EP3081690A1 - Chaudière de récupération, moyens d'alimentation en combustible et procédé pour introduire une liqueur noire et de l'air, afin de réduire les émissions d'oxyde d'azote - Google Patents

Chaudière de récupération, moyens d'alimentation en combustible et procédé pour introduire une liqueur noire et de l'air, afin de réduire les émissions d'oxyde d'azote Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3081690A1
EP3081690A1 EP16165107.0A EP16165107A EP3081690A1 EP 3081690 A1 EP3081690 A1 EP 3081690A1 EP 16165107 A EP16165107 A EP 16165107A EP 3081690 A1 EP3081690 A1 EP 3081690A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
black liquor
air
feed pipe
combustion
furnace
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
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Application number
EP16165107.0A
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German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Pauli Dernjatin
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Fortum Oyj
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Fortum Oyj
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Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Fortum Oyj filed Critical Fortum Oyj
Publication of EP3081690A1 publication Critical patent/EP3081690A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

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    • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
    • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
    • D21C—PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE BY REMOVING NON-CELLULOSE SUBSTANCES FROM CELLULOSE-CONTAINING MATERIALS; REGENERATION OF PULPING LIQUORS; APPARATUS THEREFOR
    • D21C11/00—Regeneration of pulp liquors or effluent waste waters
    • D21C11/12—Combustion of pulp liquors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/04—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being hot slag, hot residues, or heated blocks, e.g. iron blocks
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B1/00—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method
    • F22B1/02—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers
    • F22B1/18—Methods of steam generation characterised by form of heating method by exploitation of the heat content of hot heat carriers the heat carrier being a hot gas, e.g. waste gas such as exhaust gas of internal-combustion engines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B37/00—Component parts or details of steam boilers
    • F22B37/02—Component parts or details of steam boilers applicable to more than one kind or type of steam boiler
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22D—PREHEATING, OR ACCUMULATING PREHEATED, FEED-WATER FOR STEAM GENERATION; FEED-WATER SUPPLY FOR STEAM GENERATION; CONTROLLING WATER LEVEL FOR STEAM GENERATION; AUXILIARY DEVICES FOR PROMOTING WATER CIRCULATION WITHIN STEAM BOILERS
    • F22D1/00—Feed-water heaters, i.e. economisers or like preheaters
    • F22D1/36—Water and air preheating systems
    • F22D1/38—Constructional features of water and air preheating systems
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23C—METHODS OR APPARATUS FOR COMBUSTION USING FLUID FUEL OR SOLID FUEL SUSPENDED IN  A CARRIER GAS OR AIR 
    • F23C7/00—Combustion apparatus characterised by arrangements for air supply
    • F23C7/02—Disposition of air supply not passing through burner
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23G—CREMATION FURNACES; CONSUMING WASTE PRODUCTS BY COMBUSTION
    • F23G7/00—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals
    • F23G7/04—Incinerators or other apparatus for consuming industrial waste, e.g. chemicals of waste liquors, e.g. sulfite liquors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23L—SUPPLYING AIR OR NON-COMBUSTIBLE LIQUIDS OR GASES TO COMBUSTION APPARATUS IN GENERAL ; VALVES OR DAMPERS SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR CONTROLLING AIR SUPPLY OR DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; INDUCING DRAUGHT IN COMBUSTION APPARATUS; TOPS FOR CHIMNEYS OR VENTILATING SHAFTS; TERMINALS FOR FLUES
    • F23L1/00—Passages or apertures for delivering primary air for combustion 
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F22—STEAM GENERATION
    • F22B—METHODS OF STEAM GENERATION; STEAM BOILERS
    • F22B31/00—Modifications of boiler construction, or of tube systems, dependent on installation of combustion apparatus; Arrangements of dispositions of combustion apparatus
    • F22B31/04—Heat supply by installation of two or more combustion apparatus, e.g. of separate combustion apparatus for the boiler and the superheater respectively

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a recovery boiler having reduced nitrogen oxide emissions.
  • the present invention further relates to fuel feeding means for a recovery boiler and a method for feeding black liquor and air to a recovery boiler.
  • Recovery boilers are used in the Kraft process of pulping for combustion of black liquor.
  • Black liquor is an aqueous solution comprising organic and inorganic chemicals which formed as a by-product in pulping process.
  • the purpose of the process is to regenerate black liquor into active cooking chemical with the aid of heat and reducing conditions.
  • black liquor Before combustion in a recovery boiler, black liquor is normally concentrated until the dry matter content is approximately 65 to 85 %.
  • a typical recovery furnace comprises black liquor feed pipes at a height of 6 to 7 meters from the bottom to the furnace for supplying black liquor into the furnace.
  • the number of black liquor feed pipes is between four and twenty.
  • Black liquor feed pipes comprise black liquor spray nozzles for distributing black liquor spray into the boiler furnace.
  • the black liquor spray nozzles atomize the black liquor into droplets of a size of 0.5 to 5 mm.
  • the black liquor droplets go through a series of processes involving drying, pyrolysis, char gasification and combustion.
  • the solid char residue that remains after pyrolysis is burned mostly in the char bed at the bottom of the furnace.
  • the formation of black liquor spray is controlled by the choice of a suitable black liquor spray nozzle.
  • the purpose of the black liquor nozzle is to control the droplet size and to efficiently distribute the liquor spray in to the boiler furnace.
  • Typical nozzle types include swirlcone nozzle, V-type nozzle and splash plate nozzle.
  • Primary air is typically supplied from all four furnace walls at a height of one meter and secondary air at a height of two meters from the bottom of the furnace. Typically, 65 to 85 % of combustion air is supplied below the black liquor feed pipes. Tertiary air is typically supplied at a height of eight meters from two furnace walls. Primary air is used to achieve optimal combustion of black liquor and to control the shape of the char bed located at the lower part of the furnace. The purpose of secondary air is to control combustion processes in the upper part of the furnace and to combust the pyrolysis gases and carbon monoxide. Secondary air is also used to control the shape of the char bed. The purpose of tertiary air is to finalize the combustion process. In addition to three-level air system, multilevel air system and vertical air systems have been used.
  • Smelt removal spouts are typically located at the bottom of the furnace on the sides of the furnace walls.
  • the smelt removal spouts direct the chemical smelt produced in combustion out of the furnace.
  • Combustion and charring take place in the char bed located at the bottom of the furnace.
  • the height of the char bed is typically about two meters from the bottom of the furnace.
  • the height and shape of the char bed is controlled with the aid of primary and secondary air.
  • combustion of black liquor in recovery boilers has the following requirements: stable combustion in the char bed located in the lower part of the furnace and controlling of the shape and size of the char bed, reducing conditions in the char bed, minimization of carryover of black liquor particles to the upper parts of the furnace, minimization of sulfur emissions and minimization of nitrogen oxide emissions.
  • Recovery boilers produce various emissions, such as sulfur dioxides, total reduced sulfur compounds, nitrogen oxides, hydrochloric acid, heavy metals, volatile organic compounds and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons.
