EP3197476A1 - Use of cysteamine in treating infections caused by yeasts/moulds - Google Patents

Use of cysteamine in treating infections caused by yeasts/moulds

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Publication number
EP3197476A1
EP3197476A1 EP15770619.3A EP15770619A EP3197476A1 EP 3197476 A1 EP3197476 A1 EP 3197476A1 EP 15770619 A EP15770619 A EP 15770619A EP 3197476 A1 EP3197476 A1 EP 3197476A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
spp
peptide
composition
cysteamine
infection
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP15770619.3A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
French (fr)
Inventor
Deborah O'neil
Vanessa DUNCAN
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
NovaBiotics Ltd
Original Assignee
NovaBiotics Ltd
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by NovaBiotics Ltd filed Critical NovaBiotics Ltd
Publication of EP3197476A1 publication Critical patent/EP3197476A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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Classifications

    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K45/00—Medicinal preparations containing active ingredients not provided for in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00
    • A61K45/06—Mixtures of active ingredients without chemical characterisation, e.g. antiphlogistics and cardiaca
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/13—Amines
    • A61K31/145—Amines having sulfur, e.g. thiurams (>N—C(S)—S—C(S)—N< and >N—C(S)—S—S—C(S)—N<), Sulfinylamines (—N=SO), Sulfonylamines (—N=SO2)
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/41—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having five-membered rings with two or more ring hetero atoms, at least one of which being nitrogen, e.g. tetrazole
    • A61K31/4196—1,2,4-Triazoles
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/496—Non-condensed piperazines containing further heterocyclic rings, e.g. rifampin, thiothixene or sparfloxacin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/33—Heterocyclic compounds
    • A61K31/395—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins
    • A61K31/495—Heterocyclic compounds having nitrogen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. guanethidine or rifamycins having six-membered rings with two or more nitrogen atoms as the only ring heteroatoms, e.g. piperazine or tetrazines
    • A61K31/4965—Non-condensed pyrazines
    • A61K31/497—Non-condensed pyrazines containing further heterocyclic rings
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K31/00—Medicinal preparations containing organic active ingredients
    • A61K31/70—Carbohydrates; Sugars; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K31/7042—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings
    • A61K31/7048—Compounds having saccharide radicals and heterocyclic rings having oxygen as a ring hetero atom, e.g. leucoglucosan, hesperidin, erythromycin, nystatin, digitoxin or digoxin
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K38/00—Medicinal preparations containing peptides
    • A61K38/04—Peptides having up to 20 amino acids in a fully defined sequence; Derivatives thereof
    • A61K38/12—Cyclic peptides, e.g. bacitracins; Polymyxins; Gramicidins S, C; Tyrocidins A, B or C
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61P—SPECIFIC THERAPEUTIC ACTIVITY OF CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS OR MEDICINAL PREPARATIONS
    • A61P31/00—Antiinfectives, i.e. antibiotics, antiseptics, chemotherapeutics
    • A61P31/10—Antimycotics
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A61—MEDICAL OR VETERINARY SCIENCE; HYGIENE
    • A61K—PREPARATIONS FOR MEDICAL, DENTAL OR TOILETRY PURPOSES
    • A61K2300/00—Mixtures or combinations of active ingredients, wherein at least one active ingredient is fully defined in groups A61K31/00 - A61K41/00

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the use of cysteamine and derivatives thereof in the treatment and/or prevention of infection caused by yeasts and/or moulds.
  • cysteamine or a derivative thereof for use in the treatment or prevention of an infection caused by yeasts and/or moulds.
  • cysteamine and/or derivatives thereof have particular utility in the treatment or prevention of yeast and mould infections, suitably fungal infections such as Aspergillus and/or Candida infections for example.
  • the infection may be a fungal infection or a disease caused by a fungal infection such as e.g., a Candida infection and/or an Aspergillus infection.
  • the infection may be caused by yeast and/or moulds.
  • the infection may an infection by one or more of the group consisting of: Candida spp., (e.g. C.albicans), Epidermophyton spp., Exophiala spp., Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp., (e.g T.rubrum and T.
  • Tinea spp. Aspergillus spp., Blastomyces spp., Blastoschizomyces spp., Coccidioides spp., Cryptococcus spp. (e.g.
  • Cryptococcus neoformans Histoplasma spp., Paracoccidiomyces spp., Sporotrix spp., Absidia spp., Cladophialophora spp., Fonsecaea spp., Phialophora spp., Lacazia spp., Arthrographis spp., Acremonium spp., Actinomadura spp., Apophysomyces spp., Emmonsia spp., Basidiobolus spp., Beauveria spp., Chrysosporium spp., Conidiobolus spp., Cunninghamella spp., Fusarium spp., Geotrichum spp., Graphium spp., Leptosphaeria spp., Malassezia spp.
  • the infection may be caused by a Candida spp. (e.g. Candida albicans).
  • the infection may be caused by Aspergillus spp. (e.g. Aspergillus fumigatus).
  • the infection may be caused by Exophiala spp. (e.g. Exophiala dermatitidis).
  • the infection may be caused by a Cyptococcus spp.
  • the present invention provides cysteamine or a derivative thereof or a pharmaceutical composition comprising cysteamine and/or a derivative thereof for use in the prevention or treatment of any one or more of the group consisting of: candidiasis (including OPC), cystic fibrosis, aspergillosis (including bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and aspergillomata), athlete's foot; basidiodiabolomycosis; blastomycosis; coccidioidomycosis cryptoccocis; Chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD); basal meningitis; dermatophytosis; onchomycosis; dermatophytids; endothrix;
  • candidiasis including O
  • the composition may be a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.
  • the composition may further comprise an antibiotic or antifungal.
  • the antibiotic may be selected from the group consisting of: Tobramycin, Colistin, Gentamicin or Ciprofloxacin.
  • the antibiotic may be tobramycin.
  • the antifungal may one or more of Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Caspofungin and Amphotericin B.
  • the composition further comprises an antifungal.
  • the composition is for use in treating an infection causd by Exophiala spp.
  • the cysteamine may be used in combination a modified peptide.
  • modified peptide refers to a peptide comprising from 3 to 50 alpha, D and/or L amino acids wherein the amino acids are predominantly arginine and wherein the peptide, optionally further comprises a modification which is selected from one or more of the group consisting of:
  • the histidine tag may comprise at least two histidine residues.
  • the optional modified peptide of the present invention may be a lipidated peptide such that a fatty acid is conjugated to the peptide.
  • the fatty acid may be a C 2 to C 20 fatty acid.
  • the fatty acid may be C 3 to
  • the optional modified peptide of the present invention may be PEGylated.
  • composition of the present invention may further comprise a peptide comprising from 3 - 500 amino acids wherein the amino acids are predominantly arginine.
  • the present invention provides a method of treating or preventing an infection caused by yeasts or moulds in a subject comprising administering a pharmaceutically effective amount of a composition comprising cysteamine or a derivative thereof.
  • the infection may be caused by one or more of the group consisting of: Candida spp., (e.g. C. albicans), Aspergillus spp., Epidermophyton spp., Exophiala spp., Microsporum spp., Trichophyton spp., (e.g T.rubrum and T. inter digitale), Tinea spp., Blastomyces spp., Blastoschizomyces spp., Coccidioides spp., Cryptococcus spp. (e.g.
