EP3195978B1 - Method for manufacturing tools for machining with a geometrically undefined cutter - Google Patents

Method for manufacturing tools for machining with a geometrically undefined cutter Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3195978B1
EP3195978B1 EP17151452.4A EP17151452A EP3195978B1 EP 3195978 B1 EP3195978 B1 EP 3195978B1 EP 17151452 A EP17151452 A EP 17151452A EP 3195978 B1 EP3195978 B1 EP 3195978B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
machining
microstructure
bond
alteration
tool
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EP17151452.4A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3195978A2 (en
EP3195978A3 (en
Inventor
Klaus Fleckenstein
Holger Gehrung
Elmar Hampp
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Diato GmbH
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Diato GmbH
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Publication of EP3195978A3 publication Critical patent/EP3195978A3/en
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B33/00—Honing machines or devices; Accessories therefor
    • B24B33/08—Honing tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B53/00—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
    • B24B53/001—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces involving the use of electric current
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B53/00—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
    • B24B53/017—Devices or means for dressing, cleaning or otherwise conditioning lapping tools
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B24—GRINDING; POLISHING
    • B24B—MACHINES, DEVICES, OR PROCESSES FOR GRINDING OR POLISHING; DRESSING OR CONDITIONING OF ABRADING SURFACES; FEEDING OF GRINDING, POLISHING, OR LAPPING AGENTS
    • B24B53/00—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces
    • B24B53/02—Devices or means for dressing or conditioning abrasive surfaces of plane surfaces on abrasive tools

