EP3244708A1

EP3244708A1 - Peripheral hill sector design for cyclotron

Info

Publication number: EP3244708A1
Application number: EP16169490.6A
Authority: EP
Inventors: Willem Kleeven; Michel Abs
Original assignee: Ion Beam Applications SA
Current assignee: Ion Beam Applications SA
Priority date: 2016-05-13
Filing date: 2016-05-13
Publication date: 2017-11-15
Anticipated expiration: 2036-05-13
Also published as: CN207460578U; CA2965640C; JP2017204472A; CA2965640A1; JP6285593B2; EP3244708B1; CN107371317A; CN107371317B

Abstract

A magnet pole for an isochronous sector-focused cyclotron comprising hill and valley sectors alternatively distributed around a central axis, Z, each hill sector comprises an upper surface bounded by four edges: an upper peripheral edge, an upper central edge, a first and a second upper lateral edges. The upper peripheral edge of a hill sector comprises an arc of circle which centre is offset with respect to the central axis, and which radius, Rh, is not more than 85% of a distance, Lh, from the central axis to a midpoint of the upper peripheral edge, which is equidistant to the first and second upper distal ends (Rh / Lh ≤85%).

Description

Field of the invention

The present invention concerns cyclotrons. It concerns isochronous sector-focused cyclotrons having enhanced control of the extraction path of energized charged particles being extracted from such cyclotron. In particular, the present invention allows the extraction of an energized particle beam at various points of extraction and having the same optical properties.

Technnical background

A cyclotron is a type of circular particle accelerator in which negatively or positively charged particles are accelerated outwards from the centre of the cyclotron along a spiral path up to energies of several MeV. Unless otherwise indicated, the term "cyclotron" is used in the following to refer to isochronous cyclotrons. Cyclotrons are used in various fields, for example in nuclear physics, in medical treatment such as proton-therapy, or in radio-pharmacy. In particular, cyclotrons can be used for producing short-lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable for PET imaging (positron emitting tomography) or for producing gamma-emitting isotopes, for example, Tc99m, for SPECT imaging (single photon emission computed tomography).
A cyclotron comprises several elements including an injection system, a radiofrequency (RF) accelerating system for accelerating the charged particles, a magnetic system for guiding the accelerated particles along a precise path, an extraction system for collecting the thus accelerated particles, and a vacuum system for creating and maintaining a vacuum in the cyclotron.
A particle beam constituted of charged ions is introduced into a gap at or near the center of the cyclotron by the injection system with a relatively low initial velocity. As illustrated in Fig. 3, this particle beam is sequentially and repetitively accelerated by the RF accelerating system and guided outwards along a spiral path comprised within the gap by the magnetic field generated by the magnetic system. When the particle beam reaches its target energy, it can be extracted from the cyclotron by the extraction system provided at a point of extraction, PE. This extraction system can comprise, for example, a stripper consisting of a thin sheet of graphite. For example, H^- ions passing through the stripper lose two electrons and become positive. Consequently, the curvature of their path in the magnetic field changes its sign, and the particle beam is thus led out of the cyclotron towards a target. Other extracting systems exist which are well known to the persons skilled in the art.
The magnetic system generates a magnetic field that guides and focuses the beam of charged particles along the spiral path until it is accelerated to its target energy. In the following, the terms "particles", "charged particles", and "ions" are used indifferently as synonyms. The magnetic field is generated in the gap defined between two magnet poles by two solenoid coils, 14, wound around these poles. Magnet poles of cyclotrons are often divided into alternating hill sectors and valley sectors distributed around a central axis. The gap between two magnet poles is smaller at the hill sectors and the larger at the valley sectors. A strong magnetic field is thus created in the hill gap portions within the hill sectors and a weaker magnetic field is created in the valley gap portions within the valley sectors. Such azimuthal magnetic field variations provide radial and vertical focusing of the particle beam every time the particle beam reaches a hill gap portion. For this reason, such cyclotrons are sometimes referred to as sector-focusing cyclotrons. In some embodiments, a hill sector has a geometry of a circular sector similar to a slice of cake with a first and second lateral surfaces extending substantially radially towards the central axis, a generally curved peripheral surface, a central surface adjacent to the central axis, and an upper surface defining one side of a hill gap portion. The upper surface is delimited by a first and second lateral edges, a peripheral edge, and a central edge.
It is common to have more than one point of extraction for extracting the particle beam from more than one point of a same hill sector of a cyclotron. An advantage of having at least a second extracting point within a same hill sector is to provide a fall-back extracting point in case the first extracting point is out of order and thus ensuring continuity of service. Another advantage is to lead the same ions with same energy towards two different targets at the same time, by positioning a first stripper so that it intercepts only a fraction of the particle beam, and the second stripper so that it intercepts part or all of the remaining fraction of the particle beam which passed next to the first stripper. One major issue, however, with at least two points of extraction is to ensure that the particle beam being extracted from a first point of extraction has the same properties (energy, focusing, etc.) as the one being extracted from a second point of extraction. To date, this issue has not been resolved satisfactorily yet.
There therefore remains a need in the art to provide an isochronous sector-focused cyclotron wherein the optical properties of an extracted particle beam do not depend on the position of a point of extraction located in a hill gap portion. This is particularly advantageous for cyclotrons having at least first and second points of extraction at a same hill sector, wherein the particle beam extracted from the first point of extraction has the same properties as the one extracted from the second point of extraction.