  • Cryptococcus neoformans Histoplasma spp., Paracoccidiomyces spp., Sporotrix spp., Absidia spp., Cladophialophora spp., Fonsecaea spp., Phialophora spp., Lacazia spp., Arthrographis spp., Acremonium spp., Actinomadura spp., Apophysomyces spp., Emmonsia spp., Basidiobolus spp., Beauveria spp., Chrysosporium spp., Conidiobolus spp., Cunninghamella spp., Fusarium spp., Geotrichum spp., Graphium spp., Leptosphaeria spp., Malassezia spp.
  • the infection may be caused by a Candida spp. or Aspergillus spp.
  • the infection may be caused by Exophiala spp.
  • the present invention provides a method of preventing or treating any one or more of the group consisting of: candidiasis (including OPC), cystic fibrosis, aspergillosis (including bronchopulmonary aspergillosis, chronic pulmonary aspergillosis and aspergillomata), athlete's foot; basidiodiabolomycosis; blastomycosis; coccidioidomycosis COPD; cryptoccocis; basal meningitis; dermatophytosis; onchomycosis; dermatophytids; endothrix; exothrix; fungal meningitis, fungemia, heaves; histoplasmosis, mycosis, myrinogmycosis, paracoccidioidomycosis, penicilliosis, piedra, pneumocytosis pneumonia, sporptrichosis, tinea, zeospora and zygomyco
  • composition of the present invention may comprise an antibiotic, such as one or more selected from of the group consisting of: Tobramycin, Colistin, Gentamicin or Ciprofloxacin.
  • an antibiotic such as one or more selected from of the group consisting of: Tobramycin, Colistin, Gentamicin or Ciprofloxacin.
  • the composition may comprise a peptide comprising from 3 to 50 alpha, D and/or L amino acids wherein the amino acids are predominantly arginine and wherein the peptide, optionally further comprises a modification which is selected from one or more of the group consisting of:
  • the composition may comprise a peptide comprising from 3 - 500 amino acids wherein the amino acids are predominantly arginine.
  • composition comprising cysteamine and/or a derivative thereof encompasses the use of cysteamine and/or a derivative thereof optionally in combination with other undefined ingredients.
  • composition comprising where used may optionally be substituted with “consisting essentially of or “consisting”.
  • cysteamine derivatives include: 2-methylthio ethylamine (cinnamate), 2- methyl thio ethylurea, N-(2-methylthio ethyl) p-acetamido benzamide, 2-aminoethanethiol, N-(2-methylthio ethyl)p-acetamido benzenesulfonamide,N-(2-propylthioethyl)-p-methoxy benzamide, N-(butylthio ethyl) nicotinamide, N-(2-dodecylthio ethyl) p-butoxybenzamide, N-(2-methylthio ethyl) p-toluenesulfonamide, N-(2-isopropylthio ethyl) propionamide, N- (2-octylthio ethyl) acetamide, N-(2-butylthio
  • 2-undecenylthio ethylamine 2-.beta.-ureidoethylthio ethylamine hydrochloride, 2-.beta.- acetamidoethylthio ethylamine tropate, 2,2'-thio diethylamine fumarate, 2,2'-thio diethylurea, 3-.beta.-aminoethylthio propylamine hydrochloride, S-.beta.-ureidoethyl thiocarbamate,
  • 2-ethoxycarbonylthio ethylamine hydrochloride 2-dimethylamino carbonylthio ethylamine sulfate, 2-butoxycarbonyl methylthio ethylurea, 2-ethyloxycarbonylmethylthio ethylamine hydrochloride, 6-.beta.-aminoethylthio hexanoate of methyl hydrochloride, 5-.beta.- aminoethylthio pentanoic acid,
  • compositions of the present invention may further comprise a modified peptide comprising from 3 to 50 D and/or L amino acids wherein the amino acids are predominantly arginine and wherein the peptide comprises a modification which is selected from one or more of the group consisting of:
  • the modified peptide when used preferably comprises a histidine tag at either the N terminus or C terminus.
  • a histidine may enhance the effectiveness of the peptide against fungal infections such as Candida. This is extremely unexpected given that the cationic charge may not be significantly changed at such a pH range when compared to an equivalent peptide without the presence of a histidine tag.
  • the histidine tag may comprise at least two histidine residues.
  • the number of histidine residues may be up to 10.
  • the histidine tag may consist of 1 to 10 histidine residues, preferably 2 to 6.
  • the histidine tag may consist of two histidine residues
  • the presence of a histidine tag may be particularly useful for treating fungal infections of the mouth such as oropharyngeal candidiasis.
  • the oral cavity has a pH between 5.5 and 7 in disease states whereas the normal pH of the mouth of a healthy oral cavity is around pH 7 when not feeding.
  • pH influences the charge of AMPs.
  • secreted saliva also contains proteases that aid the breakdown of peptides.
  • modified peptide of the invention modified to comprise a histidine tag are particularly adept at overcoming the pH and protease challenges associated which oral administration. Accordingly, modified peptides comprising a histidine tag may be comprised in pharmaceutical formulations adapted for oral administration.
  • the peptide used in the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention, method of treatment or prevention of the present invention and second medical uses of the present invention may comprises a histidine tag when the route of administration or intended route of administration is oral administration.
  • the pH of the pharmaceutical compositions of the present invention is in the region of pH 5.5 to 6.5.
  • the modified peptides when used in the composition of the present invention are lipidated.
  • a lipid may be conjugated to a peptide comprising from 3 to 50 D and/or L amino acids wherein the amino acids are predominantly arginine.
  • the present invention has surprisingly found that lipidation of the peptides can advantageously broaden the spectrum of activity of the peptides against microbes and/or enhance the activity of the peptides against some microbial infections.
  • lipidated peptides of the present invention may be used in the treatment or prevention of yeast and mould infections (preferably such as Candida and/or Aspergillus infections, preferably Aspergillus infections). It has been surprisingly found that lipidation of the peptides claimed can confer potent activity on such lipidated peptides.
  • the modified peptides of the present invention may comprise a lipid which may be at either the C terminus, N terminus or flanked with amino acid residues.
  • the peptides of the present invention may comprise a C 3 to C 20 fatty acid, preferably a C 4 to CM fatty acid, preferably a Cs to C 14 fatty acid, preferably a C12 fatty acid.
  • the modified peptides of the present invention may comprise 3 to 50 amino acids and a C 3 to C20 fatty acid, preferably a C 4 to C14 fatty acid, preferably a Cg to C 14 fatty acid, preferably a C12 fatty acid.
  • the modified peptides of the present invention may comprise 6 to 50 amino acids and a C 3 to C20 fatty acid, preferably a C 4 to C14 fatty acid, preferably a C 8 to C 14 fatty acid, preferably a Cu fatty acid.
  • the fatty acid may be flanked on either side by amino acid residues. It has surprisingly been found that the flanking of the fatty acid can lead to a reduction in haemolytic activity.
  • the fatty acid may be located on the terminus of the peptide. It has surprisingly been found that this may increase the antimicrobial effects of the peptide in terms of lower MIC.
  • the fatty acid is a C12 fatty acid.
  • this length of fatty acids exhibits both good antimicrobial effects and additionally has low cytotoxicity and haemolytic activity.