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1 and tools produced by this method according to the preamble of the independent claim 10, which can be used for honing or finishing, for example.
  • the invention is not limited to honing stones and finish stones, but can for example also be used for the production of grinding tools or other tools.
  • the invention will be explained below by way of example using the example of honing stones. Protection is also claimed for other tools.
  • the DE 10 2004 011 985 B4 discloses a selective ablation laser process that first makes the macro-shape by abrading the cutting grain and bonding and then forming the raised cutting grain by further ablation of the bond. From the prior art it is known to produce honing stone blanks by sintering.
  • the later working surface of the honing stone is brought into the desired shape by (round) grinding (conditioning) and then sharpened by roughening.
  • the honing stone When sanding or conditioning the honing stone receives the desired curvature, which corresponds to the diameter of the hole to be honed, and the necessary straightness. Sharpening affects the topography of the work surface. This results in raised cutting grains and a recessed binding matrix. The feature of the sharpened work surface is the raised cutting grains which protrude from the bonding matrix. The same applies to the conditioning of a grinding tool.
  • the DE 10 2004 011 985 B4 discloses a selective ablation laser process that first makes the macro-shape by abrading the cutting grain and bonding and then forming the raised cutting grain by further ablation of the bond.
  • the invention has for its object to provide a method for shaping the later work surface of a tool, in particular a honing stone or a grinding tool, and for conditioning of the work surface, which is easy to carry out and requires little time.
  • a tool with further improved properties is to be provided.
  • the method according to the invention makes it possible to machine the usually sintered blank in one operation in such a way that the working surface is shaped and a downstream sharpening of the working surface is not required. Rather, the blank can be used without further processing.
  • the edge zone the structure of which has been changed according to the invention, wears out very quickly as soon as it comes into contact with the workpiece to be machined, thereby exposing the actual working surface of the tool.
  • edge zone is meant the area of material which is located immediately below the surface.
  • the depth of the edge zone is an important processing parameter of the method according to the invention and is specifically controlled to shape the working surface.
  • the structure especially the bond treated so that a RandzonengePolge arises, which wears out very quickly and is removed after a very short EingriffsZeit between the tool and the workpiece, so that the underlying work surface is exposed and the Machining of the workpiece begins.
  • the object underlying the invention is achieved in that the bond in the region of an edge zone of the working surface is selectively changed and weakened in its strength, so that this edge zone wears out very quickly.
  • the bond in the region of an edge zone of the working surface is selectively changed and weakened in its strength, so that this edge zone wears out very quickly.
  • the edge zone is both bonding material and cutting grain. It is usually sufficient if the bonding material of the edge zone is changed and embrittled.
  • the microstructure change according to the invention in an edge zone can in principle be carried out in various ways and ways. It is important that, above all, the structure of the bond in the region of the edge zone is changed so that the conglomerates of the bond are only very little connected to each other, so that when using the The tool according to the invention after the contact of the edge zone with the surface of the workpiece to be machined this edge zone, so to speak, "disintegrates" and thus the work surface, which is located at the transition between the edge zone and the bond is not changed in their structure exposed.
  • the structural change can be made locally differently. This means, for example, that the penetration depth or the thickness of the edge zone is locally different.
  • largely free-form work surfaces of the tool according to the invention can be produced. For example, starting from a flat surface of the blank of a tool, it is possible to create a flat work surface by keeping the depth T of the texture change or the edge zone constant over the entire surface.
  • the penetration depth is locally varied based on the surface of the blank, so that the desired geometry of the working surface is adjusted (see FIG. 3 ).
  • the structural change causes a local embrittlement of the edge zone.
  • the structural change may also be due to the formation of conglomerates in the matrix and the formation of cracks between the conglomerates.
  • Such a structural change by embrittlement and / or the formation of conglomerates and cracks between the Conglomerates can be done very easily and reliably by a thermal treatment.
  • the microstructural change can be effected by a laser beam, an electron beam or by induction, if the bond or the grains of the blank can be heated inductively.
  • the matrix of the blank contains copper
  • the binding of the copper atoms in the matrix can be achieved by treatment with hydrogen or at least loosened so that the matrix embrittles in the region of the edge zone.
  • the invention further relates to a tool for machining with a geometrically undefined cutting edge, the tool having a matrix in which cutting grains are bonded and wherein the tool is produced according to one of the preceding methods.
  • the tool according to the invention may be a honing stone, a finishing stone or a grinding tool.
  • the tool according to the invention is delivered to the customer in the state after the microstructure change, without the edge zone modified in terms of its structure having been removed. Then, the edge zone provides a kind of protection of the work surface from mechanical damage or contamination.
  • the tool according to the invention is put into operation by the user with the edge zone and sharpens itself in a very short time because the edge zone changed in its structure wears out after a few seconds immediately after having contact with the workpiece surface to be machined and thus the actual working surface is released.
  • the intensity of the texture change can be controlled very well by controlling the power of the laser beam.
  • Another parameter is the focusing or the position of the focal point of the laser beam relative to the surface of the blank. If the focus of the laser beam lies approximately in the surface of the blank, the power density is highest there and correspondingly high temperatures and locally very high temperature gradients occur, which bring about the desired microstructural change and / or formation of conglomerates.
  • the focus of the laser beam is not directly on the surface or in the edge zone of the tool to be machined, but lies slightly outside the blank, so that the laser beam where it impinges on the surface of the blank, a larger diameter and thus has a greater width and lower intensity.
  • the embrittlement is exemplified by the treatment of the surface with a laser beam.
  • no selective ablation is practiced, but local melting and re-solidification in which oxidation of the metal matrix in the atmosphere takes place, e.g. Nitrogen, carbon or oxygen takes place.
  • the embrittlement is promoted by the steep cooling gradient, so that thermal stresses occur in the structure and thereby microcracks form, resulting in the formation of conglomerates.
  • the depth to which the laser beam acts in the peripheral zone is a parameter of the process.
  • the plane up to which the edge zone change takes place can also be arched, as a convex surface for a honing stone for the bore machining or as a concave surface for a finish honing stone for external machining of waves. Also, the plane can run, which is necessary for the plan processing.
  • the laser beam can produce elongated grooves or punctiform depressions with lateral burrs on the work surface. These grooves or depressions can be generated with a laser beam whose focus F is in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the blank.
  • the grooves or punctiform depressions can be introduced in any desired arrangement on the surface of the blank. They can also be arranged in different densities, so that locally a different degree of embrittlement arises. These burrs along the scratches are also brittle and also exert an abrasive function on the adjacent bonding surface.
  • the structural change according to the invention can also be produced with a defocused laser beam whose focus F has a certain distance from the surface of the blank.
  • the first contact of the honing stone surface is carried out with the bore wall.
  • the edge zone structure which is obtained by the preceding process according to the invention, in particular the thermal treatment of the edge zone by a laser, an electron beam or in another way, coarse-grained and low-cohesive, is quickly removed by sliding wear.
  • the edge zone is removed, so that the plane is exposed, from which the sintered and unchanged bond structure is present.
  • This plane is the working surface of the honing stone or the cutting tool.
  • the laser process can be applied regardless of the topographical nature of the honing stone surface.
  • the laser treatment can be done immediately after sintering, but it may also be an already ground work surface, which was therefore ground to serve as a support surface for the treatment of other geometries of the honing stone, which are dependent on the position of the work surface.
  • the nature of the surface is not decisive for the process according to the invention.
  • the proposed method shortens the manufacturing process of the tools, such. As honing stones, finishing stones or grinding tools, from the production of the blank, z. B. by sintering to the operational honing stone surface quite considerably. This involves significant cost savings. Processing and processing times of several hours are reduced to a few minutes. The cylindrical grinding and subsequent roughening with loose grain can be completely eliminated.
  • FIG. 1 As an example of a tool according to the invention, a honing stone 20 is shown in longitudinal section after the embrittlement of a marginal zone 3 according to the invention.
  • the honing stone 20 comprises a foot 1 (which is also referred to as a support bar).
  • the foot 1 is usually made of steel.
  • On the foot 1 material is usually applied by sintering.
  • the material is a sintered structure 2 and consists of a bond or bonding matrix 4 and cutting means 5, which is embedded in the bond 4. After sintering, the sintered structure 2 extends from the foot 1 to a surface 15 of a sintered blank. This condition is not shown in FIG. 1 ,
  • the structural change may consist in the formation of relatively coarse-grained conglomerates, which are only weakly interconnected, so that the matrix embrittles in the region of the edge zone 3.
  • the embrittlement can thermally or otherwise, for. As chemical or mechanical, done.
  • the thermal embrittlement can be done for example by a laser beam, an electron beam or by induction. It is important in any case that the desired structural change and / or embrittlement takes place;
  • the treatment of the edge zone 3 according to the invention usually forms a coarser structure there, which is also referred to as a conglomerate in connection with the invention.
  • the later working surface 6 of the honing stone 20 lies in the interior of the blank at the boundary between the edge zone 3 and the remaining sintered structure 2 whose structure has not been changed.
  • the position and shape of the working surface 6 is determined by a depth T of the edge zone 3. In other words, by controlling the local penetration depth of the embrittlement according to the invention and / or structural transformation starting from the surface 15, the position and the shape of the working surface 6 are controlled. Because a laser beam and an electron beam convert the sintered structure 2 "precisely", curved work surfaces 6 (see FIGS Figure 3a and c ) produce very precise and reproducible without significant additional effort. However, the method according to the invention is not limited to these beam sources.
  • the edge zone 3 is in the FIG. 1 shown according to the microstructure conversion of the invention. It presents itself as a coarse-grained, embrittled structure with conglomerates 13, in which, however, also cutting means 5 are embedded.
  • the reference numeral 6 indicates the working surface of the honing stone 20. In this state, the machining of the honing stone 20 is completed.
  • the edge zone 3 does not have to be removed from the manufacturer of the honing stone 20. This can rather be done by the user when the honing stone 20 and with it the edge zone 3 comes into contact with the workpiece. Then the edge zone 3 wears very quickly and exposes the work surface 6.
  • FIG. 2 the run in honing stone 2 with exposed work surface 6 is shown.
  • the work surface 6 has raised cutting grains 8. These raised cutting grains 8 are predominantly anchored in the sintered structure and protrude in the area of the working surface 6 with the part the bond 4 beyond which they protrude into the edge zone 3 edge zone. The raised cutting grain 8 protrudes beyond the set back binding matrix.
  • FIG. 3 shows different versions of laser treatments.
  • the working surface 6 of the honing stone is curved convexly.
  • the curvature of the working surface 6 corresponds to the radius of curvature of the (cylinder) bore to be machined.
  • the working surface 6 of the honing stone is concavely curved.
  • the curvature of the working surface 6 may correspond to the radius of the piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder to be processed by Langhubhonen.
  • FIG. 4 the processing / structural change of the surface 15 of a blank by means of a laser beam is shown very schematically and greatly simplified.
  • Reference numeral 19 denotes a laser source.
  • the laser source generates a laser beam 21 having a focal point F.
  • the focal point F is spaced from the surface 15 of the blank 20. This means that the laser beam 21, where it impinges on the surface 15 of the blank 20, has a diameter D which is greater than the thickness of the laser beam 19 at the focal point F.
  • the diameter D of the laser beam 21 at the surface 15 can be controlled.
  • the power density [W / mm 2 ] of the laser beam 19 on the surface 15 controlled.
  • the focal point F is placed closer to the surface or directly into the surface 15 of the blank.
  • the distance between the focal point F and the surface 15 of the blank is increased.
  • the depth T (see FIG. 3 ) control the structural change.
  • Another parameter for controlling the depth T and thus the thickness of the edge zone 3 is the power of the laser beam 21.
  • a laser beam is particularly suitable for effecting the desired microstructural change in the region of the edge zone 3.
  • the invention is not limited to this source of energy.
  • the convex interface between sintered structure and embrittled edge zone can be generated by the absorption of the laser beam and its parameterization.
  • FIG. 5 is also very schematically a surface 15 of a blank shown from above. With the dotted lines 17, the path of the laser beam 21 is shown above this surface 15. The laser beam 21 is guided on parallel tracks which are spaced apart from each other. If the distance S between two adjacent tracks 17 is equal to or smaller than the diameter D of the laser beam 21, where it impinges on the surface 15, then the entire surface 15 is detected at least once by the laser beam 21 and it is located on the entire surface 15 the desired structural transformation instead.
  • the diameter D of the laser beam is smaller than the distance S of the tracks 17 along which the laser beam 21 is guided over the surface 15, then narrow strips remain between the tracks 17 which the laser beam 21 has not detected.
  • the desired structural change can still take place in these areas not directly covered by the laser beam 21.
  • the laser beam can, as explained, both surface and line or punctiform in certain patterns capture the surface and cause the structural transformation there.
  • the embrittlement of the edge zone can have different scales, from embrittlement at very shallow depth to erosion from the embrittled one Material.
  • the laser treatment can be flat but also linear at different distances and energetic intensities.
  • FIG. 6 shows a SEM image of a working surface according to the invention a honing stone.
  • a focused laser beam was guided along a line 17 over the working surface 6. This created a groove and conglomerates 13.
  • the ridge is the immediate track of the laser beam. To the right of this, the structural changes or conglomerates 13 are visible. In this embodiment, the conglomerates 13 have very different sizes, between which cracks are present, which cause a significant loosening of the bond with each other and are part of the Ge Stahlgeuwmandlung.
  • the ridges 25 immediately adjacent to the groove on the laser track are also abrasive, such as a free lapping grain moving out between the bond and the bore wall. This structure is the prerequisite for the wear mechanism described above.
  • FIG. 7 shows a run in honing stone after removal of the embrittled edge zone.
  • the tracks in the area of the matrix which are caused by the process-typical kinematics of honing, namely the superposition of rotary and lifting movements.
  • the cutting crystals 8 protrude from the matrix, but are in the matrix with most of their volume. So they are firmly anchored and can remove material.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren nach dem Oberbegriff des Anspruchs 1 und nach diesem Verfahren hergestellte Werkzeuge nach dem Oberbegriff des nebengeordneten Anspruchs 10, die beispielsweise zum Honen oder Finishen eingesetzt werden können. Die Erfindung ist aber nicht auf Honleisten und Finish-Steine beschränkt, sondern kann beispielsweise auch zum Herstellen von Schleifwerkzeugen oder anderen Werkzeugen eingesetzt werden. Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung exemplarisch am Beispiel von Honleisten erläutert. Schutz wird auch für andere Werkzeuge beansprucht.
Die DE 10 2004 011 985 B4 offenbart einen Laserprozess mit selektiver Ablation, mit dem zunächst die Makroform durch Abtragen von Schneidkorn und Bindung hergestellt wird und dann das erhabene Schneidkorn durch weiteres Abtragen der Bindung entsteht.
Aus dem Stand der Technik ist es bekannt, Honleisten-Rohlinge durch Sintern herzustellen. In der gesinterten und meist metallischen Bindung dieser Rohlinge sind Hartstoff-Körner, zum Beispiel aus Diamant, gebunden. Zur Fertigstellung der gesinterten Rohlinge wird die spätere Arbeitsfläche der Honleiste durch (Rund-)Schleifen in die gewünschte Form gebracht (Konditionierung) und anschließend durch Aufrauen geschärft.The invention relates to a method according to the preamble of claim 1 and tools produced by this method according to the preamble of the independent claim 10, which can be used for honing or finishing, for example. The invention is not limited to honing stones and finish stones, but can for example also be used for the production of grinding tools or other tools. The invention will be explained below by way of example using the example of honing stones. Protection is also claimed for other tools.
The DE 10 2004 011 985 B4 discloses a selective ablation laser process that first makes the macro-shape by abrading the cutting grain and bonding and then forming the raised cutting grain by further ablation of the bond.
From the prior art it is known to produce honing stone blanks by sintering. In the sintered and usually metallic bond of these blanks are hard-material grains, for example of diamond bound. To finish the sintered blanks, the later working surface of the honing stone is brought into the desired shape by (round) grinding (conditioning) and then sharpened by roughening.

