Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/08—Processes
  • C08G18/10—Prepolymer processes involving reaction of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen in a first reaction step
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/08—Processes
  • C08G18/16—Catalysts
  • C08G18/22—Catalysts containing metal compounds
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/30—Low-molecular-weight compounds
  • C08G18/36—Hydroxylated esters of higher fatty acids
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/28—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the compounds used containing active hydrogen
  • C08G18/67—Unsaturated compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/69—Polymers of conjugated dienes
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
  • C08G—MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS OBTAINED OTHERWISE THAN BY REACTIONS ONLY INVOLVING UNSATURATED CARBON-TO-CARBON BONDS
  • C08G18/00—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates
  • C08G18/06—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen
  • C08G18/70—Polymeric products of isocyanates or isothiocyanates with compounds having active hydrogen characterised by the isocyanates or isothiocyanates used
  • C08G18/72—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates
  • C08G18/74—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic
  • C08G18/76—Polyisocyanates or polyisothiocyanates cyclic aromatic
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09J—ADHESIVES; NON-MECHANICAL ASPECTS OF ADHESIVE PROCESSES IN GENERAL; ADHESIVE PROCESSES NOT PROVIDED FOR ELSEWHERE; USE OF MATERIALS AS ADHESIVES
  • C09J175/00—Adhesives based on polyureas or polyurethanes; Adhesives based on derivatives of such polymers
  • C09J175/04—Polyurethanes
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02A20/00—Water conservation; Efficient water supply; Efficient water use
  • Y02A20/124—Water desalination
  • Y02A20/131—Reverse-osmosis

Definitions

• the instant invention generally relates to polyurethane adhesives. More specifically, the instant invention relates to polyurethane adhesives used for fabricating reverse osmosis (RO) modules.
• RO reverse osmosis
• Reverse osmosis is the process of forcing a solvent from a region of high solute concentration through a semipermeable membrane to a region of low solute concentration. The process is done by applying a pressure in excess of the osmotic pressure.
• Reverse osmosis has numerous applications, including, but not limited to, the separation of pure water from seawater and brackish waters where seawater or brackish water is pressurized against one surface of the membrane, causing transport of salt-depleted water across the membrane and emergence of potable drinking water from the low-pressure side.
• Other applications of reverse osmosis include concentrating food liquids, e.g., orange juice, production of maple syrup, and production of hydrogen.
• spiral wound cartridges There are typically two types of semipermeable membrane configurations used for reverse osmosis: spiral wound cartridges and hollow core.
• the membranes have a dense layer in the polymer matrix where the separation of solute from solvent occurs. In most cases, the membrane is designed to allow only solvent (such as water) to pass through this dense layer, while preventing the passage of solutes (such as salt ions).
• spiral wound cartridges include adhesives to seal the interstices or voids in the membrane, which prevents leakage of feed fluid to the permeate collection tube. In a particular example, as discussed in U.S. Patent No.
• the adhesive can be applied to an upstream surface of a membrane material in locations where a downstream surface has been treated that flow therethrough is prevented.
• the adhesive can be applied in other locations of the membrane material as required by the structure and/or application the membrane is utilized in, such as, for example, folds of the membrane, along longitudinal edges, a downstream surface, and the like.
• the fully-cured adhesive Since the cartridge is subjected to high water pressure, the fully-cured adhesive must be strong and durable. If the hardness of the fully-cured adhesive is too low, then the pressure of the water can cause failure of the adhesive bond, and ultimately the failure of the cartridge. However, if the hardness of the fully-cured adhesive is too high then the adhesive can become brittle and also cause failure.
• the hardness of the adhesive can be measured on the Shore hardness scale, and the methods of taking such measurements are known in the art. Further, it is noted that the tensile strength of a fully-cured adhesive is used as a measure of suitability of the adhesive in a reverse osmosis module.
• a further characteristic of a successful adhesive is the ability of the adhesive to penetrate the membrane material in order to establish a sufficient adhesive bond.
• Osmotic blistering which results in side seal leakage and end seal leakage (often referred to as “veining” or “lightning bolt” failure) of the feed fluid to the permeate collection tube.
• Osmotic blistering may also encourage bacterial growth and may also cause dimensional change of the membrane, making it difficult to remove and replace.
• Osmotic blistering is exacerbated by the use of alkaline cleaning fluids, such as, for example, sodium hydroxide solution, which are frequently used in the industry.
• alkaline cleaning fluids such as, for example, sodium hydroxide solution
• the present invention is believed to be an answer to the need of providing an adhesive that is durable in reverse osmosis applications and is resistant to alkaline fluids.
• the adhesive composition of the present invention surprisingly reduces or eliminates osmotic blistering and veining and lightning bolt failures often exhibited in known adhesive compositions.