  • the emissions have been reduced by designing more advanced boilers and air systems. There is, however, a need to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions of recovery boilers.
  • Nitrogen oxide emission limits for recovery boilers are about to get stricter in the near future and it is likely that the new nitrogen oxide emission limit for recovery boilers will be in the range of 120 to 200 mg/Nm 3 .
  • a nitrogen oxide emission limit of 120 mg/Nm 3 would be rather strict and would possibly require, in addition to methods of combustion technology, post-combustion nitrogen oxide control technologies such as Selective Non-catalytic Reduction (SNCR) process.
  • SNCR Selective Non-catalytic Reduction
  • Fouling of heat transfer surfaces causes major problems in recovery boilers.
  • Part of the black liquor spray particles may be entrained in the air and flue gas streams and carried to the upper part of the furnace.
  • the black liquor particles burn in the flue gases, and the carryover particles carried by the flue gas stream are stratified on the heat transfer surfaces thereby causing fouling and corrosion of the heat transfer surfaces and preventing flue gas flow.
  • Carryover is especially formed if strong upflow jets are formed inside the furnace. Upflow jets are formed when two streams of high velocity collide. There is thus a need to invent new ways to reduce fouling and corrosion of superheaters.
  • EP 0761871 A1 describes a kraft recovery boiler furnace in which air is introduced into the furnace through quarternary air injection ports located in the furnace in the vicinity of or at approximately the same elevation as the black liquor injection guns. Injection site combustion zone is defined surrounding the black liquor guns. In this zone, the quarternary air supports efficient combustion of the combustible gases driven from the drying black liquor droplets without entraining solid particles. The solution improves mixing and combustion, but does not direct the black liquor particles down into the char bed. Also, no reduction in nitrogen oxide emission is described.
  • the purpose of the invention is to provide a recovery boiler in which carryover of black liquor particles to the upper parts of the furnace is reduced.
  • the purpose is also to reduce nitrogen oxide emissions.
  • the present invention relates to a recovery boiler comprising a boiler furnace comprising vertical furnace walls and a first combustion zone (I), a set of black liquor feed pipes on at least one furnace wall in the first combustion zone (I) for supplying black liquor into the boiler furnace, and primary air nozzles on at least one furnace wall below the set of black liquor feed pipes for supplying primary air into the first combustion zone (I).
  • the recovery boiler comprises an air feed channel above at least part of the length of at least one black liquor feed pipe of the set of black liquor feed pipes for supplying combustion air for volatile matter into the first combustion zone (I) along with the black liquor supply in the direction of the length of the at least one black liquor feed pipe.
  • the present further invention relates to a recovery boiler comprising a boiler furnace comprising vertical furnace walls and a first combustion zone (I), a set of black liquor feed pipes on at least one furnace wall in the first combustion zone (I) for supplying black liquor into the boiler furnace, and primary air nozzles on at least one furnace wall below the set of black liquor feed pipes for supplying primary air into the first combustion zone (I).
  • the recovery boiler comprises an air feed channel around at least part of the length of at least one black liquor feed pipe of the set of black liquor feed pipes and surrounding the at least one black liquor feed pipe on its all sides for supplying combustion air for volatile matter into the first combustion zone (I) along with the black liquor supply in the direction of the length of the at least one black liquor feed pipe such that the supply of combustion air for volatile matter surrounds the black liquor supply.
  • the present invention further relates to fuel feeding means for a recovery boiler comprising a boiler furnace comprising vertical furnace walls.
  • the fuel feeding means comprises a set of black liquor feed pipes on at least one furnace wall for supplying black liquor into the boiler furnace.
  • the fuel feeding means comprises an air feed channel above at least part of the length of at least one black liquor feed pipe of the set of black liquor feed pipes for supplying combustion air for volatile matter into the boiler furnace along with the black liquor supply in the direction of the length of the at least one black liquor feed pipe.
  • the present invention further relates to fuel feeding means for a recovery boiler comprising a boiler furnace comprising vertical furnace walls.
  • the fuel feeding means comprises a set of black liquor feed pipes on at least one furnace wall for supplying black liquor into the boiler furnace.
  • the fuel feeding means comprises an air feed channel around at least part of the length of at least one black liquor feed pipe of the set of black liquor feed pipes and surrounding the at least one black liquor feed pipe on its all sides for supplying combustion air for volatile matter into the boiler furnace along with the black liquor supply in the direction of the length of the at least one black liquor feed pipe such that the supply of combustion air for volatile matter surrounds the black liquor supply.
  • the present invention further relates to a method for feeding black liquor and air to a recovery boiler burning black liquor, the recovery boiler comprising a boiler furnace comprising a first combustion zone (I) and vertical furnace walls, in which method air needed for burning the black liquor is supplied in stages into the boiler furnace.
  • the method comprises:
  • the present invention further relates to a method for feeding black liquor and air to a recovery boiler burning black liquor, the recovery boiler comprising a boiler furnace comprising a first combustion zone (I) and vertical furnace walls, in which method air needed for burning the black liquor is supplied in stages into the boiler furnace.
  • the method comprises:
  • the air feed channel at least partly surrounds the at least one black liquor feed pipe such that the supply of combustion air for volatile matter at least partly surrounds the black liquor supply.
  • the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied into the first combustion zone (I) through an air feed channel arranged above at least part of the length of at least one black liquor feed pipe of the set of black liquor feed pipes.
  • the air feed channel at least partly surrounds the at least one black liquor feed pipe.
  • the supply of combustion air for volatile matter at least partly surrounds the black liquor supply. In one embodiment, the supply of combustion air for volatile matter surrounds the black liquor supply on all sides.
  • the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied into the first combustion zone (I) through an air feed channel arranged around at least part of the length of at least one black liquor feed pipe of the set of black liquor feed pipes and surrounding the at least one black liquor feed pipe on its all sides.
  • black liquor particles supplied to the furnace dry, they swell and lose weight, which makes them more easily carried to the upper part of the furnace.
  • Black liquor particles carried to the upper part of the furnace cause superheater fouling.
  • the particles may also escape out of the furnace together with the flue gases, thereby causing loss of black liquor.
  • combustion air for volatile matter is supplied into the first combustion zone (I) above the black liquor supply, or at least partly surrounding or surrounding the black liquor supply, the black liquor is efficiently directed into the char bed. Carryover of black liquor particles to the upper part of the furnace is reduced. As a consequence, fouling of the heat transfer surfaces and losses of black liquor raw material are reduced.
  • the air feed channel is arranged above the black liquor feed pipe for supplying combustion air for volatile matter along with the black liquor supply in the direction of the length of the black liquor feed pipe.
  • the air feed channel may also be arranged above and on both sides of the black liquor feed pipe.
  • the air feed channel is arranged to supply a continuous curtain of combustion air for volatile matter.
  • the continuous curtain of combustion air for volatile matter prevents escape of black liquor particles to the upper part of the furnace through the curtain.