Beim Schleifen bzw. Konditionieren erhält die Honleiste die gewünschte Wölbung, welche dem Durchmesser der zu honenden Bohrung entspricht, und die notwendige Geradheit. Das Schärfen betrifft die Topographie der Arbeitsfläche. Dabei entstehen erhabene Schneidkörner und eine zurückgesetzte Bindungsmatrix. Das Merkmal der geschärften Arbeitsfläche sind die erhabenen Schneidkörner, welche aus der Bindungsmatrix herausragen. Entsprechendes gilt für das Konditionieren eines Schleifwerkzeugs.When sanding or conditioning the honing stone receives the desired curvature, which corresponds to the diameter of the hole to be honed, and the necessary straightness. Sharpening affects the topography of the work surface. This results in raised cutting grains and a recessed binding matrix. The feature of the sharpened work surface is the raised cutting grains which protrude from the bonding matrix. The same applies to the conditioning of a grinding tool.

Eine Alternative zu dieser Art der Konditionierung ist das selektive Abtragen der Bindung. Hier ist das elektrochemische Abtragverfahren zu nennen, bei dem die metallische Bindung durch Elektrolyse zurückgesetzt wird. Dadurch ragt das Schneidkorn über die Bindung heraus. Dieses Verfahren ist in der Literatur als ELID-Verfahren bekannt (Elektrolytisches in-Prozess Abrichten) und in der DE 100 42 613 A1 beschrieben.An alternative to this type of conditioning is the selective removal of the bond. Here is the electrochemical Abtragverfahren to call, in which the metallic bond is reset by electrolysis. As a result, the cutting grain protrudes beyond the bond. This method is known in the literature as ELID method (electrolytic in-process dressing) and in the DE 100 42 613 A1 described.

Die DE 10 2004 011 985 B4 offenbart einen Laserprozess mit selektiver Ablation, mit dem zunächst die Makroform durch Abtragen von Schneidkorn und Bindung hergestellt wird und dann das erhabene Schneidkorn durch weiteres Abtragen der Bindung entsteht.The DE 10 2004 011 985 B4 discloses a selective ablation laser process that first makes the macro-shape by abrading the cutting grain and bonding and then forming the raised cutting grain by further ablation of the bond.

Die aus dem Stand der Technik bekannten Verfahren zum Konditionieren und Schärfen der Arbeitsfläche sind sehr aufwendig, da sie zahlreiche Prozessschritte umfassen, die nacheinander auf verschiedenen Vorrichtungen und Maschinen ausgeführt werden.The methods known from the prior art for conditioning and sharpening the work surface are very consuming, since they involve numerous process steps, which are carried out successively on different devices and machines.

Offenbarung der ErfindungDisclosure of the invention

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein Verfahren zur Formgebung der späteren Arbeitsfläche eines Werkzeugs, insbesondere einer Honleiste oder eines Schleifwerkzeugs, und zur Konditionierung der Arbeitsfläche bereitzustellen, das einfach ausführbar ist und wenig Zeit benötigt. Außerdem sollen nur wenige Vorrichtungen und Maschinen zur Durchführung des Verfahrens benötigt werden. Darüber hinaus soll ein Werkzeug mit weiter verbesserten Eigenschaften bereitgestellt werden.The invention has for its object to provide a method for shaping the later work surface of a tool, in particular a honing stone or a grinding tool, and for conditioning of the work surface, which is easy to carry out and requires little time. In addition, only a few devices and machines are required to carry out the method. In addition, a tool with further improved properties is to be provided.

Diese Aufgabe wird erfindungsgemäße gelöst durch das Verfahren gemäß Anspruch 1.This object is achieved according to the invention by the method according to claim 1.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren erlaubt es, den in der Regel gesinterten Rohling in einem Arbeitsgang so zu bearbeiten, dass die Arbeitsfläche geformt wird und ein nachgelagertes Schärfen der Arbeitsfläche nicht erforderlich ist. Vielmehr kann der Rohling ohne weitere Bearbeitung eingesetzt werden. Die Randzone, deren Gefüge erfindungsgemäß verändert wurde, verschleißt sehr rasch, sobald sie in Kontakt mit dem zu bearbeitenden Werkstück gelangt und setzt dadurch die eigentliche Arbeitsfläche des Werkzeugs frei. Unter Randzone ist der Materialbereich zu verstehen, welcher sich unmittelbar unterhalb der Oberfläche befindet. Die Tiefe der Randzone ist ein wichtiger Bearbeitungsparameter des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens und wird zur Formgebung der Arbeitsfläche gezielt gesteuert.The method according to the invention makes it possible to machine the usually sintered blank in one operation in such a way that the working surface is shaped and a downstream sharpening of the working surface is not required. Rather, the blank can be used without further processing. The edge zone, the structure of which has been changed according to the invention, wears out very quickly as soon as it comes into contact with the workpiece to be machined, thereby exposing the actual working surface of the tool. By edge zone is meant the area of material which is located immediately below the surface. The depth of the edge zone is an important processing parameter of the method according to the invention and is specifically controlled to shape the working surface.

Es geht also nicht wie bei der herkömmlichen Bearbeitung von Rohlingen darum, nach der Konditionierung der Arbeitsfläche das einzelne Schneidkorn frei zu stellen, indem die Bindung durch eine Laserbearbeitung zurückgesetzt wird.It is therefore not, as is the case with the conventional processing of blanks, after the conditioning of the work surface, to release the individual cutting grain by resetting the bond by laser processing.

Durch das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren wird im Bereich der Arbeitsfläche das Gefüge vor allem der Bindung so behandelt, dass ein Randzonengefüge entsteht, welches sehr schnell verschleißt und nach einer sehr kurzer EingriffsZeit zwischen Werkzeug und Werkstück abgetragen wird, so dass die darunter liegende Arbeitsfläche freigelegt wird und die Bearbeitung des Werkstücks beginnt.By the method according to the invention in the area of the working surface, the structure, especially the bond treated so that a Randzonengefüge arises, which wears out very quickly and is removed after a very short EingriffsZeit between the tool and the workpiece, so that the underlying work surface is exposed and the Machining of the workpiece begins.

Bei erfindungsgemäß bearbeiteten Honleisten wird das Randzonengefüge bereits durch wenige Doppelhübe der Honspindel abgetragen. In der Regel werden 10 - 20 Doppelhübe dafür benötigt.In accordance with the invention worked honing stones the Randzonenstruktur is already removed by a few double strokes of the honing spindle. As a rule, 10 - 20 double strokes are required.

Anders ausgedrückt: Die der Erfindung zugrunde liegende Aufgabe wird dadurch gelöst, dass die Bindung im Bereich einer Randzone der Arbeitsfläche gezielt verändert und in ihrer Festigkeit geschwächt wird, so dass diese Randzone besonders schnell verschleißt. In der Randzone befindet sich sowohl Bindungswerkstoff als auch Schneidkorn. Es ist in der Regel ausreichend, wenn der Bindungswerkstoff der Randzone verändert und versprödet wird.In other words, the object underlying the invention is achieved in that the bond in the region of an edge zone of the working surface is selectively changed and weakened in its strength, so that this edge zone wears out very quickly. In the edge zone is both bonding material and cutting grain. It is usually sufficient if the bonding material of the edge zone is changed and embrittled.

