EP3179114A1 - System for recovering thermal energy dissipated by a transformer immersed in an insulating liquid and transformer provided with such a system - Google Patents

System for recovering thermal energy dissipated by a transformer immersed in an insulating liquid and transformer provided with such a system Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3179114A1
EP3179114A1 EP16202667.8A EP16202667A EP3179114A1 EP 3179114 A1 EP3179114 A1 EP 3179114A1 EP 16202667 A EP16202667 A EP 16202667A EP 3179114 A1 EP3179114 A1 EP 3179114A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
transformer
insulating liquid
film
immersed
thermoelectric film
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EP16202667.8A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
André-Philippe CHAMARET
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SNCF Voyageurs SA
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SNCF Mobilites
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Publication of EP3179114A1 publication Critical patent/EP3179114A1/en
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    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/28—Coils; Windings; Conductive connections
    • H01F27/32—Insulating of coils, windings, or parts thereof
    • H01F27/324—Insulation between coil and core, between different winding sections, around the coil; Other insulation structures
    • H—ELECTRICITY
    • H01—ELECTRIC ELEMENTS
    • H01F—MAGNETS; INDUCTANCES; TRANSFORMERS; SELECTION OF MATERIALS FOR THEIR MAGNETIC PROPERTIES
    • H01F27/00—Details of transformers or inductances, in general
    • H01F27/08—Cooling; Ventilating