• the adhesive compositions of the present invention also minimizes the width of the bond line used in the reverse osmosis module application while demonstrating improved rheology, viscosity and flow control as compared to known adhesive compositions.
• the invention is directed to an adhesive composition suitable for reverse osmosis modules, the adhesive composition comprising: (I) from about 65 wt to 99 wt of a polyurethane composition based on a total wt of the adhesive composition, the polyurethane composition comprising: (A) an isocyanate group-containing pre-polymer comprising a reaction product of (i) castor oil or a derivative thereof; and (ii) a polyisocyanate; and (iii) optionally a second polyol; and (B) an isocyanate-reactive polyol mixture comprising: (i) a polybutadiene polyol; and (ii) a urethane catalyst; and (iii) optionally the second polyol; and (II) from about 1 wt to about 35 wt of a plasticizer based on the total wt of the adhesive composition, wherein the adhesive composition is essentially free from diluent oils and solvents.
• a further aspect of the invention is directed to an adhesive composition suitable for reverse osmosis modules, the adhesive composition comprising: (I) from about 65 wt to about 99 wt of a polyurethane composition, based on a total weight of the adhesive composition, the polyurethane composition comprising: (A) an isocyanate group-containing pre-polymer comprising a reaction product of (i) castor oil or a derivative thereof; and (ii) a polyisocyanate; and (B) an isocyanate-reactive polyol mixture comprising: (i) polybutadiene polyol; (ii) a urethane catalyst; and (iii) a secondary polyol; and (II) from about 1 wt to about 35 wt of a plasticizer, based on the total wt of the adhesive composition, wherein the adhesive composition is essentially free from diluents oils and solvents, further wherein a tensile strength of the adhesive composition when fully cured is at
• a further aspect of the invention is directed to a reverse osmosis module comprising an adhesive composition according to any of the adhesive compositions described herein.
• Still a further aspect of the invention is directed to a method of constructing a reverse osmosis module, the method comprising: applying an adhesive composition to at least a portion of a membrane present in the reverse osmosis module, the adhesive composition according to any of the adhesive compositions described herein.
• FIG. 1 is a perspective drawing of a reverse osmosis module having a membrane with an adhesive composition applied thereto.
• the invention is directed to an adhesive composition that includes a polyurethane composition and a plasticizer.
• the adhesive composition is essentially free from diluent oils and solvents.
• the term "essentially free” as used herein means the composition contains unavoidable levels but no more.
• Diluent oils and solvents are not part of the adhesive composition and the term "diluent oils and solvents" refer to compositions that do not include the polyurethane adhesive, i.e., they are not reacted with the polyisocyanate in the adhesive composition, and include, but are not limited to hydrocarbons, e.g., petroleum spirits, kerosene, mineral oils and vegetable oils such as corn oil, canola oil, and olive oil.
• the adhesive composition can be used, for example, in a reverse osmosis module and the inventors have surprisingly found that adhesive compositions according to the embodiments herein reduces or eliminates osmotic blistering and leakage in reverse osmosis modules.
• the adhesive composition includes a two-part polyurethane composition (hereinafter referred to as a "polyurethane composition") and a plasticizer.
• the adhesive composition includes from about 65 wt.% to about 99 wt.% of the polyurethane composition (or any amount in between) and from about 1 wt.% to about 35 wt.% plasticizer (or any amount in between) based on the total wt.% of the adhesive composition. It is contemplated that other amounts of the polyurethane composition may be present in the adhesive composition, such as, for example, the polyurethane may be present in an amount between about 75 wt. % and 99 wt. % or any amount in between, based on the total weight of the adhesive composition.
• the polyurethane may be present in an amount between about 85 wt. % and 99 wt. % or any amount in between, based on the total weight of the adhesive composition.
• the plasticizer may be present in the adhesive composition in and amount between about 1 wt. % and 35 wt. % or any amount in between, based on the total weight of the adhesive composition. In one example, the plasticizer may be present in the adhesive composition in an amount between about 20 wt. % and about 30 wt. % or any amount in between, based on the total weight of the adhesive composition.
• the polyurethane composition used in the adhesive composition includes part (A), which is an isocyanate group-containing pre-polymer comprising a reaction product of castor oil or a derivative thereof and a polyisocyanate and optionally a second polyol; and part (B), which is an isocyanate-reactive polyol mixture comprising a polybutadiene polyol and a urethane catalyst and optionally the second polyol.
• Part (A) and part (B) of the polyurethane composition can be mixed together in any manner known in the art, including, but not limited to hand mixing, static mixing, and dynamic mixing. It is also noted that part (A) can be added to part (B) or vice versa, or, in the alternative, part (A) and part (B) can be simultaneously added to the same vessel.
• the castor oil i.e., ricinoleic acid triglyceride, present in the isocyanate group-containing pre-polymer of part (A) is a renewable raw material that is widely commercially available. It is noted that a derivative of castor oil includes any polyol derived from castor oil, which includes a hydrolysis product, an ethoxylated product, a transesterfied product, or an esterfied product, or a polyamide product.