  • the modified peptide of the present invention is a PEGylated peptide.
  • PEGylated peptides have enhanced stability whilst still providing antimicrobial effects.
  • the size of the PEG component may be approx. 300Da to approx. 40KDa
  • the peptide if used in the composition of the present invention may comprise from 3 to 50 (preferably contiguous) amino acids.
  • the peptide may comprise at least 3 or at least 4 or at least 5 or at least 6 or at least 7 or at least 8 or at least 9 or at least 10 or at least 12 or at least 15 or at least 20 or at least 25 or at least 30 or at least 35 or at least 40 or at least 45 amino acids.
  • the peptide may comprise less than 50 or less than 45 or less than 40 or less than 35 or less than 30 or less than 25 or less than 0 or less than 15 amino acids.
  • the number of amino acid residues referred to in the ranges above does not include the histidine tag residues.
  • histidine residues at either end of the peptide are discounted when determining the numbering of amino acids in the modified peptide.
  • all amino acid residues are counted including those making up a histidine tag.
  • the peptide comprises 3 to 20 (preferably contiguous) amino acids, for example 3 to 16 amino acids. Preferably still the peptide comprises 5 to 14 amino acids. In some aspects, the peptide may comprise 12 (preferably contiguous) amino acids.
  • amino acids can be placed into different classes depending primarily upon the chemical and physical properties of the amino acid side chain. For example, some amino acids are generally considered to be hydrophilic or polar amino acids and others are considered to be hydrophobic or non-polar amino acids.
  • Hydrophobic amino acid may be selected from the group of hydrophobic amino acids consisting of glycine, leucine, phenylalanine, proline, alanine, tryptophan, valine, isoleucine, methionine, tyrosine and threonine; cationic amino acids may be selected from the group consisting of ornithine, histidine, arginine and lysine.
  • hydrophobic and cationic may refer to amino acids having a hydrophobicity that is greater than or equal to -1.10 and/or a net charge that is greater than or equal to 0 as described in Fauchere and Pliska Eur. J. Med Chem. 10:39 (1983).
  • a hydrophobic or non-polar amino acid may also refer to an amino acid having a side chain that is uncharged at physiological pH, is not polar and that is generally repelled by aqueous solution.
  • the amino acids may be naturally occurring or synthetic.
  • the arginine residue is the predominant amino acid in the peptide.
  • At least 50% of the amino acid residues are arginine residues, preferably at least 60% or at least 70% or at least 80% of the amino acids in the peptide are arginine.
  • at least 90% are arginine residues.
  • all the amino acids in the peptide are arginine residues (optionally with the exception of a histidine tag).
  • the peptide may comprise amino acids other than arginine is non-predominant amounts.
  • histidine, ornithine and lysine could be used.
  • 3 to 50 (preferably contiguous) D and/or L amino acids consist of arginine or a combination of arginine and lysine residues except for 0, 1, or 2 substitutions to an amino acid residues other than arginine or lysine.
  • substitutions are with another cationic amino acids selected from the group consisting of histidine, ornithine and lysine.
  • the substations are with lysine.
  • the peptide may be substituted with 0, 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6, 7 or 8 substitutions provided that the arginine make up at least 60%, preferably at least 75% of the peptide.
  • the amino acids are L-amino acids.
  • At least 90%, for example at least 95% such as 97- 99% or even 100%, of the amino acids in the peptide are L-amino acids.
  • the invention also includes known isomers (structural, stereo-, conformational & configurational), peptidomimetics, structural analogues of the above amino acids, and those modified either naturally (e.g. post-translational modification) or chemically, including, but not exclusively, phosphorylation, glycosylation, sulfonylation and/or hydroxylation.
  • the peptide of the invention does not include the amino acids aspartic acid, glutamic acid, asparagine, glutamine or serine, but certain peptides of the invention may have activity even though these amino acids are present.
  • One or more of the residues of the peptide can be exchanged for another to alter, enhance or preserve the biological activity of the peptide.
  • Such a variant can have, for example, at least about 10% of the biological activity of the corresponding non- variant peptide.
  • Conservative amino acids are often utilised, i.e. substitutions of amino acids with similar chemical and physical properties as described above. Hence, for example, conservative amino acid substitutions may involve exchanging lysine for arginine, ornithine or histidine; or exchanging arginine for lysine or isoleucine, ornithine for histidine; or exchanging one hydrophobic amino acid for another. After the substitutions are introduced, the variants are screened for biological activity.
  • peptide as used herein means, in general terms, a plurality of amino acid residues joined together by peptide bonds. It is used interchangeably and means the same as polypeptide and protein.
  • modified peptide refers to a peptide comprising 3 to 50 amino acid residues predominantly arginine further comprising: a histidine tag; and/or a fatty acid and/or a pegylated peptide.
  • the modified peptides of the present invention may be linear peptides.
  • modified peptides of the present invention may consist of:
  • peptides may generally be synthetic peptides.
  • the peptides may be isolated, purified peptides or variants thereof, which can be synthesised in vitro, for example, by a solid phase peptide synthetic method, by enzyme catalysed peptide synthesis or with the aid of recombinant DNA technology.
  • individual peptides, or libraries of peptides can be made and the individual peptides or peptides from those libraries can be screened for antimicrobial activity and toxicity, including, but not limited to, antifungal, antibacterial, antiviral, antiprotozoal, anti-parasitic activity and toxicity.
  • the peptides of the invention can exist in different forms, such as free acids, free bases, esters and other prodrugs, salts and tautomers, for example, and the invention includes all variant forms of the compounds.
  • the invention encompasses the salt or pro-drug of a peptide or peptide variant of the invention.
  • composition of the invention may be administered in the form of a pharmaceutically acceptable salt.
  • the pharmaceutically acceptable salts of the present invention can be synthesized from the parent peptide which contains a basic or acidic moiety by conventional chemical methods. Generally, such salts can be prepared by reacting the free acid or base forms of the peptide with a stoichiometric amount of the appropriate base or acid in water or in an organic solvent, or in a mixture of the two; generally, nonaqueous media like ether, ethyl acetate, ethanol, isopropanol, or acetonitrile are preferred. Lists of suitable salts are found in Remington's Pharmaceutical Sciences, 17th ed., Mack Publishing Company, Easton, Pa., US, 1985, p. 1418, the disclosure of which is hereby incorporated by reference; see also Stahl et al, Eds, "Handbook of Pharmaceutical Salts Properties Selection and Use", Verlag Helvetica Chimica Acta and Wiley-VCH, 2002.
  • the invention thus includes pharmaceutically-acceptable salts of the composition of the invention wherein the parent compound is modified by making acid or base salts thereof for example the conventional non-toxic salts or the quaternary ammonium salts which are formed, e.g., from inorganic or organic acids or bases.
  • acid addition salts include acetate, adipate, alginate, aspartate, benzoate, benzenesulfonate, bisulfate, butyrate, citrate, camphorate, camphorsulfonate, cyclopentanepropionate, digluconate, dodecylsulfate, ethanesulfonate, fumarate, glucoheptanoate, glycerophosphate, hemisulfate, heptanoate, hexanoate, hydrochloride, hydrobromide, hydroiodide, 2- hydroxyethanesulfonate, lactate, maleate, malonate, methanesulfonate, 2- naphthalenesulfonate, nicotinate, oxalate, palmoate, pectinate, persulfate, 3- phenylpropionate, picrate, pivalate, propionate, succinate, tartrate, thi
  • Base salts include ammonium salts, alkali metal salts such as sodium and potassium salts, alkaline earth metal salts such as calcium and magnesium salts, salts with organic bases such as dicyclohexylamine salts, N-methyl-D-glutamine, and salts with amino acids such as arginine, lysine, and so forth.