  • the combustion air for volatile matter directs the black liquor into the char bed.
  • the air feed channel is arranged to supply combustion air for volatile matter such that it directs the black liquor into the char bed.
  • the combustion air for volatile matter prevents escape of black liquor particles to the upper part of the furnace. Combustion air for volatile matter supplied along with the black liquor is also efficiently mixed with the black liquor, thus causing efficient combustion of the black liquor.
  • the air feed channel at least partly surrounds the at least one black liquor feed pipe, i.e. the air feed channel is arranged around at least part of the black liquor feed pipe.
  • the outlet of the air feed channel is arranged around at least part of the outlet of the black liquor feed pipe.
  • the air feed channel is arranged above the black liquor feed pipe, and not extending to the sides of the black liquor feed pipe.
  • the air feed channel is curved or angular. In one embodiment, the air feed channel extends around at least part of the black liquor feed pipe.
  • the supply of combustion air for volatile matter at least partly surrounds the black liquor supply. In one embodiment, the supply of combustion air for volatile matter does not extend to the sides of the black liquor supply.
  • the air feed channel surrounds the at least one black liquor feed pipe by at least 45 degrees. In other words, the air feed channel extends around the black liquor feed pipe by 45 degrees. In one embodiment, the air feed channel surrounds the at least one black liquor feed pipe by at least 90 or 180 or 270 degrees. In one embodiment, the air feed channel surrounds the at least one black liquor feed pipe by 360 degrees. That is, the air feed channel surrounds the at least one black liquor feed pipe on all sides. In one embodiment, the outlet of the air feed channel surrounds the outlet of the at least one black liquor feed pipe by at least 45 degrees. In one embodiment, the outlet of the air feed channel surrounds the outlet of the at least one black liquor feed pipe by at least 90 or 180 or 270 degrees. In one embodiment, the outlet of the air feed channel surrounds the outlet of the at least one black liquor feed pipe by 360 degrees. That is, the outlet of the air feed channel surrounds the outlet of the at least one black liquor feed pipe on all sides.
  • the air feed channel surrounds the at least one black liquor feed pipe symmetrically on both sides of the black liquor feed pipe. In one embodiment, the outlet of the air feed channel surrounds the outlet of the at least one black liquor feed pipe symmetrically on both sides of the outlet of the black liquor feed pipe. In one embodiment, the air feed channel or its outlet extends to an equal distance on both sides of the black liquor feed pipe or its outlet.
  • the cross-section of the air feed channel is U-shaped.
  • the U-shape opens downwards.
  • the air feed channel is a spout opening downwards.
  • the cross-section of the air feed channel is a rectangle.
  • the cross-section of the air feed channel is a circle.
  • the cross-section of the air feed channel may be of any shape suitable for supplying combustion air such that it directs the black liquor into the char bed.
  • the air feed channel is arranged to provide a continuous supply of combustion air for volatile matter.
  • the air feed channel may be a uniform channel.
  • the air feed channel may consist of separate air feed channels arranged contiguous with each other. No space is left between the separate air feed channels to prevent black liquor from escaping through the supply of combustion air for volatile matter into the upper parts of the boiler.
  • the air feed channel and the at least one black liquor feed pipe are contiguous with each other. Hence, no vertical or horizontal space is left in between the air feed channel and the black liquor feed pipe.
  • the air feed channel is arranged at a vertical distance from the at least one black liquor feed pipe. In one embodiment, the air feed channel is arranged at a horizontal distance from the at least one black liquor feed pipe. In one embodiment, the vertical distance between the air feed channel and the black liquor feed pipe is 0 - 50 centimeters. In one embodiment, the vertical distance between the air feed channel and the black liquor feed pipe is 0 - 30 centimeters. In one embodiment, the vertical distance between the air feed channel and the black liquor feed pipe is 0 centimeters.
  • the outlet of the air feed channel is broader than the outlet of the at least one black liquor feed pipe. In one embodiment, the outlet of the air feed channel is at least two times broader than the outlet of the at least on black liquor feed pipe. In one embodiment, the outlet of the air feed channel is at least three times broader than the outlet of the at least one black liquor feed pipe. In one embodiment, the outlet of the air feed channel is at least five times broader than the outlet of the at least one black liquor feed pipe. In one embodiment, the outlet of the air feed channel is 2 - 15 or 2 - 10 or 4 - 15 or 4 - 10 or 4 - 8 or 7 - 14 times broader than the outlet of the at least one black liquor feed pipe.
  • the width of the outlet of the air feed channel is 0.2 - 1.5 meters. In one embodiment, the width of the outlet of the air feed channel is 0.4 - 1.0 meters. In one embodiment, the width of the outlet of the air feed channel is 40 - 60 centimeters.
  • the size, shape and dimensions of the air feed channel as well as its vertical and horizontal distance from the black liquor feed pipe are affected by the velocities of the black liquor and the combustion air for volatile matter together with the manufacturing process of the air feed channel and the arrangement of individual components inside the recovery boiler.
  • the supply of combustion air for volatile matter fully surrounds the black liquor supply.
  • Combustion air for volatile matter forms a curtain of combustion air around the black liquor flow.
  • the curtain of combustion air for volatile matter directs the black liquor flow into the char bed and prevents escape of black liquor particles to the upper part of the furnace.
  • Combustion air for volatile matter supplied along with the black liquor is also efficiently mixed with the black liquor, thus causing efficient combustion of the black liquor.
  • the temperature in the first combustion zone (I) is high.
  • the fuel is made to ignite quickly and a major part of the volatile matter released from black liquor can be burnt before the second combustion zone (II).
  • the amount of unburned black liquor is minimized and combustion of black liquor is more complete. Also, the dwell time of the black liquor in the furnace is increased and the combustion is easier to control.
  • the black liquor feed pipe is arranged inside the air feed channel at a distance from the walls of the air feed channel such that airspace surrounds the black liquor feed pipe on all sides.
  • the black liquor feed pipe and the air feed channel are coaxial cylinders.
  • a separate air feed channel is arranged around the black liquor feed pipe.
  • the air feed channel may comprise several separate air feed channels arranged around different sides of the black liquor feed pipe and together surrounding the black liquor feed pipe on all sides.
  • the air feed channel may comprise means for directing the air flow, such as guide vanes.
  • the recovery boiler comprises an air feed channel around at least part of the length of each black liquor feed pipe of the set of black liquor feed pipes and surrounding each black liquor feed pipe on its all sides.
  • black liquor feed pipes are located on two opposite furnace walls. In one embodiment, black liquor feed pipes are located on all four furnace walls. In one embodiment, the number of black liquor feed pipes is 4 to 20. The black liquor feed pipes may be located at several different heights on furnace walls so that the outlets of individual black liquor feed pipes are at different heights. In one embodiment, the height of the black liquor feed pipes from the bottom of the boiler furnace is 4 to 6 meters.
  • the black liquor feed pipe comprises a black liquor spray nozzle for distributing black liquor spray into the boiler furnace.
