EP3040701B1 - Method for monitoring or checking the screw bolt pretension at dynamically stressed screwed connections - Google Patents

Method for monitoring or checking the screw bolt pretension at dynamically stressed screwed connections Download PDF

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Publication number
EP3040701B1
EP3040701B1 EP15197779.0A EP15197779A EP3040701B1 EP 3040701 B1 EP3040701 B1 EP 3040701B1 EP 15197779 A EP15197779 A EP 15197779A EP 3040701 B1 EP3040701 B1 EP 3040701B1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
bolt
length
ultrasonic
measurement
bolts
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EP15197779.0A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP3040701A2 (en
EP3040701A3 (en
Inventor
Karlheinz Daum
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Innogy SE
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Innogy SE
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    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
    • G01M5/0016—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings of aircraft wings or blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D1/00—Wind motors with rotation axis substantially parallel to the air flow entering the rotor 
    • F03D1/06—Rotors
    • F03D1/065—Rotors characterised by their construction elements
    • F03D1/0658—Arrangements for fixing wind-engaging parts to a hub
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F03—MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS; WIND, SPRING, OR WEIGHT MOTORS; PRODUCING MECHANICAL POWER OR A REACTIVE PROPULSIVE THRUST, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • F03D—WIND MOTORS
    • F03D17/00—Monitoring or testing of wind motors, e.g. diagnostics
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01M—TESTING STATIC OR DYNAMIC BALANCE OF MACHINES OR STRUCTURES; TESTING OF STRUCTURES OR APPARATUS, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01M5/00—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings
    • G01M5/0066—Investigating the elasticity of structures, e.g. deflection of bridges or air-craft wings by exciting or detecting vibration or acceleration
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/80—Diagnostics
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05B—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO WIND, SPRING, WEIGHT, INERTIA OR LIKE MOTORS, TO MACHINES OR ENGINES FOR LIQUIDS COVERED BY SUBCLASSES F03B, F03D AND F03G
    • F05B2260/00—Function
    • F05B2260/83—Testing, e.g. methods, components or tools therefor
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
    • Y02E10/70—Wind energy
    • Y02E10/72—Wind turbines with rotation axis in wind direction

