Classifications

• • G—PHYSICS
  • G08—SIGNALLING
  • G08B—SIGNALLING OR CALLING SYSTEMS; ORDER TELEGRAPHS; ALARM SYSTEMS
  • G08B6/00—Tactile signalling systems, e.g. personal calling systems
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B06—GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS IN GENERAL
  • B06B—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR GENERATING OR TRANSMITTING MECHANICAL VIBRATIONS OF INFRASONIC, SONIC, OR ULTRASONIC FREQUENCY, e.g. FOR PERFORMING MECHANICAL WORK IN GENERAL
  • B06B1/00—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency
  • B06B1/10—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of mechanical energy
  • B06B1/12—Methods or apparatus for generating mechanical vibrations of infrasonic, sonic, or ultrasonic frequency making use of mechanical energy operating with systems involving reciprocating masses
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
  • G06F1/16—Constructional details or arrangements
  • G06F1/1613—Constructional details or arrangements for portable computers
  • G06F1/1626—Constructional details or arrangements for portable computers with a single-body enclosure integrating a flat display, e.g. Personal Digital Assistants [PDAs]
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F1/00—Details not covered by groups G06F3/00 - G06F13/00 and G06F21/00
  • G06F1/16—Constructional details or arrangements
  • G06F1/1613—Constructional details or arrangements for portable computers
  • G06F1/1633—Constructional details or arrangements of portable computers not specific to the type of enclosures covered by groups G06F1/1615 - G06F1/1626
  • G06F1/1684—Constructional details or arrangements related to integrated I/O peripherals not covered by groups G06F1/1635 - G06F1/1675
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G06—COMPUTING; CALCULATING OR COUNTING
  • G06F—ELECTRIC DIGITAL DATA PROCESSING
  • G06F3/00—Input arrangements for transferring data to be processed into a form capable of being handled by the computer; Output arrangements for transferring data from processing unit to output unit, e.g. interface arrangements
  • G06F3/01—Input arrangements or combined input and output arrangements for interaction between user and computer
  • G06F3/016—Input arrangements with force or tactile feedback as computer generated output to the user

Definitions

• the present invention relates to signaling apparatus and methods and more particularly to haptic signaling apparatus and methods.
• ERMs use a small electric motor that, when activated, rotates an eccentric mass about a shaft. The axis of rotation does not pass through the center of mass of the output mass; thus, when activated the ERM transfers a vibration through the motor mount. ERMs are characterized by a very high amplitude vibrational output relative to package size, but suffer from high ramp up and ramp down times and can only produce a single vibrational effect.
• the iPhone* 5 for example, uses an ERM.
• LRAs use a linear magnetic actuator driving a mass coupled to a spring in a reciprocating, rather than rotating, motion.
• Typical LRAs have their axis of motion parallel to the thinnest package dimension. These LRAs are characterized by much reduced ramp up and ramp down times compared to ERMs, but still can typically only create a single vibrational effect.
• LRA orients its axis of motion perpendicular to the thinnest package dimension.
• the increased range of motion allows this form of LRA to undergo non-resonant operation, enabling a much shorter output impulse (a 'tap') in contrast to a vibration.
• a 'tap' output impulse
• the output momentum is also oriented perpendicularly to the thinnest package dimension.
• LRA's and ERM's are poorly adapted to produce anything approaching a 'tap' output oriented parallel to the thinnest package dimension in a package suitable for consumer electronics use (i.e. sub 5mm thickness). Moreover, no known technology is capable of creating haptic effects along multiple axes in such a package. [0007]
• the present invention concerns the use of complex mass trajectories within a haptic component.
• a simple trajectory is either a continuous rotation or a linear reciprocating motion.
• a complex mass trajectory is a trajectory that is not a simple trajectory.
• An accelerometer integrated into the haptic component can provide force feedback for active control.
• an accelerometer existing elsewhere in the device e.g. a mobile handset, can be used as sensing for active control.
• the mechanism can be expanded to include additional J-trajectories, further augmenting the set of signals that can be produced. That is, the term "J- trajectory/ and the shape(s) illustrated in the various figures of the present disclosure, are intended to be merely exemplary of a wide variety of trajectories and accelerations, all of which are intended to fall within the present inventive disclosure and, subject to issuance of claims, within the scope of the invention. Moreover, while several of the trajectories presented exhibit substantial mirror symmetry, it should be appreciated that these are merely exemplary of a wide variety of trajectories and arrangements. Thus, the various trajectories followed by opposing inertial masses will be configured according to the signaling and other
• the characteristics of the trajectory will, in certain embodiments, be modified during the course of using a device and/or during the course of a particular signaling operation.
• the inertial masses employed in a particular embodiment of the invention are equal in mass or other characteristics, or are otherwise specifically similar.
• a particular acceleration profile will be used to dynamically change the effective characteristics and relationship between the characteristics of the respective inertial masses.
• one large mass may be used in opposition a plurality of smaller masses.
• the characteristics of the inertial masses employed will be selected according to the requirements of a particular embodiment.
• an inertial mass having more or less elastic characteristics will be beneficial in respective applications of the invention.
• a relatively "dead” i.e., elastic, inertia! mass will be employed.
• Such a mass will, in some embodiments, incorporate a plurality of smaller masses within an enclosure to produce a relatively inelastic response.