Die erfindungsgemäße Gefügeveränderung in einer Randzone kann prinzipiell auf verschiedenste Arten und Weisen vorgenommen werden. Wichtig ist, dass vor allem das Gefüge der Bindung im Bereich der Randzone so verändert wird, dass die Konglomerate der Bindung nur noch sehr wenig miteinander verbunden sind, so dass beim Einsatz des erfindungsgemäßen Werkzeugs nach dem Kontakt der Randzone mit der zu bearbeitenden Oberfläche des Werkstücks diese Randzone gewissermaßen "zerfällt" und dadurch die Arbeitsfläche, welche sich am Übergang zwischen der Randzone und der nicht in ihrem Gefüge veränderten Bindung befindet, freigelegt wird.The microstructure change according to the invention in an edge zone can in principle be carried out in various ways and ways. It is important that, above all, the structure of the bond in the region of the edge zone is changed so that the conglomerates of the bond are only very little connected to each other, so that when using the The tool according to the invention after the contact of the edge zone with the surface of the workpiece to be machined this edge zone, so to speak, "disintegrates" and thus the work surface, which is located at the transition between the edge zone and the bond is not changed in their structure exposed.

Erfindungsgemäß kann die Gefügeveränderung lokal unterschiedlich vorgenommen werden. Dies bedeutet beispielsweise, dass die Eindringtiefe beziehungsweise die Dicke der Randzone lokal unterschiedlich ist. Dadurch lassen sich weitestgehend frei geformte Arbeitsflächen des erfindungsgemäßen Werkzeugs herstellen. Wenn man beispielsweise von einer ebenen Oberfläche des Rohlings eines Werkzeugs ausgeht, dann ist es möglich, eine ebene Arbeitsfläche zu schaffen, indem die die Tiefe T der Gefügeveränderung bzw. der Randzone über die gesamte Oberfläche konstant gehalten wird.According to the invention, the structural change can be made locally differently. This means, for example, that the penetration depth or the thickness of the edge zone is locally different. As a result, largely free-form work surfaces of the tool according to the invention can be produced. For example, starting from a flat surface of the blank of a tool, it is possible to create a flat work surface by keeping the depth T of the texture change or the edge zone constant over the entire surface.

Wenn man eine konkav oder konvex gekrümmte Arbeitsfläche herstellen will, dann wird die Eindringtiefe bezogen auf die Oberfläche des Rohlings lokal variiert, so dass sich die gewünschte Geometrie der Arbeitsfläche einstellt (siehe Figur 3).If you want to create a concave or convex curved work surface, then the penetration depth is locally varied based on the surface of the blank, so that the desired geometry of the working surface is adjusted (see FIG. 3 ).

In weiterer vorteilhafter Ausgestaltung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist vorgesehen, dass die Gefügeveränderung eine lokale Versprödung der Randzone bewirkt. Die Gefügeveränderung kann auch durch die Bildung von Konglomeraten in der Matrix und die Bildung von Rissen zwischen den Konglomeraten erfolgen.In a further advantageous embodiment of the method according to the invention it is provided that the structural change causes a local embrittlement of the edge zone. The structural change may also be due to the formation of conglomerates in the matrix and the formation of cracks between the conglomerates.

Eine solche Gefügeveränderung durch Versprödung und/oder die Bildung von Konglomeraten und Rissen zwischen den Konglomeraten kann sehr einfach und prozesssicher durch eine thermische Behandlung erfolgen. Es gibt hierzu eine Vielzahl möglicher Verfahren. Beispielsweise kann die Gefügeveränderung durch einen Laserstrahl, einen Elektrodenstrahl oder durch Induktion erfolgen, wenn die Bindung oder die Körner des Rohlings induktiv erwärmt werden können. Selbstverständlich ist es auch möglich, die Gefügeveränderung durch andere Wärmequellen zu bewirken. Es ist ebenso möglich, die Gefügeveränderung durch eine chemische Behandlung der Randzone vorzunehmen. Beispielsweise kann, wenn die Matrix des Rohlings Kupfer enthält, die Bindung der Kupferatome in der Matrix durch die Behandlung mit Wasserstoff gelöst oder zumindest so weit gelockert werden, dass die Matrix im Bereich der Randzone versprödet.Such a structural change by embrittlement and / or the formation of conglomerates and cracks between the Conglomerates can be done very easily and reliably by a thermal treatment. There are a variety of possible procedures. For example, the microstructural change can be effected by a laser beam, an electron beam or by induction, if the bond or the grains of the blank can be heated inductively. Of course, it is also possible to effect the structural change by other heat sources. It is also possible to make the structural change by a chemical treatment of the edge zone. For example, if the matrix of the blank contains copper, the binding of the copper atoms in the matrix can be achieved by treatment with hydrogen or at least loosened so that the matrix embrittles in the region of the edge zone.

Ebenso ist es möglich, die Gefügeänderung im Bereich der Randzone durch eine mechanische Behandlung vorzunehmen.It is likewise possible to carry out the structural change in the region of the edge zone by means of a mechanical treatment.

Die Erfindung betrifft weiter ein Werkzeug zum Spanen mit geometrisch unbestimmter Schneide, wobei das Werkzeug eine Matrix aufweist, in der Schneidkörner gebunden sind und wobei das Werkzeug nach einem der vorhergehenden Verfahren hergestellt ist.The invention further relates to a tool for machining with a geometrically undefined cutting edge, the tool having a matrix in which cutting grains are bonded and wherein the tool is produced according to one of the preceding methods.

Insbesondere kann das erfindungsgemäße Werkzeug eine Honleiste, ein Finish-Stein oder ein Schleifwerkzeug sein.In particular, the tool according to the invention may be a honing stone, a finishing stone or a grinding tool.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn das erfindungsgemäße Werkzeug an den Kunden ausgeliefert wird in dem Zustand nach der Gefügeveränderung, ohne dass die in ihrem Gefüge veränderte Randzone abgetragen wurde. Dann stellt die Randzone gewissermaßen einen Schutz der Arbeitsfläche vor mechanischen Beschädigungen oder Verschmutzung dar.It is particularly advantageous if the tool according to the invention is delivered to the customer in the state after the microstructure change, without the edge zone modified in terms of its structure having been removed. Then, the edge zone provides a kind of protection of the work surface from mechanical damage or contamination.

Das erfindungsgemäße Werkzeug wird vom Nutzer mit der Randzone in Betrieb genommen und schärft sich in kürzester Zeit selbst, weil die in ihrem Gefüge veränderte Randzone nach wenigen Sekunden unmittelbar nachdem sie Kontakt mit der zu bearbeitenden Werkstückoberfläche hat, verschleißt und damit die eigentliche Arbeitsfläche freigesetzt wird.The tool according to the invention is put into operation by the user with the edge zone and sharpens itself in a very short time because the edge zone changed in its structure wears out after a few seconds immediately after having contact with the workpiece surface to be machined and thus the actual working surface is released.

Die Intensität der Gefügeveränderung kann im Fall eines Laserstrahls dadurch sehr gut gesteuert werden, dass die Leistung des Laserstrahls gesteuert wird. Ein weiterer Parameter ist die Fokussierung beziehungsweise die Lage des Brennpunkts des Laserstrahls relativ zu der Oberfläche des Rohlings. Wenn der Fokus des Laserstrahles etwa in der Oberfläche des Rohlings liegt, ist dort die Leistungsdichte am höchsten und entsprechend treten hohe Temperaturen und lokal sehr hohe Temperaturgradienten auf, die die gewünschte Gefügeveränderung und/oder Bildung von Konglomeraten bewirken.In the case of a laser beam, the intensity of the texture change can be controlled very well by controlling the power of the laser beam. Another parameter is the focusing or the position of the focal point of the laser beam relative to the surface of the blank. If the focus of the laser beam lies approximately in the surface of the blank, the power density is highest there and correspondingly high temperatures and locally very high temperature gradients occur, which bring about the desired microstructural change and / or formation of conglomerates.

Aus Gründen der Produktivität wird man bei einem solchen sehr fokussierten Laserstrahl, der auf verschiedenen Bahnen, die sich nicht berühren, über die Oberfläche des Rohlings führen. Die verbleibenden "unbehandelten" schmalen Bereiche in der Oberfläche des Rohlings zwischen diesen Bahnen sind so schwach, dass sie ebenfalls sehr rasch verschleißen, wenn der erfindungsgemäße Schleifkörper beziehungsweise das erfindungsgemäße Werkzeug in Eingriff mit der zu bearbeitenden Oberfläche gebracht wird.For productivity reasons, such a highly focused laser beam will travel across the surface of the blank on various non-contacting webs. The remaining "untreated" narrow areas in the surface of the blank between these webs are so weak that they also wear out very quickly when the inventive abrasive tool or tool is brought into engagement with the surface to be machined.