• the polyisocyanate used to prepare the prepolymer of part (A) of the polyurethane composition is any compound having at least two isocyanate moieties.
• Diisocyanates can be exemplified by 1,5-naphthylene diisocyanate, 4,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (4,4'- MDI), 2,4'-diphenylmethane diisocyanate (2,4'- MDI), 4,4'-diphenyldimethylmethane diisocyanate, 4,4'- dibenzyl diisocyanate, dialkyldiphenylmethane diisocyanate, 1,3-phenylene diisocyanate, 1,4- phenylene diisocyanate, toluene diisocyanate, butane- 1,4-diisocyanate, hexamethylene diisocyanate, isopropylene diisocyanate, naphthylene diisocyanate, m
• diisocyanate hydrogenated xylylene diisocyanate, isophorone diisocyanate, lysine diisocyanate, dicyclohexylmethane-4,4'-diisocyanate, 1 ,3-bis(isocyanatomethyl)cyclohexane, methyl- cyclohexane diisocyanate, m-tetramethylxylylene diisocyanate, 2,4,6-triisopropylbenzene diisocyanate, isopropylidene bis(4-cyclohexylisocyanate), and mixtures thereof .
• Exemplary mixtures of diisocyanates include mixtures of 4,4'-MDI and 2,4-MDI.
• the polyisocyanate used to prepare the part (A) prepolymer can also be a polyisocyanate prepared, for example, by reacting a diisocyanate with a diisocyanate-reactive compound such as a polyol e.g., a diol or polyamine, e.g., a diamine.
• a diisocyanate-reactive compound such as a polyol e.g., a diol or polyamine, e.g., a diamine.
• Exemplary polyisocyanates used to prepare the part A prepolymer include polymeric forms of MDI.
• the polyisocyanate used to prepare the part (A) prepolymer can also be a carbodimide-modified diisocyanate, e.g. , a carbodiimide- modified MDI.
• the polyisocyanate used to prepare the prepolymer of part (A) has an isocyanate (NCO) content that varies from
• the isocyanate (NCO) content of the part (A) prepolymer varies from 5% to 25% (mass percent). In another embodiment, the isocyanate (NCO) content of the part (A) prepolymer varies from 10% to 20% (mass percent), and more preferably between 13% to 19% (mass percent) as measured by ASTM D2572.
• the part (A) prepolymer of the polyurethane composition may contain a second polyol.
• the optional second polyol in part (A) of the polyurethane composition is any polyol (i.e., a compound having more than one hydroxyl group appended thereto) that can react with an isocyanate group.
• the second polyol is preferably chosen from a group of polyols having a molecular weight of less than about 600.
• the second polyol is chosen from a group of polyols having a molecular weight of between about 80 and about 300.
• the second polyol is chosen from a group of polyols having a molecular weight of between about 80 and about 200.
• the second polyol is chosen from a group of polyols having a molecular weight of between about 300 and about 600.
• second polyols examples include glycols, i.e., diols containing a 1,2 dihydroxy group such as ethylene glycol or propylene glycol and derivatives thereof, and glycerol or glycerin and derivatives thereof.
• second polyols include polypropylene glycol and
• the second polyol is a diol having from 3 to 20 carbon atoms. In another embodiment, the second polyol is a diol having 4 to 12 carbon atoms. In a further embodiment, the second polyol is a diol having 5 to 10 carbon atoms.
• diols examples include, but are not limited to: 2-ethyl-l,3-hexanediol; 1,2-propanediol; 1,3-butanediol; 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,3-pentanediol, 1,12-octadecanediol; 1,2-hexanediol; 1,2- octanediol; and 1,2-decanediol.
• second polyols include a tetrol such as pentaerythritol.
• the second polyol can be a polyether polyol prepared from either ethylene oxide and/or propylene oxide optionally reacted with another polyol such as glycol or glycerol.
• the polybutadiene polyol of part (B) of the polyurethane composition is a low molecular weight, hydroxyl terminated homopolymer of butadiene.
• polybutadiene polyols include, but are not limited to, liquid hydroxyl terminated polymers of butadiene sold under the names Poly bd ® R-45HTLO and Poly bd ® R-20LM, both commercially available from Cray Valley USA, LLC, Exton, PA, USA, as well as under the name HyproTM 2800X95 HTB, commercially available from CVC Thermoset Specialties, Moorestown, NJ, USA .
• the urethane catalyst of part (B) of the polyurethane composition maybe any urethane catalyst.
• urethane catalysts include tin catalysts such as dialkyl tin dialkanoates, for example, Fomrez catalyst UL-28 (dimethyltin dineodecanoate), which provides very short gel and tack-free times as well as good solubility in polyurethane systems.