  • the black liquor spray nozzle may be of any conventional type, such as swirlcone nozzle, V-type nozzle and splash plate nozzle.
  • the supply of combustion air for volatile matter and the black liquor supply are supplied in the same direction.
  • the current invention reduces nitrogen oxide emissions by supplying combustion air for volatile matter into the first combustion zone (I), thus improving combustion of volatile matter released from black liquor in the pyrolysis reaction and reduction of nitrogen oxides in the furnace.
  • the volatile matter released from the black liquor reacts into nitrogen monoxide.
  • the volatile matter is reduced to molecular nitrogen.
  • the quantity of combustion air for volatile matter is adjusted so that the air coefficient in relation to volatile matter SR VOL in the first combustion zone (I) is as high as possible, however, less than 1.
  • Combustion of volatile matter in the first combustion zone (I) is thus as efficient as possible, but still takes place in substoichiometric conditions in relation to volatile matter.
  • Combustion of volatile matter creates a high temperature, thereby maximizing the formation of hydrocarbon radicals from the black liquor.
  • the current invention reduces the temperature of the flue gas at the furnace exit (Furnace Exit Gas Temperature, FEGT).
  • FEGT Flunace Exit Gas Temperature
  • the first combustion zone (I) begins from the bottom of the boiler furnace and extends up to below the height level of secondary air nozzles.
  • the height of the primary air nozzles is one to two meters from the bottom of the boiler furnace.
  • primary air nozzles are located at several heights, e.g. at a height of both one and two meters from the bottom of the boiler furnace.
  • the number of primary air nozzles is 35.
  • the height of the secondary air nozzles is 2 to 6 meters from the height level of black liquor feed pipes.
  • the number of secondary air nozzles is 4 to 16.
  • primary air nozzles are located on all four furnace walls. In one embodiment, secondary air nozzles are located on all four furnace walls.
  • Primary air is set to flow from a suitable height and with such a velocity that the shape of the char bed is kept optimal.
  • the shape of the char bed is controlled with the aid of combustion air for volatile matter supplied along with the black liquor supply.
  • the boiler furnace comprises a lower part, and the set of black liquor feed pipes is arranged to supply the black liquor in the direction of the lower part to form a char bed at the lower part of the boiler furnace.
  • the boiler furnace comprises a lower part, and the black liquor is supplied in the direction of the lower part to form a char bed at the lower part of the boiler furnace.
  • At least one black liquor feed pipe of the set of black liquor feed pipes is directed obliquely downwards and the angle ⁇ between the normal N of the at least one vertical furnace wall and the at least one black liquor feed pipe is 20 to 60 degrees. In one embodiment, all black liquor feed pipes of the set of black liquor feed pipes are directed obliquely downwards and the angle ⁇ between the normal N of the at least one vertical furnace wall and the black liquor feed pipes is 20 to 60 degrees.
  • all black liquor feed pipes having an air feed channel around at least part of the length of the black liquor feed pipe, wherein the air feed channel surrounds the black liquor feed pipes on all sides are directed obliquely downwards and the angle ⁇ between the normal N of the at least one vertical furnace wall and the black liquor feed pipes is 20 to 60 degrees. In one embodiment the angle ⁇ is 30 to 60 degrees. In one embodiment the angle ⁇ is 40 to 50 degrees. In one embodiment the angle ⁇ is 45 degrees. The angle ⁇ is the angle between the central axis of the at least one black liquor feed pipe and the normal N of the at least one vertical furnace wall.
  • the black liquor feed pipes are 4 to 6 meters above the bottom of the boiler furnace.
  • the angle ⁇ and the height of the at least one black liquor feed pipe is adjusted so as to achieve optimal shape of the char bed and to prevent individual black liquor supplies and surrounding supplies of combustion air for volatile matter from colliding with each other.
  • the angle ⁇ and height of the at least one black liquor feed pipe may differ from the angle and height of another black liquor feed pipe.
  • the at least one black liquor feed pipe is directed obliquely downwards for supplying the black liquor in the direction of the char bed.
  • the angle between the normal N of the at least one vertical furnace wall and the air feed channel is equal to angle ⁇ . In one embodiment, the angle between the normal N of the at least one vertical furnace wall and the air feed channel is 20 to 60 degrees. In one embodiment, the angle between the normal N of the at least one vertical furnace wall and the air feed channel is 30 to 60 degrees. In one embodiment, the angle between the normal N of the at least one vertical furnace wall and the air feed channel is 40 to 50 degrees. In one embodiment, the angle between the normal N of the at least one vertical furnace wall and the air feed channel is 45 degrees.
  • At least one black liquor feed pipe of the set of black liquor feed pipes is arranged on a first furnace wall and at least one black liquor feed pipe of the set of black liquor feed pipes is arranged on a second furnace wall opposite the first furnace wall, and the at least one black liquor feed pipe on the first furnace wall and the at least one black liquor feed pipe on the second furnace wall are arranged in a staggered fashion so that the at least one black liquor feed pipe on the first furnace wall is not directly opposite to the at least one black liquor feed pipe on the second furnace wall.
  • the air feed channels on the first and the second furnace wall are arranged in a staggered fashion so that the air feed channel on the first furnace wall is not directly opposite to the air feed channel on the second furnace wall.
  • the black liquor feed pipes and the air feed channels may also be arranged horizontally at an angle ⁇ to the normal N of the wall the pipe or channel is attached to.
  • Said angle ⁇ may be, for instance, 5 degrees.
  • the at least one black liquor feed pipe of the set of black liquor feed pipes is arranged on a first furnace wall, and the at least one black liquor feed pipe nearest to a third furnace wall which is perpendicular to the first furnace wall is turned in the horizontal direction away from the third furnace wall such that the angle ⁇ between the normal N of the first furnace wall and the at least one black liquor feed pipe is 5 to 15 degrees.
  • the angle ⁇ is 5 to 10 degrees.
  • the angle ⁇ is 5 degrees.
  • Black liquor feed pipes are arranged in such a way that the supplies of black liquor and combustion air for volatile matter do not collide with each other. This way, formation of upflow jets is reduced.
  • Black liquor feed pipes may be located at different height levels from the bottom of the furnace.
  • the primary, secondary and tertiary air nozzles are arranged in such a way that the supplies of primary, secondary and tertiary air do not collide with each other.
  • primary air nozzles on the first and the second furnace wall are arranged in a staggered fashion so that primary air nozzles on the first furnace wall are not directly opposite to primary air nozzles on the second furnace wall.
  • secondary air nozzles on the first and the second furnace wall are arranged in a staggered fashion so that secondary air nozzles on the first furnace wall are not directly opposite to secondary air nozzles on the second furnace wall.
  • tertiary air nozzles on the first and the second furnace wall are arranged in a staggered fashion so that tertiary air nozzles on the first furnace wall are not directly opposite to tertiary air nozzles on the second furnace wall.