Summary of the invention

The present invention is defined in the appended independent claims. Preferred embodiments are defined in the dependent claims.
The present invention concerns a magnet pole for a cyclotron comprising at least 3 hill sectors and a same number of valley sectors alternatively distributed around a central axis, Z, each hill sector comprising an upper surface defined by:

an upper peripheral edge, said upper peripheral edge being bounded by a first and a second upper distal ends, and being defined as the edge of the upper surface located furthest from the central axis;
an upper central edge, said upper central edge being bounded by a first and a second upper proximal ends and being defined as the edge of the upper surface located closest from the central axis;
a first upper lateral edge connecting the first upper distal end and first upper proximal end;
a second upper lateral edge connecting the second upper distal end and second upper proximal end;

characterised in that,

Preferably, the centre of the arc of circle lies within the upper surface of the corresponding hill sector.
More preferably, and for symmetry reasons, the centre of the arc of circle lies on the bisector of the upper surface, said bisector being defined as the straight line, joining the central axis to the midpoint.
The ratio, Rh / Lh, of the radius, Rh, of the arc of circle to the distance, Lh, from the central axis to the midpoint is not more than 75 %, preferably not more than 65%.
For machining reasons, the arc of circle can extend from the first upper distal end to the second upper distal end of the upper peripheral edge.
Preferably each valley sectors of a magnet pole comprise a bottom surface, and each hill sector comprises:

(a) a first and second lateral surfaces (3L) each extending transversally from the first and second upper lateral edges, to the bottom surfaces of the corresponding valley sectors located on either sides of a hill sector, thus defining a first and second lower lateral edges (3ll) as the edges intersecting a lateral surface with an adjacent bottom surface, said first and second lower lateral edges each having a lower distal end located furthest from the central axis;
(b) a peripheral surface (3P) extending from the upper peripheral edge to a lower peripheral line (3lp) defined as the segment bounded by the lower distal ends (3lde) of the first and second lower lateral edges.

In order to have smooth variations of the magnetic field, the peripheral surface forms a chamfer adjacent to the upper peripheral edge.
The invention also relates to a cyclotron for accelerating a particle beam over a given path comprised within a gap, said cyclotron comprising first and second magnet poles as described above, wherein the first and second magnet poles are positioned forming said gap with their respective upper surfaces facing each other and symmetrically with respect to a median plane normal to the central axes of the first and second magnet poles, said central axes being coaxial, thus forming hill gap portions between two opposite hill sectors and valley gap portions defined between two opposite valley sectors.
Preferably, the cyclotron comprises a first point of extraction, located in a hill gap portion between two opposite upper surfaces of hill sectors of the first and second magnet poles each having a peripheral edge comprising an arc of circle of radius Rh, wherein the given path of the particle beam is an outward spiral path cycling about the central axis until said first point of extraction PE1 whence the particle beam can be driven out of the cyclotron with a given energy, and wherein the arc of circle of said pair of upper peripheral edges is parallel to and reproduces a portion of the given path directly upstream of the first point of extraction, wherein upstream is defined with respect to the travelling direction of the particle beam.
The cyclotron can also further comprise a second point of extraction located downstream from the first point of extraction and within the hill gap portion adjacent to the upper peripheral edges of the same pair of opposed hill sectors, wherein the particle beam can be driven out of the cyclotron with said given energy at said second point of extraction, and wherein the arc of circle of said pair of upper peripheral edges is parallel to and reproduces a portion of the given path directly upstream of the second point of extraction.
The cyclotron wherein, in use, a particle beam follows a first extraction path downstream of the first point of extraction or, alternatively follows a second extraction path downstream of the second point of extraction, and wherein the length, L1, of the first extraction path comprised within the hill gap portion is equal to the length, L2, of the second extraction path comprised within the same hill gap portion.
Preferably, the upper peripheral edge of the magnet poles of the cyclotron comprises a concave portion defining a recess extending at least partially over the peripheral surface of the corresponding hill sector.
Preferably, the upper surface of at least one hill sector of the magnet poles of the cyclotron further comprises:

a recess extending along a longitudinal axis intersecting the central axis, said recess being separate from at least 80% of a length of the first and second upper lateral edges, and
a pole insert having a geometry matching said recess and being positioned in, and reversibly coupled to said recess.

Short description of the drawings

These and further aspects of the invention will be explained in greater detail by way of example and with reference to the accompanying drawings in which:

Fig. 1 schematically shows (a) a side cut view and (b) a top view of a cyclotron according to the invention;
Fig. 2 shows an example of hill and valley sectors of a cyclotron according to the invention;
Fig. 3 shows a partial perspective view of a half cyclotron and the path of accelerates charged particles (the outlets for the extracted particles in the flux return yokes are not shown for enhancing visibility);
Fig. 4 shows an example of a hill sector according to the present invention comprising an improved upper peripheral edge design of a hill sector;
Fig. 5 shows an example of a top view of a hill sector according to the present invention and having two points of extraction;
Fig. 6 shows another example of a hill sector according to the present invention and having a recess (a) and a pole insert (b);
Fig. 7 shows a third example of a hill sector according to the present invention and having a recess;
Fig. 8 shows an example of a magnet pole according to the present invention having two recesses and two points of extraction.