• the material of the inertial mass will be selected for its elasticity and other characteristics.
• metals, polymers, other organic materials, etc. will be employed in particular embodiments of the invention.
• haptic alert device and “haptic actuator” are used, and intended to be used, interchangeably in the present disclosure.
• Fig. 1 shows, in schematic block diagram form, a portion of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• Fig.2 shows, in schematic block diagram form, a portion of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• Fig.3 A shows, in mechanical schematic form, one instantaneous state of a portion of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• FIG.3B shows, in mechanical schematic form, another
• FIG.3C shows, in mechanical schematic form, still another instantaneous state of a portion of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• Fig.4 ⁇ shows, in mechanical schematic form, one instantaneous state of a portion of an exemplary haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• FIG.4B shows, in mechanical schematic form, a further instantaneous state of a portion of an exemplary haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• Fig.5A shows, in graphical form, a representation of position as a function of time of a portion of a Linear Resonant Actuator
• Fig.5A shows, in graphical form, a representation of position as a function of time of two portions of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• Fig.6 shows a schematic representation of instantaneous states of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• FIG.7 A illustrates, in mechanical schematic form, one
• FIG.7B illustrates, in mechanical schematic form, another instantaneous state of a portion of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• FIG.7C illustrates, in mechanical schematic form, still another instantaneous state of a portion of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• Fig.8 represents, in perspective black diagram form, one configuration of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• Fig.9 shows, in cutaway perspective view, a portion of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• Fig. 10A shows, in schematic plan view, a portion of haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• Fig. 10B shows, in mechanical schematic view, a portion of haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention
• FIG. 11 shows, in flow diagram form, a manufacturing process for preparing a haptic actuator according to principles of the invention
• Fig. 12A shows, in schematic perspective view, a portion of a manufacturing process adaptable for preparing a haptic actuator according to principles of the invention
• Fig. 12B shows, in schematic perspective view, an exemplary device prepared according to a manufacturing process adaptable for preparing a haptic actuator according to principles of the invention
• Fig. 1 shows, in schematic view, a linear resonant actuator prepared according to principles of the invention.
• Fig. 1 shows a schematic representation of instantaneous states of a linear resonant actuator prepared according to principles of the invention. Detailed Description
• Fig. 1 shows, in schematic block diagram form, a portion of one embodiment of a haptic actuator 100 prepared according to principles of the invention.
• the haptic actuator 100 includes a power source 102 operatively coupled through a control device 104 to a motor portion 106.
• the motor portion 106 is mechanically coupled 108 to a transmission portion 110.
• the transmission portion 110 is further mechanically coupled 112 to an inertial mass portion 114.
• the transmission portion 110 is configured to receive mechanical energy from the motor portion 106 and accelerate the inertial mass portion 114 in relation to a position of the motor portion 106 along a desired spatial path.
• the inertial mass portion 114 will include one or more individual elements which, according to the particular design and application, are accelerated along respective paths in relation to the position of the motor portion.
• the transmission portion 110 may include several more or less discrete portions and, likewise, certain embodiments will include one or more motor portions.
• the illustrated haptic actuator 100 will be one of several more or less similar haptic actuator subsystems forming, together, a haptic actuator system.
• Fig.2 shows, in schematic block diagram form, a portion of one such haptic actuator system 200.
• the haptic actuator system 200 includes a power source 202 operatively coupled through a control device 204 to a motor portion 206.
• the motor portion 206 is mechanically coupled 208 to a first transmission portion 210.
• the motor portion 206 is also mechanically coupled 212 to a second transmission portion 214.
• the first transmission portion 210 is further mechanically coupled 216 to a first inertial mass portion 218.
• the second transmission portion 214 is further mechanically coupled 220 to a second inertial mass portion 222.
• first 210 and second 214 transmission portions receive mechanical energy substantially simultaneously from the motor portion.
• first 210 and second 214 transmission portions can be arranged so that the first 218 and second 222 inertial mass portions diverge symmetrically from one another over at least a portion of their motion, such that the center of mass of the haptic actuator system 200 experiences little or no acceleration due to their motion.
• the first 218 and second 222 inertial mass portions can be driven symmetrically in opposite directions as described above and thereafter accelerated in a common direction so as to provide an abrupt change in the center of mass of the haptic actuator system 200.
• the consequence of this change in direction is a sharp mechanical output signal, as conveyed through, in one example, the motor portion 206.
• the output signal is conveyed directly to a system case (not shown) through one or both of the transmission portions 210, 214.
• Fig's 3A, 3B, and 3C show, in mechanical schematic form, a subsystem of an exemplary haptic actuator system at three respective instantaneous states 300, 302, 304.
• the embodiment of Fig's 3A, 3B, and 3C is notable for being implemented as a plurality of mechanical links including substantially rigid structural members and pivotal joints.
• a first link 306 forms a mechanical ground for the illustrated subsystem.
• first link 306 may be considered substantially stationary throughout the illustrated instantaneous states.
• first link 306 might be mechanically coupled to a case (not shown) of a consumer device such that a mechanical impulse transferred to link 306 would be readily detected by a user holding, or otherwise in tactile contact with, the case.
• Link 306 supports first 308 and second 310 pivot points.