  • the air feed channel comprises an outlet and the cross-sectional area of the air feed channel at the outlet is arranged to be such that the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is 5 to 40 m/s or 5 to 25 m/s. At this velocity range the combustion air for volatile matter directs the black liquor particles into the char bed but does not aggressively crash into the char bed and cause mixing of the char bed.
  • the air feed channel comprises an outlet and the cross-sectional area of the air feed channel at the outlet is arranged to be such that the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is 5 to 25 m/s.
  • the air feed channel comprises an outlet and the cross-sectional area of the air feed channel at the outlet is arranged to be such that the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is 5 to 40 m/s. In one embodiment the air feed channel comprises an outlet and the cross-sectional area of the air feed channel at the outlet is arranged to be such that the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is 20 to 40 m/s.
  • the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied means the velocity of the combustion air for volatile matter at the outlet of the air feed channel.
  • the velocity of the air supply depends on the cross-section of the air feed channel at the outlet, i.e. the smaller the cross-section, the faster the flow.
  • the velocity of combustion air for volatile matter is adjusted so as to efficiently direct the black liquor into the char bed and simultaneously preventing two flows from colliding.
  • combustion air for volatile matter supplied along with the black liquor controls the shape of the char bed.
  • the combustion air for volatile matter is set to flow at a velocity providing desired shape of the char bed.
  • the cross-sectional area of the air feed channel at the outlet is arranged to be such that the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is equal to or greater than the velocity at which the black liquor is supplied.
  • the velocity at which the black liquor is supplied means the velocity the black liquor exits the black liquor spray nozzle and enters the boiler furnace.
  • the velocity at which the black liquor is supplied is determined so that the black liquor flow does not collide with black liquor or air flows supplied from the opposite or adjacent furnace wall.
  • the velocity at which the black liquor is supplied is such that black liquor particles do not escape to upper parts of the furnace through to the flow of combustion air for volatile matter supplied above the black liquor supply, or at least party surrounding or surrounding the black liquor flow, and such that the black liquor particles are efficiently directed into the char bed by the combustion air for volatile matter.
  • CFD calculations are used to determine variables concerning black liquor supply so that the black liquor particles do not escape from the black liquor flow directed to the char bed.
  • variables include the type of black liquor spray nozzle, the velocity at which the black liquor particles exit the black liquor spray nozzle, the angle at which the black liquor particles exits the black liquor spray nozzle, and the size of the black liquor droplets.
  • the angle of the splash plate in relation to the black liquor feed pipe has to be taken into account.
  • CFD calculations are used to determine how much of the black liquor particles are directed into the char bed.
  • the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is 5 to 40 m/s or 5 to 25 m/s. In one embodiment the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is 5 to 40 m/s. In one embodiment the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is 5 to 25 m/s. In one embodiment the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is 20 to 40 m/s. In one embodiment the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is 5 to 20 m/s. In one embodiment the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is 5 to 15 m/s. In one embodiment the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is 10 m/s. In one embodiment the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is equal to or greater than the velocity at which the black liquor is supplied.
  • the amount of combustion air for volatile matter is determined by the amount of primary air supplied into the first combustion zone (I) so that the value of SR VOL in the first combustion zone (I) is in the correct area.
  • the velocity of the combustion air for volatile matter in the air feed channel is affected by the mass flow of air and the cross-section of the air feed channel.
  • the boiler furnace comprises a second combustion zone (II) located above the first combustion zone (I), and secondary air nozzles on at least on furnace wall above the set of black liquor feed pipes for supplying secondary air into the second combustion zone (II).
  • the boiler furnace comprises a second combustion zone (II) located above the first combustion zone (I), and secondary air is supplied into the second combustion zone (II) through secondary air nozzles.
  • the second combustion zone (II) begins from the height level of the secondary air nozzles and extends up to below the height level of tertiary air nozzles.
  • the second combustion zone (II) is substoichiometric.
  • the air feed channel is connected to the secondary air for supplying secondary air at least as part of the combustion air for volatile matter.
  • the temperature of the combustion air for volatile matter is 150 to 250 °C. Secondary air is typically preheated in order to enhance combustion in the furnace. Due to the high temperature of combustion air for volatile matter, drying of the black liquor particles and subsequent pyrolysis begin immediately. Consequently, combustion of the black liquor begins earlier and is enhanced in the lower part of the furnace, thereby increasing the temperature in the lower part of the furnace. The time available for combustion is increased. When hot combustion air for volatile matter is used, the result of combustion is better.
  • the combustion air for volatile matter comprises secondary air.
  • the combustion air for volatile matter consists of secondary air. The amount of secondary air provided into the second combustion zone (II) through secondary air nozzles is decreased correspondingly.
  • the air coefficient in relation to volatile matter SR VOL in the first combustion zone (I) is in the substoichiometric area, i.e. below 1.
  • the primary air nozzles and the air feed channel are arranged to supply primary air and combustion air for volatile matter in such an amount that the air coefficient in relation to volatile matter SR VOL in the first combustion zone (I) is 0.9 - 1.0.
  • the air coefficient in relation to volatile matter SR VOL in the first combustion zone (I) is 0.9 - 1.0.
  • the air coefficient in relation to volatile matter SR VOL in the first combustion zone (I) is 0.95 - 1.0.
  • Combustion air is supplied into the first combustion zone (I) as primary air through primary air nozzles and as combustion air for volatile matter through the air feed channel arranged above or around the black liquor feed pipe.
  • primary air and combustion air for volatile matter together determine the air coefficient in relation to volatile matter SR VOL in the first combustion zone (I).
  • the air coefficient in relation to volatile matter SR VOL in the first combustion zone (I) is 0.9 - 1.0, nitrogen oxides are efficiently reduced, whereby a major part of the black liquor's volatile matter will burn already in the first combustion zone (I).
  • the first combustion zone (I) is supplied with combustion air for volatile matter which enhances nitrogen oxide reduction.
  • the amount of primary air supplied into the first combustion zone (I) does not change as compared to conventional recovery boiler combustion.
  • the total amount of combustion air in the first combustion zone (I) is increased by adding combustion air for volatile matter. Since SR VOL is in substoichiometric area, combustion of volatile matter released from the black liquor in pyrolysis takes place in substoichiometric conditions in relation to volatile matter.
  • the air coefficient in relation to volatile matter is below 1, but as high as possible in order to enhance combustion of volatile matter in the first combustion zone (I).
  • Most of the volatile matter can be burnt in the first combustion zone (I) before the supply of secondary air.
  • the total air coefficient SR TOT in the first combustion zone is substoichiometric.
  • the air coefficient or the stoichiometric ratio SR tells how much air must be used for the combustion in comparison with the theoretical (stoichiometric) volume of air needed for complete combustion of the fuel.
  • the air coefficient SR In substoichiometric combustion, the air coefficient SR is under 1, and in superstoichiometric combustion the air coefficient SR is over 1.
  • the first and second combustion zones (I,II) are substoichiometric. By substoichiometric combustion it is meant that the total air coefficient SR TOT is kept substoichiometric.