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a system for recovering thermal energy dissipated by an electrical power transformer immersed in an insulating liquid.
  • the invention also relates to a transformer immersed in an insulating liquid equipped with such a thermal energy recovery system.
  • High voltage electrical equipment such as transformers, is usually immersed in an insulating liquid.
  • Such a submerged transformer generally comprises one or more tanks in which are housed the electrical elements of the transformer (the primary and secondary windings, generally formed of copper coils, and the magnetic circuits carrying these windings). These electrical elements, also referred to as “active parts” are immersed in an insulating liquid to be able to be cooled.
  • the insulating liquid is dielectric and heat-carrying. The latter isolates the active parts from each other and from the mass. The insulating liquid also cools the active parts of the transformer.
  • the insulating liquid is typically mineral oil or silicone oil.
  • Submerged transformers also include an expansion tank.
  • This expansion vessel arranged above the tanks, allows a variation of the level of insulating liquid in the tank without impacting the pressure in the transformer or discover the active parts. Indeed, the volume of the insulating liquids varies according to the temperature of the liquid. Thus, as the temperature increases, the insulating liquid expands and the pressure in the transformer increases. Conversely, when the transformer cools, the insulation liquid contracts, the pressure in the transformer decreases.
  • a submerged transformer also generally comprises heat exchangers, of the radiator type, which are connected to the tanks via tubings allowing the flow of the insulating liquid between the tanks and the external radiators. These radiators form a cooling system of the transformer.
  • An immersed transformer produces heat through the electrical elements (copper coils, magnetic circuits, electrical connections) that compose it.
  • This thermal energy dissipated by the transformer results in particular Joule losses losses of copper coils, eddy current losses of the associated conductors, loss of magnetic circuits at the burrs, hardened zones, etc.
  • the losses can be significant (of the order of 100 to 200 kW) for the transformers of the motor vehicles of railway rolling stock.
  • the inventors have sought to improve the energy efficiency of transformers by implementing a device for recovering the electrical energy dissipated by a submerged transformer.
  • the invention aims to provide a thermal energy recovery system dissipated by a power transformer immersed in an insulating liquid.
  • the invention also aims at providing, in at least one embodiment, a system which makes it possible to improve the energy efficiency of the submerged power transformer and generally to improve the energy efficiency of any electrical chain comprising this power transformer. immersed.
  • the invention aims in particular to provide, in at least one embodiment of the invention, a system which makes it possible to reduce the energy consumption of the electrical chain comprising a power transformer immersed.
  • the invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment of the invention, a system that reduces the sensitivity of the submerged power transformer to atmospheric conditions in the case where the transformer is used outdoors.
  • the invention also aims at providing a rail vehicle power unit equipped with a thermal energy recovery system according to the invention.
  • the invention relates to a system for recovering thermal energy dissipated by an electrical transformer immersed in a dielectric insulating liquid and comprising windings and magnetic circuits bathed in this insulating liquid and, at least one pipe element receiving said insulating liquid.
  • the invention relates to a thermal energy recovery system for equipping a transformer immersed in a dielectric insulating liquid.
  • the system according to the invention comprises at least one flexible thermoelectric film adapted to be wound around a transformer piping element (for example a tank of the transformer in which the windings and the magnetic circuits are installed and / or a tubing connecting a tank to an auxiliary member such as a cooling radiator of the transformer) and at least one electric charge supplied with current by the thermoelectric film.
  • a transformer piping element for example a tank of the transformer in which the windings and the magnetic circuits are installed and / or a tubing connecting a tank to an auxiliary member such as a cooling radiator of the transformer
  • thermoelectric film is a film capable of transforming an energy heat in an electric energy. Also, the inventors came up with the idea of using such a thermoelectric film and winding it around a piping element of an immersed transformer to recover the energy dissipated by the transformer and to transform this thermal energy into energy. electric. Indeed, the active parts of the transformer (windings and magnetic circuits) heat up when the transformer is in operation. This heating is captured by the insulating liquid in which the active parts are immersed. This captured heat is naturally transmitted to the walls of the pipe elements that receive the insulating liquid. Also, the thermoelectric films wound around these piping elements (tanks and / or pipes) capture the heat of the insulating liquid, directly resulting from the thermal heat dissipated by the transformer.
  • each pipe element - in particular each tank and each tubular - is surrounded by a thermoelectric film so as to be able to capture the heat dissipated at the various places where this dissipation occurs.
  • the inventors have imagined recovering this dissipated thermal energy to transform it into exploitable electric energy for other applications.
  • the system according to the invention allows the supply of an electric charge directly from the energy produced by the thermoplastic film (s) wound (s) around the element (s) ) of the transformer piping.
  • a system according to the invention thus makes it possible to improve the efficiency of the transformer and to reduce the power consumption of any architecture implementing a system according to the invention.
  • a system according to the invention also makes it possible to limit the heating phenomena of the transformer by capturing the thermal energy.
  • a system according to the invention serves as the thermal insulation of the transformer. This feature is particularly interesting for a transformer installed outdoors and subject to the vagaries of weather conditions, which is particularly the case for some transformers mounted on the roof of motor vehicles.
  • a system according to the invention comprises at least one electrical energy storage device connected to said thermoelectric film (s) so as to be able to store the electrical energy produced by this thermoelectric film (s) in order to a subsequent use.
  • the electrical energy produced by the system can be stored in a storage battery or equivalent means. This makes it possible to constitute a reserve of usable electrical energy when necessary, either to supply an electric charge of the system when the transformer is not in operation (it does not then dissipate more heat and the system therefore no longer produces electrical energy ), or to supply an accessory electrical accessory later.
  • a system according to the invention comprises at least one electric converter arranged between said thermoelectric film (s) and said electric charge (s) so as to be able to transform the energy produced in electrical energy compatible with the said charge (s).
  • the system provides a converter configured to adapt the current delivered to a specific load.
  • a system according to the invention comprises a plurality of auxiliary equipment supplied with current by the energy produced by the said thermoelectric film (s).
  • said plurality of auxiliary equipment comprises at least sensors for monitoring the immersed transformer.
  • the system is autonomous in energy and the monitoring of the transformer is carried out by the use of sensors which are supplied with current by the electrical energy produced by the recovery system.
  • sensors are, for example, temperature sensors of the insulating liquid of the tanks, gas analyzers present in the insulating liquid and, in general, all types of sensors making it possible to monitor the parameters of the transformer.
  • each vessel and each tubular is covered with a flexible thermoelectric film.
  • a system according to this variant makes it possible to optimize the recovery of the thermal energy dissipated by the transformer by covering each pipe element likely to heat up during operation of the transformer by a thermoelectric film.
  • At least one flexible thermoelectric film is a film of thin semiconductors or a film of Seebeck effect cells interconnected.
  • the invention also relates to an electrical transformer immersed in a dielectric insulating liquid comprising at least one pipe element containing a dielectric insulating liquid able to heat up in contact with windings and magnetic circuits bathed in this insulating liquid, characterized in that it is equipped with a thermal energy recovery system according to the invention.
  • said pipe element is a tank in which are housed said windings and magnetic circuits and / or a pipe connecting this tank to an external device, the cooling radiator type.
  • thermoelectric films can be wound on each transformer piping element or only on certain elements (tanks and / or pipes) depending on the targeted applications and the loads to be supplied.
  • each pipe element is covered with a thermoelectric film.
  • the invention also relates to a motor vehicle engine comprising a submerged transformer, characterized in that it comprises a system for recovering energy according to the invention
  • the invention also relates to a system for recovering thermal energy dissipated by a submerged electrical transformer and a power unit equipped with such a thermal energy recovery system characterized in combination by all or some of the characteristics mentioned above or above. after.
  • a transformer 10 according to one embodiment of the invention equipped with a thermal energy recovery system according to one embodiment of the invention is shown schematically on the figure 1 .
  • Such a transformer 10 comprises a sealed tank 11 in which are housed windings 12 and 13 magnetic circuits. These elements are visible on the figure 1 through the torn portion of the tank, it being understood that this torn portion is shown for purposes of illustration of the elements housed in the tank and that it has no real existence.
  • This tank 11 also contains a dielectric liquid insulation, which is for example a silicone oil or a carboxylic ester.
  • the transformer also comprises a pipe 18 connecting the vessel 11 to an external member, such as a cooling radiator for example (not shown in the figures).
  • the transformer 10 is equipped with a thermal energy recovery system according to the invention.
  • This system comprises a flexible thermoelectric film 20 wound around the tank 11 and an electric charge 21 connected to the thermoelectric film 20 via electrical conductors 22.
  • the thermoelectric film can be of any type. It can for example be formed by a layer of semiconductors
  • the figure 2 illustrates the principle of thermal energy recovery at a pipe element 19.
  • This element 19 of piping may be the tank 11 of the figure 1 or the tubing 18 of the figure 1 connected to the tank 11.
  • a thermoelectric film 20 is wound around this element 19 of piping.
  • the insulating liquid schematically represented by points referenced 28 on the figure 2 , is contained inside this element 19 of piping and captures the heat generated by the active parts of the transformer. On the figure 2 the active parts are not represented.
  • the element 19 of piping is the tank 11 of the figure 1
  • the active parts are directly housed in the pipe element and the insulating liquid contained in this element is directly heated by the active parts.
  • the insulating liquid of the tubing is heated by conduction of the heat captured by the insulating liquid present in the tank and transmitted to the entire liquid circuit.
  • the heat captured by the insulating liquid (either directly in the case of the tank, or indirectly in the case of a pipe) is naturally transmitted to the walls 24 of the pipe 19 element.
  • the heat captured by the walls 24 is transmitted to the thermoelectric film.
  • the film transforms the heat into electrical energy and the latter can thus feed the load 21.
  • thermoelectric film capable of producing electrical energy from small temperature differences.
  • a thermoelectric film capable of producing electrical energy from small temperature differences.
  • Such a movie can for example consist of a layer of semiconductors, Seebeck cells interconnected or any equivalent material capable of producing electrical energy from a temperature difference.
  • the figure 3 represents a system according to an embodiment of the invention comprising a transformer 10 surrounded by a thermoelectric film.
  • This representation is schematic and in practice only the tanks and / or the pipes are surrounded by thermoelectric film as explained in connection with the Figures 1 and 2 .
  • the system of figure 3 further comprises a battery 30 for storing electrical energy produced by the thermoelectric film.
  • This battery 30 is itself connected to a load 21.
  • the system also comprises a switching box 32 configured to conduct the electrical energy produced by the thermoelectric film 20 to either the storage battery 30 or directly to the consumer load 21 of electrical energy.
  • thermoelectric film powered by the thermoelectric film.
  • This equipment is for example 10 immersed transformer monitoring sensors.
  • the figure 4 is a view of a system according to another embodiment of the invention comprising a submerged transformer 10 surrounded by a thermoelectric film capable of sensing the thermal energy dissipated by the transformer at the walls of the tank 11 and / or tubings 18 connected to the tank.
  • the energy produced by the thermoelectric film 20 supplies a battery 30 which itself feeds various sensors 34a, 34b, 34c for monitoring the submerged transformer 10.