• urethane catalysts include, but are not limited to: stannous octoate, commercially available as Dabco ® T-9 from Air Products, AUentown, PA, USA; organotin, commercially available as Dabco ® 131 from Air Products, AUentown, PA, USA; 1,4-diazabicyclooctane, available as Dabco ® Crystalline Catalyst from Air Products, AUentown, PA, USA; n-cetyl-n,n- dimethylamine, available as Dabco ® B-16 from Air Products, AUentown, PA, USA; dibutyltin dilaurate, available as Dabco ® T-12 from Air Products, AUentown, PA, USA; dibutyltin diacetate, available as MetacureTM T-l catalyst from Air Products, AUentown, PA, USA; a blend of zinc neodecanoate, bismuth neodecanoate and neo
• the optional second polyol that may be used in part (B) of the polyurethane composition includes the same second polyols as described in relation to part (A) above. It is contemplated that if the part (A) and part (B) of the polyurethane composition both include the second polyol, the second polyol may be the same or different.
• Either or both part (A) and part (B) of the polyurethane composition may also include a defoamer.
• a defoamer is added in an amount between about 0.01 and about 0.1 wt. % to part (A).
• a defoamer is added in an amount between about 0.01 and about 0.1 to part (B).
• a defoamer is added in an amount between about 0.005 and about 0.05 to part (A) and in an amount between about 0.005 and about 0.05 to part (B).
• the defoamer utilized in either or both part (A) and part (B) of the polyurethane composition may be any defoamer that is known in the art.
• the defoamer is a silicone based defoamer, such as, for example, an alkyl aryl silicone polymer-based antifoaming additive, commercially available as SF8843 from Momentive Performance Materials Holdings LLC, Columbus, OH, USA.
• the defoamer is a silicone free defoamer, such as a isoparaffin based defoamer, such as, for example, BYK 054, available from BYK USA, Inc., Wallingford, CT, USA.
• the viscosity of part (A) of the polyurethane composition is at least 600 cps. In one embodiment, the viscosity of part (A) of the polyurethane composition is between about 600 cps and about 50,000 cps, including any value therebetween. In another embodiment, the viscosity of part (A) of the polyurethane composition is between about 10,000 cps and about 50,000 cps, including any value therebetween. In a further embodiment, the viscosity of part (A) of the polyurethane composition is between about 20,000 cps and about 40,000 cps, including any value therebetween. In yet a further embodiment, the viscosity of part (A) of the polyurethane composition is between about 30,000 cps and about 35,000 cps, including any value
• part (A) of the polyurethane composition is measured after all of the components of part (A) are combined.
• the viscosity of part (B) of the polyurethane composition is at least 600 cps. In one embodiment, the viscosity of part (B) of the polyurethane composition is between about 600 cps and about 50,000 cps, including any value there between. In another embodiment, the viscosity of part (B) of the polyurethane composition is between about 1,000 cps and about 50,000 cps, including any value therebetween. In a further embodiment, the viscosity of part (B) of the polyurethane composition is between about 1,000 cps and about 40,000 cps, including any value therebetween. In yet a further embodiment, the viscosity of part (B) of the polyurethane composition is between about 1,000 cps and about 30,000 cps, including any value therebetween.
• the polyurethane composition of the adhesive composition can contain any ratio or amount of part (A) and part (B).
• the polyurethane composition contains about 10 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of part (A) and about 10 wt. % to about 90 wt. % of part (B).
• Other examples are contemplated wherein the polyurethane composition contains about 20 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of part (A) and about 20 wt. % to about 80 wt. % of part (B); 30 wt. % to about 75 wt. % of part (A) and about 25 wt. % to about 70 wt.
• the polyurethane composition contains about 50 wt. % part (A) and about 50 wt. % part (B), i.e., part (A) and part (B) are mixed in a 1: 1 ratio.
• the second polyol is optional in part (A) and part (B) of the polyurethane composition. It is contemplated that neither part (A) nor part (B) of the polyurethane composition may include the second polyol. It is also contemplated that either one or both of part (A) and part (B) may include the second polyol. In one embodiment of the polyurethane composition, part (A) or part (B) includes at least 4 wt. % of the second polyol based on a total wt. % of part (A) and part (B). In another embodiment of the polyurethane composition, part (A) or part (B) includes at least 6 wt.
• part (A) or part (B) includes at least 10 wt. % of the second polyol based on a total wt. % of part (A) and part (B).
• part (A) and part (B) of the polyurethane composition has between about 4 wt. % to about 30 wt. % of the second polyol based on a total wt. % of part (A) and part (B).
• the adhesive composition also includes a plasticizer.
• the plasticizer is added to part (B), and then part (B) containing the plasticizer is mixed with part (A).
• the plasticizer is added to part (A) and then part (A) containing the plasticizer is mixed with part (B).