  • the basic nitrogen-containing groups may be quaternized with such agents as lower alkyl halides, such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides; dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl; and diamyl sulfates, long chain halides such as decyl, lauryl, myristyl and stearyl chlorides, bromides and iodides, aralkyl halides like benzyl and phenethyl bromides and others.
  • lower alkyl halides such as methyl, ethyl, propyl, and butyl chloride, bromides and iodides
  • dialkyl sulfates like dimethyl, diethyl, dibutyl
  • diamyl sulfates long chain halides
  • Salts of carboxyl groups of a peptide or peptide variant of the invention may be prepared in the usual manner by contacting the peptide with one or more equivalents of a desired base such as, for example, a metallic hydroxide base, e.g. sodium hydroxide; a metal carbonate or bicarbonate such as, for example, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate; or an amine base such as, for example, triethylamine, triethanolarnine and the like.
  • a desired base such as, for example, a metallic hydroxide base, e.g. sodium hydroxide
  • a metal carbonate or bicarbonate such as, for example, sodium carbonate or bicarbonate
  • an amine base such as, for example, triethylamine, triethanolarnine and the like.
  • the invention includes prodrugs for the active pharmaceutical species of the described peptide, for example in which one or more functional groups are protected or derivatised but can be converted in vivo to the functional group, as in the case of esters of carboxylic acids convertible in vivo to the free acid, or in the case of protected amines, to the free amino group.
  • the term "prodrug,” as used herein, represents in particular structures which are rapidly transformed in vivo to the parent structure, for example, by hydrolysis in blood.
  • a further aspect of the invention provides a pharmaceutical composition comprising a pharmaceutically effective amount of cysteamine and/or a derivative thereof. When a modified peptide is used this may form part of the composition or may be administered separately.
  • composition may also include a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, excipient or diluent.
  • pharmaceutically acceptable is employed herein to refer to those compounds, materials, compositions, and/or dosage forms which are, within the scope of sound medical judgment, suitable for use in contact with the tissues of human beings or, as the case may be, an animal without excessive toxicity, irritation, allergic response, or other problem or complication, commensurate with a reasonable benefit/risk ratio.
  • the fungal pathogen is of the genera Candida spp. or Aspergillus spp.
  • the fungal pathogen may be Candida albicans, or Aspergillus fumigatus.
  • the fungal infection may be a systemic, topical, subcutaneous, cutaneous or mucosal infection.
  • the fungal infection may be a systemic or mucosal infection.
  • the compositions of the invention are potent antifungals for a wide variety of pathogenic yeast and moulds.
  • the compositions of the invention may also be useful in the treatment of other conditions including, but not limited to, conditions associated with mucosal infections, for example, cystic fibrosis, gastrointestinal, urogenital, urinary (e.g kidney infection or cystitis) or respiratory infections.
  • compositions of the invention are useful in treating the symptoms of respiratory/lung disease, particulary in cystic fibrosis or COPD.
  • treatment relates to the effects of the peptides described herein that in imparting a benefit to patients afflicted with an (infectious) disease, including an improvement in the condition of the patient or delay in disease progression.
  • the invention provides a method of treating or preventing a microbial infection in a subject comprising administering to said subject a therapeutically effective amount of a composition according to the invention.
  • the microbial infection is a fungal infection.
  • the peptide is preferably administered orally.
  • Mammals, birds and other animals may be treated by the peptides, compositions or methods described herein. Such mammals and birds include humans, dogs, cats and livestock, such as horses, cattle, sheep, goats, chickens and turkeys and the like. Moreover, plants may also be treated by the peptides, compositions or methods of the invention.
  • the method of the invention may be applied to nail-like features, including, but not exclusive to, hooves, claws and trotters.
  • the composition, a variant thereof or a combination thereof may be administered as single or divided dosages, for example, of at least about 0.01 mg/kg to about 500 to 750 mg/kg, of at least about 0.01 mg/kg to about 300 to 500 mg kg, at least about 0.1 mg/kg to about 100 to 300 mg/kg or at least about 1 mg/kg to about 50 to 100 mg/kg of body weight or at least about 1 mg/kg to about 20 mg/kg of body weight, although other dosages may provide beneficial results.
  • the amount administered will vary depending on various factors including, but not limited to, the peptide chosen and its clinical effects, the disease, the weight, the physical condition, the health, the age of the mammal, whether prevention or treatment is to be achieved, and if the peptide is chemically modified.
  • Administration of the therapeutic agents in accordance with the present invention may be in a single dose, in multiple doses, in a continuous or intermittent manner, depending, for example, upon the recipient's physiological condition, whether the purpose of the administration is therapeutic or prophylactic, and other factors known to skilled practitioners.
  • the administration of the peptides of the invention may be essentially continuous over a pre-selected period of time or may be in a series of spaced doses. Both local and systemic administration is contemplated.
  • cysteamine and/or a derivative thereof is synthesized or otherwise obtained, purified as necessary or desired, and then lyophilized and stabilized. The composition can then be adjusted to the appropriate concentration and optionally combined with other agents.
  • the absolute weight of a given peptide included in a unit dose can vary widely. For example, about 0.01 mg to about 2 g or about 0.01 mg to about 500 mg, of at least one peptide of the invention, or a plurality of peptides specific for a particular cell type can be administered.
  • the unit dosage can vary from about 0.01 g to about 50 g, from about 0.01 g to about 35 g, from about 0.1 g to about 25 g, from about 0.5 g to about 12 g, from about 0.5 g to about 8 g, from about 0.5 g to about 4 g, or from about 0.5 g to about 2 g.
  • one or more suitable unit dosage forms comprising the therapeutic composition of the invention can be administered by a variety of routes including oral, parenteral (including subcutaneous, intravenous, intramuscular and intraperitoneal), rectal, dermal, transdermal, intrathoracic, intrapulmonary and intranasal (respiratory) routes.
  • the therapeutic peptides may also be formulated in a lipid formulation or for sustained release (for example, using microencapsulation, see WO 94/07529, and US Patent No. 4,962,091).
  • the formulations may, where appropriate, be conveniently presented in discrete unit dosage forms and may be prepared by any of the methods well-known to the pharmaceutical arts. Such methods may include the step of mixing the therapeutic agent with liquid carriers, solid matrices, semi-solid carriers, finely divided solid carriers or combinations thereof, and then, if necessary, introducing or shaping the product into the desired delivery system.
  • the therapeutic compositions of the invention are prepared for oral administration, they are generally combined with a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier, diluent or excipient to form a pharmaceutical formulation, or unit dosage form.
  • a pharmaceutically acceptable carrier diluent or excipient
  • the peptides may be present as a powder, a granular formation, a solution, a suspension, an emulsion or in a natural or synthetic polymer or resin for ingestion of the active ingredients from a chewing gum.