Abstract

L'invention concerne un système de récupération d'énergie thermique dissipée par un transformateur (10) électrique immergé dans un liquide (28) isolant diélectrique et comprenant des enroulements (12) et des circuits (13) magnétiques baignés dans ce liquide isolant et, au moins un élément (11, 18, 19) de tuyauterie recevant ledit liquide isolant. Il comprend en outre au moins un film (20) thermoélectrique flexible adapté pour être enroulé autour d'au moins un élément (11, 18, 19) de tuyauterie, et au moins une charge (21) électrique reliée à ce(s) film(s) (20) thermoélectrique(s) de manière à pouvoir être alimentée par une énergie électrique produite par cet(s) film(s) (20) thermoélectrique(s) au contact de ce(ces) élément(s) (11, 18, 19) de tuyauterie lorsqu'il(s) dissipe(nt) de la chaleur.The invention relates to a system for recovering thermal energy dissipated by an electrical transformer (10) immersed in a dielectric insulating liquid (28) and comprising windings (12) and magnetic circuits (13) bathed in this insulating liquid and, at least one pipe element (11, 18, 19) receiving said insulating liquid. It further comprises at least one flexible thermoelectric film (20) adapted to be wound around at least one pipe element (11, 18, 19), and at least one electric charge (21) connected to this film (s). (s) (20) thermoelectric (s) so as to be powered by an electrical energy produced by this (s) film (s) (20) thermoelectric (s) in contact with this (these) element (s) (11) , 18, 19) when they dissipate (s) heat.

Description

1. Domaine technique de l'invention1. Technical field of the invention

L'invention concerne un système de récupération d'énergie thermique dissipée par un transformateur de puissance électrique immergé dans un liquide isolant. L'invention concerne également un transformateur immergé dans un liquide isolant équipé d'un tel système de récupération d'énergie thermique.The invention relates to a system for recovering thermal energy dissipated by an electrical power transformer immersed in an insulating liquid. The invention also relates to a transformer immersed in an insulating liquid equipped with such a thermal energy recovery system.

2. Arrière-plan technologique2. Technological background

Les équipements électriques à haute tension, tels que les transformateurs sont généralement immergés dans un liquide isolant.High voltage electrical equipment, such as transformers, is usually immersed in an insulating liquid.

Un tel transformateur immergé comprend en général une ou plusieurs cuves dans lesquelles sont logés les éléments électriques du transformateur (les enroulements primaires et secondaires, formés en général de bobines de cuivre, et les circuits magnétiques portant ces enroulements). Ces éléments électriques, aussi désignés par les termes de « parties actives » sont immergés dans un liquide isolant pour pouvoir être refroidis.Such a submerged transformer generally comprises one or more tanks in which are housed the electrical elements of the transformer (the primary and secondary windings, generally formed of copper coils, and the magnetic circuits carrying these windings). These electrical elements, also referred to as "active parts" are immersed in an insulating liquid to be able to be cooled.

Le liquide isolant est diélectrique et caloporteur. Ce dernier isole les parties actives entre elles et par rapport à la masse. Le liquide isolant assure également le refroidissement des parties actives du transformateur. Le liquide isolant est typiquement de l'huile minérale ou de l'huile de silicone.The insulating liquid is dielectric and heat-carrying. The latter isolates the active parts from each other and from the mass. The insulating liquid also cools the active parts of the transformer. The insulating liquid is typically mineral oil or silicone oil.

Les transformateurs immergés comprennent également un vase d'expansion. Ce vase d'expansion, agencé au-dessus des cuves, permet une variation du niveau de liquide isolant dans la cuve sans impacter la pression dans le transformateur ni découvrir les parties actives. En effet, le volume des liquides isolants varie en fonction de la température du liquide. Ainsi, lorsque la température augmente, le liquide isolant se dilate et la pression dans le transformateur augmente. A l'inverse, quand le transformateur se refroidit, le liquide isolant se contracte, la pression dans le transformateur diminue.Submerged transformers also include an expansion tank. This expansion vessel, arranged above the tanks, allows a variation of the level of insulating liquid in the tank without impacting the pressure in the transformer or discover the active parts. Indeed, the volume of the insulating liquids varies according to the temperature of the liquid. Thus, as the temperature increases, the insulating liquid expands and the pressure in the transformer increases. Conversely, when the transformer cools, the insulation liquid contracts, the pressure in the transformer decreases.

Un transformateur immergé comprend également en général des échangeurs de chaleur, du type radiateurs, qui sont reliés aux cuves par l'intermédiaire de tubulures permettant la circulation du liquide isolant entre les cuves et les radiateurs externes. Ces radiateurs forment un système de refroidissement du transformateur.A submerged transformer also generally comprises heat exchangers, of the radiator type, which are connected to the tanks via tubings allowing the flow of the insulating liquid between the tanks and the external radiators. These radiators form a cooling system of the transformer.

Un transformateur immergé produit de la chaleur par le biais des éléments électriques (bobines de cuivre, circuits magnétiques, connexions électriques) qui le composent. Cette énergie thermique dissipée par le transformateur résulte notamment des pertes par effet Joule des bobines de cuivre, des pertes par courant de Foucault des conducteurs associés, des pertes des circuits magnétiques au niveau des bavures, des zones écrouies, etc.An immersed transformer produces heat through the electrical elements (copper coils, magnetic circuits, electrical connections) that compose it. This thermal energy dissipated by the transformer results in particular Joule losses losses of copper coils, eddy current losses of the associated conductors, loss of magnetic circuits at the burrs, hardened zones, etc.

Cette énergie thermique dissipée par le transformateur, et de manière générale par tous types d'appareils électriques immergés dans un liquide isolant, est une énergie perdue qui dégrade le rendement énergétique du transformateur.This thermal energy dissipated by the transformer, and generally by all types of electrical appliances immersed in an insulating liquid, is a lost energy which degrades the energy efficiency of the transformer.

Il a été observé par les inventeurs que les pertes peuvent être importantes (de l'ordre de 100 à 200 kW) pour les transformateurs des motrices des véhicules roulants ferroviaires.It has been observed by the inventors that the losses can be significant (of the order of 100 to 200 kW) for the transformers of the motor vehicles of railway rolling stock.