Alternativ ist es auch möglich, dass der Fokus des Laserstrahls nicht direkt auf der Oberfläche oder in der zu bearbeitenden Randzone des Werkzeugs liegt, sondern etwas außerhalb des Rohlings liegt, so dass der Laserstrahl dort wo er auf die Oberfläche des Rohlings auftrifft, einen größeren Durchmesser und damit eine größere Breite und geringere Intensität hat. Bei dieser Ausgestaltung des Verfahrens ist es möglich, die gesamte Oberfläche des Rohlings in den gewünschten Bereichen lückenlos zu behandeln, so dass eine sehr gleichmäßige Gefügeveränderung auftritt.Alternatively, it is also possible that the focus of the laser beam is not directly on the surface or in the edge zone of the tool to be machined, but lies slightly outside the blank, so that the laser beam where it impinges on the surface of the blank, a larger diameter and thus has a greater width and lower intensity. In this embodiment of the method, it is possible to treat the entire surface of the blank in the desired areas without gaps, so that a very uniform structural change occurs.

Die Versprödung wird beispielhaft erreicht durch die Behandlung der Oberfläche mit einem Laserstrahl. Es wird jedoch keine selektive Ablation praktiziert, sondern ein lokales Aufschmelzen und Wiedererstarren, bei dem eine Oxidation der Metallmatrix in der Atmosphäre unter Aufnahme von z.B. Stickstoff, Kohlenstoff oder Sauerstoff stattfindet. Dies führt zu einer Versprödung der Randzone. Weiterhin wird die Versprödung gefördert durch den steilen Abkühlungsgradienten, so dass thermische Spannungen im Gefüge entstehen und dadurch Mikrorissausbildungen entstehen, welche zur Bildung von Konglomeraten führen. Die Tiefe, bis zu der der Laserstrahl in der Randzone wirkt, ist ein Parameter des Prozesses. Die Ebene, bis zu der die Randzonenveränderung stattfindet, kann auch gewölbt verlaufen, als konvexe Oberfläche für eine Honleiste für die Bohrungsbearbeitung oder als konkave Oberfläche für eine Finish-Honleiste für Außenbearbeitung von Wellen. Auch kann die Ebene eben verlaufen, welches für die Planbearbeitung notwendig ist.The embrittlement is exemplified by the treatment of the surface with a laser beam. However, no selective ablation is practiced, but local melting and re-solidification in which oxidation of the metal matrix in the atmosphere takes place, e.g. Nitrogen, carbon or oxygen takes place. This leads to embrittlement of the edge zone. Furthermore, the embrittlement is promoted by the steep cooling gradient, so that thermal stresses occur in the structure and thereby microcracks form, resulting in the formation of conglomerates. The depth to which the laser beam acts in the peripheral zone is a parameter of the process. The plane up to which the edge zone change takes place can also be arched, as a convex surface for a honing stone for the bore machining or as a concave surface for a finish honing stone for external machining of waves. Also, the plane can run, which is necessary for the plan processing.

Der Laserstrahl kann an der Arbeitsfläche längliche Riefen oder punktförmige Vertiefungen mit seitlichen Grataufwürfen erzeugen. Diese Riefen oder Vertiefungen können mit einem Laserstrahl erzeugt werden, dessen Fokus F sich in unmittelbarer Nähe der Oberfläche des Rohlings befindet.The laser beam can produce elongated grooves or punctiform depressions with lateral burrs on the work surface. These grooves or depressions can be generated with a laser beam whose focus F is in the immediate vicinity of the surface of the blank.

Die Riefen oder punktförmigen Vertiefungen können in beliebiger Anordnung auf der Oberfläche des Rohlings eingebracht werden. Sie können auch in unterschiedlicher Dichte angeordnet werden, so dass lokal ein unterschiedlicher Grad an Versprödung entsteht. Diese Grate oder Grataufwürfe entlang den Riefen sind ebenfalls versprödet und üben ebenfalls eine abrasive Funktion auf die benachbarte Bindungsfläche aus.The grooves or punctiform depressions can be introduced in any desired arrangement on the surface of the blank. They can also be arranged in different densities, so that locally a different degree of embrittlement arises. These burrs along the scratches are also brittle and also exert an abrasive function on the adjacent bonding surface.

Alternativ kann die erfindungsgemäße Gefügeveränderung auch mit einem defokussierten Laserstrahl erzeugt werden können, dessen Fokus F einen gewissen Abstand zu der Oberfläche des Rohlings hat.Alternatively, the structural change according to the invention can also be produced with a defocused laser beam whose focus F has a certain distance from the surface of the blank.

Dann wird bei ausreichender Strahlintensität die Oberfläche des Rohlings flächig und ohne Lücken vom Laserstrahl erfasst, so dass keine Riefen oder Vertiefungen entstehen, sondern eine vollflächige Gefügeumwandlung stattfindet, was in der Regel die Bildung von grobkörnigen Konglomeraten bzw. eine Versprödung bewirkt.Then, with sufficient beam intensity, the surface of the blank surface and without gaps detected by the laser beam, so that no grooves or depressions occur, but a full-surface microstructure transformation takes place, which usually causes the formation of coarse-grained conglomerates or embrittlement.

Nachdem eine derartig aufbereitete Arbeitsfläche einer Honleiste in das Honwerkzeug eingebaut wurde, erfolgt der erste Kontakt der Honleistenfläche mit der Bohrungswandung. Unter Einfluss der Kinematik und wegen des Anpressdrucks der Honleiste wird die Randzonenstruktur, welche durch den vorhergehenden erfindungsgemäßen Prozess, insbesondere die thermische Behandlung der Randzone durch einen Laser, einen Elektronenstrahl oder auf andere Weise, grobkörnig und niedrig kohäsiv beschaffen ist, durch Gleitverschleiß schnell abgetragen.After such a processed working surface of a honing stone was installed in the honing tool, the first contact of the honing stone surface is carried out with the bore wall. Under the influence of the kinematics and because of the contact pressure of the honing stone, the edge zone structure, which is obtained by the preceding process according to the invention, in particular the thermal treatment of the edge zone by a laser, an electron beam or in another way, coarse-grained and low-cohesive, is quickly removed by sliding wear.

Bereits nach wenigen Doppelhüben ist die Randzone abgetragen, so dass die Ebene freiliegt, ab der die gesinterte und unveränderte Bindungsstruktur vorliegt. Diese Ebene ist die Arbeitsfläche der Honleiste bzw. des Schneidwerkzeugs.After only a few double strokes, the edge zone is removed, so that the plane is exposed, from which the sintered and unchanged bond structure is present. This plane is the working surface of the honing stone or the cutting tool.

Da jedoch Schneidkörner teilweise in die versprödete Randzone hineinragten, aber überwiegend in der Feinstruktur der gesinterten Bindung verankert sind, stehen diese Schneidkörner nach dem Abtrag der Randzone über die Oberfläche der Bindung hinaus und stehen für den Abtragprozess sofort zur Verfügung. Diese Oberfläche ist die Arbeitsfläche der Honleiste.
Zusätzlich entsteht eine Läppwirkung, da die Grate an der Laserspur ebenfalls abrasiv wirken; so wie ein freies Läppkorn, welches sich zwischen Bindung und Bohrungswand herausbewegt.However, since cutting grains partially protrude into the embrittled edge zone, but are predominantly anchored in the fine structure of the sintered bond, these cutting grains are beyond the surface of the bond after removal of the edge zone and are immediately available for the removal process. This surface is the working surface of the honing stone.
In addition, a lapping effect, since the burrs on the laser track also have an abrasive effect; as a free Läppkorn, which moves out between bond and bore wall.

Es bleibt zu erwähnen, dass der Laserprozess angewendet werden kann unabhängig von der topografischen Beschaffenheit der Honleistenfläche. Die Laserbehandlung kann unmittelbar nach dem Sintern erfolgen, es kann jedoch auch eine bereits geschliffene Arbeitsfläche vorliegen, die deshalb geschliffen wurde, um als Auflagefläche zu dienen für die Bearbeitung anderer Geometrien der Honleiste, welche in ihrer Lage von der Arbeitsfläche abhängig sind. Für den erfindungsgemäßen Prozess ist die Beschaffenheit der Oberfläche nicht maßgebend.It should be noted that the laser process can be applied regardless of the topographical nature of the honing stone surface. The laser treatment can be done immediately after sintering, but it may also be an already ground work surface, which was therefore ground to serve as a support surface for the treatment of other geometries of the honing stone, which are dependent on the position of the work surface. The nature of the surface is not decisive for the process according to the invention.