• the plasticizer is added both in part (A) and part (B) and then mixed together to form the polyurethane composition.
• the plasticizer can be any plasticizer capable of being used in an adhesive composition. Suitable plasticizers include, but are not limited to, azelates, sebacates, maleates, succinates, phthalates, adipates, dicarboxylic/tricarboxylic ester-based plasticizers, phosphates, trimellitates, glutarates, citrates, dipropylene glycol dibenzoates, diethylene glycol dibenzoates, epoxidized soybean oil, esters of soybean oil or combinations of any of the foregoing plasticizers. In one embodiment, the plasticizer has a maximum water content of 0.04 wt. % based on the total weight of the plasticizer.
• phthalate-based plasticizers include, but are not limited to: bis(2-ethylhexyl) phthalate, diisononyl phthalate, di-n-butyl phthalate, butyl benzyl phthalate, diisodecyl phthalate, do-n-octyl phthalate, diisooctyl phthalate, diethyl phthalate, diisobutyl phthalate, dioctyl phthalate, diundecyl phthalate, and di-n-hexyl phthalate.
• trimellitates include, but are not limited to: trimethyl trimellitate, tri-(2- ethylhexyl)trimellitate, tri-(n-octyl, n-decyl) trimellitate, tri-(heptyl, nonyl) trimellitate, n-octyl trimellitate.
• adipates, glutarates, dicarboxylic acids, phosphates, sebacates, and maleates include, but are not limited to: 1, 2-benzene dicarboxylic acid, polyester glutarate, o- isopropylphenyl diphenyl phosphate, tri-n-butyl citrate, dialky diether glutarate, bis(2- ethylhexyl)adipate, dioctyl adipate, polyester adipate, dimethyl adipate, monomethyl adipate, diisodecyl adipate, diisononyl adipate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)sebacate, bis(2-ethylhexyl)azelainate, tri(2-ethylhexyl)trimellitate, di(C7-9-alkyl) adipate, butyl fumarate, diisobutyl fumarate, bis(2- ethylhe
• esters of soybean oil include methyl soyate, ethyl soyate and propyl soyate.
• benzoates include, but are not limited to: l-[2-(benzoyloxy)propoxy]propan-2-yl benzoate, commercially available as BenzoflexTM from Eastman Chemical Company, Kingsport, TN, USA.
• plasticizers include, but are not limited to: dioctyl terephthalate, 1,2- cyclohexane dicarboxylic acid diisononyl ester, epoxidized vegetable oils, alkyl sulphonic acid phenyl ester, N-ethyl toluene sulfonamide (ortho and para isomers), N-(2-hydroxypropyl) benzene sulfonamide, N-(n-butyl)benzene sulfonamide, tricresyl phosphate, tributyl phosphate, glycols/polyethers, organophosphates, triethylene glycol dihexanoate, tetraethylene glycol diheptanoate, polymeric plasticizers, polybutene, acetylated monoglycerides, alkyl citrates, triethyl citrate, acetyl triethyl citrate, tributyl citrate
• Suitable commercially available plasticizers also include diisodecyl phthalate, sold as
• Jayflex DIDP from Exxon Mobil Chemical, Houston, TX, USA.
• Other acceptable phthalate plasticizers include other JayflexTM plasticizers from Exxon Mobil Chemical, Houston, TX, USA, (such as, for example, Jayflex DOP), the DIOCTYLTM, SANTICIZER ® , and DIBUTYLTM plasticizers commercially available from Monsanto, St. Louis, Missouri, USA, and the
• Preferred plasticizers have low volatility, such as long chain, branched phthalates (e.g. , ditridecyl phthalate, di-L-nonyl phthalate and di-L-undecyl phthalate).
• Useful dibenzoates are available as BENZOFLEX ® 9 88, BENZOFLEX ® 50 and BENZOFLEX ® 400 commercially available from Velsicol Chemical Corporation, Rosemont, IL, USA.
• Soybean oil is commercially available under the trade name FLEXOLTM EPO, from Dow Chemicals, DE, USA.
• the polyurethane composition and the plasticizer may be combined or mixed in any manner acceptable to form the adhesive composition, which includes, but is not limited to, hand mixing, static mixing, and dynamic mixing. It is noted that the polyurethane composition may be added to the plasticizer, or vice versa, or alternatively, the polyurethane composition and plasticizer may be simultaneously added to a vessel to form the adhesive composition.
• the adhesive composition may include a filler, or a rheology modifier preferably being a thixotropic agent ("thixotrope(s)") or a combination thereof, which may be added to part (A) and/or part (B) of the polyurethane composition.
• the filler may be any suitable filler known in the art, including, but not limited to talc, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, clay, mica, titanium dioxide, or any combination of the foregoing.
• the rheology modifier includes all synthetic and natural anti-sagging additives from BYK Additives/Elements Specialties, Wallingford, CT, USA, along with primary amine-terminated polyether compounds.