Aussi, les inventeurs ont cherché à améliorer le rendement énergétique des transformateurs par la mise en oeuvre d'un dispositif de récupération de l'énergie électrique dissipée par un transformateur immergé.Also, the inventors have sought to improve the energy efficiency of transformers by implementing a device for recovering the electrical energy dissipated by a submerged transformer.

3. Objectifs de l'invention3. Objectives of the invention

L'invention vise à fournir un système de récupération d'énergie thermique dissipée par un transformateur de puissance immergé dans un liquide isolant.The invention aims to provide a thermal energy recovery system dissipated by a power transformer immersed in an insulating liquid.

L'invention vise aussi à fournir, dans au moins un mode de réalisation, un système qui permet d'améliorer le rendement énergétique du transformateur de puissance immergé et de manière générale d'améliorer le rendement énergétique de toute chaine électrique comprenant ce transformateur de puissance immergé.The invention also aims at providing, in at least one embodiment, a system which makes it possible to improve the energy efficiency of the submerged power transformer and generally to improve the energy efficiency of any electrical chain comprising this power transformer. immersed.

L'invention vise en particulier à fournir, dans au moins un mode de réalisation de l'invention, un système qui permet de diminuer la consommation d'énergie de la chaine électrique comprenant un transformateur de puissance immergé.The invention aims in particular to provide, in at least one embodiment of the invention, a system which makes it possible to reduce the energy consumption of the electrical chain comprising a power transformer immersed.

L'invention vise aussi à fournir, dans au moins un mode de réalisation de l'invention, un système qui permet de réduire la sensibilité du transformateur de puissance immergé aux conditions atmosphériques dans le cas où ce transformateur est utilisé en extérieur.The invention also aims to provide, in at least one embodiment of the invention, a system that reduces the sensitivity of the submerged power transformer to atmospheric conditions in the case where the transformer is used outdoors.

L'invention vise également à fournir une motrice de véhicule ferroviaire équipée d'un système de récupération d'énergie thermique selon l'invention.The invention also aims at providing a rail vehicle power unit equipped with a thermal energy recovery system according to the invention.

4. Exposé de l'invention4. Presentation of the invention

Pour ce faire, l'invention concerne un système de récupération d'énergie thermique dissipée par un transformateur électrique immergé dans un liquide isolant diélectrique et comprenant des enroulements et des circuits magnétiques baignés dans ce liquide isolant et, au moins un élément de tuyauterie recevant ledit liquide isolant.To do this, the invention relates to a system for recovering thermal energy dissipated by an electrical transformer immersed in a dielectric insulating liquid and comprising windings and magnetic circuits bathed in this insulating liquid and, at least one pipe element receiving said insulating liquid.

Un système selon l'invention est caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend :

  • au moins un film thermoélectrique flexible adapté pour être enroulé autour d'au moins un élément de tuyauterie,
  • au moins une charge électrique reliée à ce(s) film(s) thermoélectrique(s) de manière à pouvoir être alimentée par une énergie électrique produite par ce(s) film(s) thermoélectrique(s) au contact de cet(ces) élément(s) de tuyauterie lorsqu'il(s) dissipe(nt) de la chaleur.
A system according to the invention is characterized in that it comprises:
  • at least one flexible thermoelectric film adapted to be wound around at least one pipe element,
  • at least one electric charge connected to the thermoelectric film (s) so as to be powered by an electric energy produced by this (s) thermoelectric film (s) in contact with this (these) piping element (s) as they dissipate (s) heat.

En d'autres termes, l'invention concerne un système de récupération d'énergie thermique destiné à équiper un transformateur immergé dans un liquide isolant diélectrique. Le système selon l'invention comprend au moins un film thermoélectrique flexible adapté pour être enroulé autour d'un élément de tuyauterie du transformateur (par exemple une cuve du transformateur dans laquelle sont installés les enroulements et les circuits magnétiques et/ou une tubulure reliant une cuve à un organe annexe tel qu'un radiateur de refroidissement du transformateur) et au moins une charge électrique alimentée en courant par le film thermoélectrique.In other words, the invention relates to a thermal energy recovery system for equipping a transformer immersed in a dielectric insulating liquid. The system according to the invention comprises at least one flexible thermoelectric film adapted to be wound around a transformer piping element (for example a tank of the transformer in which the windings and the magnetic circuits are installed and / or a tubing connecting a tank to an auxiliary member such as a cooling radiator of the transformer) and at least one electric charge supplied with current by the thermoelectric film.

Un film thermoélectrique est un film capable de transformer une énergie calorifique en une énergie électrique. Aussi, les inventeurs ont eu l'idée d'utiliser un tel film thermoélectrique et de l'enrouler autour d'un élément de tuyauterie d'un transformateur immergé pour récupérer l'énergie dissipée par le transformateur et pour transformer cette énergie thermique en énergie électrique. En effet, les parties actives du transformateur (enroulements et circuits magnétiques) s'échauffent lorsque le transformateur est en fonctionnement. Cet échauffement est capté par le liquide isolant dans lequel baignent les parties actives. Cette chaleur captée est naturellement transmise aux parois des éléments de tuyauterie qui reçoivent le liquide isolant. Aussi, les films thermoélectriques enroulés autour de ces éléments de tuyauterie (cuves et/ou tubulures) captent la chaleur du liquide isolant, directement issue de la chaleur thermique dissipée par le transformateur. Cette chaleur est transformée en énergie électrique par les films thermoélectriques. De préférence, chaque élément de tuyauterie -notamment chaque cuve et chaque tubulure- est entouré d'un film thermoélectrique de manière à pouvoir capter la chaleur dissipée aux différents endroits où cette dissipation se produit. En outre, les inventeurs ont imaginé récupérer cette énergie thermique dissipée pour la transformer en énergie électrique exploitable pour d'autres applications. Ainsi, le système selon l'invention permet l'alimentation d'une charge électrique directement à partir de l'énergie produite par le(s) film(s) thermoplastique(s) enroulé(s) autour du(des) élément(s) de tuyauterie du transformateur.A thermoelectric film is a film capable of transforming an energy heat in an electric energy. Also, the inventors came up with the idea of using such a thermoelectric film and winding it around a piping element of an immersed transformer to recover the energy dissipated by the transformer and to transform this thermal energy into energy. electric. Indeed, the active parts of the transformer (windings and magnetic circuits) heat up when the transformer is in operation. This heating is captured by the insulating liquid in which the active parts are immersed. This captured heat is naturally transmitted to the walls of the pipe elements that receive the insulating liquid. Also, the thermoelectric films wound around these piping elements (tanks and / or pipes) capture the heat of the insulating liquid, directly resulting from the thermal heat dissipated by the transformer. This heat is converted into electrical energy by the thermoelectric films. Preferably, each pipe element - in particular each tank and each tubular - is surrounded by a thermoelectric film so as to be able to capture the heat dissipated at the various places where this dissipation occurs. In addition, the inventors have imagined recovering this dissipated thermal energy to transform it into exploitable electric energy for other applications. Thus, the system according to the invention allows the supply of an electric charge directly from the energy produced by the thermoplastic film (s) wound (s) around the element (s) ) of the transformer piping.