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for monitoring or checking the bolt preload on dynamically stressed screw.
  • the invention relates to a method for the non-intrusive monitoring or checking of the bolt prestressing on screw connections on a rotor hub, preferably on screw connections on a rotor hub of a wind power generator.
  • rotor blades are secured by screw connections, for example, on rotor hubs of wind power generators.
  • mounting flanges with peg rings are provided on the rotor hub according to the number of rotor blades to be secured to the rotor hub.
  • the studs On the rotor blades corresponding mounting flanges are provided, the studs have as bolts.
  • the stud bolts pass through fastening bores of the corresponding peg rings of the rotor hub and are secured by nuts.
  • the bolts or are usually designed as so-called expansion bolts.
  • Expansion bolts in general and in the sense of the invention comprise a shank which has a threadless cylindrical section and a threaded section.
  • the non-threaded cylindrical portion is generally smaller in diameter than the threaded shank of the expansion bolt, with the elastic deformability of the unthreaded shank portion determining the maximum biasing force of the expansion pin.
  • the state of the art is out US20110158806 and JP07253368 known.
  • the invention is therefore an object of the invention to provide a relatively simple method for monitoring or checking the bolt preload on dynamically highly stressed screw, with which it is ensured that always adequate assurance of the screw is guaranteed in the sense of sufficient bolt preload.
  • a method for monitoring or checking the bolt preload on dynamically stressed screw is provided, which is characterized in that the length of at least one bolt in the installed position under axial bias by means of ultrasonic measurement with the aid of an ultrasonic measuring device is detected and then is compared with a desired length of the bolt.
  • the method according to the invention can be carried out both continuously in the sense of a permanent monitoring and periodically in the sense of a review from time to time.
  • the method for monitoring or checking the bolt preload is performed on screw on a rotor hub of a wind power generator.
  • the method is preferably non-invasive, that is, the measurement is made without interfering with the integrity of the threaded connection, that is, without the usual means of torque checking, which would in any case require loosening or tightening of the threaded connection.
  • the desired length is determined by ultrasonic measurement of a reference bolt or the bolt to be monitored.
  • a bolt of a particular batch of bolts serve, alternatively, it is possible to subject each of the bolts to be monitored before installing a first-time ultrasonic measurement.
  • the ultrasound measuring device is calibrated to a desired length via an adjustable sonic speed of the ultrasound, which corresponds to the nominal length of the screw bolt or the threaded bolt in the pretensioned state.
  • an adjustable sonic speed of the ultrasound which corresponds to the nominal length of the screw bolt or the threaded bolt in the pretensioned state.
  • a reference measuring means in the context of the present invention, serve a conventional gauge with which the length of the reference bolt is tapped. Thereafter, an ultrasonic measurement of the same bolt can be performed, in which case the measurements according to method step a) and method step b) can be set in relation, resulting in a material-specific first calibration factor.
  • steps a) and b) are not critical to the process.
  • This first calibration factor is expediently determined in order to equalize tolerances in the manufacturer's specifications with regard to material and length.
  • the second calibration factor is expediently used for presetting the ultrasonic measuring device before a monitoring measurement or before or Under the default, the setting of the ultrasonic measuring device on the speed of sound to the target bolt pin length is to be understood so that the meter in the sense of a target / actual comparison, the length measurement can identify as good or bad.
  • a proportionality factor is advantageously determined from the ultrasonic measurement of the bolt in the non-prestressed state and in the tensioned state.
  • the length of the reference bolt or the relevant bolt is corrected in the unbiased state by the first calibration factor and set in relation to the measured value determined according to method step d) and the ultrasound device is calibrated accordingly.
  • the sonic velocity of the ultrasound from an ultrasound source of the ultrasound measuring device is adjusted so that the ultrasound measuring device would output a corresponding measurement of the stud as good.
  • the reference bolt or bolt in question after the process step c) and before the process step d) is biased in a simulated installation configuration.
  • a suitably trained tensile press in which the clamping length of the threaded portion or of the bolt is taken into account.
  • the reason that the measuring device is calibrated to the corresponding length of the bolts by means of a basic measurement or batch reference values is explained by the fact that, due to a structural change, the bolt in the prestressed state basically measures the length the bolt in the non-tensioned state is not scalable to a length measurement in the prestressed state, since the propagation velocity of the ultrasonic waves in the material by the elongation of the material and the interaction of the material or the bolt changes with the clamping in the region of the thread or the threaded portions.
  • the ultrasound measuring device prefferably remains on the threaded bolt to be checked or monitored, so that a measuring signal can be continuously read out.
  • the ultrasonic measuring device have a device body which can be placed as a cap on the free end of a bolt.
  • the measurement signal can be read out inductively, via cable or else by radio and, for example, be transmitted by remote data transmission to a measuring station.
  • the ultrasonic measuring device may comprise an ultrasonic source and a Ulraschall receiver, a Ausretelogik and a signal generator.
  • FIG. 1 is a partial view of a rotor blade 1 of a wind turbine generator shown.
  • the rotor blade 1 comprises a mounting flange 2, in which a plurality of mutually spaced expansion bolts 3 are used as bolts in the context of the invention.
  • the expansion bolts 3 are each inserted into threaded holes 4 of the mounting flange 2.
  • the threaded holes 4 are each designed as blind holes, as the view in FIG. 2 can be seen.
  • the rotor blade 1 is prepared with the expansion bolt 3 as stud bolts.
  • Each of the expansion bolts 3 includes a first threaded portion 5a and a second threaded portion 5b and a threadless expansion portion 5c interposed therebetween.
  • the expansion section 5c has a circular cylindrical cross-section. The diameter of the stretch gate 5c is smaller than the diameter of the thread sections 5a and 5b.
  • the rotor blade 1 with the pre-mounted according to the type of stud bolts 3 is placed on a corresponding diameter of the mounting flange 2 flange 6 a rotor hub, not shown, so that the expansion bolts 3 pass through corresponding passages or holes 7 of the flange 6.
  • the flange 6 of the rotor hub is generally referred to as a rotor blade bearing ring.
  • FIG. 2 shows a section through the attachment of the rotor blade 1 to the rotor hub, wherein the first threaded portion 5a, which is inserted into the threaded bore 4 of the rotor blade 1, in the drawing according to FIG. 4 is arranged on the left.
  • the expansion bolt 3 passes through the bore 7 of the flange ring 6 with a large part of the unthreaded expansion section 5 and projects with the second threaded section on the side of the flange ring 6 remote from the rotor blade 1, where it is braced against the flange ring 6 by means of a nut 8.
  • an ultrasonic measuring device by means of which sound waves in the ultrasonic range in the longitudinal direction of the Dehnbolzens 3 are introduced into this.
  • the ultrasound measuring device may, for example, be designed as a so-called transmitter, that is to say comprise an ultrasound source and an ultrasound receiver.
  • the ultrasonic source emits sound waves in the ultrasonic range, for example in a frequency range approximately 16 kHz. These sound waves propagate as longitudinal waves within the expansion pin 3 and are reflected back to the ultrasonic measuring device.
  • the ultrasonic measuring device comprises an ultrasonic receiver. Over the duration of the sound waves within the Dehnbolzens 3 is basically the length of the Dehnbolzens 3 can be determined.
  • the screw connection or the expansion bolt 3 When tightening the nut 8 on the threaded portion 5b of the Dehnbolzens the screw connection or the expansion bolt 3 is provided with a bias that is stored in the material of the expansion pin 3, that is, within the Dehnabitess 5c, by virtue of the elasticity of the material.
  • the expansion bolt 3 experiences a change in length of, for example, 0.8 to 1.2 mm with respect to the initial length in the non-prestressed state in the region of the elastic deformation.
  • the ultrasound measuring device has been calibrated such that a measurement found to be good corresponds to a transit time of the ultrasound signal which has previously been determined under bias by means of a reference screw bolt (second calibration factor). If the measured transit time of the ultrasound signal deviates from this, a signal is generated which signals a measurement that was not approved.
  • an ultrasonic transmitter may be arranged as an ultrasonic measuring device.
  • a reading of the measurement signals can be done at certain intervals by means of a corresponding measurement cabling or by remote data transmission.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Sustainable Development (AREA)
  • Sustainable Energy (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)
  • Testing Of Devices, Machine Parts, Or Other Structures Thereof (AREA)