• these pivot points may be implemented as rotary hinges or flexible hinges, among other alternatives. In certain embodiments, and as further discussed below, it will be advantageous to implement these hinges, and the
• ⁇ ivot point 308 supports a further link 312 so as to allow pivotal motion through 314, as indicated.
• Pivot point 310 supports a link 316 for pivotal motion 318, as indicated.
• Further pivot points 320, 322 are disposed at or near distal ends of link 312 and 316 respectively.
• Pivot point 320 supports a link 324 and pivot point 322 supports a link 326 so as to permit respective pivotal motions 328 and 330.
• links 316 and 324 are mutually heavily coupled at a intermediate pivot point 332.
• Link 324 supports a further pivot point 334 at a distal end thereof.
• Link 326 supports a further pivot point 336 at a distal end thereof.
• a further link 338 is pivotally coupled at or near its ends between pivot points 334 and 336.
• Fig's 3A, 3B and 3C illustrate three respective instantaneous states in the operation of the haptic actuator subsystem.
• operation of the subsystem effects a transition from state 300 to state 302 and thereafter to state 304.
• pivot point 334 is driven along a '7-trajectory" 340. Accordingly, when the subsystem is in state 300, pivot point 334 is located approximately at a proximal end 342 of J-trajectory 340. When the subsystem is in state 302, pivot point 334 is located at an intermediate location 344 on the J-trajectory 340. When the subsystem is in state 304, pivot point 334 is located approximately at a distal end 349 of the J-trajectory 340.
• pivot point 334 will be found at a corresponding location along the J- trajectory.
• motion of the pivot point 334 along the J-trajectory need not start in any particular state, but will be selected to traverse the J-trajectory in any fashion appropriate to the requirements of a particular application.
• motion along the J-trajectory will in respective embodiments, be cyclical, proceeding on an ongoing basis or through any finite number of cycles ⁇ including fractional portions of one cycle, and any desirable multiples thereof), again according to requirements of a particular application.
• the J-trajectory 340 includes a first portion 346 that is generally linear and a second portion 348 that is generally arcuate, the characteristics of these regions, including their length and degree of linearity, will vary from application to application.
• arcuate portion 348 will be, in certain embodiments, substantially circular, and in other embodiments arranged to follow any curve appropriate to the requirements of a particular application.
• the subsystem described with respect to Fig's 3A, 3B and 3C will, in certain embodiments, correspond to a portion of the transmission portion 110 of the haptic actuator 100.
• an inertial mass coupled to follow the J-trajectory may, in certain embodiments, correspond to inertial mass portion 114 of the haptic actuator 100.
• the precise coupling of the inertial mass (not shown) to the subsystem will depend on the requirements of a particular application, and may include coupling to one or more of link 324, link 338 and pivot point 334. Having been instructed in the requirements and benefits of the present invention one of skill in the art will be able to ascertain the particular apparatus was beneficial for a particular application with a minimum of experimentation.
• link 306 and 338 have a length of
• links 312 and 326, length of approximately 45 units each, and links 316 and 324 each have a length of approximately 89 units.
• an exemplary length between pivot points 310 and 332 along link 316 is approximately 64 units and consequently an exemplary length between pivot points 332 and 322 is approximately 25 units.
• an exemplary length between pivot points 334 and 332 is approximately 64 units and therefore an exemplary length between pivot points 332 at 320 is approximately 25 units.
• a reference line 350 is substantially coplanar with, or disposed in a plane parallel to, a plane containing, first generally linear portion 346 of J-trajectory 340.
• an angle 352 is substantially constant during operation of the subsystem, and has a value of, for example, approximately 70°. It should be further noted that the proper selection of angle 352 allows the ready alignment of a subsystem, such as that shown in Fig s 3A, 3B and 3C, with a further subsystem, so as to place the respective generally linear s 346 of respective J-trajectory 340 in substantially direct opposition to one another.
• FIG. 4A shows, in mechanical schematic form, a portion 400 of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention.
• the illustrated portion 400 includes a first subsystem 402 and a second subsystem 404.
• the subsystems 402 and 404 are arranged and configured to produce motion of respective inertial masses (not shown) along respective J-trajectories 406, 408.
• Reference or "ground" links 410, 412 are disposed in substantially fixed spatial relation to one another and, mutually, to a common link 414.
• Each of links 410 and 412 is disposed at a respective angle 416, 418 to common link 414.
• the respective angle 416 and 418 will be equal (although transformed through a mirror symmetry) so as to form an isosceles trapezoid in conjunction with further common link 420.
• each link discussed can be of any form appropriate to support the indicated pivot points in an operative space relationship to one another.
• links 414 and 420 are purely optional, according to the needs of a particular embodiment. Again, these links merely represent for descriptive purposes any appropriate structure adapted to substantially maintain the operative pivot points in a desired spatial relationship to one another. Thus, for example, link 420 and/or link 414 may be omitted where links 410 and 412 are otherwise mechanically coupled in substantially fixed relation to one another.
• links 410 and 12 are not discrete mechanical elements, but are integrally formed as part of a larger structure, again recognizing that the structure need only provide appropriate support for the indicated pivot points, e.g., 420, 422, 424, 426.
• further links 428 and 430 are coupled at proximal ends thereof to pivot points 422 and 424 respectively.