  • the active ingredients may also be presented as a bolus, electuary or paste.
  • Orally administered therapeutic compositions of the invention can also be formulated for sustained release, e.g., cysteamine can be coated, micro- encapsulated, or otherwise placed within a sustained delivery device.
  • compositions containing the therapeutic composition of the invention can be prepared by procedures known in the art using well-known and readily available ingredients.
  • the peptide can be formulated with common excipients, diluents, or carriers, and formed into tablets, capsules, solutions, suspensions, powders, aerosols and the like.
  • excipients, diluents, and carriers that are suitable for such formulations include buffers, as well as fillers and extenders such as starch, cellulose, sugars, mannitol, and silicic derivatives.
  • Binding agents can also be included such as carboxymethyl cellulose, hydroxymethylcellulose, hydroxypropyl methylcellulose and other cellulose derivatives, alginates, gelatine, and polyvinyl-pyrrolidone.
  • Moisturizing agents can be included such as glycerol, disintegrating agents such as calcium carbonate and sodium bicarbonate.
  • Agents for retarding dissolution can also be included such as paraffin.
  • Resorption accelerators such as quaternary ammonium compounds can also be included.
  • Surface active agents such as cetyl alcohol and glycerol monostearate can be included.
  • Adsorptive carriers such as kaolin and bentonite can be added.
  • Lubricants such as talc, calcium and magnesium stearate, and solid polyethyl glycols can also be included. Preservatives may also be added.
  • the compositions of the invention can also contain thickening agents such as cellulose and/or cellulose derivatives. They may also contain gums such as xanthan, guar or carbo gum or gum arabic, or alternatively polyethylene glycols, bentones and montmorillonites, and the like.
  • tablets or caplets containing the composition of the invention can include buffering agents such as calcium carbonate, magnesium oxide and magnesium carbonate. Suitable buffering agents may also include acetic acid in a salt, citric acid in a salt, boric acid in a salt and phosphoric acid in a salt.
  • Caplets and tablets can also include inactive ingredients such as cellulose, pregelatinized starch, silicon dioxide, hydroxyl propyl methyl cellulose, magnesium stearate, microcrystalline cellulose, starch, talc, titanium dioxide, benzoic acid, citric acid, corn starch, mineral oil, polypropylene glycol, sodium phosphate, zinc stearate, and the like.
  • Hard or soft gelatine capsules containing at least one peptide of the invention can contain inactive ingredients such as gelatine, microcrystalline cellulose, sodium lauryl sulphate, starch, talc, and titanium dioxide, and the like, as well as liquid vehicles such as polyethylene glycols (PEGs) and vegetable oil.
  • enteric-coated caplets or tablets containing one or more peptides of the invention are designed to resist disintegration in the stomach and dissolve in the more neutral to alkaline environment of the duodenum.
  • the therapeutic composition of the invention can also be formulated as elixirs or solutions for convenient oral administration or as solutions appropriate for parenteral administration, for instance by intramuscular, subcutaneous, intraperitoneal or intravenous routes.
  • the pharmaceutical formulations of the invention can also take the form of an aqueous or anhydrous solution or dispersion, or alternatively the form of an emulsion or suspension or salve.
  • the therapeutic compositions may be formulated for parenteral administration (e.g. by injection, for example, bolus injection or continuous infusion) and may be presented in unit dose form in ampules, pre-filled syringes, small volume infusion containers or in multi-dose containers.
  • the active ingredients may form suspensions, solutions, or emulsions in oily or aqueous vehicles, and may contain formulatory agents such as suspending, stabilizing and/or dispersing agents.
  • the active ingredients may be in powder form, obtained by aseptic isolation of sterile solid or by lyophilization from solution for constitution with a suitable vehicle, e.g. sterile, pyrogen-free water before use.
  • formulations can contain pharmaceutically acceptable carriers, vehicles and adjuvants that are well-known in the art. It is possible, for example, to prepare solutions using one or more organic solvent(s) that is/are acceptable from the physiological standpoint, chosen, in addition to water, from solvents such as acetone, acetic acid, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl sulphoxide, glycol ethers such as the products sold under the name "Dowanol”, polyglycols and polyethylene glycols, C1-C4 alkyl esters of short-chain acids, ethyl or isopropyl lactate, fatty acid triglycerides such as the products marketed under the name "Miglyol", isopropyl mytrisate, animal, mineral and vegetable oils and polysiloxanes.
  • organic solvent(s) that is/are acceptable from the physiological standpoint, chosen, in addition to water, from solvents such as acetone, acetic acid, ethanol, isopropyl alcohol, dimethyl
  • Solvents or diluents comprising the peptides of the invention may include acid solutions, dimethylsulphone, N-(2-mercaptopropionyl) glycine, 2-n-nonyl-l,3-dioxolane and ethyl alcohol.
  • the solvent/diluent is an acidic solvent, for example, acetic acid, citric acid, boric acid, lactic acid, propionic acid, phosphoric acid, benzoic acid, butyric acid, malic acid, malonic acid, oxalic acid, succinic acid or tartaric acid.
  • combination products that include one or more peptides of the present invention and one or more other antimicrobial or antifungal agents, for example, polyenes such as amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid complex (ABCD), liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB), and liposomal nystatin, azoles and triazoles such as voriconazole, fluconazole, ketoconazole, itraconazole, pozaconazole and the like; glucan synthase inhibitors such as caspofungin, micafungin (FK463), and V-echinocandin (LY303366); griseofulvin; allylamines such as terbinafine; flucytosine or other antifungal agents, including those described herein.
  • polyenes such as amphotericin B, amphotericin B lipid complex (ABCD), liposomal amphotericin B (L-AMB), and liposomal nystat
  • the peptides might be combined with topical antifungal agents such as ciclopirox olamine, haloprogin, tolnaftate, undecylenate, topical nysatin, amorolfine, butenafine, naftifme, terbinafine, and other topical agents.
  • topical antifungal agents such as ciclopirox olamine, haloprogin, tolnaftate, undecylenate, topical nysatin, amorolfine, butenafine, naftifme, terbinafine, and other topical agents.
  • compositions may be formulated as sustained release dosage forms and the like.
  • the formulations can be so constituted that they release the active peptide, for example, in a particular part of the intestinal or respiratory tract, possibly over a period of time.
  • Coatings, envelopes, and protective matrices may be made, for example, from polymeric substances, such as polylactide-glycolates, liposomes, microemulsions, microparticles, nanoparticles, or waxes. These coatings, envelopes, and protective matrices are useful to coat indwelling devices, e.g. stents, catheters, peritoneal dialysis tubing, draining devices and the like.
  • the active agents may be formulated as is known in the art for direct application to a target area.
  • Forms chiefly conditioned for topical application take the form, for example, of creams, milks, gels, powders, dispersion or microemulsions, lotions thickened to a greater or lesser extent, impregnated pads, ointments or sticks, aerosol formulations (e.g. sprays or foams), soaps, detergents, lotions or cakes of soap.
  • Other conventional forms for this purpose include wound dressings, coated bandages or W
  • the therapeutic peptides of the invention can be delivered via patches or bandages for dermal administration.
  • the composition can be formulated to be part of an adhesive polymer, such as polyacrylate or acrylate/vinyl acetate copolymer.
  • an adhesive polymer such as polyacrylate or acrylate/vinyl acetate copolymer.