• Primary amine-terminated polyether compounds include, but are not limited to
• polyoxypropylene amine having a molecular weight from about 110 or 200, to preferably about 500 (although molecular weights up to about 2000 are suitable) and an amine functionality of about 2 to 3, preferably about 2.
• Such primary amino-terminated polyethers are manufactured and sold by Huntsman Corporation, Salt Lake City, UT, under the name Jeffamine.
• Particularly preferred is Jeffamine D-230, which is a polyoxypropylene glycol terminated with primary amines and having an amine functionality of 2 and a molecular weight of about 230.
• Crosslinking in the adhesive composition can be further accelerated by adding a hydroxyl- containing tertiary amine such as diisoproponol amine commercially available as QUADROL by BASF Corp., Germany.
• Thixotropy develops rapidly when part (A) and part (B) of the polyurethane composition are mixed together in the presence of such amines.
• Thixotropic agents include, but are not limited to, inorganic additives and can include, for example, fumed silica, amorphous silicon dioxide, clays, bentonites, talcs, and the like, and combinations thereof.
• the adhesive composition When the polyurethane composition and the plasticizer are combined to form the adhesive composition, the adhesive composition typically has an initial mix viscosity of at least about 10,000 cps.
• the term "initial mix” as used in "initial mix viscosity” refers to the viscosity of the adhesive composition when both parts (A) and (B) of the polyurethane and the plasticizer are first mixed together.
• the initial mix viscosity of the adhesive composition is between about 10,000 cps and about 40,000 cps, including any value therebetween.
• the initial mix viscosity of the adhesive composition is between about 10,000 cps and about 25,000 cps, including any value therebetween.
• the initial viscosity of the adhesive composition is between 20,000 cps and about 35,000 cps, including any value therebetween. In another example, the initial viscosity of the adhesive composition is between 30,000 cps and 40,000 cps, including any value therebetween. While certain ranges of initial mix viscosity are provided above, it is contemplated that the initial mix viscosity of the adhesive composition can be any value higher than 20,000 cps. The initial mix viscosity can range from 5000 cps to 70,000 cps based on the processing requirements.
• the adhesive compositions should be flexible in order to penetrate the interstices and voids in the membrane of a reverse osmosis module, but also should be strong enough to result high pressures to which the membrane is subjected to use thereof.
• the adhesive composition is applied to the membrane of the reverse osmosis module.
• the adhesive composition is cured after application to the membrane.
• An example reverse osmosis module 10 is illustrated in FIG. 1, wherein the adhesive composition 12 is shown applied to at least a portion of a membrane 14.
• the example shown in FIG. 1 is only used for illustration purposes and is not meant to be limiting to the scope of the present invention.
• the adhesive composition can be cured through room temperature curing or heat curing. When the adhesive composition is fully cured, the adhesive will have certain properties that help impart beneficial characteristics to the adhesive composition when used in a reverse osmosis module.
• the adhesive composition typically has a Shore hardness of greater than about 20A when fully cured. In another example, the adhesive composition has a Shore hardness of at least about 30A when fully cured, while in another example the adhesive composition has a Shore hardness of at least about 40 A when fully cured. In yet a further example, the adhesive composition has a Shore hardness of at least about 35D when fully cured. In a further example, the adhesive composition has a Shore hardness of between 35D and 80D when fully cured. In another example, the adhesive composition has a Shore hardness of between 60A and 80D.
• the adhesive composition When fully cured, the adhesive composition should have tensile strength of greater than 100 psi, preferably greater than 500 psi. In another example, the adhesive composition has a tensile strength of greater than 1,000 psi, preferably greater than 2,000 psi when fully cured. The tensile strength can be measured by, for example, the Instron Tensiometer. It is contemplated that the adhesive composition can be applied to a desired membrane using any technique known in the art to apply such adhesives. For example, the adhesive composition may be applied to a membrane of a reverse osmosis module using any commercially available coater, such as a slot die coater. The adhesive composition may be applied as a layer having any desired thickness. In one example, the adhesive composition is applied in a layer of about 0.2 to about 4 mil thick, although other thicknesses can be applicable.
• Embodiment 1 An adhesive composition suitable for reverse osmosis modules, the adhesive composition comprising:
• A an isocyanate group-containing pre-polymer comprising a reaction product of (i) castor oil or a derivative thereof; and (ii) a polyisocyanate; and (iii) optionally a second polyol; and
• an isocyanate-reactive polyol mixture comprising: (i) a polybutadiene polyol; and (ii) a urethane catalyst; and (iii) optionally the second polyol; and
• the adhesive composition is essentially free from diluent oils and solvents.
• Embodiment 2 The adhesive composition according to embodiment 1, wherein an initial mix viscosity of the adhesive composition is at least 10,000 cps.
