EP3229252B1 - Stromschutzschalter - Google Patents

Stromschutzschalter Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3229252B1
EP3229252B1 EP16204065.3A EP16204065A EP3229252B1 EP 3229252 B1 EP3229252 B1 EP 3229252B1 EP 16204065 A EP16204065 A EP 16204065A EP 3229252 B1 EP3229252 B1 EP 3229252B1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
switch
current
circuit breaker
semiconductor module
fault current
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Not-in-force
Application number
EP16204065.3A
Other languages
English (en)
French (fr)
Other versions
EP3229252A1 (de
Inventor
Jung-Wook Sim
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
LS Electric Co Ltd
Original Assignee
LSIS Co Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by LSIS Co Ltd filed Critical LSIS Co Ltd
Publication of EP3229252A1 publication Critical patent/EP3229252A1/de
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3229252B1 publication Critical patent/EP3229252B1/de
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

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Classifications

    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current
    • H02H3/093—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current with timing means
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/02—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess current
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current
    • H02H3/10—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current additionally responsive to some other abnormal electrical conditions
    • H02H3/105—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current additionally responsive to some other abnormal electrical conditions responsive to excess current and fault current to earth
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01R—MEASURING ELECTRIC VARIABLES; MEASURING MAGNETIC VARIABLES
    • G01R31/00—Arrangements for testing electric properties; Arrangements for locating electric faults; Arrangements for electrical testing characterised by what is being tested not provided for elsewhere
    • G01R31/327—Testing of circuit interrupters, switches or circuit-breakers
    • G01R31/3271—Testing of circuit interrupters, switches or circuit-breakers of high voltage or medium voltage devices
    • G01R31/3275—Fault detection or status indication
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/59—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H33/00—High-tension or heavy-current switches with arc-extinguishing or arc-preventing means
    • H01H33/02—Details
    • H01H33/59—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle
    • H01H33/596—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switch and not otherwise provided for, e.g. for ensuring operation of the switch at a predetermined point in the ac cycle for interrupting dc
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H01H9/548—Electromechanical and static switch connected in series
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H3/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection
    • H02H3/08—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current
    • H02H3/087—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for automatic disconnection directly responsive to an undesired change from normal electric working condition with or without subsequent reconnection ; integrated protection responsive to excess current for dc applications
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H7/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions
    • H02H7/008—Emergency protective circuit arrangements specially adapted for specific types of electric machines or apparatus or for sectionalised protection of cable or line systems, and effecting automatic switching in the event of an undesired change from normal working conditions for protective arrangements according to this subclass
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H02—GENERATION; CONVERSION OR DISTRIBUTION OF ELECTRIC POWER
    • H02H—EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE CIRCUIT ARRANGEMENTS
    • H02H9/00—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection
    • H02H9/04—Emergency protective circuit arrangements for limiting excess current or voltage without disconnection responsive to excess voltage
    • H02H9/044—Physical layout, materials not provided for elsewhere
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01H—ELECTRIC SWITCHES; RELAYS; SELECTORS; EMERGENCY PROTECTIVE DEVICES
    • H01H9/00—Details of switching devices, not covered by groups H01H1/00 - H01H7/00
    • H01H9/54—Circuit arrangements not adapted to a particular application of the switching device and for which no provision exists elsewhere
    • H01H9/541—Contacts shunted by semiconductor devices
    • H01H9/542—Contacts shunted by static switch means
    • H01H2009/543—Contacts shunted by static switch means third parallel branch comprising an energy absorber, e.g. MOV, PTC, Zener