Das vorgeschlagene Verfahren verkürzt den Herstellungsprozess der Werkzeuge, wie z. B. Honleisten, Finish-Steine oder Schleif-Werkzeuge, vom Herstellen des Rohlings, z. B. durch Sintern bis zur einsatzfähigen Honleistenoberfläche ganz erheblich. Damit sind erhebliche Kosteneinsparungen verbunden. Bearbeitungs- und Durchlaufzeiten von mehreren Stunden werden reduziert auf einige Minuten. Das Rundschleifen und anschließende Aufrauen mit losem Korn kann vollständig entfallen.The proposed method shortens the manufacturing process of the tools, such. As honing stones, finishing stones or grinding tools, from the production of the blank, z. B. by sintering to the operational honing stone surface quite considerably. This involves significant cost savings. Processing and processing times of several hours are reduced to a few minutes. The cylindrical grinding and subsequent roughening with loose grain can be completely eliminated.

Weiter Vorteile und vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen der Erfindung sind der nachfolgenden Zeichnung und deren Beschreibung entnehmbar.Further advantages and advantageous embodiments of the invention are the following drawings and their description can be removed.

Zeichnung:

  • Figur 1: ein nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren bearbeiteter Rohling im Längsschnitt,
  • Figur 2: der Rohling gemäß Figur 1 mit freigelegter Arbeitsfläche,
  • Figur 3: Schnittdarstellungen von nach dem erfindungsgemäßen Verfahren bearbeiteten Rohlingen,
  • Figur 4: eine schematische Darstellung der erfindungsgemäßen Gefügeumwandlung durch einen defokussierten Laserstrahl;
  • Figur 4: eine partiell bearbeitete Oberfläche eines Rohlings Figur 5: eine Ansicht von oben auf eine Oberfläche eines Rohlings;
  • Figur 6: eine partiell bearbeitete Oberfläche eines Rohlings und
  • Figur 7: die freigelegte Arbeitsfläche eines erfindungsgemäßen Werkzeugs.
Drawing:
  • FIG. 1 : a blank processed by the method according to the invention in longitudinal section,
  • FIG. 2 : the blank according to FIG. 1 with exposed work surface,
  • FIG. 3 : Sectional views of blanks processed by the method according to the invention,
  • FIG. 4 : a schematic representation of the structural transformation according to the invention by a defocused laser beam;
  • FIG. 4 : a partially machined surface of a blank FIG. 5 a top view of a surface of a blank;
  • FIG. 6 : a partially machined surface of a blank and
  • FIG. 7 : the exposed working surface of a tool according to the invention.

Beschreibung der AusführungsbeispieleDescription of the embodiments

In der Figur 1 wird als Beispiel für ein erfindungsgemäßes Werkzeug eine Honleiste 20 im Längsschnitt nach der erfindungsgemäßen Versprödung einer Randzone 3 dargestellt.In the FIG. 1 As an example of a tool according to the invention, a honing stone 20 is shown in longitudinal section after the embrittlement of a marginal zone 3 according to the invention.

Die Honleiste 20 umfasst einen Fuß 1 (der auch als Tragleiste bezeichnet wird). Der Fuß 1 besteht meistens aus Stahl. Auf dem Fuß 1 wird Material in der Regel durch Sintern aufgebracht. Es werden auch Honleisten ohne Stahlfuß hergestellt. Für die Anwendung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist dies jedoch ohne Bedeutung.The honing stone 20 comprises a foot 1 (which is also referred to as a support bar). The foot 1 is usually made of steel. On the foot 1 material is usually applied by sintering. There are also honing stones without steel foot made. For the application of the method according to the invention, however, this is irrelevant.

Das Material ist ein Sintergefüge 2 und besteht aus einer Bindung oder Bindungsmatrix 4 und Schneidmittel 5, welches in die Bindung 4 eingebettet ist. Nach dem Sintern erstreckt sich das Sintergefüge 2 vom Fuß 1 bis zu einer Oberfläche 15 eines gesinterten Rohlings. Dieser Zustand ist nicht dargestellt in Figur 1.The material is a sintered structure 2 and consists of a bond or bonding matrix 4 and cutting means 5, which is embedded in the bond 4. After sintering, the sintered structure 2 extends from the foot 1 to a surface 15 of a sintered blank. This condition is not shown in FIG. 1 ,

Erfindungsgemäß wird im Bereich einer Randzone 3 das Gefüge des Rohlings gezielt verändert. Die Gefügeveränderung kann in der Bildung von relativ grobkörnigen Konglomeraten bestehen, die untereinander nur schwach verbunden sind, so dass die Matrix im Bereich der Randzone 3 versprödet.According to the structure of the blank is selectively changed in the region of an edge zone 3. The structural change may consist in the formation of relatively coarse-grained conglomerates, which are only weakly interconnected, so that the matrix embrittles in the region of the edge zone 3.

Die Versprödung kann thermisch oder auf andere Weise, z. B. chemisch oder mechanisch, erfolgen. Die thermische Versprödung kann zum Beispiel durch einen Laserstrahl, einen Elektronenstrahl oder durch Induktion erfolgen. Wichtig ist in jedem Fall, dass die gewünschte Gefügeveränderung und/oder Versprödung stattfindet; meist bildet sich durch die erfindungsgemäße Behandlung der Randzone 3 dort ein gröberes Gefüge, das im Zusammenhang mit der Erfindung auch als Konglomerat bezeichnet wird.The embrittlement can thermally or otherwise, for. As chemical or mechanical, done. The thermal embrittlement can be done for example by a laser beam, an electron beam or by induction. It is important in any case that the desired structural change and / or embrittlement takes place; The treatment of the edge zone 3 according to the invention usually forms a coarser structure there, which is also referred to as a conglomerate in connection with the invention.

Die spätere Arbeitsfläche 6 der Honleiste 20 liegt im Inneren des Rohlings an der Grenze zwischen der Randzone 3 und dem verbliebenen Sintergefüge 2, dessen Gefüge nicht verändert wurde.The later working surface 6 of the honing stone 20 lies in the interior of the blank at the boundary between the edge zone 3 and the remaining sintered structure 2 whose structure has not been changed.

Die Lage und Form der Arbeitsfläche 6 wird durch eine Tiefe T der Randzone 3 bestimmt. Anders ausgedrückt: Durch die Steuerung der lokalen Eindringtiefe der erfindungsgemäßen Versprödung und/oder Gefügeumwandlung ausgehend von der Oberfläche 15 werden die Lage und die Form der Arbeitsfläche 6 gesteuert. Weil ein Laserstrahl und ein Elektronenstrahl das Sintergefüge 2 "punktgenau" umwandeln, lassen sich auch gekrümmte Arbeitsflächen 6 (siehe die Figur 3a und c) sehr präzise und reproduzierbar ohne nennenswerten zusätzlichen Aufwand herstellen. Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren ist jedoch nicht auf diese Strahlquellen beschränkt.The position and shape of the working surface 6 is determined by a depth T of the edge zone 3. In other words, by controlling the local penetration depth of the embrittlement according to the invention and / or structural transformation starting from the surface 15, the position and the shape of the working surface 6 are controlled. Because a laser beam and an electron beam convert the sintered structure 2 "precisely", curved work surfaces 6 (see FIGS Figure 3a and c ) produce very precise and reproducible without significant additional effort. However, the method according to the invention is not limited to these beam sources.