Detailed description

Geometry of a cyclotron according to the present invention

The present invention concerns isochronous sector-focused cyclotrons, hereafter referred to as cyclotron of the type discussed in the technical background section supra. As illustrated in Fig. 3, a cyclotron according to the present invention accelerates charged particles outwards from a central area of the cyclotron along a spiral path 12 until they are extracted at energies of several MeV. For example, the charged particles thus extracted can be protons, H⁺, or deuteron, D⁺. Preferably, the energy reached by the extracted particles is comprised between 5 and 30 MeV, more preferably between 15 and 21 MeV, most preferably 18 MeV. Cyclotrons of such energies are used, for example, for producing short-lived positron-emitting isotopes suitable for use in PET imaging (positron emitting tomography) or for producing gamma-emitting isotopes, for example, Tc99m, for SPECT imaging (single photon emission computed tomography).
As illustrated in Fig. 1 a cyclotron 1 according to the present invention comprises two base plates 5 and flux return yokes 6 which, together, form a yoke. The flux return yokes form the outer walls of the cyclotron and control the magnetic field outside of the coils 14 by containing it within the cyclotron. It further comprises first and second magnet poles 2 located in a vacuum chamber, facing each other symmetrically with respect to a median plane MP normal to a central axis, Z, and separated from one another by a gap 7. The yoke and the magnet poles are all made of a magnetic material, preferably a low carbon steel and form a part of the magnetic system. The magnetic system is completed by a first and second coils 14 made of electrically conductive wires wounded around the first and second magnet poles and fitting within an annular space defined between the magnet poles and the flux return yokes.
As illustrated in Fig. 1(b) and Fig. 2, each of the first and second magnet poles 2 comprises at least N = 3 hill sectors 3 distributed radially around the central axis, Z (Fig. 1(b) illustrates a preferred embodiment with N = 4). Each hill sector 3, represented in Fig. 1(b) as light shaded areas, has an upper surface 3U extending over a hill azimuthal angle, αh. Each of the first and second magnet poles 2 further comprises the same number, N, of valley sectors 4, represented in Fig. 1(b) as dark shaded areas, distributed radially around the central axis Z. Each valley sector 4 is flanked by two hill sectors 3 and has a bottom surface 4B extending over a valley azimuthal angle, αv, such that αh + αv = 360°/N.
The hill sectors 3 and valley sectors 4 of the first magnet pole 2 face the opposite hill sectors 3 and valley sectors 4, respectively, of the second magnet pole 2. The path 12 followed by the particle beam illustrated in Fig. 3 is comprised within the gap 7 separating the first and second magnet poles. The gap 7 between the first and second magnet poles thus comprises hill gap portions 7h defined between the upper surfaces 3U of two opposite hill sectors 3 and valley gap portions 7v defined between the bottom surfaces 4B of two opposite valley sectors 4. The hill gap portions 7h have an average gap height, Gh, defined as the average height of the hill gap portions over the areas of two opposite upper surfaces 3U.
Average hill and valley gap heights are measured as the average of the gap heights over the whole upper surface and lower surface of a hill sector and a valley sector, respectively. The average of the valley gap height ignores any opening on the bottom surfaces.
The upper surface 3U is defined by (see Fig. 2):

an upper peripheral edge 3up, said upper peripheral edge being bounded by a first and a second upper distal ends 3ude, and being defined as the edge of the upper surface located furthest from the central axis Z;
an upper central edge 3uc, said upper central edge being bounded by a first and a second upper proximal ends 3upe and being defined as the edge of the upper surface located closest from the central axis;
a first upper lateral edge 3ul connecting the first upper distal end and first upper proximal end;
a second upper lateral edge 3ul connecting the second upper distal end and second upper proximal end.

A hill sector 3 further comprises (see Fig. 2):

a first and second lateral surfaces 3L each extending transversally from the first and second upper lateral edges, to the bottom surfaces of the corresponding valley sectors located on either sides of a hill sector, thus defining a first and second lower lateral edges 311 as the edges intersecting a lateral surface with an adjacent bottom surface, said first and second lower lateral edges each having a lower distal end 3lde located furthest from the central axis;
a peripheral surface 3P extending from the upper peripheral edge to a lower peripheral line 31p defined as the segment bounded by the lower distal ends 3lde of the first and second lower lateral edges.

