Classifications

• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
  • F02C—GAS-TURBINE PLANTS; AIR INTAKES FOR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS; CONTROLLING FUEL SUPPLY IN AIR-BREATHING JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
  • F02C6/00—Plural gas-turbine plants; Combinations of gas-turbine plants with other apparatus; Adaptations of gas-turbine plants for special use
  • F02C6/14—Gas-turbine plants having means for storing energy, e.g. for meeting peak loads
  • F02C6/16—Gas-turbine plants having means for storing energy, e.g. for meeting peak loads for storing compressed air
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
  • F28D20/0056—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using solid heat storage material
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
  • F28D20/02—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat
  • F28D20/023—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00 using latent heat the latent heat storage material being enclosed in granular particles or dispersed in a porous, fibrous or cellular structure
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
  • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
  • F01D15/00—Adaptations of machines or engines for special use; Combinations of engines with devices driven thereby
  • F01D15/10—Adaptations for driving, or combinations with, electric generators
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
  • F28D2020/0004—Particular heat storage apparatus
  • F28D2020/0021—Particular heat storage apparatus the heat storage material being enclosed in loose or stacked elements
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F28—HEAT EXCHANGE IN GENERAL
  • F28D—HEAT-EXCHANGE APPARATUS, NOT PROVIDED FOR IN ANOTHER SUBCLASS, IN WHICH THE HEAT-EXCHANGE MEDIA DO NOT COME INTO DIRECT CONTACT
  • F28D20/00—Heat storage plants or apparatus in general; Regenerative heat-exchange apparatus not covered by groups F28D17/00 or F28D19/00
  • F28D2020/0065—Details, e.g. particular heat storage tanks, auxiliary members within tanks
  • F28D2020/0082—Multiple tanks arrangements, e.g. adjacent tanks, tank in tank
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/14—Thermal energy storage
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E60/00—Enabling technologies; Technologies with a potential or indirect contribution to GHG emissions mitigation
  • Y02E60/16—Mechanical energy storage, e.g. flywheels or pressurised fluids

Definitions

• the field of the present invention relates to the storage of energy by compressed air (CAES Compressed Air Energy Storage).
• CAES Compressed Air Energy Storage compressed air
• AACAES Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage
• CAES compressed air energy storage system
• energy which is to be used at another time, is stored as compressed air.
• energy especially electrical, drives air compressors, and for destocking, the compressed air drives turbines, which can be connected to an electric generator.
• the efficiency of this solution is not optimal because part of the energy of the compressed air is in the form of heat which is not used.
• the CAES processes only the mechanical energy of the air is used, that is to say that all the heat produced during the compression is rejected.
• the efficiency of a CAES system is not optimal, because the system requires heating the stored air to achieve the relaxation of the air.
• the air is stored at 8 MPa (80 bar) and at room temperature and if it is desired to recover the energy by a relaxation, the decompression of the air will again follow a isentropic curve, but this time from the initial storage conditions (about 8 MPa and 300 K).
• the air cools down to unrealistic temperatures (83 K - 191 ° C). It is therefore necessary to heat it, which can be done using a gas burner, or other fuel.
• AACAES Advanced Adiabatic Compressed Air Energy Storage
• air is stored at room temperature and heat due to compression
• Thermal Energy Storage is also stored in a TES heat storage system.
• Thermal Energy Storage The heat stored in the TES is used to heat the air before it is released.
• Improvements to the AACAES systems have focused on the realization of the TES heat storage system by means of a fixed tank of storage material of the heat.
• the patent application whose filing number is FR 13/61835 describes an AACAES system in which the heat storage system is made by a tank containing heat storage materials at different temperature levels.
• it is necessary to manage the thermal gradient between two cycles, which makes the system complex.
• patent application EP 2447501 describes an AACAES system in which oil, used as heat transfer fluid circulates in closed circuit to exchange heat with air.
• patent applications EP 2530283 and WO 201 105341 1 describe a system AACAES system, in which the heat exchanges are carried out by a coolant circulating in a closed circuit, the closed circuit comprising a single heat transfer fluid reservoir.
• the present invention relates to a system and a method AACAES in which the heat transfer fluid, which comprises beads of heat storage material, circulates between two tanks: a hot reservoir and a cold reservoir.
• the heat transfer fluid which comprises beads of heat storage material
• An installation with two heat transfer fluid reservoirs makes it possible to maintain the transfer potential between the coolant and the air.
• the use of beads in the heat transfer fluid makes it possible to reduce the heat storage volume, because of the large storage capacity of such balls.