• Further apparatus (not shown) is arranged to urge link 428 pivotally 432 around pivot point 422, and to urge link 430 pivotally 434 around pivot point 424.
• pivotal forces will result in pivotal rotation of link 428 about pivot point 422 and of link 430 about pivot point 424, and in corresponding motions of pivot point 436 along J-trajectory 406 and of pivot point 438 along J-.rajectory 408 as indicated by arrows 440 and 442 respectively.
• pivot points 436 and 438 can oscillate repeatedly, and more or less indefinitely, within the linear regions 444 and 446 of J-trajectories 406 and 408 without a substantial output reaching the user. It will be apparent to one skilled in the art however, that further rotation of link 428 in direction 432 and link 430 in direction 434 will drive pivot points 436 and 438 out of the linear regions 444 and 446 of J-trajectories 406 and 408 and into the respective arcuate regions 458 and 460.
• the configuration of the links and pivot points of the subsystems 402 and 404 will result in an abrupt deceleration of pivot point 436 at a distal end 464 of J -trajectory 406 and a corresponding abrupt deceleration of pivot point 438 at distal end 466 of J- trajectory 408.
• these abrupt decelerations will be conveyed to the balance of the apparatus and, in particular, to link 414, which will then accelerate in a direction opposite to arrow 462.
• link 414 which will then accelerate in a direction opposite to arrow 462.
• one embodiment of the invention will include subsystems with an initial configuration like that of Fig.4B and pivot points 436 and 438 at initial positions 468 and 470 respectively.
• pivot points 436 and 438 would be initially driven inwardly in the direction of arrows 454 at 456 respectively, accumulating kinetic energy during this portion of the cycle. Arriving at proximal ends 472, 474 of the respective J-trajectories 406, 408, the pivot points 436 and 438 would rapidly decelerate and reverse direction.
• kinetic energy acquired during the initial inward movement of the pivot points 436 and 438 can be returned to the apparatus and
• inertial masses coupled at or adjacent to the pivot points 436 and 438 might arrive at the distal ends 464 and 466 of the J- trajectories 406 and 408 with substantially more kinetic energy than might otherwise be the case.
• active energy storage will be achieved by applying electromagnetic devices which receive the kinetic energy at, for example, solenoidal or rotary electrical generators during deceleration of the inertial mass portion.
• the kinetic energy is converted to electrical energy which is stored capacitively and/or in an electrochemical battery, for example.
• the stored energy is thereafter returned to the moving masses by using the solenoid or rotary electric generators as electric motors.
• Such active devices offer the benefit that they can be placed at both ends of the linear portions 444, 446 respectively i.e., at ends 472, 474 and initial positions 468, 470.
• the inertial masses at pivot points 436, 438 can be driven repeatedly back and forth across the linear portions 444 and 446 (preferably at resonant frequency) and acquiring additional energy with each cycle.
• the elastic devices that initial positions 468 and 470 can be deactivated so as to allow the inertial masses including their entire accumulated energy to pass on to the arcuate portion 458, 460 of the J-trajectories 406 and 408 respectively.
• the intrinsic elasticity of the system will be employed, without active control, to accumulate energy in the moving inertial mass portions. Moreover, it should be noted that because motion along the linear portions is substantially symmetrical and balanced in opposition, little if any energy will leak into external acceleration of the overall system during resonant accumulation of kinetic energy in the moving masses.
• Fig.5A shows a generic graphical representation 500 of the motion 502 of a mass of an exemplary LRA with respect to time 504.
• the LRA benefits from system resonance and the moving mass gradually accumulates energy to produce a maximum signal at about timeT.
• the overall duration of the vibration signal 506, however, must be fairly large so as to overcome system inertia and accumulate significant resonant energy. Consequently, the user detects a buzz having significant duration.
• the system is not capable of generating a sharp tap.
• Fig. 5B shows the characteristics signals of two subsystems 520, 522 of a haptic actuator according to principles of the present invention.
• the subsystems of the haptic actuator accumulate energy over a time period 524 through mechanical oscillation.
• the two subsystems oscillate 180 0 out of phase with one another.
• An optimal frequency for a vibrating LRA is approximately 40 Hz.
• the high-energy broad-spectrum tap signal of a haptic actuator according to the present invention is significantly better at attracting a user's attention than the limited 40 Hz signal of an optimal LRA.
• Fig.6 further schematically illustrates 600 the output signals associated with various phases in the operating cycle of a haptic actuator prepared according to principles of the invention. As indicated, when the two inertial mass portions 604, 606 of the haptic actuator system are static with respect to one another 602 at respective proximal ends 608, 610 of their J- trajectories 612, 614, no output signal is produced.
• the inertia mass portions 604, 606 produce a tap signal 626. Finally 628, as the inertial mass portions 604, 606 reenter the linear regions 618, 20 and resume symmetrically opposed motion profiles, no further signal is produced.
• respective lengths of the linear regions 618, 620 of the J-trajectories 612, 614 will be substantially longer than the length of the arcuate regions 622, 624 of the J-trajectories.
• the inertial mass portions 604, 606 arc able to acquire substantial kinetic energy over a relatively long time and then release that energy rapidly to the balance of the system over the short time during which the inertial mass portions 604, 06 traverse the arcuate regions 622, 624.