  • the backing layer can be any appropriate thickness that will provide the desired protective and support functions. A suitable thickness will generally be from about 10 microns to about 200 microns.
  • Topical administration may be in the form of a nail coating or lacquer.
  • the antifungal peptides can be formulated in a solution for topical administration that contains ethyle acetate (NF), isopropyl alcohol (USP), and butyl monoester of poly[methylvinyl ether/maleic acid] in isopropyl alcohol.
  • Pharmaceutical formulations for topical administration may comprise, for example, a physiologically acceptable buffered saline solution containing between about 0.001 mg/ml and about 100 mg/ml, for example between 0.1 mg/ml and 10 mg/ml, of one or more of the peptides of the present invention specific for the indication or disease to be treated.
  • Ointments and creams may, for example, be formulated with an aqueous or oily base with the addition of suitable thickening and/or gelling agents.
  • Lotions may be formulated with an aqueous or oily base and will in general also contain one or more emulsifying agents, stabilizing agents, dispersing agents, suspending agents, thickening agents, or coloring agents.
  • the active peptides can also be delivered via iontophoresis, e.g., as disclosed in US Patent Nos. 4,140,122; 4,383,529; or 4,051,842.
  • a therapeutic agent of the invention present in a topical formulation will depend on various factors, but generally will be from 0.01% to 95% of the total weight of the formulation, and typically 0.1-85% by weight.
  • Drops such as eye drops or nose drops, may be formulated with one or more of the therapeutic peptides in an aqueous or non-aqueous base also comprising one or more dispersing agents, solubilizing agents or suspending agents.
  • Liquid sprays can be pumped, or are conveniently delivered from pressurized packs. Drops can be delivered via a simple eye dropper-capped bottle, via a plastic bottle adapted to deliver liquid contents drop-wise, or via a specially shaped closure.
  • the therapeutic peptide may further be formulated for topical administration in the mouth or throat.
  • the active ingredients may be formulated as a lozenge further comprising a flavoured base, usually sucrose and acacia or tragacanth; pastilles comprising the composition in an inert base such as gelatine and glycerine or sucrose and acacia; and mouthwashes comprising the composition of the present invention in a suitable liquid carrier.
  • the active ingredients may be formulated as a film strip or buccal tablet, which may or may not be dissolvable.
  • compositions of the invention can also be administered to the respiratory tract.
  • the composition may take the form of a dry powder, for example, a powder mix of the therapeutic agent and a suitable powder base such as lactose or starch.
  • Therapeutic peptides of the present invention can also be administered in an aqueous solution when administered in an aerosol or inhaled form.
  • aerosol pharmaceutical formulations may comprise, for example, a physiologically acceptable buffered saline solution containing between about 0.001 mg/ml and about 100 mg/ml for example between 0.1 and 100 mg/ml, such as 0.5-50 mg/ml, 0.5- 20 mg/ml, 0.5-10 mg/ml, 0.5-5 mg/ml or 1-5 mg/ml of one or more of the peptides of the present invention specific for the indication or disease to be treated.
  • a physiologically acceptable buffered saline solution containing between about 0.001 mg/ml and about 100 mg/ml for example between 0.1 and 100 mg/ml, such as 0.5-50 mg/ml, 0.5- 20 mg/ml, 0.5-10 mg/ml, 0.5-5 mg/ml or 1-5 mg/ml of one or more of the peptides of the present invention specific for the indication or disease to be treated.
  • compositions of the present invention may further comprise an antibiotic.
  • antibiotic is used to refer to antibacterial agents that may be derived from bacterial sources. Antibiotic agents may be bactericidal and/or bacteriostatic. Generally the antibiotic agent is of the group consisting of aminoglycosides, ansamycins, carbacephem, carbapenems, cephalosporins (including first, second, third, fourth and fifth generation cephalosporins), lincosamides, macrolides, monobactams, nitrofurans, quinolones, penicillin, sulfonamides, polypeptides and tetracyclins. Alternatively or additionally the antibiotic agent may be effective against mycobacteria.
  • the antibiotic agent may be an aminoglycoside such as Amikacin, Gentamicin, Kanamycin, Neomycin, Netilmicin, Tobramycin or Paromomycin.
  • the antibiotic agent may be an such as Geldanamycin and Herbimycin
  • the antibiotic agent may be a carbacephem such as Loracarbef.
  • the antibiotic agent is a carbapenem such as Ertapenem, Doripenem, Imipenem/Cilastatin or Meropenem.
  • the antibiotic agent may be a cephalosporins (first generation) such as Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cefalexin, Cefalotin or Cefalothin, or alternatively a Cephalosporins (second generation) such as Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefoxitin, Cefprozil or Cefuroxime.
  • first generation such as Cefadroxil, Cefazolin, Cefalexin, Cefalotin or Cefalothin
  • Cephalosporins second generation
  • Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefoxitin, Cefprozil or Cefuroxime such as Cefaclor, Cefamandole, Cefoxitin, Cefprozil or Cefuroxime.
  • the antibiotic agent may be a Cephalosporins (third generation) such as Cefixime, Cefdinir, Cefditoren, Cefoperazone, Cefotaxime, Cefpodoxime, Ceftibuten, Ceftizoxime and Ceftriaxone or a Cephalosporins (fourth generation) such as Cefepime and Ceftobiprole.
  • Cephalosporins third generation
  • Cefixime Cefdinir
  • Cefditoren Cefoperazone
  • Cefotaxime Cefpodoxime
  • Ceftibuten Ceftizoxime
  • Ceftriaxone Ceftriaxone
  • the antibiotic agent may be a lincosamides such as Clindamycin and Azithromycin, or a macrolide such as Azithromycin, Clarithromycin, Dirithromycin, Erythromycin, Roxithromycin, Troleandomycin, Telithromycin and Spectinomycin.
  • the antibiotic agent may be a monobactams such as Aztreonam, or a nitrofuran such as Furazolidone or Nitrofurantoin.
  • the antibiotic agent may be a penicillin such as Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Azlocillin, Carbenicillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin, Mezlocillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Penicillin G or V, Piperacillin, Temocillin and Ticarcillin.
  • penicillin such as Amoxicillin, Ampicillin, Azlocillin, Carbenicillin, Cloxacillin, Dicloxacillin, Flucloxacillin, Mezlocillin, Nafcillin, Oxacillin, Penicillin G or V, Piperacillin, Temocillin and Ticarcillin.
  • the antibiotic agent may be a sulfonamide such as Mafenide, Sulfonamidochrysoidine, Sulfacetamide, Sulfadiazine, Silver sulfadiazine, Sulfamethizole, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfanilimide, Sulfasalazine, Sulfisoxazole, Trimethoprim, and Trimethoprim- Sulfamethoxazole (Co-trimoxazole) (TMP-SMX).
  • a sulfonamide such as Mafenide, Sulfonamidochrysoidine, Sulfacetamide, Sulfadiazine, Silver sulfadiazine, Sulfamethizole, Sulfamethoxazole, Sulfanilimide, Sulfasalazine, Sulfisoxazole, Trimethoprim, and Trimethoprim- Sulfameth
  • the antibiotic agent may be a quinolone such as Ciprofloxacin, Enoxacin, Gatifloxacin, Levofloxacin, Lomefloxacin, Moxifloxacin, Nalidixic acid, Norfloxacin, Ofloxacin, Trovafloxacin, Grepafloxacin, Sparfloxacin and Temaf!oxacin.