Un système selon l'invention permet donc d'améliorer le rendement du transformateur et de diminuer la consommation d'énergie de toute architecture mettant en oeuvre un système selon l'invention. Un système selon l'invention permet également de limiter les phénomènes d'échauffement du transformateur en captant l'énergie thermique. En d'autres termes, un système selon l'invention fait office d'isolant thermique du transformateur. Cette fonctionnalité est particulièrement intéressante pour un transformateur installé en extérieur et soumis aux aléas des conditions climatiques, ce qui est notamment le cas pour certains transformateurs montés sur la toiture des motrices de véhicule ferroviaire.A system according to the invention thus makes it possible to improve the efficiency of the transformer and to reduce the power consumption of any architecture implementing a system according to the invention. A system according to the invention also makes it possible to limit the heating phenomena of the transformer by capturing the thermal energy. In other words, a system according to the invention serves as the thermal insulation of the transformer. This feature is particularly interesting for a transformer installed outdoors and subject to the vagaries of weather conditions, which is particularly the case for some transformers mounted on the roof of motor vehicles.

Avantageusement, un système selon l'invention comprend au moins un dispositif de stockage d'énergie électrique relié au(x)dit(s) film(s) thermoélectrique(s) de manière à pouvoir stocker l'énergie électrique produite par ce(s) film(s) thermoélectrique(s) en vue d'une utilisation ultérieure.Advantageously, a system according to the invention comprises at least one electrical energy storage device connected to said thermoelectric film (s) so as to be able to store the electrical energy produced by this thermoelectric film (s) in order to a subsequent use.

Selon cette variante, l'énergie électrique produite par le système peut être stockée dans une batterie de stockage ou un moyen équivalent. Cela permet de constituer une réserve d'énergie électrique utilisable lorsque nécessaire, soit pour alimenter une charge électrique du système lorsque le transformateur n'est pas en fonctionnement (il ne dissipe alors plus de chaleur et le système ne produit donc plus d'énergie électrique), soit pour alimenter un accessoire électrique annexe ultérieurement.According to this variant, the electrical energy produced by the system can be stored in a storage battery or equivalent means. This makes it possible to constitute a reserve of usable electrical energy when necessary, either to supply an electric charge of the system when the transformer is not in operation (it does not then dissipate more heat and the system therefore no longer produces electrical energy ), or to supply an accessory electrical accessory later.

Avantageusement, un système selon l'invention comprend au moins un convertisseur électrique agencé entre le(s)dit(s) film(s) thermoélectrique(s) et ladite(lesdites) charge(s) électrique(s) de manière à pouvoir transformer l'énergie produite en une énergie électrique compatible avec ladite(lesdites) charge(s).Advantageously, a system according to the invention comprises at least one electric converter arranged between said thermoelectric film (s) and said electric charge (s) so as to be able to transform the energy produced in electrical energy compatible with the said charge (s).

Selon cette variante, le système prévoit un convertisseur configuré pour adapter le courant délivré à une charge spécifique.According to this variant, the system provides a converter configured to adapt the current delivered to a specific load.

Avantageusement, un système selon l'invention comprend une pluralité d'équipements auxiliaires alimentés en courant par l'énergie produite par le(s)dit(s) film(s) thermoélectrique(s).Advantageously, a system according to the invention comprises a plurality of auxiliary equipment supplied with current by the energy produced by the said thermoelectric film (s).

Selon une variante avantageuse, ladite pluralité d'équipements auxiliaires comprend au moins des capteurs de surveillance du transformateur immergé.According to an advantageous variant, said plurality of auxiliary equipment comprises at least sensors for monitoring the immersed transformer.

Selon cette variante, le système est autonome en énergie et la surveillance du transformateur est réalisée par le recours à des capteurs qui sont alimentés en courant par l'énergie électrique produite par le système de récupération. De tels capteurs sont par exemple des capteurs de température du liquide isolant des cuves, des analyseurs du gaz présent dans le liquide isolant et de manière générale, tous types de capteurs permettant la surveillance des paramètres du transformateur.According to this variant, the system is autonomous in energy and the monitoring of the transformer is carried out by the use of sensors which are supplied with current by the electrical energy produced by the recovery system. Such sensors are, for example, temperature sensors of the insulating liquid of the tanks, gas analyzers present in the insulating liquid and, in general, all types of sensors making it possible to monitor the parameters of the transformer.

Avantageusement et selon l'invention, chaque cuve et chaque tubulure est recouverte d'un film thermoélectrique flexible.Advantageously and according to the invention, each vessel and each tubular is covered with a flexible thermoelectric film.

Un système selon cette variante permet d'optimiser la récupération de l'énergie thermique dissipée par le transformateur en recouvrant chaque élément de tuyauterie susceptible de s'échauffer lors du fonctionnement du transformateur par un film thermoélectrique.A system according to this variant makes it possible to optimize the recovery of the thermal energy dissipated by the transformer by covering each pipe element likely to heat up during operation of the transformer by a thermoelectric film.

Avantageusement et selon l'invention, au moins un film thermoélectrique flexible est un film de semi-conducteurs minces ou un film de cellules à effet Seebeck reliées entre elles.Advantageously and according to the invention, at least one flexible thermoelectric film is a film of thin semiconductors or a film of Seebeck effect cells interconnected.