• This rapid release of energy produces the characteristic tap signal of the haptic actuator of the present invention when operated in tap mode.
• an electromagnet or other motor portion can draw both inertial mass portions 604, 06 to the respective proximal ends 608, 610 of the J-trajectories 612, 614 against the spring.
• a linear in-plane vibration can be built up, which will have minimal impact on the outside world due to motion being equal and opposed. Thereafter, additional action is taken to make both inertial masses turn the "J" comer into respective arcuate regions 622, 624.
• the additional action includes
• vibration is built up in oscillations in linear regions 612 and 614. Thereafter, a surge in current takes the inertial masses 604, 606 past a bi-stable point so they can be latched and stored in a cocked position, similar to the operation of a compound bow. This state is maintained until an output of a tap signal is desired, at which point an opposing current surge is applied to the system. This surge of current overcomes the latching force and brings the inertial mass portions 604 and 606 out of storage. The inertial mass portions 604 at 606 proceed through the arcuate regions 622, 624 with extreme velocity, producing a desirable tap signal.
• tap mode is only one of the available modes of operation of a system and apparatus prepared according to the present invention.
• one of the benefits of the present invention is that a single device can be employed to produce output signals having a wide variety of different characteristics.
• a single cycle or half-cycle is sufficient to produce the desired tap signal.
• other modes of operation are available to produce a variety of other signals.
• a haptic actuator according to principles of the invention will be arranged to produce a tap in a first mode by having the weight, e.g., 606 stop just short of a distal end of the J-trajectory.
• the weight, e.g., 606 will be allowed to proceed past the stopping point so that the weight impacts a drum, and anvil, or other resounding device or portion of a device, producing an additional audible output to accompany the tap signal.
• Fig.7A illustrates, in mechanical schematic form, aspects of one embodiment of a haptic actuator 700, prepared according to principles of the invention.
• the haptic actuator 700 is shown operating in a mode to produce a single tap or a plurality of taps 701 as described above. That is, the illustrated operational mode includes having pivot points 702 and 704 traverse both linear and arcuate portions of respective J-trajectories 706, 708 while maintaining symmetrically opposed velocity profiles 710, 712 and 714, 716.
• Fig.7B shows an alternative mode of operation 718 in which pivot points 702, 704 traverse only the linear portions 720, 722 of J-trajectories 706, 708.
• pivot points 702, 704 move synchronously in the same direction. That is, both move together in a first direction 724, 726 and, thereafter, both move together in a second direction 728, 730. Repeating these motions in cyclical fashion results in a lateral vibration 732 of the system as a whole similar to that produced by a conventional LRA.
• Fig.7C shows a further alternative mode of operation 740 in which pivot points 70Z 704 traverse only the arcuate portions 742, 744 of J- trajectories 706, 708. Further, the pivot points 702, 704 move synchronously in the same direction. That is, both move together in a first direction 746, 748 and, thereafter, both move together in a second direction 750, 752. Repeating these motions in cyclical fashion results in a transverse vibration 754 that is substantially normal to the vibration 732 described above. In a typical application, transverse vibration 754 will be oriented across a smaller dimension of the apparatus as a whole whereas vibration 732 will be oriented across a larger dimension of the apparatus as a whole.
• Fig.8 shows, in schematic perspective form, a block diagram illustrating a further haptic actuator 800 prepared according to principles of the invention.
• the haptic actuator 800 is configured to provide J-rrajectories disposed within two planes oriented substantially normal to one another.
• a motor portion 802 is mechanically coupled 804 to a first transmission portion 806 and through transmission portion 806 to a first inertial mass portion 808.
• First transmission portion 806 is adapted to receive mechanical energy from the motor portion 802 and drive the inertial mass portion 808 through part or all of a first J-trajectory 810.
• Motor portion 802 is also mechanically coupled 812 to a second transmission portion 814 and through the second transmission portion 814 to a second inertial mass portion 816.
• Second transmission portion 814 is adapted to receive mechanical energy from the motor portion 802 and drive the second inertial mass portion through part or all of a second J-trajectory 818.
• first J-trajectory 810 and second j-trajectory 818 both lie within a common geometric plane 820.
• Motor portion 802 is also mechanically coupled 822 to a third transmission portion 824 and through the third transmission portion 824 to a third inertial mass portion 826.
• Third transmission portion 824 is adapted to receive mechanical energy from the motor portion 802 and drive the third inertial mass portion through part or all of a third J-trajectory 828.
• Motor portion 802 is also mechanically coupled 830 to a fourth transmission portion 832 and through the fourth transmission portion 832 to a fourth inertial mass portion 834.
• Fourth transmission portion 832 is adapted to receive mechanical energy from the motor portion 802 and drive the third inertial mass portion through part or all of a fourth J-trajectory 836.
• third J-trajectory 828 and fourth J-trajectory 836 both lie within a common geometric plane 838.
• planes 820 and 838 are disposed substantially normal to one another.
• motor portion 802 will drive the inertial masses 808, 816, 826 and 834 synchronously through their respective J- trajectories such that, over the respective linear portions of the J-trajectories, the velocities and accelerations of masses 808 and 816 are symmetrically opposed and the velocities and accelerations of masses 826 and 834 are also symmetrically opposed.