Die Randzone 3 ist in der Figur 1 nach der erfindungsgemäßen Gefügeumwandlung dargestellt. Sie stellt sich als grobkörnige, versprödete Struktur mit Konglomeraten 13 dar, in der jedoch auch Schneidmittel 5 eingelagert sind. Das Bezugszeichen 6 kennzeichnet die Arbeitsfläche der Honleiste 20. In diesem Zustand ist die Bearbeitung der Honleiste 20 abgeschlossen. Die Randzone 3 muss nicht beim Hersteller der Honleiste 20 entfernt werden. Das kann vielmehr beim Anwender erfolgen, wenn die Honleiste 20 und mit ihr die Randzone 3 in Kontakt mit dem Werkstück gelangt. Dann verschleißt die Randzone 3 sehr schnell und legt die Arbeitsfläche 6 frei.The edge zone 3 is in the FIG. 1 shown according to the microstructure conversion of the invention. It presents itself as a coarse-grained, embrittled structure with conglomerates 13, in which, however, also cutting means 5 are embedded. The reference numeral 6 indicates the working surface of the honing stone 20. In this state, the machining of the honing stone 20 is completed. The edge zone 3 does not have to be removed from the manufacturer of the honing stone 20. This can rather be done by the user when the honing stone 20 and with it the edge zone 3 comes into contact with the workpiece. Then the edge zone 3 wears very quickly and exposes the work surface 6.

In der Figur 2 ist die eingelaufene Honleiste 2 mit freigelegter Arbeitsfläche 6 dargestellt. Die Arbeitsfläche 6 weist erhabene Schneidkörner 8 auf. Diese erhabenen Schneidkörner 8 sind überwiegend im Sintergefüge verankert und ragen im Bereich der Arbeitsfläche 6 mit dem Teil über die Bindung 4 hinaus dem sie in die Randzone 3 Randzone hineinragten. Das erhabene Schneidkorn 8 ragt über die zurück gesetzte Bindungsmatrix heraus.In the FIG. 2 the run in honing stone 2 with exposed work surface 6 is shown. The work surface 6 has raised cutting grains 8. These raised cutting grains 8 are predominantly anchored in the sintered structure and protrude in the area of the working surface 6 with the part the bond 4 beyond which they protrude into the edge zone 3 edge zone. The raised cutting grain 8 protrudes beyond the set back binding matrix.

Figur 3 zeigt verschiedene Ausführungen von Laserbehandlungen. In der Figur 3 a) ist die Arbeitsfläche 6 der Honleiste konvex gekrümmt. Die Krümmung der Arbeitsfläche 6 entspricht dem Krümmungsradius der zu bearbeitenden (Zylinder-)Bohrung. FIG. 3 shows different versions of laser treatments. In the FIG. 3 a) the working surface 6 of the honing stone is curved convexly. The curvature of the working surface 6 corresponds to the radius of curvature of the (cylinder) bore to be machined.

In der Figur 3 b) ist die Arbeitsfläche 6 der Honleiste eben.In the FIG. 3 b) is the working surface 6 of the honing stone level.

In der Figur 3 c) ist die Arbeitsfläche 6 der Honleiste konkav gekrümmt. Die Krümmung der Arbeitsfläche 6 kann dem Radius der Kolbenstange eines Hydraulikzylinders entsprechen, der durch Langhubhonen bearbeitet werden soll.In the FIG. 3 c) the working surface 6 of the honing stone is concavely curved. The curvature of the working surface 6 may correspond to the radius of the piston rod of a hydraulic cylinder to be processed by Langhubhonen.

In der Figur 4 ist die Bearbeitung/Gefügeveränderung der Oberfläche 15 eines Rohlings mit Hilfe eines Laserstrahls sehr schematisch und stark vereinfacht dargestellt.In the FIG. 4 the processing / structural change of the surface 15 of a blank by means of a laser beam is shown very schematically and greatly simplified.

Mit dem Bezugszeichen 19 ist eine Laserquelle bezeichnet. Die Laserquelle erzeugt einen Laserstrahl 21, der einen Brennpunkt F aufweist. In der Figur 4 befindet sich der Brennpunkt F beabstandet zu der Oberfläche 15 des Rohlings 20. Dies bedeutet, dass der Laserstrahl 21 dort wo er auf der Oberfläche 15 des Rohlings 20 auftrifft, einen Durchmesser D aufweist, der größer ist als die Dicke des Laserstrahls 19 im Brennpunkt F.Reference numeral 19 denotes a laser source. The laser source generates a laser beam 21 having a focal point F. In the FIG. 4 the focal point F is spaced from the surface 15 of the blank 20. This means that the laser beam 21, where it impinges on the surface 15 of the blank 20, has a diameter D which is greater than the thickness of the laser beam 19 at the focal point F. ,

Durch die Lage des Brennpunkts F relativ zu der Oberfläche 15 des Rohlings 20 kann der Durchmesser D des Laserstrahls 21 an der Oberfläche 15 gesteuert werden. Gleichzeitig wird damit auch die Leistungsdichte [W/mm2] des Laserstrahls 19 auf der Oberfläche 15 gesteuert. Wenn also die Leistungsdichte erhöht werden soll, dann wird der Brennpunkt F näher an die Oberfläche oder direkt in die Oberfläche 15 des Rohlings gelegt.Due to the position of the focal point F relative to the surface 15 of the blank 20, the diameter D of the laser beam 21 at the surface 15 can be controlled. At the same time thus also the power density [W / mm 2 ] of the laser beam 19 on the surface 15 controlled. Thus, when the power density is to be increased, the focal point F is placed closer to the surface or directly into the surface 15 of the blank.

Wenn die Leistungsdichte verringert werden soll, wird der Abstand zwischen dem Brennpunkt F und der Oberfläche 15 des Rohlings vergrößert.When the power density is to be reduced, the distance between the focal point F and the surface 15 of the blank is increased.

Über die Leistungsdichte lässt sich die Tiefe T (siehe Figur 3) der Gefügeveränderung steuern. Ein weiterer Parameter zur Steuerung der Tiefe T und damit der Dicke der Randzone 3 ist die Leistung des Laserstrahls 21.About the power density, the depth T (see FIG. 3 ) control the structural change. Another parameter for controlling the depth T and thus the thickness of the edge zone 3 is the power of the laser beam 21.

Ein Laserstrahl ist wegen seiner guten Steuerbarkeit besonders geeignet, um die erwünschte Gefügeveränderung im Bereich der Randzone 3 vorzunehmen. Selbstverständlich ist die Erfindung jedoch nicht auf diese Energiequelle beschränkt.
Die konvexe Trennfläche zwischen Sintergefüge und versprödeter Randzone kann durch die Absorption des Laserstrahls und dessen Parametrisierung erzeugt werden.Due to its good controllability, a laser beam is particularly suitable for effecting the desired microstructural change in the region of the edge zone 3. Of course, the invention is not limited to this source of energy.
The convex interface between sintered structure and embrittled edge zone can be generated by the absorption of the laser beam and its parameterization.

In der Figur 5 ist ebenfalls sehr schematisch eine Oberfläche 15 eines Rohlings von oben dargestellt. Mit den strichpunktierten Linien 17 ist der Weg des Laserstrahls 21 über dieser Oberfläche 15 dargestellt. Der Laserstrahl 21 wird auf parallelen Bahnen, die zueinander beabstandet sind, geführt. Wenn der Abstand S zwischen zwei benachbarten Bahnen 17 gleich oder kleiner dem Durchmesser D des Laserstrahls 21 ist, dort wo er auf der Oberfläche 15 auftrifft, dann wird die gesamte Oberfläche 15 mindestens einmal von dem Laserstrahl 21 erfasst und es findet auf der gesamten Oberfläche 15 die gewünschte Gefügeumwandlung statt.In the FIG. 5 is also very schematically a surface 15 of a blank shown from above. With the dotted lines 17, the path of the laser beam 21 is shown above this surface 15. The laser beam 21 is guided on parallel tracks which are spaced apart from each other. If the distance S between two adjacent tracks 17 is equal to or smaller than the diameter D of the laser beam 21, where it impinges on the surface 15, then the entire surface 15 is detected at least once by the laser beam 21 and it is located on the entire surface 15 the desired structural transformation instead.

Wenn der Durchmesser D des Laserstrahls kleiner ist als der Abstand S der Bahnen 17 entlang derer der Laserstrahl 21 über die Oberfläche 15 geführt wird, dann bleiben zwischen den Bahnen 17 schmale Streifen stehen, die der Laserstrahl 21 nicht erfasst hat. Je nachdem wie hoch die Leistungsdichte des Laserstrahls 21 ist und wie schnell der Laserstrahl entlang der Bahnen 17 geführt wurde, kann trotzdem in diesen nicht direkt vom Laserstrahl 21 erfassten Bereichen die gewünschte Gefügeveränderung stattfinden.If the diameter D of the laser beam is smaller than the distance S of the tracks 17 along which the laser beam 21 is guided over the surface 15, then narrow strips remain between the tracks 17 which the laser beam 21 has not detected. Depending on how high the power density of the laser beam 21 is and how fast the laser beam has been guided along the tracks 17, the desired structural change can still take place in these areas not directly covered by the laser beam 21.