Definitions

  • the present disclosure relates to a current circuit breaker.
  • a current circuit breaker refers to a device that opens/closes a load in a transmission/transformation system or an electric circuit, or interrupts current when an accident such as grounding or short-circuit occurs. If the blocking part of the current circuit breaker is made of an insulating material, a line in a normal use may be opened/closed manually. In addition, a current circuit breaker may open/close remotely by using an electric operation device or the like outside the metal case, and may interrupt a line automatically at the time of overload or short-circuit to thereby protect a power system and a load device.
  • FIG. 1 is a view showing another existing current circuit breaker 10. The operation of the current circuit breaker 10 will be described with reference to FIG. 1 .
  • a switch 12 When a steady-state current flows, a switch 12 is closed and the current flows through a power semiconductor 11 of a main circuit.
  • a semiconductor module 13 When the steady-state current flows, a semiconductor module 13 is turned off, such that no current flows through the semiconductor module 13.
  • the semiconductor module 13 may be a combination of a plurality of power semiconductors 11.
  • the semiconductor module 13 When a high-voltage direct current transmission line or power line has to be repaired or replaced, or when a fault current flows therein, the semiconductor module 13 is turned on to interrupt the current. When the semiconductor module 13 is turned on, the power semiconductor 11 of the main circuit is turned off and the switch 12 is opened. When the switch 12 is opened, the fault current flows through the semiconductor module 13, and then the semiconductor module 13 is turned off to block the fault current.
  • the existing current circuit breaker 10 requires the plurality of power semiconductors 11 for blocking current. Accordingly, there is a problem in that a lot of costs are incurred to block the current in the existing current circuit breaker 10. In addition, there is another problem in that the existing current circuit breaker 10 has a large volume due to the plurality of power semiconductors 11. In addition, there is yet another problem in that the existing current circuit breaker 10 requires a cooling device as the power semiconductors 11 generates heat.
  • a current circuit breaker according to the present invention is defined in claim 1.
  • the fast switches are used to block a current, and thus the semiconductor module can be protected.
  • the number of power semiconductors can be reduced by using a bypass circuit to block a current.
  • the volume of the current circuit breaker can be reduced and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.
  • heat generation can be suppressed by using the bypass circuit to block a current.
  • FIG. 2 is a diagram of a current circuit breaker 100 according to the invention.
  • the current circuit breaker 100 according to the invention includes a first switch 110, a second switch 120, a semiconductor module 130, a capacitor 140, a surge arrester 150, and a control unit 160.
  • FIG. 3 is a diagram showing the first switch 110 and a stroke 111 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • FIG. 4 is a diagram showing the second switch opened by the control unit when the first switch is completely opened.
  • the current circuit breaker 100 according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 2 to 4 .
  • the first switch 110 When a fault current is generated, the first switch 100 is opened.
  • the first switch 110 may be a fast switch and may open or short the terminals of a main circuit 170 depending on whether a fault current flows or a steady-state current flows. That is, the first switch 110 is opened when a fault current flows in the main circuit 170 and is closed when a steady-state current flows in the main circuit 170.
  • the fault current is generated when a high-voltage direct current transmission line or power line is repaired or replaced and may have a value larger than the steady-state current.
  • the second switch 120 is connected to the first switch 110.
  • the second switch 120 may be a fast switch.
  • the second switch 120 and the first switch 110 may be of the same type.
  • the second switch 120 may be opened after a predetermined period of time has elapsed since the first switch 110 is opened. The predetermined period of time may be set by a user or set by the control unit automatically.
  • the second switch 120 may be opened to block fault current when the semiconductor module 130 is turned on. That is, when the fault current flows through the main circuit 170, the first switch 110 is opened, and the semiconductor module 130 is turned on. When the semiconductor module 130 is turned on, the fault current flows through the semiconductor module 130. Meanwhile, the second switch 120 is opened such that the fault current flowing through a bypass circuit can be blocked. After the second switch 120 is opened, the semiconductor module 130 is turned off, which will be described in detail below.
  • the predetermined period of time may be in proportion to the stroke 111 of the first switch 110.
  • the stroke 111 refers to a distance by which the first switch 110 moves. In FIG. 3 , it refers to the distance 111.
  • the semiconductor module 130 is connected to the first switch 110 and the other end thereof is connected to the second switch 120.
  • the semiconductor module 130 may be turned on when the first switch 110 is opened and the second switch 120 is closed to allow the fault current to flow, and may include at least one diode and at least one transistor.
  • the semiconductor module 130 may be turned off after the second switch 120 is opened to allow the fault current to flow to the capacitor 140.
  • the capacitor may be, but is not limited to, a MOSFET, a BJT, an IGBT, etc.
  • the semiconductor module 130 may include a first diode 131 and a second diode 133 opposed to each other.
  • the semiconductor module 130 may include a first transistor 132 connected across the first diode 131 in the opposite direction, and a second transistor 134 connected across the second diode 133 in the opposite direction.
  • the configuration of the semiconductor module 130 shown in FIG. 2 is for controlling a fault current flowing in two directions.
  • the fault current flows through the second switch 120, the first transistor 132 and the second diode 133.
  • the fault current flows through the second transistor 134, the first diode 131 and the second switch 120.
  • the bypass circuit includes the second switch 120 and the semiconductor module 130. According to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, the bypass circuit is used to block current to thereby reduce the number of power semiconductors. In addition, according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure, by utilizing the bypass circuit to block the current, the volume of the current circuit breaker 100 can be reduced and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.