The average height of a hill, Hh, sector is the average distance measured parallel to the central axis between lower and upper lateral edges.
An end of an edge is defined as one of the two extremities bounding a segment defining the edge. A proximal end is the end of an edge located closest from the central axis, Z. A distal end is the end of an edge located furthest from the central axis, Z. An end can be a corner point which is defined as a point where two or more lines meet. A corner point can also be defined as a point where the tangent of a curve changes sign or presents a discontinuity.
An edge is a line segment where two surfaces meet. An edge is bounded by two ends, as defined supra, and defines one side of each of the two meeting surfaces. For reasons of machining tools limitations, as well as for reduction of stress concentrations, two surfaces often meet with a given radius of curvature, R, which makes it difficult to define precisely the geometrical position of the edge intersecting both surfaces. In this case, the edge is defined as the geometric line intersecting the two surfaces extrapolated so as to intersect each other with and infinite curvature (1/R). An upper edge is an edge intersecting the upper surface 3U of a hill sector, and a lower edge is an edge intersecting the bottom surface 4B of a valley sector.
A peripheral edge is defined as the edge of a surface comprising the point located the furthest from the central axis, Z. If the furthest point is a corner point shared by two edges, the peripheral edge is also the edge of a surface which average distance to the central axis, Z, is the largest. For example, the upper peripheral edge is the edge of the upper surface comprising the point located the furthest to the central axis. If a hill sector is compared to a slice of tart, the peripheral edge would be the peripheral crust of the tart.
In an analogous manner, a central edge is defined as the edge of a surface comprising the point located the closest to the central axis, Z. For example, the upper central edge is the edge of the upper surface comprising the point located the closest to the central axis, Z.
A lateral edge is defined as the edge joining a central edge at a proximal end to a peripheral edge at a distal end. The proximal end of a lateral edge is therefore the end of said lateral edge intersecting a central edge, and the distal end of said lateral edge is the end of said lateral edge intersecting a peripheral edge.
Depending on the design of the cyclotron, the upper / lower central edge may have different geometries. The most common geometry is a concave line (or concave curve), often circular, of finite length (≠0), with respect to the central axis, which is bounded by a first and second upper / lower proximal ends, separated from one another. This configuration is useful as it clears space for the introduction into the gap of the particle beam and other elements. In a first alternative configuration, the first and second proximal central ends are merged into a single proximal central point, forming a summit of the upper surface 3U, which comprises three edges only, the central edge having a zero-length. If a hill sector is again compared to a slice of tart, the pointed tip of the slice would correspond to the central edge thus reduced to a single point. In a second alternative configuration, the transition from the first to the second lateral edges can be a curve convex with respect to the central axis, Z, leading to a smooth transition devoid of any corner point. In this configuration, the central edge is also reduced to a single point defined as the point wherein the tangent changes sign. Usually, even in the first and second alternative configurations, a hill sector does not extend all the way to the central axis, the central area directly surrounding the central axis is cleared to allow insertion of the particle beam or installation of other elements.
As shown is Fig. 2, the first and second lateral surfaces 3L are preferably chamfered forming a chamfer 3ec at the first and second upper lateral edges, respectively. A chamfer is defined as an intermediate surface between two surfaces obtained by cutting off the edge which would have been formed by the two surfaces absent a chamfer. A chamfer reduces the angle formed at an edge between two surfaces. Chamfers are often used in mechanics for reducing stress concentrations. In cyclotrons, however, a chamfered lateral surface at the level of the upper surface of a hill sector enhances the focusing of the particle beam as it reaches a hill gap portion 7h. The peripheral surface 3P of a hill sector can also form a chamfer at the upper peripheral edge, which improves the homogeneity of the magnetic field near the peripheral edge.
A cyclotron according to the present invention preferably comprises N = 3 to 8 hill sectors 3. More preferably, as illustrated in the Figures, N = 4. For even values of N, the hill sectors 3 and valley sectors 4 must be distributed about the central axis with any symmetry of 2n, with n = 1 to N/2. Preferably, n = N/2, such that all the N hill sectors are identical to one another, and all the N valley sectors are identical to one another. For odd values ofN, the hill sectors 3 and valley sectors 4 must be distributed about the central axis with a symmetry of N. In a preferred embodiment, the N hill sectors 3 are uniformly distributed around the central axis for all N = 3-8 (i.e., with a symmetry ofN). The first and second magnet poles 2 are positioned with their respective upper surfaces 3U facing each other and symmetrically with respect to the median plane MP normal to the respective central axes Z of the first and second magnet poles 2, which are coaxial.
The shape of the hill sectors is often wedge shaped like a slice of tart (often, as discussed supra, with a missing tip) with the first and second lateral surfaces 3L converging from the peripheral surface towards the central axis Z (usually without reaching it). The hill azimuthal angle, αh, corresponds to the converging angle, measured at the level of the intersection point of the (extrapolated) upper lateral edges of the lateral surfaces at, or adjacent to, the central axis Z. The hill azimuthal angle, αh, is preferably comprised between 360°/2N±10°, more preferably between 360° /2N ± 5°, most preferably between 360° /2N ± 2°.
The valley azimuthal angle αv, measured at the level of the central axis Z is preferably comprised between 360° / 2N ± 10°, more preferably between 360° /2N ± 5°, most preferably between 360° /2N ± 2°. The valley azimuthal angle αv can be equal to the hill azimuthal angle, αh. In case of a degree of symmetry of N, αv = 360°/N - αh; for example, for N = 4, αv is the complementary angle of αh, with αv = 90° - αh.
The largest distance, Lh, between the central axis and a peripheral edge is preferably comprised between 200 and 2000 mm, more preferably between 400 and 1000 mm, most preferably between 500 and 800 mm. For a 18 MeV proton cyclotron, the longest distance, Lh, is usually less than 750 mm, and can be of the order of 500 to 750 mm, typically 520 to 550 mm. The upper peripheral edge has an azimuthal length, Ah, measured between the first and second upper peripheral ends, and can be approximated to, Ah = Lh x αh [rad].
The two magnet poles 2 and solenoid coils 14 wound around each magnet pole, form an (electro-)magnet which generates a magnetic field in the gap 7 between the magnetic poles that guides and focuses the beam of charged particles (= particle beam) along a spiral path 12 illustrated in Fig. 3, starting from the central area (around the central axis, Z) of the cyclotron, until it reaches a target energy, for example of 18 MeV, whence it is extracted. As discussed supra, the magnet poles are divided into alternating hill sectors and valley sectors distributed around the central axis, Z. A strong magnetic field is thus created in the hill gap portions 7h of average height Gh within the hill sectors and a weaker magnetic field is created in the valley gap portions 7v of average height Gv > Gh, within the valley sectors thus creating vertical focusing of the particle beam.
When a particle beam is introduced into a cyclotron, it is accelerated by an electric field created between high voltage electrodes called dees (not shown), and ground voltage electrodes attached to the lateral edges of the poles, positioned in the valley sectors, where the magnetic field is weaker. Each time an accelerated particle penetrates into a hill gap portion 7h it has a higher speed than it had in the preceding hill sector. The high magnetic field present in a hill sector deviates the trajectory of the accelerated particle to follow an essentially circular path of radius larger than it followed in the preceding hill sector. Once a particle beam has been accelerated to its target energy, it is extracted from the cyclotron at a point called point of extraction PE, as shown in Fig. 3. For example, energetic protons, H⁺, can be extracted by driving a beam of accelerated H^- ions through a stripper consisting of a thin foil sheet of graphite. A H^- ion passing through the stripper loses two electrons to become a positive, H⁺. By changing the sign of particle charge, the curvature of its path in the magnetic field changes sign, and the particle beam is thus led out of the cyclotron towards a target (not shown). Other extracting systems are known by the persons skilled in the art and the type and details of the extraction system used is not essential to the present invention. Usually, a point of extraction is located in a hill gap portion 7h. A cyclotron can comprise several points of extraction in a same hill portion. Because of the symmetry requirements of a cyclotron, more than one hill sector comprises an extraction point. For degrees of symmetry of N, all N hill sectors comprise the same number of points of extraction. The points of extraction can be used individually (one only at a time) or simultaneously (several at a time).