  • the total air coefficient SR TOT is kept superstoichiometric in the third combustion zone (III), in which the combustion is completed.
  • 60 to 80 % of combustion air in the first combustion zone (I) consists of primary air and 20 to 40 % of combustion air in the first combustion zone consists of combustion air for volatile matter supplied along with the black liquor supply.
  • the primary air nozzles, the secondary air nozzles and the air feed channel are arranged to supply primary air, secondary air and combustion air for volatile matter in such an amount that the total air coefficient SR TOT in the second combustion zone (II) is 0.75 - 0.85. In one embodiment the total air coefficient SR TOT in the second combustion zone (II) is 0.75 - 0.85. In one embodiment the total air coefficient SR TOT in the second combustion zone (II) is 0.8. Combustion air is supplied into the second combustion zone (II) as secondary air through secondary air nozzles.
  • the amount of primary air and combustion air for volatile matter supplied into the first combustion zone (I), and secondary air supplied in the second combustion zone (II) together determine the total air coefficient SR TOT in the second combustion zone (II).
  • the secondary air nozzles are arranged to supply secondary air into the second combustion zone (II) in such an amount that the total air coefficient SR TOT in the second combustion zone (II) is in the desired value.
  • the boiler furnace comprises a third combustion zone (III) located above the second combustion zone (II), and tertiary air nozzles on at least one furnace wall above the secondary air nozzles for supplying tertiary air into the third combustion zone (III), wherein the tertiary air nozzles are arranged to supply nitrogen oxide reductant into the third combustion zone (III) along with the tertiary air for reducing nitrogen oxides.
  • the boiler furnace comprises a third combustion zone (III) located above the second combustion zone (II), and tertiary air is supplied into the third combustion zone (III) through tertiary air nozzles, and wherein nitrogen oxide reductant is supplied into the third combustion zone (III) along with the tertiary air through the tertiary air nozzles for reducing nitrogen oxides.
  • the tertiary air nozzles are located 2 - 4 meters below the furnace nose.
  • the third combustion zone (III) begins from the height level of the tertiary air nozzles and extends up to the height level of furnace nose.
  • the nitrogen oxide reductant comprises a water solution of ammonia, a water solution of urea or gaseous ammonia. In one embodiment the nitrogen oxide reductant consists of a water solution of ammonia, a water solution of urea or gaseous ammonia.
  • the nitrogen oxide reductant is often injected into the boiler furnace through separate nozzles installed on boiler walls. It is, however, challenging to achieve adequate penetration and distribution of the nitrogen oxide reductant into the boiler furnace when the nitrogen oxide reductant is supplied through separate nozzles. Because of the viscosity of glue gases, efficient mixing is difficult to obtain. Undesired ammonia NH 3 and nitrous oxide N 2 O are often formed due to inefficient distribution and mixing of the reductant in the flue gas stream.
  • nitrogen oxide reductant is supplied through tertiary air nozzles, homogeneous distribution and good penetration of the nitrogen oxide reductant in the boiler furnace is achieved. This may be achieved by installing nitrogen oxide reductant lances in the existing tertiary air openings. The lances may be equipped with air or pressure atomizing nozzles. In this case the nitrogen oxide reductant is efficiently distributed and mixed with the aid of combustion air into the whole cross-section of the boiler.
  • the temperature window for achieving an adequate nitrogen oxide reduction with a minimum NH 3 slip is narrow.
  • the optimum temperature range for urea and ammonia is between about 950 and 1,100 °C. When the temperature is above this range, nitrogen oxides are formed. When the temperature is below this range, the reaction rate is slowed down causing ammonia slip. In the incorrect temperature range, nitrous oxide N 2 O is formed.
  • the temperature of the flue gas at the furnace exit is reduced, since combustion takes place lower in the furnace.
  • Low FEGT reduces corrosion in the superheater area and fouling of heat transfer surfaces.
  • Lower temperature in the upper part of the furnace allows supplying nitrogen oxide reductant through tertiary air nozzles. Nitrogen oxides can thus be further reduced with the aid of nitrogen oxide reductant without considerable ammonia emissions.
  • a recovery boiler, fuel feeding means or a method to which the invention is related may comprise at least one of the embodiments of the invention described hereinbefore.
  • Figure 1 is a schematic sectional front view of a recovery boiler. The figure is a basic view of the boiler and it is not intended to present the recovery boiler on its correct scale.
  • the recovery boiler of figure 1 comprises a boiler furnace 2 comprising vertical furnace walls 5. Furnace walls 5A and 5B are located opposite each other.
  • Black liquor is supplied into the first combustion zone (I) through fuel feeding means 11 presented in detail in figure 2 .
  • the fuel feeding means 11 comprises a black liquor feed pipe 3 and an air feed channel 4.
  • the black liquor feed pipe 3 is directed obliquely downwards to direct black liquor into a char bed 1 located at the lower part 9 of the boiler furnace 2.
  • An acute angle ⁇ is formed between the black liquor feed pipe 3 and the normal N of the furnace wall 5.
  • the angle ⁇ is between 20 and 60 °.
  • the black liquor feed pipes 3 are typically located at a height of 4 to 6 meters from the bottom of the boiler furnace 2. Typically, there are black liquor feed pipes 3 on all four walls.
  • the total number of black liquor feed pipes 3 in a typical recovery boiler is between four and twenty.
  • Combustion air for volatile matter is supplied into the first combustion zone (I) along with the black liquor supply through the air feed channel 4 arranged around the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • the combustion air for volatile matter forms a curtain of air around the black liquor supply which directs the black liquor into the char bed 1, thereby preventing escape of black liquor particles to the upper parts of the boiler furnace 2.
  • the air feed channel 4 is arranged around the black liquor feed pipe 3, it may also be arranged only above the black liquor feed pipe 3 or only partly surrounding the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • Different constructions of air feed channels 4 are illustrated in figures 4a to 4e .
  • the air feed channel 4 may be connected to secondary air in order to supply secondary air as combustion air for volatile matter. The amount of secondary air is decreased correspondingly.
  • a char bed 1 wherein combustion and charring of black liquor take place.
  • the shape and size of the char bed 1 is controlled by adjusting the supply of primary air and combustion air for volatile matter supplied along with the black liquor. This may be done be adjusting the supply height, supply angle and velocity of said air supplies.
  • the combustion residue i.e. smelt is removed from the boiler furnace 2 through smelt removal spouts 12 located at the bottom of the boiler furnace into a dissolving tank (not presented).
  • the bottom of the furnace may be inclined in order to direct the smelt into the smelt outlet spouts 12.
  • Air is supplied into the boiler furnace 2 through primary air nozzles 6, secondary air nozzles 7 and tertiary air nozzles 8.
  • air is supplied into the boiler furnace 2 through the air feed channel 4 arranged around the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • primary air nozzles are located below the black liquor feed pipes 3 at two different heights from the bottom of the boiler furnace 2, i.e. approximately at a height of one meter and two meters.