  • One terminal of the capacitor 140 may be connected to the second switch 120 and the other terminal thereof may be connected to the semiconductor module 130.
  • a fault current may flow in the capacitor 140.
  • the semiconductor module 130 is turned off and the second switch 120 is opened, a fault current may flow in the capacitor 140.
  • the capacitor 140 may be charged with the fault current.
  • the voltage across the capacitor 140 may have a certain value, e.g., 100 V.
  • the surge arrester 150 may be connected across the capacitor 140 and may block a fault current by changing the resistance according to the voltage across the capacitor 140.
  • the resistance of the surge arrester 150 becomes infinite ( ⁇ ) when the voltage applied across it is below a predetermined level, and becomes zero when the voltage applied across it is above the predetermined value.
  • the surge arrester 150 may increase the resistance if the voltage across the capacitor 140 is below a predetermined value to thereby open the terminals of the capacitor 140.
  • the surge arrester 150 may decrease the resistance if the voltage across the capacitor 140 is above a predetermined value to thereby short the terminals of the capacitor 140.
  • the predetermined value may be 100 V.
  • the control unit 160 determines whether a fault current is generated. If it is determined that a fault current is generated, the control unit 160 may generate a control signal to open the first or second switch. The control unit 160 may determine whether a fault current flows or a steady-state current flows based on the magnitude of the current flowing in the main circuit 170. For example, if the magnitude of a current is constant, the current is determined as a steady-state current. If the magnitude of a current is increasing, the current is determined as a fault current. In addition, the control unit 160 may generate a control signal to open or close the first switch 110 and the second switch 120, and may turn on or turn off the semiconductor module 130.
  • the current circuit breaker 100 may further include a sensor 410 to detect if the first switch 110 is open.
  • the control unit 160 may receive a signal from the sensor 410 which indicates that the first switch 110 is completely open and then generate a control signal to open the second switch 120.
  • the signal indicating that the first switch 110 is completely open is generated when the stroke 11 shown in FIG. 3 is the maximum.
  • the control unit 160 may generate the control signal after the first switch 110 is completely open to open the second switch 120. By doing so, the control unit 160 may control the open time of the first switch 110 and the open time of the second switch 120.
  • FIG. 5 is a diagram showing the current circuit breaker 100 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure when a steady-state current is flowing in the main circuit 170.
  • FIG. 6 is a diagram showing the current circuit breaker 100 according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure when a fault current is flowing in the main circuit 170.
  • FIG. 7 is a diagram showing the current circuit breaker 100 according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure when a fault current flows in the second switch 120 and the semiconductor module 130.
  • FIG. 8 is a diagram showing the current circuit breaker 100 according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure when a fault current is flowing in the capacitor 140.
  • FIG. 9 is a diagram showing the current circuit breaker 100 according to the exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure when a fault current is flowing in the surge arrester 150.
  • FIG. 10 is a graph showing the magnitude of a fault current according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure.
  • a process of blocking a current by the current circuit breaker 100 according to an exemplary embodiment of the present disclosure will be described in detail with reference to FIGS. 5 to 10 .
  • the first switch 110 is closed, and a steady-state current flows in the main circuit 170 via the first switch 110.
  • the control unit 160 may monitor continuously the magnitude of the current flowing in the main circuit 170 to determine whether the current is a fault current or a steady-state current. If it is determined that the current is a fault current, the control unit 160 may open the first switch 110. The control unit 160 may determine whether the current is a fault current or a steady-state current based on the magnitude of the current. In the example shown in FIG. 10 , the magnitude of the current is constant until time t0 and increases after time t0, and thus it may be determined that a fault current is generated.
  • the first switch 110 is opened, and then the semiconductor module 130 is turned on.
  • the fault current may pass through the bypass circuit.
  • an arc current flows in the main circuit 170 and the fault current except the arc component flows in the bypass circuit.
  • a curve 930 indicates the magnitude of the arc current flowing in the main circuit 170
  • a curve 940 indicates the magnitude of the current flowing in the bypass circuit
  • a curve 950 indicates the magnitude of the fault current.
  • the arc current in the main circuit 170 decreases while the current flowing in the bypass circuit increases from time t1 to time t2.
  • the second switch 120 is opened, and then the semiconductor module 130 is turned off.
  • a fault current flows in the capacitor 140.
  • the fault current flowing in the capacitor 140 charges the capacitor 140, and the voltage across the charged capacitor 140 may remain constant. Referring to FIGS. 8 and 10 , the fault current flowing through the capacitor 140.
  • the magnitude of the fault current at this time is indicated by the curve 960.
  • the voltage across the capacitor 140 is applied across the surge arrester 150.
  • the resistance of the surge arrester 150 may become zero.
  • the terminals of the surge arrester 150 are shorted, such that all the fault current flows through it.
  • the voltage across the arrester decreases, and thus the resistance of the arrester becomes infinite ( ⁇ ). As a result, the fault current no longer can flow through the arrester 150 and thus is blocked.
  • the fast switches are used to block a current, and thus the semiconductor module can be protected.
  • the number of power semiconductors can be reduced by using a bypass circuit to block a current.
  • the bypass circuit by utilizing the bypass circuit to block the current, the volume of the current circuit breaker can be reduced and the manufacturing cost can be reduced.
  • heat generation can be suppressed by using the bypass circuit to block a current.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Power Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Driving Mechanisms And Operating Circuits Of Arc-Extinguishing High-Tension Switches (AREA)
  • Keying Circuit Devices (AREA)
  • Emergency Protection Circuit Devices (AREA)