• the invention relates to a system for storage and energy recovery by compressed gas comprising at least one gas compression means, means for storing said compressed gas, at least one expansion means for said compressed gas, exchange means heat between said compressed gas and a heat transfer fluid, means for storing said heat transfer fluid, said heat exchange means being arranged at the outlet of said gas compression means and / or at the inlet of said gas expansion means.
• Said system comprises means for circulating said heat transfer fluid from a means storing said heat transfer fluid to another means for storing said heat transfer fluid through at least one heat exchange means and said heat transfer fluid comprises heat storage beads.
• said heat storage beads have a diameter between
• said beads are made of alumina, metal or by micro or nano capsules of phase change material, such as paraffins, metals or salts.
• said beads resist temperatures between 20 and 700
• said heat transfer fluid comprises oil, air, water, or molten salts.
• said storage and energy recovery system comprises several stepped gas compression means, a plurality of stepped expansion means, and a heat exchange means arranged between each stage of said means for compression and / or said relaxation means.
• said heat transfer fluid storage means comprise two storage flasks, said heat transfer fluid flowing from a first storage flask, to a second storage flask, through each heat exchange means.
• said heat transfer fluid storage means comprise two storage flasks for each heat exchange means, said heat transfer fluid flowing from a first storage flask to a second storage flask through said heat exchange means.
• the invention relates to a method for storing and recovering energy by compressed gas. For this process, the following steps are carried out:
• the heat transfer fluid is circulated between storage means of said heat transfer fluid for at least one heat exchange with said gas and in that said heat transfer fluid comprises heat storage beads.
• said heat storage beads have a diameter of between 10 nm and 50 mm.
• said beads are made of metal aluminas or by micro or nanocapsules of phase change material, such as paraffins, metals or salts.
• said beads resist temperatures between 20 and 700 ° C.
• said heat transfer fluid may comprise oil, air, water, or molten salts.
• the steps a) and b) and / or steps d) and e) are repeated.
• all the heat exchanges are carried out by means of a heat transfer fluid circulating from a first heat transfer fluid storage tank (5, 6) to a second storage tank for the heat transfer fluid (6, 5).
• each heat exchange is carried out separately by means of a coolant flowing from a first storage tank of said heat transfer fluid (5, 6) to a second storage tank of said heat transfer fluid (6, 5).
• FIG. 1 illustrates a system for storage and energy recovery by compressed gas, according to a first embodiment of the invention, in energy storage operation.
• FIG. 2 illustrates a system for storage and energy recovery by compressed gas, according to the first embodiment of the invention, in operation of restitution of the stored energy.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a system for storage and energy recovery by compressed gas, according to a second embodiment of the invention, in energy storage operation. Detailed description of the invention
• the present invention relates to a compressed gas energy storage and recovery system equipped with a heat storage means (AACAES).
• AACAES heat storage means
• At least one gas compression means (or compressor), preferably the system comprises a plurality of staged gas compression means, the gas compression means can be driven by a motor, in particular an electric motor,
• the compressed gas storage means may be a reservoir, an underground cavity, or the like, ...
• At least one gas expansion means (or expander) for relaxing the compressed gas and stored the system preferably comprises a plurality of gas expansion means staged, the gas expansion means can generate energy, including energy electric by means of a generator,
• circuits for circulating the heat transfer fluid between the means for storing the heat transfer fluid via at least one heat exchange means are provided.
• staged compression or expansion means are used when a plurality of compression or expansion means are successively mounted one after the other in series: the gas compressed or expanded at the outlet of the first compression or expansion means then goes into a second means of compression or relaxation and so on.
• a compression or expansion stage is then called a compression or expansion means for the plurality of staged compression or expansion means.
• a heat exchange means is disposed between each compression and / or expansion stage.
• the number of compression stages and the number of expansion stages can be between 2 and 10, preferably between 3 and 5.
• the number of compression stages is identical to the number of expansion stages.
• the AACAES system according to the invention can contain a single compression means and a single means of relaxation.
• the system according to the invention is suitable for any type of gas, especially for air.
• the inlet air used for compression can be taken from the ambient air and the outlet air after the expansion can be released into the ambient air.
• the system and the method are valid for any other gas.
• the heat exchange means make it possible, during the storage of the compressed gas (compression), to recover a maximum of heat resulting from the compression of the gas leaving the compressors and to reduce the temperature of the gas before the following compression or before storage.
• the compressed gas may pass from a temperature above 150 ° C, for example about 190 ° C to a temperature below 80 ° C, for example about 50 ° C.
• the heat exchange means make it possible, during the restitution of the energy, to restore a maximum of stored heat by increasing the temperature of the gas before passing to the next expansion.
• the gas may pass from a temperature below 80 ° C, for example about 50 ° C, to a temperature above 150 ° C, for example about 180 ° C.