  • the secondary air nozzles 6 are located a height of two to six meters above the black liquor feed pipes 3.
  • the tertiary air nozzles 8 are located at a height of two to four meters below the furnace nose (not presented).
  • a recovery boiler typically comprises several primary air nozzles 6, e.g. 35, on each furnace wall 5.
  • the number of secondary air nozzles 7 on each furnace wall 5 is typically 4 to 16.
  • Tertiary air nozzles 8 are typically located on the rear and front wall of the boiler, each comprising typically 3 to 8 tertiary air nozzles 8.
  • the air nozzles 6,7,8 may be located in a staggered fashion so that no air nozzle is located directly opposite to another air nozzle.
  • the recovery boiler comprises three combustion zones.
  • the third combustion zone (III) begins from the height level of tertiary nozzles 8 and extends up to the height level of furnace nose.
  • the first (I) combustion zone is substoichiometric.
  • the air coefficient in relation to volatile matter SR VOL in the first combustion zone (I) is 0.9 - 1.0.
  • primary air is supplied through primary air nozzles 6 and combustion air for volatile matter is supplied through the air feed channel 4 arranged around the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • the total amount of primary air and combustion air for volatile matter is arranged to be such that the air coefficient in relation to volatile matter SR VOL in the first combustion zone (I) is at the desired value.
  • a larger supply of air into the first combustion zone (I) will result in high temperatures in the first combustion zone (I).
  • the black liquor is made to ignite quickly and a major part of the black liquor's volatile matter can be burnt before the second combustion zone (II).
  • the second combustion zone (II) is substoichiometric.
  • the total air coefficient SR TOT in the second combustion zone (II) is 0.75 - 0.85.
  • the combustion air supplied into the second combustion zone (II) includes secondary air supplied through secondary air nozzles 7.
  • secondary air is supplied through the secondary air nozzles 7, to be mixed together with a flue gas flow rising upwards from the first combustion zone (I) and containing non-combusted gases and particles deriving from the black liquor, which gases and particles will be further combusted in the second combustion zone (II).
  • the amount of secondary air supplied in the second combustion zone (II) is arranged to be such that the total air coefficient SR TOT in the second combustion zone (II) is at the desired value.
  • the burning of the black liquor continues further in a third combustion zone (III) which is superstoichiometric.
  • a third combustion zone (III) which is superstoichiometric.
  • tertiary air is supplied through tertiary air nozzles 8.
  • the total air coefficient SR TOT is about 1.15.
  • the reduction to molecular nitrogen of nitrogen oxides formed from the black liquor is carried out mainly in two stages.
  • first substoichiometric combustion zone (I) a major part of the volatile matter of the black liquor and a part of the carbonization residue are burnt. This takes place in conditions which are substoichiometric as regards the air coefficient SR VOL in relation to the volatile matter of the fuel, whereby a lot of hydrocarbon radicals will result.
  • combustion air is supplied into the furnace from the secondary air nozzles 7 so much that substoichiometric combustion conditions are maintained, whereby the total air coefficient SR TOT in the second combustion zone (II) is in a range of 0.75 - 0.85.
  • the solution according to the invention aims at optimizing the combustion of the black liquor's volatile matter in the two first substoichiometric combustion zones (I) and (II) of the furnace.
  • the solution changes the air distribution in the boiler, so that the air coefficient in relation to volatile matter is as high as possible at as low a level as possible in the furnace and for as long a time as possible before the secondary air level.
  • FIG. 2 shows a schematic sectional view of the fuel feeding means 11 according to one embodiment of the invention.
  • the fuel feeding means 11 comprises a black liquor feed pipe 3 and an air feed channel 4.
  • the black liquor feed pipe comprises a black liquor spray nozzle 14, e.g. a splash plate nozzle, for distributing black liquor spray into the boiler furnace 2.
  • the black liquor feed pipe 3 is directed obliquely downwards to direct black liquor into a char bed 1.
  • An acute angle ⁇ is formed between the black liquor feed pipe 3 and the normal N of the furnace wall 5.
  • the angle ⁇ is 20 - 60 °.
  • the height and the angle ⁇ of the black liquor feed pipes 3 are determined so as to prevent individual black liquor and air supplies from colliding with each other and subsequent formation of strong upflow jets.
  • the air feed channel 4 comprises an outlet 10 for supplying combustion air for volatile matter into the boiler furnace 2.
  • the black liquor feed pipe 3 comprises an outlet 13 for supplying black liquor into the boiler furnace 2.
  • the velocity of the black liquor and air supplies at the outlet 10,13 is adjusted by conventional means to be such that individual streams of black liquor and air do not collide to streams supplied form other furnace walls 5.
  • the cross-sectional area of the air feed channel at the outlet 10 is such that the velocity of the combustion air for volatile matter is 5 to 25 m/s.
  • the velocity at which the combustion air for volatile matter is supplied is equal to or greater than the velocity at which the black liquor is supplied.
  • the velocity of the black liquor supply at the outlet 13 refers to the velocity at which the black liquor exits the black liquor spray nozzle 14.
  • the black liquor feed pipe 3 is arranged inside the air feed channel 4 so that the air feed channel 4 surrounds the black liquor feed pipe on all sides.
  • Combustion air for volatile matter is supplied in the direction of the black liquor feed pipe 3 through the air feed channel 4 arranged around the black liquor feed pipe 3. Black liquor and combustion air for volatile matter are efficiently mixed, thereby accelerating ignition.
  • the combustion air for volatile matter forms a curtain of air around the black liquor supply which directs the black liquor into the char bed 1. Escape of black liquor particles to the upper parts of the boiler furnace 2 is thus reduced.
  • FIG. 3 shows a schematic sectional view of the horizontal cross-section of the boiler furnace 2 at the level of black liquor feed pipes 3.
  • the boiler furnace 2 comprises a first wall 5A and a second wall 5B, which located is opposite the first wall 5 A.
  • the fuel feeding means 11 comprising black liquor feed pipes 3 and the surrounding air feed channels 4 (not shown) are arranged on opposite furnace walls 5A,5B such that individual black liquor and air streams do not collide.
  • the fuel feeding means 11 on the first and second furnace walls 5A,5B are arranged in a staggered fashion so that the fuel feeding means 11 arranged on opposite furnace 5A,5B walls are not directly opposite each other. Also, the fuel feeding means near the adjacent wall are directed so that black liquor and air supplied from adjacent walls do not collide.
  • two fuel feeding means 11 on adjacent walls are horizontally arranged at an angle ⁇ to the normal N of the wall so as to prevent black liquor and air supplied from adjacent walls from colliding.
  • the angle ⁇ may be, for instance, 5 degrees. This helps in avoiding strong upflow jets easily formed when two streams collide. These upflow jets tend to catch black liquor particles and carry them to the upper part of the furnace thus causing superheater fouling and corrosion.