Es ist jedoch auch möglich, dass in diesem schmalen Streifen keine Gefügeveränderung stattfindet. Diese schmalen Streifen können, wenn die Randzone in Kontakt mit dem zu bearbeitenden Werkstück gebracht wird, den auf sie wirkenden Kräften nicht widerstehen und brechen dann sehr schnell ab, so dass auch bei dieser Strahlführung der erfindungsgemäße Effekt eintritt, dass nämlich nach wenig beziehungsweise sehr kurzen Kontaktzeit zwischen der Randzone 3 und der Oberfläche des zu bearbeitenden Werkstücks die Randzone verschleißt und die eigentliche Arbeitsfläche freigelegt wird.However, it is also possible that no structural change takes place in this narrow strip. These narrow strips can, if the edge zone is brought into contact with the workpiece to be machined, not withstand the forces acting on them and then break off very quickly, so that even with this beam guide the effect according to the invention occurs, namely that little or very short Contact time between the edge zone 3 and the surface of the workpiece to be machined wears the edge zone and the actual work surface is exposed.

Der Laserstrahl kann, wie erläutert, sowohl flächig als auch linien- oder punktförmig in bestimmten Mustern die Oberfläche erfassen und dort die Gefügeumwandlung herbeiführen.The laser beam can, as explained, both surface and line or punctiform in certain patterns capture the surface and cause the structural transformation there.

Die Versprödung der Randzone kann unterschiedliche Skalierungen aufweisen, von einer Versprödung in sehr geringer Tiefe bis zu einem Abtragen vom versprödeten Material. Die Laserbehandlung kann flächig erfolgen aber auch linienförmig in unterschiedlichen Abständen und energetischen Intensitäten.The embrittlement of the edge zone can have different scales, from embrittlement at very shallow depth to erosion from the embrittled one Material. The laser treatment can be flat but also linear at different distances and energetic intensities.

Figur 6 zeigt eine REM-Aufnahme einer erfindungsgemäßen Arbeitsfläche einer Honleiste. Dabei wurde ein fokussierter Laserstrahl entlang einer Linie 17 über die Arbeitsfläche 6 geführt. Dadurch entstanden eine Riefe und Konglomerate 13. FIG. 6 shows a SEM image of a working surface according to the invention a honing stone. In this case, a focused laser beam was guided along a line 17 over the working surface 6. This created a groove and conglomerates 13.

Die Riefe ist die unmittelbare Spur des Laserstrahls. Rechts davon sind die Gefügeveränderungen, bzw. die Konglomerate 13 sichtbar. Bei diesem Ausführungsbeispiel haben die Konglomerate 13 ganz unterschiedliche Größen, zwischen denen Risse vorhanden sind, die eine deutliche Lockerung der Bindung untereinander bewirken und Teil der Gefügeuwmandlung sind.The ridge is the immediate track of the laser beam. To the right of this, the structural changes or conglomerates 13 are visible. In this embodiment, the conglomerates 13 have very different sizes, between which cracks are present, which cause a significant loosening of the bond with each other and are part of the Gefügeuwmandlung.

Die Grate 25 unmittelbar neben der Riefe an der Laserspur wirken ebenfalls abrasiv, so wie ein freies Läppkorn, welches sich zwischen Bindung und Bohrungswand herausbewegt. Diese Struktur ist die Voraussetzung für den zuvor beschriebenen Verschleißmechanismus.The ridges 25 immediately adjacent to the groove on the laser track are also abrasive, such as a free lapping grain moving out between the bond and the bore wall. This structure is the prerequisite for the wear mechanism described above.

Figur 7 zeigt eine eingelaufene Honleiste nach Abtrag der versprödeten Randzone. Deutlich erkennbar sind die Laufspuren im Bereich der Matrix, welche durch die Verfahrenstypische Kinematik des Honens, nämlich der Überlagerung von Dreh- und Hubbewegungen entstanden sind. Die Schneidkristalle 8 ragen aus der Matrix heraus, befinden sich aber mit dem überwiegenden Teil ihres Volumens in der Matrix. Damit sind sie fest verankert und können Werkstoff abtragen. FIG. 7 shows a run in honing stone after removal of the embrittled edge zone. Clearly recognizable are the tracks in the area of the matrix, which are caused by the process-typical kinematics of honing, namely the superposition of rotary and lifting movements. The cutting crystals 8 protrude from the matrix, but are in the matrix with most of their volume. So they are firmly anchored and can remove material.

Claims (12)

  1. Method of manufacturing tools for machining with a geometrically undefined machining periphery, the machining grains (5) being bound in a bond (4), and the tool (20) having at least one working surface (6), characterised in that, starting from a blank of the tool (20), the shape and/or position of the working surface (6) are defined by a locally restricted alteration of the microstructure of the bond (4).
  2. Method according to claim 1, characterised in that the alteration of the microstructure is different locally in respect of its intensity and/or depth of penetration (T).
  3. Method according to claim 1 or 2, characterised in that the alteration of the microstructure causes a local embrittlement of a marginal zone (3), the marginal zone (3) being understood to mean that region of the material which is situated immediately below the surface.
  4. Method according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterised in that the alteration of the microstructure is performed by the forming of conglomerates (13) in the bond (4) and/or by the forming of cracks between the conglomerates (13).
  5. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the alteration of the microstructure is performed thermally.
  6. Method according to claim 5, characterised in that the alteration of the microstructure is performed by a laser beam (21), by an electron beam and/or by induction.
  7. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the alteration of the microstructure is performed chemically.
  8. Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterised in that the bond (4) contains copper, and in that the local alteration of the microstructure in the bond (4) is performed by hydrogen.
  9. Method according to one of the preceding claims, characterised in that the alteration of the microstructure is performed mechanically.
  10. Tool for machining with a geometrically undefined machining periphery, comprising a bond (4) in which machining grains (5) are bound, characterised in that it is manufactured by one of the preceding methods.
  11. Tool according to claim 10, characterised in that it is a honing stone (20), a superfinishing stone or a grinding tool.
  12. Use of a tool according to claim 10 or 11 for machining with a geometrically undefined machining periphery.
EP17151452.4A 2016-01-22 2017-01-13 Method for manufacturing tools for machining with a geometrically undefined cutter Active EP3195978B1 (en)

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DE102016200943.5A DE102016200943B3 (en) 2016-01-22 2016-01-22 Method for producing tools for machining with a geometrically undefined cutting edge

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DE102019202533A1 (en) * 2019-02-25 2020-08-27 Elgan-Diamantwerkzeuge Gmbh & Co. Kg Method and device for the preparation of a fine machining tool and a fine machining tool
WO2022167205A1 (en) 2021-02-05 2022-08-11 Kadia Produktion Gmbh + Co. Honing bar, method for producing a honing bar and honing tool

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JP7033485B2 (en) 2018-04-17 2022-03-10 株式会社ディスコ Cutting blade shaping method
CN110793861B (en) * 2019-11-01 2020-10-13 中国石油大学(北京) Test method and device for determining hydraulic fracturing gravel penetration discharge capacity of conglomerate test piece

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JP2001062721A (en) * 1999-08-30 2001-03-13 Inst Of Physical & Chemical Res Electrolytic dressing method and device for honing stick
JP4186658B2 (en) * 2003-03-13 2008-11-26 株式会社デンソー Grinding wheel surface shape adjusting method and apparatus, grinding machine
EP1707316B1 (en) * 2005-03-28 2016-12-28 JTEKT Corporation Grindstone

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
DE102019202533A1 (en) * 2019-02-25 2020-08-27 Elgan-Diamantwerkzeuge Gmbh & Co. Kg Method and device for the preparation of a fine machining tool and a fine machining tool
WO2022167205A1 (en) 2021-02-05 2022-08-11 Kadia Produktion Gmbh + Co. Honing bar, method for producing a honing bar and honing tool
DE102021201070A1 (en) 2021-02-05 2022-08-11 Kadia Produktion Gmbh + Co. Honing stone, method for producing a honing stone and honing tool

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DE102016200943B3 (en) 2017-06-29
EP3195978A3 (en) 2017-08-02

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