• reactive accelerations will balance and the system 800 will produce a tap signal if and when the inertial masses 808, 816, 26 and 834 are allowed to proceed through the arcuate regions of the respective J-trajectories.
• the signal produced will reflect the cumulative effect of rapid acceleration of all four masses around the arcuate regions of the J-trajectories.
• This arrangement allows a larger spatial distribution of the inertial masses, as compared with a system having only two inertial masses, that will be beneficially employed in certain applications.
• motor portion 802 will include a plurality of individually controllable motors, and/or individually controllable transmission elements so that desirable signals can be coupled to the respective transmission portions 806, 814, 824 and 832. Having possession of the foregoing disclosure, a practitioner of ordinary skill in the art will readily configure individual embodiments of the invention to produce any of the very large variety of signals that can be achieved in corresponding arrangements.
• the motor portion 802 may include any of a variety of rotary and/or solenoidal electromagnetic motors.
• the motor portion 802 may include any of a variety of rotary and/or solenoidal electromagnetic motors.
• Fig.9 shows, in cutaway perspective view, a portion of one exemplary motor portion 900 according to principles of the invention.
• the motor portion 900 includes a Sarrus linkage portion 902 and a voice coil portion 904.
• a Sarrus linkage is a known mechanical arrangement that includes an upper member 906, a lower member 908 and peripheral hinges, e.g., 910, 912, 914. It is characteristic of a Sarrus linkage that the peripheral hinges serve to maintain the upper and lower members substantially parallel to one another while allowing them to move towards and away from each other. It will be appreciated that the illustrated Sarrus linkage is one of many possible arrangements including arrangements in which the hinges fold inwardly, etc.
• a voice coil 904 includes, e.g., a permanent magnet portion 916 and a coil portion 918.
• the magnet portion 916 includes an outer pole piece 920 and an inner pole piece 922, coupled to one another at one end by a disk 924 of magnetic material so as to provide axial cylindrical slot 926 between the outer pole piece 920 and the inner pole piece 922.
• the outer pole piece, disk and inner pole piece are formed as an integrated unit.
• Magnetization of the permanent magnet portion establishes lines of flux within the cylindrical slot 926.
• the coil portion 918 includes a coil including many turns of fine wire wound so as to fit tightly within slot 926.
• a solenoidal magnetic force acts on the coil in an axial direction 928 such that the coil portion 918 is either ejected from the slot 926 or drawn into it, according to the direction of the electric current flow and the polarity of the permanent magnet portion 916. Electrical energy is thus converted to mechanical energy for use within a mechanical system.
• a motor portion like exemplary motor portion 900 can be placed adjacent a supporting structure.
• Appropriate linkages can be provided between, e.g., the upper member 906 of the Sarrus linkage and the supporting structure so as to convey the mechanical energy developed by the motor portion 900 into the linkages of a transmission portion like, e.g., those illustrated 700 in Fig.7A above.
• Motor portion 900 can thus be used to energize the pivot points 702, 04 and drive them through the respective J-trajectories 706, 708.
• Fig. 10A shows a portion of an exemplary Sarrus linkage and further linkages 1000 according to principles of the invention.
• a first member 1002 forms a substantially flat plate corresponding to an upper member of a Sarrus linkage, the balance of ivhich is omitted for clarity.
• This first member 1002 serves as a driven input for the balance of the linkage subsystem. In the illustrated embodiment, it would be substantially fixedly coupled to a mechanical power source, e.g., a moving coil like voice coil 904 described above.
• a second member serves as a link ground member 1004.
• Member 1004 would, in an exemplary embodiment, be substantially fixed in space with respect to, e.g., the magnet portion of the voice coil 904 and, typically, a case of a broader system such as a consumer electronic device.
• first member 1002 and linkage ground member 1004. This motion is substantially perpendicular to the visible planes of both the first member 1002 and the linkage ground member 1004 (i.e., out of the paper). As discussed above, this perpendicular relationship is maintained by the characteristics of the Sarrus linkage.
• a third transmission link member 1006 is mutually coupled between first member 1002 and linkage ground member 1004 through a fourth input member 1008. Accordingly, transmission link member 1006 is pivotally coupled at a first pivot point 1010 to first member 1002 and at a second pivot point 1012 to fourth input member 1008. Fourth input member 1008 is also coupled to link ground member 1004 at a further pivot point 1014 and, adjacent an opposite end thereof to a further link member 1016 at a further pivot point 1018. Link member 1016 is further coupled at a further pivot point 1020 to a proximal end of a still further link member 1022.
• Link member 1022 is (or is coupled to) an inertial mass portion and is also pivotally coupled to a further link member 1024 at a pivot point 1028. An opposite end of link member 1024 is pivotally coupled at a pivot point 1030 to a distal end of a further link member 1032.
• link member 1032 A proximal end of link member 1032 is pivotally coupled at pivot point 1034 to the ground link member 1004. In addition, link member 1032 is pivotally coupled to link member 1016 at a mutual intermediate pivot point 1036 (obscured).
• Fig- MB illustrates the same structure as Fig. 10A in mechanical link schematic form using identical element numerals. It is noted that pivot point 1012 in Fig. 10B appears to be placed in tension by normal operation. As will be evident to one of skill in the art in view of Fig. 10A, this is merely an artifact of the schematic representation and is readily avoided in practice.