L'invention concerne également un transformateur électrique immergé dans un liquide isolant diélectrique comprenant au moins un élément de tuyauterie contenant un liquide isolant diélectrique susceptible de s'échauffer au contact d'enroulements et de circuits magnétiques baignés dans ce liquide isolant, caractérisé en ce qu'il est équipé d'un système de récupération d'énergie thermique selon l'invention.The invention also relates to an electrical transformer immersed in a dielectric insulating liquid comprising at least one pipe element containing a dielectric insulating liquid able to heat up in contact with windings and magnetic circuits bathed in this insulating liquid, characterized in that it is equipped with a thermal energy recovery system according to the invention.

Avantageusement et selon l'invention, ledit élément de tuyauterie est une cuve dans laquelle sont logés lesdits enroulements et circuits magnétiques et/ou une tubulure reliant cette cuve à un dispositif extérieur, du type radiateur de refroidissement.Advantageously and according to the invention, said pipe element is a tank in which are housed said windings and magnetic circuits and / or a pipe connecting this tank to an external device, the cooling radiator type.

Les films thermoélectriques peuvent être enroulés sur chaque élément de tuyauterie du transformateur ou uniquement sur certains éléments (cuves et/ou tubulures) selon les applications visées et les charges à alimenter.The thermoelectric films can be wound on each transformer piping element or only on certain elements (tanks and / or pipes) depending on the targeted applications and the loads to be supplied.

Avantageusement et selon l'invention, chaque élément de tuyauterie est recouvert d'un film thermoélectrique.Advantageously and according to the invention, each pipe element is covered with a thermoelectric film.

L'invention concerne également une motrice de véhicule ferroviaire comprenant un transformateur immergé, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend un système de récupération d'énergie selon l'inventionThe invention also relates to a motor vehicle engine comprising a submerged transformer, characterized in that it comprises a system for recovering energy according to the invention

L'invention concerne également un système de récupération d'énergie thermique dissipée par un transformateur électrique immergé et une motrice équipée d'un tel système de récupération d'énergie thermique caractérisés en combinaison par tout ou partie des caractéristiques mentionnées ci-dessus ou ci-après.The invention also relates to a system for recovering thermal energy dissipated by a submerged electrical transformer and a power unit equipped with such a thermal energy recovery system characterized in combination by all or some of the characteristics mentioned above or above. after.

5. Liste des figures5. List of figures

D'autres buts, caractéristiques et avantages de l'invention apparaîtront à la lecture de la description suivante donnée à titre uniquement non limitatif et qui se réfère aux figures annexées dans lesquelles :

  • la figure 1 est une vue schématique partiellement arrachée d'un transformateur immergé selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention équipé d'un système de récupération d'énergie thermique selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention,
  • la figure 2 est une vue schématique en coupe d'une tubulure d'un transformateur immergé selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention recouvert d'un film thermoélectrique d'un système de récupération de chaleur thermique selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention,
  • la figure 3 est une vue schématique d'un système de récupération de chaleur thermique selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention,
  • la figure 4 est une vue schématique d'un système de récupération thermique selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention.
Other objects, features and advantages of the invention will become apparent reading of the following description given solely by way of nonlimiting example and which refers to the appended figures in which:
  • the figure 1 is a schematic partially cutaway view of a submerged transformer according to an embodiment of the invention equipped with a thermal energy recovery system according to one embodiment of the invention,
  • the figure 2 is a schematic sectional view of a pipe of a submerged transformer according to one embodiment of the invention covered with a thermoelectric film of a thermal heat recovery system according to one embodiment of the invention,
  • the figure 3 is a schematic view of a thermal heat recovery system according to an embodiment of the invention,
  • the figure 4 is a schematic view of a thermal recovery system according to one embodiment of the invention.

6. Description détaillée d'un mode de réalisation de l'invention6. Detailed description of an embodiment of the invention

Sur les figures, les échelles et les proportions ne sont pas strictement respectées et ce, à des fins d'illustration et de clarté. Dans toute la description détaillée qui suit en référence aux figures, sauf indication contraire, chaque élément du système de récupération d'énergie thermique est décrit tel qu'il est lorsqu'il est installé sur un transformateur de puissance immergé et que ce dernier est en fonctionnement et dissipe de la chaleur.Figures, scales and proportions are not strictly adhered to for the purpose of illustration and clarity. Throughout the detailed description which follows with reference to the figures, unless otherwise indicated, each element of the thermal energy recovery system is described as it is when it is installed on a submerged power transformer and that it is in operation. operation and dissipates heat.

Les éléments identiques, similaires ou analogues sont désignés par les mêmes références dans toutes les figures.Identical, similar or similar elements are designated by the same references in all the figures.

Un transformateur 10 selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention équipé d'un système de récupération d'énergie thermique selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention est représenté schématiquement sur la figure 1. Un tel transformateur 10 comprend une cuve 11 étanche dans laquelle sont logés des enroulements 12 et des circuits 13 magnétiques. Ces éléments sont visibles sur la figure 1 à travers la portion arrachée de la cuve, étant entendu que cette portion arrachée n'est représentée qu'à des fins d'illustration des éléments logés dans la cuve et qu'elle n'a pas d'existence réelle. Cette cuve 11 contient en outre un liquide diélectrique isolant, qui est par exemple une huile siliconée ou un ester carboxylique. Le transformateur comprend également une tubulure 18 reliant la cuve 11 à un organe externe, tel qu'un radiateur de refroidissement par exemple (non représenté sur les figures).A transformer 10 according to one embodiment of the invention equipped with a thermal energy recovery system according to one embodiment of the invention is shown schematically on the figure 1 . Such a transformer 10 comprises a sealed tank 11 in which are housed windings 12 and 13 magnetic circuits. These elements are visible on the figure 1 through the torn portion of the tank, it being understood that this torn portion is shown for purposes of illustration of the elements housed in the tank and that it has no real existence. This tank 11 also contains a dielectric liquid insulation, which is for example a silicone oil or a carboxylic ester. The transformer also comprises a pipe 18 connecting the vessel 11 to an external member, such as a cooling radiator for example (not shown in the figures).