  • the antibiotic agent may be a polypeptide such as Bacitracin, Colistin and Polymyxin B.
  • the antibiotic agent may be a tetracycline such as Demeclocycline, Doxycycline, Minocycline and Oxytetracycline Alternatively or additionally the antibiotic agent may be effective against mycobacteria.
  • the antibiotic agent may be Clofazimine, Lamprene, Dapsone, Capreomycin, Cycloserine, Efhambutol, Ethionamide, Isoniazid, Pyrazinamide, Rifampicin, Rifabutin, Rifapentine or Streptomycin.
  • the antibiotic agent is active in the treatment or prophylaxis of infections caused by gram-negative or gram-positive bacteria, such as Escherichia coli and Klebsiella particularly Pseudomonas aeruginosa.
  • the ratio of cysteamine and/or a derivative thereof to antibiotic in the products of the invention may be from 1 :10 to 10:1; generally at least 2:1 for example at least 3:1 or 4:1.
  • the ratio of the antibiotic agent to the second agent in the products of the invention may be from 1 : 100 1 :2000, for example from 1 :500 to 1 : 1000.
  • the ratio of the antibiotic agent to the second agent is approximately 1 :1.
  • the first antibiotic agent is a non-peptide antibiotic and the second agent is cysteamine and the product contains these components at a ratio from 2:1 up to 4:1.
  • the ratio may be approximately 1 : 1.
  • the antifungal may sleeted from the group consisting of Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Caspofungin and Amphotericin B, for example, one or more of Fluconazole, Itraconazole and Caspofungin.
  • the active agents may be administered simultaneously, sequentially or separately.
  • the active agents may be provided as a combination package.
  • the combination package may contain the product of the invention together with instructions for simultaneous, separate or sequential administration of each of the active agents.
  • sequential administration the active agents can be administered in any order.
  • Figure 1 shows the effects of cysteamine (Lynovex, NM001) on Candida albicans 73/025 after 24 hours.
  • Figure 2 shows the effects of cysteamine (Lynovex, NMOOl) on Candida albicans 73/025 after 48 hours.
  • Figures 3 A-B shows the effect of cysteamine (NMOOl) on four Aspergillus famigatus strains (AF20, AF22 and NCPF2939 in Figure 3 A and AF 2002/0066 in Figure 3B).
  • Figures 4 A-D show petri dishes with Aspergillus growth isolated from the sputum of 4 patients with cystic fibrosis.
  • Figures 5 A-B shows the microbial load of the sputum of 10 cystic fibrosis patients at 4 hours ( Figure 5 A) and 24 hours (Figure 5B) of treatment with cysteamine (Lynovex), Tobramycin or a combination thereof.
  • the aim of the experiment was to determine the MIC of Lynovex (NMOOl) against vulvovaginal isolate Candida albicans 73/025. Plates were prepared which contain a serial doubling dilution of Lynovex (NMOOl) at 2 x final concentration. The cultures were then prepared in 2 x RPMI-1640, according to the CLSI M27-A3 protocol, and mixed in equal volumes in the plate resulting in 1 x RPMI-1640, the concentration of compound mentioned below, and the CLSI standard inoculum for C. albicans. These were incubated at 35°C and read at 24 h and 48 h on the BioTek plate reader.
  • Well A12 contains 100 ⁇ 0.5 MacFarland standard which had been mixed well.
  • the highest final concentration on the plate will be as described in layouts at the end of the protocol. To allow for the addition of the cells this is prepared at 2 x final concentration described e.g 20,000 ⁇ / ⁇ 1 is prepared, and so when cells are added this halves to 10,000 ⁇ .
  • Wells A1 -A3, A4- A6, A7-A9 and A10-A12 are prepared by the addition of 100 ⁇ highest concentration of compound to the well (except Clotrimazole plate where the compounds go in A 1-3 and A7-9 only).
  • Plates are then placed in a plastic box which contains either a Petri dish of water or a bed of damp tissue.
  • the box is sealed and placed in the 35°C. The presence of the water in the dish or on the tissue provides and environment of relatively high humidity.
  • Cysteamine inhibited the growth of Candida albicans.
  • the aim of the experiment was to determine the MIC of Lynovex (NMOOl) against various Aspergillus fumigatus strains.
  • Microtitre plates were prepared which contained a serial doubling dilution of Lynovex (NMOOl) at 2 x final concentration.
  • the cultures were then prepared in 2 x RPMI-1640, according to the CLSI M38-A2 protocol, and mixed in equal
  • the spores were then further diluted 1 in 50 into 2 x RPMI-1640.
  • microtitre plates 50 ⁇ cells added to 50 ⁇ Lynovex in the microtitre plate.
  • a stock solution of Lynovex was prepared at 10 mg/ml.
  • the plate layout at the end of this protocol is the final concentration in the plate following the addition of the spores, therefore the plate has to be prepared at 2x final concentration to allow the dilution when the cells are added. Therefore the Lynovex prepared in the plate is 10 mg/ml (10,000 ⁇ g/ml) and the final concentration in the plate following addition of cells is 5 mg/ml (5,000 ⁇ g/ml).
  • G4-6 and G l 0-12 are the inoculated controls and have spores but no Lynovex.
  • the plate is read in the BioTek at OD 53 o.
  • Plates are then placed in a plastic box which contains either a Petri dish of water or a bed of damp tissue.
  • the box is sealed and placed in the 37°C. The presence of the water in the dish or on the tissue provides and environment of relatively high humidity.
  • Plates are read at 24 h and 48 h and MIC graphs plotted.
  • Freshly produced sputum samples were obtained from CF patients and samples of this were exposed to a single dose of lmg/ml cysteamine of lmg/ml cysteamine and tobramycin (10- 10 ( ⁇ g/ml) before being plated out and incubated for 4 h and 24 h before assessment of the resulting number of colony forming units of microbes as compared to those from untreated sputum samples. Results are shown in Figure 5.
  • the aim of the experiment was to determine the MIC of Itraconazole, Fluconazole and Caspofungin against the clinical isolate Exophiala dermatitidis CA01.
  • Two Candida spp. strains C krusei ATCC6258 & C. parapsilosis ATCC22019
  • Exophiala jeanselmei reference strain NCPF2377 were also tested. These acted as quality control strains.
  • Flat-bottomed Nunc Plates were prepared containing a serial doubling dilution of antifungals at 2 x final concentration.
  • Cultures were then prepared in 2 x RPMI-1640, according to the CLSI M38-A2 protocol, and mixed in equal volumes in the plate resulting in 1 x RPMI-1640, the concentration of compound mentioned below, and the CLSI standard inoculum These were incubated at 35°C and read at 24 h and 48 h ⁇ Candida spp.) or 120 h ⁇ Exophiala spp.) on a BioTek plate reader at 530nm.
  • the highest final concentration on the plate will be as described in layouts at the end of the protocol. To allow for the addition of the cells this is prepared at 2 x final concentration described e. g. 2000 g/ml Fluconazole is prepared, and so when cells are added this halves to 1000 ⁇ g/ml.
  • Wells A1-A3 and A7-A9 are prepared by the addition of 200 ⁇ highest concentration of compound to the wells.