• a haptic actuator according to principles of the invention requires the effective and repeated interaction of small components. As such, it is well adapted to being manufactured employing a novel manufacturing technology known as uMECSTM.
• Fig. 11 shows a block diagram corresponding to the steps of an exemplary manufacturing process 1100 that can be employed to form a device according to principles of the invention.
• the process involves forming 1104 a pattern in one or more generally planar sheets of a more or less rigid material.
• the sheets will be substantially rigid.
• the generally rigid material may have an anisotropic characteristic such that it is more or less rigid along one axis than along another.
• the sheet will include a material such as, for example, fiberglass reinforced polyester, carbon reinforced polyester, or any other filled or reinforced polymer material.
• the generally rigid material may include a metallic material such as any appropriate metal or metallic alloy.
• the forming of a pattern in such a sheet of material will include, in certain exemplary applications, the removal of material by photolithographic etching, the removal of material by laser machining, patterning of the material by the application of a die and/or the removal of material by the application of a cutting tool.
• additive processes may be used in forming the patterned sheet.
• a pattern is formed in one or more sheets of a generally planar flexible component material.
• the generally flexible material may be substantially flexible.
• the flexible material may have an anisotropic characteristic such that it is more or less flexible along one axis than along another. Patterning of the generally flexible material will proceed in any manner appropriate to the material including, among others, any of the processes identified above with respect to the rigid material.
• a pattern is formed in one or more sheets of an adhesive component material.
• the adhesive material may be substantially flexible. In other cases, the adhesive material will be
• the adhesive material may have an anisotropic characteristic such that it is more or less flexible or rigid along one axis than along another. Patterning of the adhesive material will proceed in any manner appropriate to the adhesive material including, among others, any of the processes identified above with respect to the rigid and flexible materials.
• tixturing apparatus is provided for alignment of the various sheets of rigid, flexible and adhesive material prepared in steps 1104-1108.
• the fixturing apparatus will include alignment pins such as are known in the art.
• fixturing apparatus will include active alignment actuators and/or optical alignment devices.
• an assembly is thereafter prepared by applying the previously prepared and patterned (and in some cases unpattemed sheets of material) to the fixturing apparatus.
• the patterns and materials will, in certain embodiments, differ from sheet to sheet according to the requirements of a particular application.
• one or more sheets of adhesive material may be omitted in favor of applying adhesive to individual sheets and/or surface regions.
• the adhesive material will be applied, in any manner that is known, or becomes known, in the art.
• the adhesive material may be applied in liquid, powder, aerosol or gaseous form as individual sheets are added to the assembly.
• curing conditions are then applied to the assembled materials and/or fixturing apparatus.
• the curing conditions will include the application of heat and/or pressure to the assembly of layers.
• the curing conditions will include the application of physical or chemical addi ives such as, for example, catalytic chemicals, reduced temperatures, gaseous chemical components, or any other condition appropriate to secure a desirable unification of the various layers into an integrated assembly.
• the integrated assembly is, in certain embodiments, then removed from the fixturing apparatus. In some embodiments the integrated assembly is transferred thereafter to additional fixturing equipment. In other embodiments, and as will be understood by one of skill in the art, the integrated assembly remains on the fixturing apparatus for further processing.
• a method according to certain embodiments of the invention will include the removal of certain portions of one or more of the rigid and/or flexible layers. These portions (“referred to as scaffolding") will have served to support particular regions of the corresponding layer during the preceding processing steps. Their removal will allow one or more of the remaining portions to translate, rotate, or otherwise reorient with respect to some additional portion of the assembly.
• This step may include the removal of individual assemblies from a larger sheet assembly on which multiple assemblies of similar or different configurations have been prepared.
• the removal of particular support regions will be effected by laser machining.
• the removal of support regions will be effected by mechanical machining, wet chemical etching, chemical vapor etching, scribing, cutting, die cutting, punching, and/or tearing, among others.
• the assembly is activated, as per step 1120 to transition from its existing status to a post-activation configuration.
• This activation will, in certain embodiments, include reorientation of certain portions of one or more regions of one or more of the sheets of material.
• a portion of the assembly will fold up out of its initial plane to form a three-dimensional assembly in the manner of a pop-up book.
• the activation will incorporate various motions in corresponding embodiments of the invention including various translations and rotations along and about one or more axes.
• the activation will be effected by active fixturing apparatus, by the action of an individual worker, by a robotic device, by a device integrated within the assembly itself such as, for example, a spring, a motor, a piezoelectric actuator, a
• bimetal/bimorph device a magnetic actuator, electromagnetic actuator, a thermal expansive or contractive device, chemical reaction including, for example, a gas generating process, a crystallization process, a dehydration process, a polymerization process, or any other processor device appropriate to the requirements of a particular application.
• a further process step will secure the apparatus in its activated configuration.
• this step of securing the apparatus in its activated configuration will include, in certain embodiments, point soldering, wave soldering, tip soldering, reflo soldering, wire bonding, electrical welding, laser welding, ultrasonic welding, thermal bonding, chemical adhesive bonding, the activation of a ratchet and pawl device, the activation of a helical unidirectional gripping device, the application of a snap, a hook and loop fastener, a rivet, or any other fastener or fastening method that is known or becomes known to those of skill in the art.