Le transformateur 10 est équipé d'un système de récupération d'énergie thermique selon l'invention. Ce système comprend un film 20 thermoélectrique flexible enroulé autour de la cuve 11 et une charge 21 électrique reliée au film 20 thermoélectrique par l'intermédiaire de conducteurs 22 électriques. Le film 20 thermoélectrique peut être de tous types. Il peut par exemple être formé par une couche de semi-conducteursThe transformer 10 is equipped with a thermal energy recovery system according to the invention. This system comprises a flexible thermoelectric film 20 wound around the tank 11 and an electric charge 21 connected to the thermoelectric film 20 via electrical conductors 22. The thermoelectric film can be of any type. It can for example be formed by a layer of semiconductors

La figure 2 illustre le principe de la récupération d'énergie thermique au niveau d'un élément 19 de tuyauterie. Cet élément 19 de tuyauterie peut être la cuve 11 de la figure 1 ou la tubulure 18 de la figure 1 reliée à la cuve 11. Un film 20 thermoélectrique est enroulé autour de cet élément 19 de tuyauterie. Le liquide isolant, schématiquement représenté par des points référencés 28 sur la figure 2, est contenu à l'intérieur de cet élément 19 de tuyauterie et capte la chaleur dégagée par les parties actives du transformateur. Sur la figure 2, les parties actives ne sont pas représentées. Dans le cas où l'élément 19 de tuyauterie est la cuve 11 de la figure 1, les parties actives sont directement logées dans l'élément de tuyauterie et le liquide isolant contenu dans cet élément est donc directement chauffé par les parties actives. Dans le cas où l'élément de tuyauterie est une tubulure du transformateur, le liquide isolant de la tubulure est chauffé par conduction de la chaleur captée par le liquide isolant présent dans la cuve et transmise à l'ensemble du circuit de liquide.The figure 2 illustrates the principle of thermal energy recovery at a pipe element 19. This element 19 of piping may be the tank 11 of the figure 1 or the tubing 18 of the figure 1 connected to the tank 11. A thermoelectric film 20 is wound around this element 19 of piping. The insulating liquid, schematically represented by points referenced 28 on the figure 2 , is contained inside this element 19 of piping and captures the heat generated by the active parts of the transformer. On the figure 2 the active parts are not represented. In the case where the element 19 of piping is the tank 11 of the figure 1 , the active parts are directly housed in the pipe element and the insulating liquid contained in this element is directly heated by the active parts. In the case where the pipe element is a tubing of the transformer, the insulating liquid of the tubing is heated by conduction of the heat captured by the insulating liquid present in the tank and transmitted to the entire liquid circuit.

La chaleur captée par le liquide isolant (soit directement dans le cas de la cuve, soit indirectement dans le cas d'une tubulure) est naturellement transmise aux parois 24 de l'élément 19 de tuyauterie. La chaleur captée par les parois 24 est transmise au film 20 thermoélectrique. Le film transforme la chaleur en énergie électrique et cette dernière peut donc alimenter la charge 21.The heat captured by the insulating liquid (either directly in the case of the tank, or indirectly in the case of a pipe) is naturally transmitted to the walls 24 of the pipe 19 element. The heat captured by the walls 24 is transmitted to the thermoelectric film. The film transforms the heat into electrical energy and the latter can thus feed the load 21.

De préférence, on utilise un film 20 thermoélectrique capable de produire de l'énergie électrique à partir de faibles différences de température. Un tel film peut par exemple consister en une couche de semi-conducteurs, de cellules Seebeck reliées entre elles ou de tout matériau équivalent capable de produire de l'énergie électrique à partir d'une différence de température.Preferably, a thermoelectric film capable of producing electrical energy from small temperature differences is used. Such a movie can for example consist of a layer of semiconductors, Seebeck cells interconnected or any equivalent material capable of producing electrical energy from a temperature difference.

La figure 3 représente un système selon un mode de réalisation de l'invention comprenant un transformateur 10 entouré d'un film 20 thermoélectrique. Cette représentation est schématique et en pratique seules les cuves et/ou les tubulures sont entourées de film thermoélectrique comme expliqué en lien avec les figures 1 et 2.The figure 3 represents a system according to an embodiment of the invention comprising a transformer 10 surrounded by a thermoelectric film. This representation is schematic and in practice only the tanks and / or the pipes are surrounded by thermoelectric film as explained in connection with the Figures 1 and 2 .

Le système de la figure 3 comprend en outre une batterie 30 de stockage de l'énergie électrique produite par le film 20 thermoélectrique. Cette batterie 30 est elle-même reliée à une charge 21. Le système comprend également un boitier de commutation 32 configuré pour conduire l'énergie électrique produite par le film 20 thermoélectrique soit vers la batterie 30 de stockage, soit directement vers la charge 21 consommatrice d'énergie électrique.The system of figure 3 further comprises a battery 30 for storing electrical energy produced by the thermoelectric film. This battery 30 is itself connected to a load 21. The system also comprises a switching box 32 configured to conduct the electrical energy produced by the thermoelectric film 20 to either the storage battery 30 or directly to the consumer load 21 of electrical energy.

En outre, le système comprend des équipements 34 auxiliaires alimentés par le film 20 thermoélectrique. Ces équipements sont par exemple des capteurs de surveillance du transformateur 10 immergé.In addition, the system includes auxiliary equipment powered by the thermoelectric film. This equipment is for example 10 immersed transformer monitoring sensors.

La figure 4 est une vue d'un système selon un autre mode de réalisation de l'invention comprenant un transformateur 10 immergé entouré d'un film 20 thermoélectrique capable de capter l'énergie thermique dissipée par le transformateur au niveau des parois de la cuve 11 et/ou des tubulures 18 reliées à la cuve. L'énergie produite par le film 20 thermoélectrique alimente une batterie 30 qui alimente elle-même divers capteurs 34a, 34b, 34c de surveillance du transformateur 10 immergé.The figure 4 is a view of a system according to another embodiment of the invention comprising a submerged transformer 10 surrounded by a thermoelectric film capable of sensing the thermal energy dissipated by the transformer at the walls of the tank 11 and / or tubings 18 connected to the tank. The energy produced by the thermoelectric film 20 supplies a battery 30 which itself feeds various sensors 34a, 34b, 34c for monitoring the submerged transformer 10.