Claims (5)

  1. Stromschutzschalter (100), der konfiguriert ist, eine Leitung zum Zeitpunkt einer Überlast oder eines Kurzschlusses zu unterbrechen, um dadurch ein Stromversorgungssystem und eine Lastvorrichtung zu schützen, wobei der Stromschutzschalter (100) einen ersten Schalter (110), einen zweiten Schalter (120), ein Halbleitermodul (130), einen Kondensator (140) und einen Überspannungsableiter (150) aufweist, wobei
    der erste Schalter (110) so konfiguriert ist, dass er geöffnet wird, wenn ein Fehlerstrom in der Leitung erzeugt wird, um einen Strom durch die Leitung zu unterbrechen;
    der zweite Schalter (120) mit dem ersten Schalter verbunden und so konfiguriert ist, dass er einen Fehlerstrom durchfließt, wenn der erste Schalter geöffnet wurde;
    der Kondensator (140) einen Anschluss hat, der mit dem zweiten Schalter verbunden ist, und einen weiteren Anschluss, der mit dem Halbleitermodul verbunden ist; und
    der Überspannungsableiter (150) über den Kondensator angeschlossen und so konfiguriert ist, dass er seinen Widerstand gemäß einer Spannung am Kondensator ändert, um den Fehlerstrom zu blockieren,
    dadurch gekennzeichnet,
    dass das Halbleitermodul (130) ein Ende hat, das mit dem ersten Schalter verbunden ist, um den durchfließenden Fehlerstrom zu unterbrechen und ein anderes Ende mit dem zweiten Schalter verbunden ist;
    dass der zweite Schalter und das Halbleitermodul in Reihe geschaltet und parallel zu dem ersten Schalter geschaltet sind; und
    dass das Halbleitermodul konfiguriert ist, einen Fehlerstrom in zwei Richtungen durch diesen hindurch zu steuern.
  2. Stromunterbrecher nach Anspruch 1, wobei der Stromunterbrecher konfiguriert ist, das Halbleitermodul (130) zu drehen, wenn der erste Schalter (110) geöffnet ist, und den zweiten Schalter (120) zu öffnen, wenn das Halbleitermodul (130) eingeschaltet ist.
  3. Stromschutzschalter nach Anspruch 1 oder 2, wobei die vorbestimmte Zeitdauer proportional zu einem Hub des ersten Schalters (110) ist.
  4. Stromunterbrecher nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, ferner umfassend:
    eine Steuereinheit (160), die konfiguriert ist, zu bestimmen, ob der Fehlerstrom erzeugt wird, und Erzeugen eines Steuersignals zum Öffnen des ersten Schalters oder des zweiten Schalters, wenn bestimmt wird, dass der Fehlerstrom erzeugt wird.
  5. Stromschutzschalter nach Anspruch 4, ferner umfassend:
    einen Sensor (410), der konfiguriert ist, zu erfassen, ob der erste Schalter (110) geöffnet ist, wobei die Steuereinheit (410) vom Sensor ein Signal empfängt, das anzeigt, dass der erste Schalter (110) vollständig geöffnet ist, und dann ein Steuersignal zum Öffnen des zweiten Schalters (120) erzeugt.
EP16204065.3A 2016-04-04 2016-12-14 Stromschutzschalter Not-in-force EP3229252B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
KR1020160041254A KR102558677B1 (ko) 2016-04-04 2016-04-04 전류 차단기

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3229252A1 EP3229252A1 (de) 2017-10-11
EP3229252B1 true EP3229252B1 (de) 2019-04-24

Family

ID=57570005

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP16204065.3A Not-in-force EP3229252B1 (de) 2016-04-04 2016-12-14 Stromschutzschalter

Country Status (6)

Country Link
US (1) US10447024B2 (de)
EP (1) EP3229252B1 (de)
JP (1) JP6360138B2 (de)
KR (1) KR102558677B1 (de)
CN (1) CN107276020B (de)
ES (1) ES2733835T3 (de)

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CN107276020A (zh) 2017-10-20
US20170288395A1 (en) 2017-10-05
ES2733835T3 (es) 2019-12-03
KR20170114440A (ko) 2017-10-16
US10447024B2 (en) 2019-10-15
CN107276020B (zh) 2019-11-01
JP6360138B2 (ja) 2018-07-18
KR102558677B1 (ko) 2023-07-21
JP2017188423A (ja) 2017-10-12
EP3229252A1 (de) 2017-10-11

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