• step 1122 the process or mechanism that reorients the apparatus into its activated configuration will serve to maintain that configuration without any additional step 1122 process or action.
• step 1122 is generally anticipated to be permanent in certain applications it will be beneficially temporary and/or repea table.
• step 1 24 additional scaffolding elements will be removed or severed to release the activated device and separate it from any remaining scaffolding.
• this step will be unnecessary where the device was completely released from any associated scaffolding prior to activation.
• the activated device will remain coupled to surrounding scaffolding for additional processing steps.
• step 1124 any of the approaches and methodologies identified above at for example, step 1118 will be advantageously applied according to the instant circumstances.
• Fig. 12A shows certain elements 1200 of an assembly consistent with, for example, process 1100.
• the elements include a first patterned
• substantially rigid layer 1202 a second patterned substantially rigid layer 1204, a patterned substantially flexible layer 1206, and first 1208 and second 1210 patterned adhesive layers.
• the pattern of each exemplary layer includes apertures, e.g., 1212, 1214 for receiving corresponding fixturing pins or dowels, e.g., 1216, 1218.
• fixturing dowels serve to maintain a desirable alignment of the various patterns while the assembly is compressed and curing of the adhesive layers 1208, 1210 is accomplished. It will be appreciated that other alignment methods and technologies (e.g., optical alignment) will also be used in certain applications and embodiments of the invention.
• each substantially rigid member includes an upper rigid portion 1246 and a lower rigid portion 1248 coupled to respective sides of the flexible portion 1250 by respective layers of cured, or otherwise activated, adhesive material 1252, 1254. It will be further appreciated that, while no securing step is apparent in relation to the hinged assembly 1232, other assemblies will benefit from such further processing.
• a magnetic field is created in a narrow, transverse air gap 1302 of a haptic actuator device 1304 by a stationary, thin permanent magnet 1306, 1308 and a closed- circuit, magnetically-soft structure.
• a plane, current-carrying coil 1312 is immersed in the magnetic field and constrained to move in a transverse, linear trajectory 1314. Because the current in the coil has a return path with equal current density and opposing direction, the magnetic field direction in half of the air gap must be reversed in order to ensure that the net force on the coil is in one direction.
• Flexure-based mechanisms and linkages are used to maintain the linear trajectory, as well as to suspend the coil in the air gap from contacting the interior of the surrounding structure.
• Actuation output is taken from the moving slider element on which the coil is mounted.
• the slider is also attached to the flexure linkage.
• the coil can maintain constant distance from the air gap interior by orienting the rotation axes of the mechanism normal to the plane of the device.
• Mechanical springs are attached to the slider and grounded to the device structure to increase the resonant frequency of the actuator. Electrical connections to the coil can be through electrically conductive springs. Alternatively, electrical connection can be achieved through flexible cables to the coil slider assembly.
• a further embodiment 1400 is similar to the linear actuator except the trajectory of the moving coil is constrained to an arc segment.
• the coil and magnet would ideally also be reshaped into arc-like segments to improve energy density of the device.
• the mechanical springs 1402, 1404 would also be reshaped to provide equivalent torsional stiffness around the slider's axis of rotation.
• Flexure-based mechanisms 1406, 1408 serve as the kinematic constraints on the slider's motion.
• the coil slider motion of either the linear or rotary actuators can serve as input to a linkage or mechanism that has a mechanical advantage or amplifies the motion to increase acceleration on a larger vibrating mass and generate larger vibrations.
• the rotation axis of the rotary actuator acts as the fulcrum of a simple lever— the distance from the coil to fulcrum is the effort arm— and a larger vibrating mass is attached to the output of the lever. If the mass is attached to the lever on the same side of the fulcrum as the coil, the mass of the coil contributes to the total vibrating mass in the device.
• the output motion of the linear actuator can also serve as input to a lever mechanism, resulting in rotary motion of a larger vibrating mass.
• a piezoelectric actuator drives a simple lever mechanism that amplifies the morion of the actuator output, resulting in a large output sweep angle for a large, rotating, and moving mass.
• the piezoelectric actuator just has to provide a high force, tow displacement input to the mechanism.
• Two rotary vibrating masses either coupled to a single linear actuator or decoupled and driven with two separate actuators (linear or rotary, piezoelectric or electromagnetic), moving in-plane and driven in phase can provide a strong vibration amplitude in one direction while cancelling out vibrations in another direction due to symmetry of the moving masses, effectively creating a unidirectional vibration motor. If decoupled with two separate actuators and driven out of phase, the moving masses can generate also generate torques.
• a linkage can be added to augment to the trajectory of vibration mass th t would otherwise stay in plane.
• the centripetal force required to bring the moving mass out of plane would generate out-of-plane vibrations.

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• 2015
  • 2015-02-11 CN CN201580019132.1A patent/CN106471439A/zh active Pending
  • 2015-02-11 JP JP2016568491A patent/JP6441387B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
  • 2015-02-11 EP EP15748713.3A patent/EP3105659A4/de not_active Withdrawn
  • 2015-02-11 WO PCT/US2015/015509 patent/WO2015123361A1/en active Application Filing

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