• Embodiment 3 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the initial mix viscosity of the adhesive composition is between about 10,000 cps and about 40,000 cps.
• Embodiment 4 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the initial mix viscosity of the adhesive composition is between about 30,000 cps and about 40,000 cps.
• Embodiment 5. The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the initial mix viscosity of the adhesive composition is between about 20,000 cps and about 35,000 cps.
• Embodiment 6 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the initial mix viscosity of the adhesive composition is between about 10,000 cps and about 25,000 cps.
• Embodiment 7 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising a Shore hardness of greater than about 20A when fully cured.
• Embodiment 8 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising a Shore hardness of at least about 30A when fully cured.
• Embodiment 9 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising a Shore hardness of at least about 40A when fully cured.
• Embodiment 10 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, further comprising a Shore hardness between 60A and 80D when fully cured.
• Embodiment 11 The adhesive composition according to any of embodiments 1-6 and 9-10, further comprising a Shore hardness of at least about 35D when fully cured.
• Embodiment 12 The adhesive composition according to any one of embodiments 1- 6 and 9-10, further comprising a Shore hardness between 35D and 80D when fully cured.
• Embodiment 13 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein a tensile strength of the adhesive composition is greater than about 100 psi.
• Embodiment 14 The adhesive composition of any one of the preceding
• a tensile strength of the adhesive composition is at least 1,000 psi when fully cured.
• Embodiment 15 The adhesive composition of any one of the preceding
• a tensile strength of the adhesive composition is at least 2,000 psi when fully cured.
• Embodiment 16 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein either part (A) or part (B) comprises at least 4 wt of the second polyol based on a total weight percent of part (A) and part (B).
• Embodiment 17 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein either part (A) or part (B) comprises at least 6 wt. % of the second polyol based on a total weight percent of part (A) and part (B).
• Embodiment 18 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein either part (A) or part (B) comprises at least 10 wt. % of the second polyol based on a total weight of part (A) and part (B).
• Embodiment 19 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the second polyol is chosen from a group of polyols having a molecular weight less than about 600.
• Embodiment 20 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the second polyol is a polyol having a molecular weight between 80-300 Daltons.
• Embodiment 21 The adhesive composition according to embodiment 20, wherein the second polyol is a diol.
• Embodiment 22 The adhesive composition according to embodiment 19 wherein the second polyol is selected from the group consisting of 2-ethyl-l,3-hexanediol; 1,2- propanediol; 1,3-butanediol; 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,3-pentanediol, 1,12-octadecanediol; 1,2- hexanediol; 1,2-octanediol; and 1,2-decanediol.
• the second polyol is selected from the group consisting of 2-ethyl-l,3-hexanediol; 1,2- propanediol; 1,3-butanediol; 2,2,4-trimethyl-l,3-pentanediol, 1,12-octadecanediol; 1,2- hexanediol; 1,2-octanediol; and 1,2-decaned
• Embodiment 23 The adhesive composition according to embodiment 19, wherein the second polyol is a polypropylene glycol or a polytetramethylene ether glycol.
• Embodiment 24 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein at least one of part (I) (A) and part (I)(B) further comprise a filler, a thixotropic agent or a combination thereof.
• Embodiment 25 The adhesive composition according to embodiment 24, wherein at least one of part (I) (A) and part (I)(B) comprise a filler selected from the group consisting of talc, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, clay, mica, titanium dioxide, and combinations thereof.
• a filler selected from the group consisting of talc, calcium carbonate, barium sulfate, magnesium hydroxide, clay, mica, titanium dioxide, and combinations thereof.
• Embodiment 26 The adhesive composition according to embodiment 24, wherein part (I)(B) of the adhesive composition further comprises a thixotropic agent.
• Embodiment 27 The adhesive composition according to embodiment 26, wherein the thixotropic agent is selected from the group consisting of fumed silica, amorphous silicon dioxide, talc, clay and combinations thereof.
• Embodiment 28 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein part (I) of the adhesive composition includes between about 10 wt. % and about 90 wt. % of part (A) based on the total weight of part (I) and between about 10 wt. % and about 90 wt. % of part (B) based on the total weight of part (I).
• Embodiment 29 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein part (I) of the adhesive composition includes between about 20 wt. % and about 80 wt. % of part (A) based on the total weight of part (I) and between about 20 wt. % and about 80 wt. % of part (B) based on the total weight of part (I).
• Embodiment 30 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein part (I) of the adhesive composition includes between about 30 wt. % and about 70 wt. % of part (A) based on the total weight of part (I) and between about 30 wt. % and about 70 wt. % of part (B) based on the total weight of part (I).
• Embodiment 31 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein part (I) of the adhesive composition includes about 50 wt. % of part (A) based on the total weight of part (I) and about 50 wt. % of part (B) based on the total weight of part (I).