  • the fuel feeding means 11 may be located at one or more heights from the bottom of the boiler furnace 2. Any of the fuel feeding means 11 may be arranged in an angle in a horizontal direction for preventing the supplies of black liquor and combustion air for volatile matter from colliding each other or furnace walls 5.
  • Figures 4a-4e show the outlets 10,13 of the black liquor feed pipe 3 and the air feed channel 4 from inside the recovery boiler according to a first, second, third, fourth and fifth embodiment.
  • the cross-section and the dimensions of the air feed channel 4 may be of any shape, e.g. rectangular, U-shaped or round as long as the combustion air for volatile matter directs the black liquor into the char bed.
  • the cross-section of the outlet 13 of the black liquor feed pipe 3 in figures 4a to 4e is circular, it may be of any other suitable shape.
  • the air feed channel 4 may be one continuous air feed channel 4 or consist of several separate air feed channels 4 contiguous with each other.
  • the air feed channel 4 is arranged above the black liquor feed pipe 3 and does not extend to the sides of the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • the cross-section of the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 is rectangular.
  • the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 is directly above the outlet 13 of the black liquor feed pipe 3, leaving no vertical space between the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 and the outlet 13 of the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 is arranged at a vertical distance from the outlet 13 of the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • the air feed channel 4 is arranged around the black liquor feed pipe 3 such that it extends to both sides of the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • the air feed channel 4 surrounds the black liquor feed pipe 3 by the angle y.
  • the air feed channel 4 surrounds the black liquor feed pipe 3 by approximately 180, 270 or 360 degrees, respectively.
  • the angle ⁇ may be of any other value, as long as the combustion air for volatile matter directs the black liquor into the char bed.
  • the angle ⁇ is affected by the shape of the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 and by the distance of the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 from the outlet 13 of the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • the cross-section of the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 is U-shaped.
  • the air feed channel consists of three separate air feed channels having a rectangular cross-section and arranged contiguous with each other.
  • the separate air feed channels 4 are arranged so as to leave no space between the outlets 10 of the adjacent air feed channels 4 thereby preventing escape of black liquor particles through the supply of combustion air for volatile matter.
  • the air feed channel 4 is a uniform air feed channel 4 having a U-shaped cross-section and extending downwards on both sides of the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • the width of the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 is greater than the width of the outlet 13 of the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • the width of the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 is four to five times greater than the width of the outlet 13 of the black liquor feed pipe 3.
  • the width of the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 as compared to the width of the outlet 13 of the black liquor feed pipe 3 may be of any other value as long as black liquor is directed by the combustion air for volatile matter into the char bed.
  • the black liquor feed pipe 3 is arranged inside the air feed channel 4 such that the air feed channel 4 surrounds the black liquor feed pipe 3 on all sides.
  • the cross-section of the outlet of the air feed channel 4 is circular, but it may be of any other shape.
  • the air feed channel 4 surrounds the black liquor feed pipe by 360 degrees.
  • the shape and width of the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 and the vertical and horizontal distance of the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 from the outlet 13 of the black liquor feed pipe 3 are sized based on the velocity of the black liquor and the combustion air for volatile matter.
  • the manufacturing process of the air feed channel 4 and the arrangement of individual components inside the recovery boiler have an effect on the dimensions of the outlet 10 of the air feed channel 4 and its distance from the outlet 13 of the black liquor feed pipe 3.

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EP16165107.0A 2015-04-14 2016-04-13 Chaudière de récupération, moyens d'alimentation en combustible et procédé pour introduire une liqueur noire et de l'air, afin de réduire les émissions d'oxyde d'azote Withdrawn EP3081690A1 (fr)

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CN112696697A (zh) * 2020-12-28 2021-04-23 清华大学 一种实验室有机废液就地实时处理系统

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CN108662594A (zh) * 2017-03-31 2018-10-16 中国石油化工股份有限公司 一种液态氯代烃有机混合物的焚烧处理工艺

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EP0459963A1 (fr) * 1990-05-31 1991-12-04 Chemrec Aktiebolag Procédé de combustion partielle de liqueur de pulpes cellulosiques
EP0761871A1 (fr) 1995-09-11 1997-03-12 The Mead Corporation Chaudière et four de récupération dans le procédé Kraft
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US6186080B1 (en) * 1996-11-22 2001-02-13 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Recovery boiler
US20030127030A1 (en) * 2001-12-27 2003-07-10 Cardin J. Peter Method and apparatus for sodium recovery in a semi-chemical pulping operation
EP1416083A1 (fr) * 2002-11-01 2004-05-06 Kvaerner Power Oy Buse de liqueur noire
EP2022888A1 (fr) * 2007-07-13 2009-02-11 Andritz Oy Dispositif et procédé pour le nettoyage et/ou le refroidissement d'un pistolet à liqueur
EP2479491A1 (fr) * 2011-01-20 2012-07-25 Fortum OYJ Procédé et brûleur pour brûler du gaz pauvre dans une chaudière de centrale électrique
EP2574841A2 (fr) * 2011-09-30 2013-04-03 Fortum OYJ Procédé pour réduire les émissions d'oxyde d'azote et la corrosion dans une chaudière à lit fluidisé bouillonnant et chaudière à lit fluidisé bouillonnant

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP0452608A2 (fr) * 1990-04-20 1991-10-23 ENEL S.p.A. Brûleur pour générateurs thermiques
EP0459963A1 (fr) * 1990-05-31 1991-12-04 Chemrec Aktiebolag Procédé de combustion partielle de liqueur de pulpes cellulosiques
US5771817A (en) * 1994-06-20 1998-06-30 Kvaerner Pulping Ab Recovery boiler
EP0761871A1 (fr) 1995-09-11 1997-03-12 The Mead Corporation Chaudière et four de récupération dans le procédé Kraft
US6186080B1 (en) * 1996-11-22 2001-02-13 Mitsubishi Heavy Industries, Ltd. Recovery boiler
US20030127030A1 (en) * 2001-12-27 2003-07-10 Cardin J. Peter Method and apparatus for sodium recovery in a semi-chemical pulping operation
EP1416083A1 (fr) * 2002-11-01 2004-05-06 Kvaerner Power Oy Buse de liqueur noire
EP2022888A1 (fr) * 2007-07-13 2009-02-11 Andritz Oy Dispositif et procédé pour le nettoyage et/ou le refroidissement d'un pistolet à liqueur
EP2479491A1 (fr) * 2011-01-20 2012-07-25 Fortum OYJ Procédé et brûleur pour brûler du gaz pauvre dans une chaudière de centrale électrique
EP2574841A2 (fr) * 2011-09-30 2013-04-03 Fortum OYJ Procédé pour réduire les émissions d'oxyde d'azote et la corrosion dans une chaudière à lit fluidisé bouillonnant et chaudière à lit fluidisé bouillonnant

Cited By (2)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN112696697A (zh) * 2020-12-28 2021-04-23 清华大学 一种实验室有机废液就地实时处理系统
CN112696697B (zh) * 2020-12-28 2022-03-08 清华大学 一种实验室有机废液就地实时处理系统

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