzed by the WSxM software to characterize the height profile (Figure 5A) and the size distribution (Figure 5B) of the nanocelluloses.
- thermophilum CT2 partial (Cbh61 -2) (fragment) thermophilum CT2
- thermophilum CT2 partial (Cbh61 -3) (fragment) thermophilum CT2
- thermophilum CT2 partial (Cbh61 -4) (fragment) thermophilum CT2
- thermophila ATCC (active on cellulose) (MYCTH_92668) thermophila ATCC
- Cel61 Phanerochaete AAM22493.1 Q8NJI9 chrysosporium BKM-F-1767
- Pa_5_4100 fragment
- Pa_5_1 1630 fragment
- Pa_1_21900 fragment) Podospora anserina CAP67176.1 B2AS05
- Pa_1_22040 Podospora anserina CAP67190.1 B2AS19
- Pa_1_22150 fragment
- Pa_6_1 1470 Podospora anserina CAP67493.1 B2ASX0
- GH61 B cellulase-enhancing factor Thielavia terrestris ACE10231 .1
- LPMOs (families AA9, AA10 and AA11 of CAZy classification).
- substrate specificity is meant the type of cleaved substrate (oxidative cleavage) by the corresponding LPMO enzyme.
- selectivity is meant the carbon of the glucose cycle oxidized by the corresponding LPMO enzyme.
- Modularity is meant the CAZy class (AA9, 10 or 1 1) of the enzyme and the known presence of a conserved domain (CBM or X278).
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| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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| FR1555049A FR3037078B1 (fr) | 2015-06-03 | 2015-06-03 | Procede pour la fabrication de nanocelluloses a partir d'un substrat cellulosique |
| PCT/FR2016/051306 WO2016193617A1 (fr) | 2015-06-03 | 2016-06-01 | Procédé pour la fabrication de nanocelluloses à partir d'un substrat cellulosique |
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| EP (1) | EP3303689A1 (fr) |
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| FI127716B (en) * | 2014-03-31 | 2018-12-31 | Upm Kymmene Corp | A process for preparing fibrillated cellulose |
| FR3069866B1 (fr) * | 2017-08-02 | 2021-12-17 | Inst Nat De La Rech Agronomique Inra | Procedes de defibrillation de substrats cellulosiques et de fabrication de celluloses utilisant une nouvelle famille de lytic polysaccharide monooxygenases (lpmo) fongiques. |
| EP3810787A1 (fr) * | 2018-06-21 | 2021-04-28 | Teknologian Tutkimuskeskus VTT Oy | Dissolution améliorée de fibres avec traitement enzymatique |
| FR3083247A1 (fr) * | 2018-07-02 | 2020-01-03 | Institut National De La Recherche Agronomique (Inra) | Polypeptides et compositions a activite polysaccharide oxydase lytique |
| CN111116762B (zh) * | 2020-01-10 | 2022-02-18 | 天津科技大学 | 一种疏水纤维素纳米晶体的制备方法 |
| CN120714703B (zh) * | 2025-06-20 | 2026-03-24 | 内蒙古科技大学 | 一种基于废弃生物质纤维素构筑含能过渡金属配合物的方法及其产品和应用 |
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| US4483743A (en) * | 1981-10-22 | 1984-11-20 | International Telephone And Telegraph Corporation | Microfibrillated cellulose |
| US4486743A (en) | 1982-03-05 | 1984-12-04 | Honeywell Inc. | Creosote buildup detector and annunciator |
| US20020040134A1 (en) * | 1999-11-09 | 2002-04-04 | Masaru Ishihara | Modified bacterial cellulose |
| US8546558B2 (en) * | 2006-02-08 | 2013-10-01 | Stfi-Packforsk Ab | Method for the manufacture of microfibrillated cellulose |
| FI127111B (en) * | 2012-08-20 | 2017-11-15 | Stora Enso Oyj | Process and intermediate for the production of highly refined or microfibrillated cellulose |
| WO2014077854A1 (fr) * | 2012-11-19 | 2014-05-22 | Washington State University Research Foundation | Matériaux de cellulose nanocristalline et procédés pour les préparer |
| US9187865B2 (en) * | 2012-11-30 | 2015-11-17 | Api Intellectual Property Holdings, Llc | Processes and apparatus for producing nanocellulose, and compositions and products produced therefrom |
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| "Handbook of Polymer Nanocomposites. Processing, Performance and Application", 2 December 2014, SPRINGER BERLIN HEIDELBERG, Berlin, Heidelberg, ISBN: 978-3-642-45232-1, article VIGNESHWARAN N. ET AL: "Biological Synthesis of Nanocrystalline Cellulose by Controlled Hydrolysis of Cotton Fibers and Linters", pages: 27 - 36, XP055798605, DOI: 10.1007/978-3-642-45232-1_62 * |
| COMEAU ANDRÉ M. ET AL: "Functional Annotation of the Ophiostoma novo-ulmi Genome: Insights into the Phytopathogenicity of the Fungal Agent of Dutch Elm Disease", GENOME BIOLOGY AND EVOLUTION, vol. 7, no. 2, 1 February 2015 (2015-02-01), pages 410 - 430, XP055798529, Retrieved from the Internet <URL:https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4350166/pdf/evu281.pdf> DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evu281 * |
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| SATYAMURTHY P ET AL: "Preparation and characterization of cellulose nanowhiskers from cotton fibres by controlled microbial hydrolysis", CARBOHYDRATE POLYMERS, APPLIED SCIENCE PUBLISHERS , LTD BARKING, GB, vol. 83, no. 1, 1 January 2011 (2011-01-01), pages 122 - 129, XP027353814, ISSN: 0144-8617, [retrieved on 20100928] * |
| See also references of WO2016193617A1 * |
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| WO2016193617A1 (fr) | 2016-12-08 |
| FR3037078B1 (fr) | 2018-07-27 |
| US11332600B2 (en) | 2022-05-17 |
| US20180142084A1 (en) | 2018-05-24 |
| CA2988109A1 (fr) | 2016-12-08 |
| FR3037078A1 (fr) | 2016-12-09 |
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