Claims (10)

Système de récupération d'énergie thermique dissipée par un transformateur (10) électrique immergé dans un liquide (28) isolant diélectrique et comprenant des enroulements (12) et des circuits (13) magnétiques baignés dans ce liquide isolant et, au moins un élément (11, 18, 19) de tuyauterie recevant ledit liquide isolant,
caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend : - au moins un film (20) thermoélectrique flexible adapté pour être enroulé autour d'au moins un élément (11, 18, 19) de tuyauterie, - au moins une charge (21) électrique reliée à ce(s) film(s) (20) thermoélectrique(s) de manière à pouvoir être alimentée par une énergie électrique produite par ce(s) film(s) (20) thermoélectrique(s) au contact de cet(ces) élément(s) (11, 18, 19) de tuyauterie lorsqu'il(s) dissipe(nt) de la chaleur. Thermal energy recovery system dissipated by an electrical transformer (10) immersed in a dielectric insulating liquid (28) and comprising magnetic windings (12) and circuits (13) immersed in this insulating liquid and at least one element ( 11, 18, 19) receiving said insulating liquid,
characterized in that it comprises: at least one flexible thermoelectric film (20) adapted to be wound around at least one pipe element (11, 18, 19), at least one electric charge (21) connected to the thermoelectric film (s) (20) so that it can be powered by an electric energy produced by the thermoelectric film (s) (20). (s) in contact with this (these) element (s) (11, 18, 19) piping when (s) dissipate (s) heat. Système de récupération selon la revendication 1, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend au moins un dispositif (30) de stockage d'énergie électrique relié au(x)dit(s) film(s) (20) thermoélectrique(s) de manière à pouvoir stocker l'énergie électrique produite par ce(s) film(s) (20) thermoélectrique(s) en vue d'une utilisation ultérieure.Recovery system according to claim 1, characterized in that it comprises at least one device (30) for storing electrical energy connected to said thermoelectric film (s) (20). to be able to store the electrical energy produced by this (s) film (s) (20) thermoelectric (s) for later use. Système de récupération selon l'une des revendications 1 ou 2, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend au moins un convertisseur électrique agencé entre le(s)dit(s) film(s) (20) thermoélectrique(s) et ladite(lesdites) charge(s) (21) électrique(s) de manière à pouvoir transformer l'énergie produite en une énergie électrique compatible avec ladite(lesdites) charge(s).Recovery system according to one of claims 1 or 2, characterized in that it comprises at least one electric converter arranged between the said thermoelectric film (s) (20) and the said ) charge (s) (21) electrical (s) so as to convert the energy produced into an electrical energy compatible with said (the) load (s). Système selon l'une des revendications 1 à 3, caractérisé en ce qu'il comprend une pluralité d'équipements (34) auxiliaires alimentés en courant par l'énergie produite par le(s)dit(s) film(s) thermoélectrique(s).System according to one of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that it comprises a plurality of auxiliary equipment (34) supplied with current by the energy produced by said thermoelectric film (s) ( s). Système selon la revendication 4, caractérisé en ce que ladite pluralité d'équipements auxiliaires comprend au moins des capteurs (34a, 34b, 34c) de surveillance du transformateur immergé.System according to claim 4, characterized in that said plurality of auxiliary equipment comprises at least sensors (34a, 34b, 34c) for monitoring the immersed transformer. Système de récupération selon l'une des revendications 1 à 5, caractérisé en ce qu'au moins un film (20) thermoélectrique flexible est un film de semi-conducteurs minces ou un film de cellules à effet Seebeck reliées entre elles.Recovery system according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that at least one flexible thermoelectric film (20) is a thin semiconductor film or a Seebeck effect cell film interconnected. Transformateur électrique immergé comprenant au moins un élément (18, 19, 11) de tuyauterie contenant un liquide isolant diélectrique susceptible de s'échauffer au contact d'enroulements (12) et de circuits (13) magnétiques baignés dans ce liquide isolant, caractérisé en ce qu'il est équipé d'un système de récupération d'énergie thermique selon l'une des revendications 1 à 6.Submerged electric transformer comprising at least one pipe element (18, 19, 11) containing a dielectric insulating liquid capable of being heated in contact with windings (12) and magnetic circuits (13) immersed in this insulating liquid, characterized in that that it is equipped with a thermal energy recovery system according to one of claims 1 to 6. Transformateur selon la revendication 7, caractérisé en ce que ledit élément de tuyauterie est une cuve (11) dans laquelle sont logés lesdits enroulements (12) et circuits (13) magnétiques et/ou une tubulure (18) reliant cette cuve (11) à un dispositif extérieur, du type radiateur de refroidissement.Transformer according to claim 7, characterized in that said pipe element is a tank (11) in which are housed said magnetic windings (12) and circuits (13) and / or a pipe (18) connecting this tank (11) to an external device, of the cooling radiator type. Transformateur selon l'une des revendications 7 ou 8, caractérisé en ce que chaque élément de tuyauterie est recouvert d'un film thermoélectrique.Transformer according to one of Claims 7 or 8, characterized in that each pipe element is covered with a thermoelectric film. Motrice de véhicule ferroviaire, caractérisée en ce qu'elle comprend un transformateur immergé selon l'une des revendications 7 à 9.Railway motor vehicle, characterized in that it comprises a submerged transformer according to one of claims 7 to 9.
EP16202667.8A 2015-12-10 2016-12-07 System for recovering thermal energy dissipated by a transformer immersed in an insulating liquid and transformer provided with such a system Withdrawn EP3179114A1 (en)

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FR1562126A FR3045142B1 (en) 2015-12-10 2015-12-10 THERMAL ENERGY RECOVERY SYSTEM DISSIPPED BY AN IMMERSION TRANSFORMER IN AN INSULATING LIQUID AND TRANSFORMER PROVIDED WITH SUCH A SYSTEM

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Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3008300A (en) * 1959-04-09 1961-11-14 Carrier Corp Thermoelectric apparatus for heating or cooling of fluids
US3170130A (en) * 1962-01-24 1965-02-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp Transformer cooling using thermoelectric devices
US4081776A (en) * 1975-06-16 1978-03-28 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Transformer with heat conducting laminate

Patent Citations (3)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
US3008300A (en) * 1959-04-09 1961-11-14 Carrier Corp Thermoelectric apparatus for heating or cooling of fluids
US3170130A (en) * 1962-01-24 1965-02-16 Westinghouse Electric Corp Transformer cooling using thermoelectric devices
US4081776A (en) * 1975-06-16 1978-03-28 Matsushita Electric Industrial Co., Ltd. Transformer with heat conducting laminate

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