• the heat transfer fluid circulates between two heat transfer fluid storage means and passes through at least one heat exchange means.
• the heat transfer fluid storage means comprise at least one hot coolant storage tank, called hot balloon and cold coolant tank, called cold balloon.
• the hot balloon stores the heat from the heat exchange during compression and the cold balloon stores the heat transfer fluid cooled during expansion.
• the coolant circulates from the cold cylinder, passes through at least one heat exchanger located at the outlet of a compression means for cooling the air, then is stored in the hot balloon.
• the heat transfer fluid circulates from the hot flask, passes through at least one exchanger located at the inlet of an expansion means for heating the air, and is stored in the cold balloon.
• hot and cold balloons have no direct connection; to pass from one to the other heat transfer fluid systematically passes through at least one means of heat exchange.
• the inlet temperature of the heat transfer fluid loaded in balls is at the temperature of the outlet of the exchanger on the compressed air side and the outlet temperature of the coolant is at the temperature of the inlet of the exchanger on the compressed air side (compressor output).
• the control of the compressor inlet temperature is ensured by controlling the flow of the coolant mixture.
• system according to the invention provides a flexibility of operation.
• the heat transfer fluid comprises heat storage beads.
• the heat storage beads are small elements capable of storing and returning heat.
• the heat storage beads have a large heat capacity and more specifically a high energy density (or storage capacity) expressed in MJ / m 3 .
• the balls may be substantially spherical and have a diameter of a few tens of nanometers to a few tens of millimeters depending on their nature, preferably, the diameter of the balls is between 10 nm and 50 mm, in particular between 50 and 10 mm ⁇ .
• the balls according to the invention are made of materials that can be used in temperature ranges between 20 ° C and 700 ° C.
• the beads used can be made by aluminas or metal or by encapsulated phase change material (PCM) or not encapsulated in the operating temperature range.
• PCM phase change material
• salts for example NaCl, NaNO 3 , KNO 3 ,
• metals for example magnesium, aluminum, copper, antimony, etc.
• the heat storage beads can store a greater amount of heat than the fluid alone, therefore the necessary volume of coolant containing beads is less than the volume required for a conventional heat transfer fluid. Thus, it is possible to reduce the storage volumes of the TES.
• the coolant can be of different natures: molten salts (for example
• the choice of the nature of the coolant and the balls depends on the temperature range in which it will be used, which is directly related to the configuration of the compression (number of stages and compression ratio) and storage pressure.
• compressed air from the TES.
• the heat transfer fluid loaded with balls can be transferred from a cold storage tank to a hot storage tank via a pump.
• the pump can also be used for suspending the balls in the balloons.
• the heat transfer fluid loaded in beads can be transferred from the hot storage tank to the cold storage tank via a pump.
• the pump can be the same as that used when storing compressed air.
• the heat transfer fluid storage means comprise only two storage tanks: a hot flask and a cold flask.
• the coolant circulates between these two flasks through all heat exchange means.
• the AACAES system is a stepped system (with several compressions and / or detents)
• the coolant flow is divided into parallel branches. Each parallel branch has a single heat exchanger with air. The direction of circulation of the coolant is the same in all branches. This embodiment makes it possible to limit the number of storage flasks of the heat transfer fluid to two.
• FIG. 1 shows an AACAES system according to a non-limiting example of the first embodiment of the invention, for energy storage operation (i.e. by air compression).
• the AACAES system according to the invention comprises four compression stages made by air compressors 2 which successively compress the air taken from the ambient air 1. Between each compression stage is disposed a heat exchanger 3, in which the compressed air and heated (by compression) is cooled by the coolant. At the outlet of the last compression stage, the compressed air is stored in a compressed air storage means 4.
• the heat transfer fluid circulates from a cold storage tank 5 by means of a pump 7 to a hot storage tank 6 by passing through the four heat exchangers 3 by means of four parallel circuit branches.
• FIG. 2 shows an AACAES system according to a nonlimiting example of the first embodiment of the invention, for the operation of restitution of the energy (ie by expansion of air).
• the AACAES system according to the invention comprises four expansion stages carried out by expansion means 9 which successively relax the compressed air contained in the means for storing compressed air 4. Between each expansion stage 9 is disposed a heat exchanger 3, in which the air cooled by the trigger is heated by the heat transfer fluid. At the outlet of the last stage of relaxation, the relaxed air is released into the ambient environment.
• the coolant flows from the hot storage tank 6 by means of a pump 8 to the cold storage tank 5 by passing through the four heat exchangers 3 to the means of four branches of circuit in parallel.
• the hot storage tank contains the hot coolant that was used to cool the compressed air during compression.