  • Plates are then placed in a plastic box which contains either a Petri dish of water.
  • the box is sealed and incubated at 35°C (Exophiala spp.) or 30°C ⁇ Candida spp.).
  • 35°C Exophiala spp.
  • 30°C ⁇ Candida spp. The presence of the water in the dish or on the tissue provides and environment of relatively high humidity.
  • the OD530 of the Candida spp. plates are read after 24 h and 48 h, while the slower growing Exophiala spp. plates are read after 96 h and 120 h.
  • Raw BioTek data is transformed using Gen5 software and represented graphically using GraphPad Prism 4 software and MICs determined.
  • the aim of the experiment was to determine the effect of Lynovex (NMOOl) on the antifungal drug susceptibility of Exophiala dermatitidis CAOl .
  • Microtitre plates were prepared following CLSI recommendations for broth microdilution chequerboard method. These plates contained a serial doubling dilution of Lynovex (NMOOl) combined with serial doubling dilutions of antifungals drugs; Fluconazole, Itraconazole, Caspofungin and Amphotericin B. Lynovex (NMOOl) and antifungals were initially prepared at 4x final concentration which were diluted to 2 x final concentration following their combination.
  • the cultures were then prepared in 2 x RP MI- 1640, and mixed in equal volumes in the plate resulting in 1 x RPMI-1640, and the 1 x concentration of compound mentioned below. These were incubated at 35°C and read at 72 h, 96 h, 120 h and 144 h on the BioTek plate reader.
  • Lynovex NM001
  • antifungals are serially diluted, down and across microtitre plates, respectively. Equal volumes of Lynovex and antifungal are then combined in a fresh microtitre plate, prior to incoculation.
  • Step 1 Antifungal Plate Preparation
  • Lynovex Stock solutions of Lynovex and antifungals were prepared at 4 x desired concentrations.
  • the plate layout at the end of this protocol is the final concentration in the plate following the combination of Lynovex and antifungals and the addition of the inocula.
  • Lynovex is prepared initially at 10 mg/ml and the final concentration in the plate following addition of cells is 2.5 mg/ml.
  • Wells HI 1 and HI 2 contain 100 ⁇ of sterile dH 2 0 and will become a no treatment and uninoculated control respectively.
  • H12 will contain 100 ⁇ water and 100 ⁇ 2 x RPMI-1640 alone, constituting an uninoculated control.
  • the plate is read in the BioTek at OD 530 .
  • Plates are then placed in a plastic box containing a Petri dish of water, sealed and incubated at 35°C. The presence of the water in the dish or on the tissue provides and environment of relatively high humidity.
  • OD530 is then read at 72 h, 96 h, 120 h and 144 h and raw data processed using Microsoft Excel.
  • Fractional Inhibitory Concentration (FIC) Index values are generated using MIC 100 for 72 h data and MICsofor later time points using the following formula: Plate Layout
  • ⁇ is 120 ⁇ g/ml for Amphotericin B, 500 ⁇ g/ml for Caspofungin, 8000 ⁇ g ml for Fluconazole and 64 ⁇ g/ml for Itraconazole.
  • ⁇ is 30 ⁇ g/ml for Amphotericin ⁇ , 125 ⁇ g/ml for Caspofungin, 2000 ⁇ g/ml for Fluconazole and 16 ⁇ g ml for Itraconazole.
  • Table 1 In vitro minimum inhibitory concentrations (MICs) of Exophiala dermatitidis CAOl against the clinical antifungals Fluconazole, Itraconazole and Caspofungin using CLSI M38-A2* broth microdilution procedure. CLSI endorsed Candida spp. QC strains 5 provide MIC values within the accepted range.
  • Candida parapsilosis 3.9 1 0.5 0.125 0.016 0.008 64 2 1
  • Range 156.25 - 2500 39.0625 - 156.25 (4) 31.25 3.91 - 31.25 (4)

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EP15770619.3A 2014-09-22 2015-09-21 Use of cysteamine in treating infections caused by yeasts/moulds Withdrawn EP3197476A1 (en)

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US201462053523P 2014-09-22 2014-09-22
GBGB1416727.4A GB201416727D0 (en) 2014-09-22 2014-09-22 Use
PCT/GB2015/052714 WO2016046524A1 (en) 2014-09-22 2015-09-21 Use of cysteamine in treating infections caused by yeasts/moulds

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JP (1) JP2017532317A (ja)
KR (1) KR20170052613A (ja)
CN (1) CN106687140A (ja)
AU (1) AU2015323566B2 (ja)
BR (1) BR112017005272A2 (ja)
CA (1) CA2959003A1 (ja)
GB (1) GB201416727D0 (ja)
MX (1) MX2017003550A (ja)
NZ (1) NZ730092A (ja)
RU (1) RU2017108196A (ja)
SG (1) SG11201701648UA (ja)
WO (1) WO2016046524A1 (ja)
ZA (1) ZA201701330B (ja)

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MX2018000202A (es) 2015-07-02 2018-06-27 Horizon Orphan Llc Analogos de cisteamina resistentes a la ado y sus usos.
JP2020505359A (ja) * 2017-01-25 2020-02-20 アデア ファーマシューティカルズ，インコーポレイテッド システアミンプロドラッグ
WO2018224813A1 (en) * 2017-06-06 2018-12-13 Novabiotics Limited Use of cysteamine compositions
EP3866775A1 (en) * 2018-10-17 2021-08-25 Novabiotics Limited Dosage regime
CN110551637B (zh) * 2019-09-03 2020-11-27 黑龙江省农业科学院植物保护研究所 一种来自黄芪根部的高效抑制番茄灰霉病菌的棘壳孢菌及其应用
CN110859950B (zh) * 2019-11-25 2021-08-10 武汉大学 一种用于白念珠菌棘白菌素类药物耐药菌的药物组合物及其应用

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US6086921A (en) * 1995-04-25 2000-07-11 Wintrop-University Hospital Metal/thiol biocides
ATE479704T1 (de) * 2004-08-18 2010-09-15 Novabiotics Ltd Antimikrobielle peptide mit einem arginin- und /oder lysin-haltigen motiv
JP2006347990A (ja) * 2005-06-20 2006-12-28 Pola Chem Ind Inc 爪用の抗真菌医薬組成物
JP2006347989A (ja) * 2005-06-20 2006-12-28 Pola Chem Ind Inc 爪用の抗真菌医薬組成物
GB0905451D0 (en) * 2009-03-31 2009-05-13 Novabiotics Ltd Biofilms
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MX2017003550A (es) 2017-07-28
KR20170052613A (ko) 2017-05-12
CA2959003A1 (en) 2016-03-31
WO2016046524A1 (en) 2016-03-31
JP2017532317A (ja) 2017-11-02
NZ730092A (en) 2018-05-25
AU2015323566B2 (en) 2018-03-22
AU2015323566A1 (en) 2017-04-06
RU2017108196A3 (ja) 2019-06-19
GB201416727D0 (en) 2014-11-05
RU2017108196A (ru) 2018-10-24
BR112017005272A2 (pt) 2017-12-12
SG11201701648UA (en) 2017-04-27
CN106687140A (zh) 2017-05-17
ZA201701330B (en) 2018-04-25

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