Peripheral hill sector design

Fig. 1 and 3 show an example of a preferred embodiment of a magnet pole for a cyclotron comprising N = 4 hill sectors and N = 4 valley sectors alternatively distributed around a central axis, Z with a symmetry of N = 4. Fig. 2 and 4 show one hill sector of such magnet pole wherein each hill sector 3 comprises an upper surface 3U, such as defined above and comprising:

an upper peripheral edge 3up, bounded by a first and a second upper distal ends,
an upper central edge 3uc, and
a first and second upper lateral edges 3ul.

According to the present invention, the upper peripheral edge of a hill sector comprises an arc of circle 3ac which centre is offset with respect to the central axis, and which radius, Rh, is not more than 85% of a distance, Lh, from the central axis to a midpoint of the upper peripheral edge, which is equidistant to the first and second upper distal ends (Rh /Lh ≤ 85%).
Preferably, the ratio Rh /Lh of the radius, Rh, to the distance Lh, is not more than 70% (Rh /Lh ≤ 75%), more preferably not more than 65% (Rh /Lh ≤ 65%). For example, for a value of Lh = 500mm, the radius, Rh, of the arc of circle can be comprised between 325 and 400 mm.
Because of the symmetry requirements of 2n for even values of N and a symmetry of N for odd values of N, discussed supra, the same symmetry must apply to the presence or not of an arc of circle on the upper peripheral edges of the various hill sectors. Therefore, the upper peripheral edge of each hill sector, preferably, comprises a same arc of circle as defined supra.
The aim of having the upper peripheral edge comprising an arc of circle which centre is offset with respect to the central axis is to homothetically approximate at least a portion of this upper peripheral edge to the highest energy (= last) orbit of the spiral path 12 in a hill gap portion 7h of the cyclotron. By "homothetically approximate the orbit" is meant that the arc of circle portion of the upper peripheral edge and the last orbit of particle adjacent to the point of extraction are both arcs of circle sharing the same centre with different radii. The arc of circle is thus approximately parallel to the portion of said last orbit directly adjacent to and upstream from the extraction point. The length of the path of the extracted orbit and the angle between the orbit and the upper peripheral edge becomes independent of the azimuthal position of the extracting system (for example a stripper). In consequence, the characteristics of the extracted beam are (nearly) independent of the position of the point of extraction within a hill gap portion 7h.
The highest energy orbit can be measured and/or preferably computed with numerical simulations. The measured and/or the result of the numerical simulation are used to design and machine the upper peripheral edge so as to achieve the desired geometry of the hill sector.
As shown in Fig. 4, 6(a) and 7, the lower peripheral line 31p is preferably an arc of circle of radius, Rlp, greater than the radius, Rh, of the upper peripheral edge. Preferably, the lower lateral edges 311 of a hill sector are straight lines converging towards the centre of the arc of circle of the lower peripheral line, which is located in or adjacent to the central area (around the central axis, Z). The centre of the arc of circle of the lower peripheral line may or may not belong to the central axis. In case the centre of the arc of circle belongs to the central axis, the radius, Rlp, equals the distance Lh, from the central axis to the midpoint of the of the upper peripheral edge.
For example, as shown in Fig 4 for a hill sector of height Hh, the peripheral surface 3P may comprise an upper portion 3Pup extending from and parallel to the upper peripheral edge 3up over a height equal to a fraction of the height of the hill sector, and a lower portion 3Plow comprised between the upper portion of the peripheral surface and the lower peripheral line over a height equal to the complementary fraction of the height of the hill sector. The first lower portion and second upper section of the peripheral surface may be joined to one another by a connecting surface.
For wedge-shaped hill sectors and for symmetry reasons, it is preferable that the centre of the arc of circle lies on the bisector of the upper surface, said bisector being defined as the straight line, joining the central axis to the midpoint of the upper peripheral edge.
Preferably, the arc of circle extends from the first upper distal end to the second upper distal end of the upper peripheral edge, thus defining the whole peripheral edge of a hill sector. This geometry is simpler to machine and it affords greater freedom to locate points of extraction at different locations within a hill gap portion 7h.
Preferably, the peripheral surface forms a chamfer adjacent to the upper peripheral edge.
As described supra and illustrated in Fig. 5, a cyclotron accelerates the particle beam over a given path until a first point of extraction, PE1, whence the particle beam can be driven out of the cyclotron with a given energy. In this embodiment, the arc of circle portion of the upper peripheral edges of two opposite hill sectors with respect to the median plan MP, of two magnet poles are parallel to and reproduce homothetically a portion of the given path directly upstream of the first point of extraction. The arc of circle shares the same centre as, and is parallel to a portion of the given path over the whole peripheral edge. The terms "upstream" and "downstream" are defined with respect to the direction of the particle beam.
Usually, the highest energy orbit is located at a distance, dh, from the upper peripheral edge. This distance is preferably equal to approximately 0,6 times the average hill gap, Gh, measured in a hill gap portion, 7h. The radius, Rh, of the arc of circle is therefore Rh = Rp + dh ≈ Rp + 0,6 Gh, wherein Rp is the radius of the particle path within the hill gap portion upstream and adjacent to the point of extraction.
Advantageously, a hill sector may comprise more than one point of extraction. For example, a hill sector can comprise two points of extraction. The second point of extraction, PE2, is located directly downstream from the first point of extraction, PE1, in the same orbit as the first point of extraction and within the same hill gap portion. For reasons of symmetry, several or, preferably, all the hill sectors of a cyclotron may comprise several points of extraction. For example, if the number, N, of hill sectors is equal to 4, then the number of points of extraction can be equal to 8.
As shown in Fig. 5 and 8, two points of extraction in a single hill gap portion can be used alternatively, i.e., one point of extraction only is used at a time. This can be advantageous at the time, e.g., of changing stripper at a first point of extraction without interrupting the extraction of particles which proceeds at the second point of extraction. Two points of extraction in a single hill gap portion can also be used simultaneously. The first (most upstream) point of extraction PE1 is then positioned slightly offset with respect to the particle path, such that a fraction only of the cross sectional area of the particle beam hits the stripper, while another fraction of the particle beam which bypassed the first extraction points, hits the stripper located at the second point of extraction PE2.
When the particle beam has reached its target energy, it is extracted at a point of extraction and, it then follows an extraction path downstream of the point of extraction. A part of this extraction path lies between the first and second magnet poles and is thus still comprised within the hill gap portion and subjected to the magnetic field. If the pair of opposite hill sectors comprises a first and a second points of extraction, the particle beam can be extracted either at the first or at the second point of extraction or at both. The particle beam then follows either a first or a second extraction path downstream of the first or second point of extraction. With the circular geometry of at least a portion of the upper peripheral edge according to the present invention, the length, L1, of the extraction path comprised within the gap downstream of the first point of extraction and the length, L2, of the extraction path comprised within the gap downstream of the second point of extraction are substantially equal. The main advantage of having the same length of extraction paths downstream of the first and second points of extraction is to ensure that the particle beam extracted from one point of extraction has similar optical properties as the one extracted from the second point of extraction.
Fig. 6 shows an example of a preferred embodiment of a magnet pole for a cyclotron wherein the upper surface of at least one hill sector further comprises:

a recess 8 extending over a length L8 between a recess proximal end 8rpe and a recess distal end 8rde along a longitudinal axis 8rl intersecting the upper peripheral edge and the upper central edge; said recess is separate from the first and second upper lateral edges over at least 80% of its length, L8, and
a pole insert 9 having a geometry fitting said recess and being positioned in, and reversibly coupled to said recess.

The term "fitting" means that the pole insert has a general shape able to be precisely inserted into and nested in the recess.
In prior art cyclotrons comprising pole inserts, the pole inserts were positioned in a recess machined off a lateral edge of the upper surface of the hill sectors. Access to such pole inserts is, however, rendered difficult by part of the RF accelerating system overlapping the upper lateral edge area. Access to such pole inserts requires removing the overlapping part of the RF system first. By positioning a pole insert on the upper surface, it can be accessed easily and directly for removal, machining and reinsertion into the recess. With the present embodiment, it is thus much easier and efficient to reach the optimal pole insert topography yielding the predicted magnetic field and particle path.
Preferably, all pole inserts have the same shape and are made of the same material. Preferably, the pole insert is made of the same material as the corresponding hill sector.
Preferably, the recess extends along a longitudinal axis intersecting the central axis, and it is open ended at both ends and extends from the upper central edge all the way to the upper peripheral edge. In yet a preferred embodiment, the longitudinal axis intersects the upper peripheral edge at a point located at equal distance from the first and second upper distal ends, and wherein the first and second upper distal ends are preferably symmetrical with respect to the longitudinal axis. For example, except for the proximal portion 9p adjacent to the central edge, the pole insert has a general parallelepiped shape, as illustrated in Fig. 6(b).
In the embodiment of Fig. 6(a), the recess extends to and is open ended at the upper peripheral edge, the distal end of the pole insert 9dc forms a portion of the upper peripheral edge. The portion of the upper peripheral edge formed by the pole insert is preferably not more than 10%, more preferably not more than 5% of the length, Ah, of the upper peripheral edge. Preferably this distal end forms a chamfer at the peripheral surface.
The pole insert is nested in the recess and is reversibly fastened to the corresponding hill sector. For example, it can be coupled to the hill sector with screws.
As discussed supra, the pole insert preferably has a prismatic geometry along the longitudinal axis over at least 80% of its length, L9, excluding the converging proximal portion 9p, of length L9p. The ridges between the hill upper surface 3U and the hill lateral surfaces are chamfered, then the corresponding ridges of the proximal portion of the recess can be chamfered too.
The topography, illustrated in Fig. 6, of the pole insert upper surface 9U and/or first and second lateral surfaces 9L can be machined to form grooves 9gu, 9gl either transverse, or parallel to the longitudinal axis, of the upper surface or of a lateral surface. The grooves may extend along a straight, curved or broken line. Alternatively, holes 9hu, 9hl can be drilled through the surfaces. The holes can be blind holes (i.e., of finite depth) or can be through holes. As explained supra, each hill sector comprises a pole insert for symmetry reasons, the pole inserts are thus machined individually or aligned side by side and all machined together. The resulting aspect of the machined pole insert may differ considerably from its aspect before machining.
Fig. 7 shows an example of a preferred embodiment of a magnet pole for a cyclotron according to any of the previous embodiments discussed supra. In this example, each hill sector further comprises a first and second lateral surfaces 3L, a peripheral surface 3P such as defined above. The upper peripheral edge 3up of the upper surface of at least one hill sector comprises 2 convex portions separated by a concave portion with respect to the central axis defining a recess 10 extending partially over the peripheral surface of the corresponding hill sector.
The term "concave" means curving in or hollowed inward. The concave portion with respect to the central axis of an edge, is a portion of the edge curving towards the central axis. This term is opposed to the term "convex" that means curving out of or extending outward from the central axis.
Preferably, the upper peripheral edge 3up comprises a first and a second recess distal points 10rdp, defining the boundaries of a recess, and which are defined as the points where the tangent of the upper peripheral edge changes sign or presents a discontinuity. The first and second recess distal points are separated from one another by a distance L10. The recess also comprises a recess proximal point 10rpp defined as the point of the recess located closest to the central axis, Z. The first and second recess distal points 10rdp join the recess proximal point 10rpp by a first and second recess converging edges 10rc. The recess depth, H10, is defined as the average height of the triangle formed by the first and second recess distal points 10rdp and the recess proximal point 10rpp, and passing by the recess proximal point 10rpp.
Preferably, the distance L10 between first and second recess distal points ranges between 5% and 50%, more preferably, between 10% and 30%, most preferably, between 15% and 20% of the azimuthal length, Ah, of the upper peripheral edge.
The depth of the recess, H10 is comprised between 3% and 30%, preferably, between 5% and 20%, more preferably, between 8% and 15% of the azimuthal length, Ah, of the upper peripheral edge.
Preferably, the recess also extends parallel to the central axis, Z, over the peripheral surface 3P from the upper peripheral edge 3up towards the lower peripheral line 31p. The recess thus extends over the peripheral surface over a fraction, ζ, of a height of the peripheral surface measured parallel to the central axis between the upper peripheral edge and lower peripheral line. The fraction, ζ, is preferably, comprised between 25% and 100%, preferably between 40% and 75%, most preferably between 45% and 55%.
In prior art cyclotrons, protruding gradient correctors were used. Protruding gradient correctors have several drawbacks:

increase of the volume of the vacuum chamber,
increase of the volume of the yoke, and of the whole cyclotron,
increase of the weight of the cyclotron,
difficulty of precise positioning of the gradient correctors which must be done manually,
outwards deviation of the magnetic field.

Using recessed gradient correctors instead of protruding gradient correctors has several advantages. First, it allows the reduction of the size of the vacuum chamber hosting the magnet poles leading to a decrease of energy required for evacuating the gases from the vacuum chamber and reducing the time of the gas evacuation. Second, the overall weight of the cyclotron is decreased because, on the one hand, the weight of the hill sectors is slightly reduced instead of being increased and, on the other hand, the overall diameter of the inner surface of flux return yoke is decreased. Third, the position of the recesses can be precisely manufactured and positioned by numerically controlled machining allowing the optimization of the angle at which the particle beam crosses the peripheral edge of the hill sector. Fourth, when protruding gradient correctors deviate the magnetic field outwards, the magnetic field is deviated inwards by recessed gradient correctors resulting in an inwards shift of the last cycles of the particles path, further away from the peripheral edge of the hill sector, where the magnetic field is more uniform than close to the peripheral edge. It is therefore easier and more predictable to control the properties of the extracted particle beam, and particularly the focusing thereof. This deviation towards the acceleration area also allows the power fed to the coils to be decreased.
Preferably, the recess is generally wedge shaped with the first and second recess converging edges being straight (or slightly curved inwards or outwards) lines. The tip of the wedge corresponds to the recess proximal point and points in the general direction of the central axis. The converging angle, θ, at the tip of the wedge is preferably comprised between 70° and 130°, more preferably between 80° and 110°, most preferably 90°± 5°. The expressions "inwards" and "outwards" used herein are to be understood as "towards" or "away from" the central axis, respectively.
The position of the recess can either be separated from the first and second lateral edges, or adjacent to the first or second lateral edge. Preferably, a hill sector comprises at least one recess separated from the lateral edges.
More generally, the converging portion of the wedge-shaped recess can have one of the following geometries:

a sharp corner forming a triangular recess, corresponding to the wedge shaped recess discussed supra;
a straight edge forming a trapezoidal recessed wedge; or
a rounded edge wedge.

Preferably, a point of extraction is located within a hill gap portion adjacent to the peripheral edges of a pair of opposed hill sectors. A recess is located downstream from said first point of extraction wherein downstream is defined with respect to the direction of the particle beam. The recess is precisely machined with respect to the point of extraction and to the extraction path such that the particle beam intersects a first converging recess edge with an angle of 90° ± 15° (cf. Fig. 8) said first converging recess edge being defined as the edge joining the first recess distal points 10rdp, to the recess proximal point 10rpp. The particle beam thus leaves the hill sector substantially normal to the magnetic field in order to improve the focusing of the exit particle beam. The position and the geometry of the recess are determined by numerical computation and/or testing.
As shown in Fig. 8, two points of extraction PE1, PE2 are used within a same hill gap portion. Preferably, these points of extraction are respectively located upstream of a first and second recess.

In conclusion, the present invention offers the advantage that the length of the path of the extracted orbit and the angle between the orbit and the upper peripheral edge are independent of the azimuthal position of the extracting system (for example a stripper). In consequence, the characteristics of the extracted beam are (nearly) independent of the position of the point of extraction within a hill gap portion.

Ref #	Feature

1	Cyclotron
2	Magnet pole
3	Hill sector
4	Valley sector
5	Yokes
6	Flux return yoke
7	Gap
8	Recess
9	Pole insert
10	Recess
12	Spiral path
14	Coils
3ac	Arc of circle
3ec	Chamfered edge
3L	Lateral surface
3lde	Lower distal end of lower lateral edge
3ll	Lower lateral edge
3lp	Lower peripheral line
3P	Peripheral surface
3U	Upper surface
3uc	Upper central edge
3ude	Upper distal end of upper lateral edge
3ul	Upper lateral edge
3up	Upper peripheral edge
3upc	Upper peripheral edge concave portion
3upe	Upper proximal end of upper lateral edge
3Plow	Lower portion of the peripheral surface
3Pup	Upper portion of the peripheral surface
4B	Bottom surface
7h	Hill gap portion
7v	Valley gap portion
8ir	Recess longitudinal axis
8rde	Recess distal end
8rpe	Recess proximal end
9dc	Pole insert distal end chanfered
9gl	Pole insert groove lateral
9gu	Pole insert groove upper
9hl	Pole insert hole lateral
9hu	Pole insert hole upper
9L	Pole insert lateral surface
9lp	Pole insert proximal portion length
9p	Pole insert proximal portion
9pe	Pole insert proximal edge
9U	Pole insert upper surface
10rdp	Recess distal point
10rpp	Recess proximal point
Ah	Azimuthal length of the upper peripheral edge
Gh	Gap height at hill
Gv	Gap height at valley
H10	Recess height
Hh	Hill height
L1, L2	Length of the extraction path comprised within the gap downstream of a point of extraction
L8	Recess length
L9	Pole insert length
L10	Length between first and second recess distal points
Lh	Distance between the central axis and a peripheral edge
MP	Median plane
PE	Point of extraction
Rh	Radius of radial pole contour
Z	Central axis
αh	Hill azimuthal angle
αv	Valley azimuthal angle
Z	Central axis
αh	Hill azimuthal angle
αv	Valley azimuthal angle