• the heat transfer fluid storage means comprise two heat transfer fluid storage flasks (a hot flask and a cold flask) for each compression or expansion stage.
• the heat transfer fluid circulates between these two storage tanks passing through a single means of heat exchange (that of the stage considered).
• This embodiment makes it possible to limit the size of the storage flasks of the coolant, since the volume of fluid to be stored is reduced because the heat transfer fluid passes only in a single heat exchanger.
• the storage and energy recovery system comprises as many cold storage tanks and hot storage tanks as compression stages and relaxation.
• FIG. 3 shows an AACAES system according to a nonlimiting example of the second embodiment of the invention, for the operation of storing energy (i.e. by compression of air).
• the AACAES system according to the invention comprises four compression stages made by air compressors 2 which successively compress the air taken from the ambient air 1. Between each compression stage is disposed a heat exchanger 3, in which the compressed air and heated (by compression) is cooled by the coolant. At the outlet of the last compression stage, the compressed air is stored in a compressed air storage means 4.
• the system comprises four cold balls 51, 52, 53, 54, four hot balloons 61, 62, 63, 64 and four pumps 71, 72, 73, 74.
• the coolant flows from a cold storage tank 51, 52, 53, 54, to a hot storage tank 61, 62, 63, 64 through a single heat exchanger 3 by means of a pump 71, 72, 73, 74.
• the AACAES system for the operation of restitution of the energy, ie by expansion of air (not represented), the AACAES system according to this second embodiment of the invention comprises four stages of relaxation realized by means of relaxation which successively relax the compressed air contained in the compressed air storage means. Between each expansion stage is disposed a heat exchanger in which the compressed air is heated by the coolant. At the outlet of the last stage of relaxation, the relaxed air is released into the ambient environment.
• the system includes four cold storage tanks, four hot storage tanks and four pumps.
• the heat transfer fluid flows from a hot flask to a cold flask through a single heat exchanger by means of a pump. Each hot flask contains the hot coolant that was used to cool the compressed air during compression.
• the coolant can be used for two stages of compression or expansion.
• the invention can therefore allow the crossing of temperatures at the level of interstage exchangers, in particular by means of a double-pipe exchanger, a spiral exchanger, and several exchangers in series.
• the use of a heat transfer fluid charged with heat storage material also makes it possible to operate at different cycle times, that is to say that the AACAES system can continue to operate even if the storage cycle time air and air-off cycle time are different.
• the system according to the invention allows flexibility and simplicity of operation; the regulation is done with the outlet temperature on the compressed air side, and the system requires a pump, two storage tanks and heat exchangers.
• the present invention also relates to a method for storage and recovery by compressed gas, wherein the following steps are carried out:
• a gas is compressed, in particular by means of an air compressor
• the compressed gas is cooled by heat exchange with a coolant, in particular by means of a heat exchanger;
• the compressed compressed gas is stored, in particular by a compressed gas storage means;
• step b) the stored compressed gas is heated by heat exchange with the heat transfer fluid heated in step b);
• the heated compressed gas is expanded to generate energy, for example by means of a turbine to generate electrical energy.
• the coolant is circulated between storage means of the coolant for at least one heat exchange with the gas.
• the heat transfer fluid comprises heat storage beads.
• the method according to the invention can be implemented by the system according to the invention, in particular the coolant can be as described above.
• the method comprises several successive compression steps, by means of air compressors placed in series.
• the steps a) and b) are repeated for each compression step.
• the method comprises several successive expansion steps, by means of expansion placed in series. In this case, steps d) and e) are repeated for each relaxation step.
• steps d) and e) are repeated for each relaxation step.
• the heat transfer fluid is circulated between two storage flasks (a cold flask and a hot flask), the heat-transfer fluid being used for all the stages of storage. heat exchange with the compressed gas.
• the heat transfer fluid is distributed in parallel branches which each comprise a single heat exchanger.
• the heat transfer fluid is circulated between two storage tanks (a cold balloon and a hot balloon), the coolant being used for a single step of heat exchange with the gas.
• a heat transfer fluid is thus circulated in a closed circuit.

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• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
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• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
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• Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Engine Equipment That Uses Special Cycles (AREA)
• Heat-Pump Type And Storage Water Heaters (AREA)

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• 2014
  • 2014-07-03 FR FR1456350A patent/FR3023321B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2015
  • 2015-06-22 EP EP15732583.8A patent/EP3164583A1/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2015-06-22 WO PCT/EP2015/064000 patent/WO2016001001A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2015-06-22 AP AP2017009727A patent/AP2017009727A0/en unknown
  • 2015-06-22 US US15/323,380 patent/US10443953B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

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