• Embodiment 32 An adhesive composition suitable for reverse osmosis modules, the adhesive composition comprising:
• an isocyanate-reactive polyol mixture comprising: (i) polybutadiene polyol; (ii) a urethane catalyst; and (iii) a secondary polyol; and
• the adhesive composition is essentially free from diluents oils and solvents, further wherein a tensile strength of the adhesive composition when fully cured is at least 1,000 psi, and a Shore hardness of the adhesive composition when fully cured is between about 35D and about 75D.
• Embodiment 33 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of azelates, sebacates, maleates, succinates, phthalates, adipates, dicarboxylic/tricarboxylic ester-based plasticizers, phosphates, trimellitates, glutarates, citrates, dipropylene glycol dibenzoates, diethylene glycol dibenzoates, epoxidized soybean oil, esters of soybean oil, and combinations thereof.
• the plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of azelates, sebacates, maleates, succinates, phthalates, adipates, dicarboxylic/tricarboxylic ester-based plasticizers, phosphates, trimellitates, glutarates, citrates, dipropylene glycol dibenzoates, diethylene glycol dibenzoates, epoxidized soybean oil, esters of soybean oil, and combinations thereof.
• Embodiment 34 The adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments, wherein the plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of dipropylene glycol dibenzoates, diethylene glycol dibenzoates, epoxidized soybean oil, esters of soybean oil, diheptyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, dinonyl adipate, and combinations thereof.
• the plasticizer is selected from the group consisting of dipropylene glycol dibenzoates, diethylene glycol dibenzoates, epoxidized soybean oil, esters of soybean oil, diheptyl adipate, dioctyl adipate, dinonyl adipate, and combinations thereof.
• Embodiment 35 A reverse osmosis module comprising an adhesive composition according to any one of the preceding embodiments.
• Embodiment 36 A reverse osmosis module comprising an adhesive composition according to embodiment 32.
• Embodiment 37 A method of constructing a reverse osmosis module, the method comprising:
• an adhesive composition to at least a portion of a membrane present in the reverse osmosis module, the adhesive composition according to any one of embodiments 1-32.
• Embodiment 38 A method of constructing a reverse osmosis module, the method comprising:
• Adhesive compositions according to one or more of the foregoing embodiments are further discussed in the Examples provided below.
• Table 1 Chemical Used & Trade Names:
• Table 2 provides the components for part (A) and part (B) of the polyurethane composition and the plasticizer of the adhesive composition in Examples I- II, which are adhesive compositions according to the invention. Table 2 also provides the components for Examples III- IV (comparative adhesive compositions). In Examples I- IV, part (B) of the polyurethane composition does not include a second polyol.
• Parts (A) and (B) of the adhesive compositions in Examples I-IX are synthesized according to the following procedures.
• a sample of the isocyanate group-containing pre-polymer of part (A) is analyzed to determine NCO content according to ASTM D 2572.
• additional castor oil is added and reacted under vacuum at a temperature between about 80°C to about 85°C for 2 hours to lower the NCO content to the target NCO value, i.e. 5% to 25% (mass percent) NCO content. If the calculated NCO content is lower than the target value, extra diisocyanate is added to increase the NCO content. The NCO content is determined again to ensure the NCO content is within the target value prior to use.
• part (B) of the polyurethane composition does not include a second polyol and a thixotrope.
• Each of the adhesive compositions in Examples I-IV is synthesized by blending the polybutadiene diol, plasticizer and defoamer in a vessel for 30 minutes. Water is then stripped from the mixture so that the water content of the mixture is less than 0.04 wt. %. The catalyst is then added and the mixture is stirred between 40 and 45 minutes to result in a homogenous mixture.
• part (B) of the polyurethane composition includes a second polyol and a thixotrope.
• Each of the adhesive compositions in Examples VI-IX is synthesized by blending the polybutadiene diol, plasticizer and defoamer in a vessel for 30 minutes. Water is then stripped from the mixture so that the water content of the mixture is less than 0.04 wt. %.
• the second polyol, secondary diol EH diol is added to, and blended with, the mixture after it is stripped of water so that the water content is 0.04 wt. % or less.
• the catalyst is then added to the mixture at room temperature and mixed followed by the thixotrope.
• the thixotrope is added to the mixture at room temperature and is mixed between 40 minutes and 45 minutes until a homogenous mixture is obtained.
• Table 2 Examples I-IV Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example Example
• Part B wt. % wt. % wt. % wt. % wt. %
• Table 3 provides the components for part (A) and part (B) of the polyurethane composition and the plasticizer of the adhesive composition in Examples V-IX, which are adhesive compositions according to the invention.
• part (B) of the polyurethane composition does include a second polyol.
• Table 3 Examples V-IX
• Part B wt. % wt. % wt. % wt. % wt. % wt. %
• Second polyol % amount in B x
• the initial viscosity of Part A+ Part B is measured immediately after mixing.

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