Claims

A magnet pole (2) for a cyclotron (1) comprising at least 3 hill sectors (3) and a same number of valley sectors (4) alternatively distributed around a central axis, Z, each hill sector comprising an upper surface (3U) defined by:
- an upper peripheral edge (3up), said upper peripheral edge being bounded by a first and a second upper distal ends (3ude), and being defined as the edge of the upper surface located furthest from the central axis;

- an upper central edge (3uc), said upper central edge being bounded by a first and a second upper proximal ends (3upe) and being defined as the edge of the upper surface located closest from the central axis;

- a first upper lateral edge (3ul) connecting the first upper distal end and first upper proximal end;

- a second upper lateral edge (3ul) connecting the second upper distal end and second upper proximal end;
characterised in that, the upper peripheral edge of a hill sector comprises an arc of circle which centre is offset with respect to the central axis, and which radius, Rh, is not more than 85% of a distance, Lh, from the central axis to a midpoint of the upper peripheral edge, which is equidistant to the first and second upper distal ends (Rh / Lh ≤ 85%).
A magnet pole according to claim 1, wherein the centre of the arc of circle lies within the upper surface of the corresponding hill sector.
A magnet pole according to claim 2, wherein the centre of the arc of circle lies on a bisector of the upper surface, said bisector being defined as the straight line, joining the central axis to the midpoint of the upper peripheral edge.
A magnet pole according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the ratio, Rh / Lh, of the radius, Rh, of the arc of circle to the distance, Lh, from the central axis to the midpoint of the upper peripheral edge is not more than 75 %, preferably not more than 65%.
A magnet pole according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the arc of circle extends from the first upper distal end to the second upper distal end of the upper peripheral edge.
A magnet pole according to any one of the previous claims, wherein each valley sector comprises a bottom surface, and each hill sector comprises:
(a) a first and second lateral surfaces (3L) each extending transversally from the first and second upper lateral edges, to the bottom surfaces of the corresponding valley sectors located on either sides of a hill sector, thus defining a first and second lower lateral edges (3ll) as the edges intersecting a lateral surface with an adjacent bottom surface, said first and second lower lateral edges each having a lower distal end located furthest from the central axis;

(b) a peripheral surface (3P) extending from the upper peripheral edge to a lower peripheral line (3lp) defined as the segment bounded by the lower distal ends (3lde) of the first and second lower lateral edges.
A magnet pole according to claim 6, wherein the peripheral surface forms a chamfer adjacent to the upper peripheral edge.
A cyclotron for accelerating a particle beam over a given path comprised within a gap, said cyclotron comprising first and second magnet poles according to any one of the previous claims, wherein the first and second magnet poles are positioned forming said gap with their respective upper surfaces facing each other and symmetrically with respect to a median plane normal to the central axes of the first and second magnet poles, said central axes being coaxial, thus forming hill gap portions (7h) between two opposite hill sectors and valley gap portions (7v) defined between two opposite valley sectors.
A cyclotron according to claim 8, comprising a first point of extraction (PE1), located in a hill gap portion between two opposite upper surfaces of hill sectors of the first and second magnet poles each having a peripheral edge comprising an arc of circle of radius Rh, wherein
• the given path of the particle beam is an outward spiral path cycling about the central axis until said first point of extraction PE1 whence the particle beam can be driven out of the cyclotron with a given energy, and

• the arc of circle of said pair of upper peripheral edges are parallel to and homothetically reproduce a portion of the given path directly upstream of the first point of extraction PE1, wherein upstream is defined with respect to the travelling direction of the particle beam.
Cyclotron according to claim 9, further comprising a second point of extraction (PE2) located downstream from the first point of extraction (PE1) and within the hill gap portion adjacent to the upper peripheral edges of the same pair of opposed hill sectors, wherein the particle beam can be driven out of the cyclotron with said given energy at said second point of extraction, and wherein the arc of circle of said pair of upper peripheral edges is parallel to and homothetically reproduces a portion of the given path directly upstream of the second point of extraction.
Cyclotron according to claim 10, wherein, in use, a particle beam follows a first extraction path downstream of the first point of extraction (PE1) or, alternatively follows a second extraction path downstream of the second point of extraction (PE2), and wherein the length, L1, of the first extraction path comprised within the hill gap portion is equal to the length, L2, of the second extraction path comprised within the same hill gap portion.
Cyclotron according to any one of claims 8 to 10, wherein the first and second magnet poles are magnet poles according to claim 7 and wherein the upper peripheral edge comprises a concave portion defining a recess extending at least partially over the peripheral surface (3P) of the corresponding hill sector.
Cyclotron according to any one of the claims 8 to 12, wherein the upper surface of at least one hill sector further comprises:
- a recess extending along a longitudinal axis intersecting the central axis, said recess being separate from at least 80% of a length of the first and second upper lateral edges, and

- a pole insert having a geometry matching said recess and being positioned in, and reversibly coupled to said recess.