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Überwachung oder Überprüfung der Schraubbolzenvorspannung an dynamisch beanspruchten Schraubverbindungen.The invention relates to a method for monitoring or checking the bolt preload on dynamically stressed screw.

Die Erfindung betrifft insbesondere ein Verfahren zur eingriffslosen Überwachung oder Überprüfung der Schraubbolzen-Vorspannung an Schraubverbindungen an einer Rotornabe, vorzugsweise an Schraubverbindungen an einer Rotornabe eines Windkraftgenerators.In particular, the invention relates to a method for the non-intrusive monitoring or checking of the bolt prestressing on screw connections on a rotor hub, preferably on screw connections on a rotor hub of a wind power generator.

Unter einem eingriffslosen Verfahren im Sinne der vorliegenden Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Überwachung oder Überprüfung der Schraubbolzen-Vorspannung ohne Eingriff mit einem Werkzeug zu verstehen, welches die einmal aufgebrachte Schraubbolzen-Vorspannung verändern würde.Under a non-intrusive method in the context of the present invention is a method for monitoring or checking the bolt preload without intervention to understand a tool that would change the once applied bolt preload.

Üblicherweise werden beispielsweise an Rotornaben von Windkraftgeneratoren Rotorflügel über Schraubverbindungen gesichert. Hierzu sind an der Rotornabe entsprechend der Anzahl der an der Rotornabe zu sichernden Rotorflügel Befestigungsflansche mit Lochkränzen vorgesehen. An den Rotorflügeln sind entsprechende Befestigungsflansche vorgesehen, die Stehbolzen als Schraubbolzen aufweisen. Die Stehbolzen durchsetzen Befestigungsbohrungen der entsprechenden Lochkränze der Rotornabe und sind mittels Muttern gesichert. Die Schraubbolzen bzw. sind in der Regel als sogenannte Dehnbolzen ausgebildet.Usually, rotor blades are secured by screw connections, for example, on rotor hubs of wind power generators. For this purpose, mounting flanges with peg rings are provided on the rotor hub according to the number of rotor blades to be secured to the rotor hub. On the rotor blades corresponding mounting flanges are provided, the studs have as bolts. The stud bolts pass through fastening bores of the corresponding peg rings of the rotor hub and are secured by nuts. The bolts or are usually designed as so-called expansion bolts.

Dehnbolzen im Allgemeinen und im Sinne der Erfindung umfassen einen Schaft, der einen gewindelosen zylindrischen Abschnitt und einen Gewindeabschnitt aufweist. Der gewindelose zylindrische Abschnitt besitzt im Allgemeinen einen geringeren Durchmesser als der Gewindeschaft des Dehnbolzens, wobei die elastische Verformbarkeit des gewindelosen Schaftabschnitts die maximale Vorspannkraft des Dehnbolzens bestimmt.Expansion bolts in general and in the sense of the invention comprise a shank which has a threadless cylindrical section and a threaded section. The non-threaded cylindrical portion is generally smaller in diameter than the threaded shank of the expansion bolt, with the elastic deformability of the unthreaded shank portion determining the maximum biasing force of the expansion pin.

Bei dynamisch beanspruchten Schraubverbindungen ergibt sich darüber hinaus eine Überlagerung der Vorspannkraft und der Betriebslast, die je nach Montagevorspannkraft, die beim Anziehen der Mutter aufgebracht wird, dazu führen kann, dass die Schraubverbindung je nach Überlagerungsfall Vorspannkraft verlieren kann, was unweigerlich zum Lösen der Schraubverbindung führen würde. Insbesondere bei Windkraftgeneratoren kann das zu einem unkalkulierbaren Sicherheitsrisiko führen.In dynamically stressed screw also results in a superposition of the biasing force and the operating load, depending on Montagevorspannkraft that is applied when tightening the nut, can cause the screw depending on the overlay case may lose biasing force, which inevitably lead to loosening the screw would. This can lead to an incalculable security risk, especially with wind power generators.

Bei solchen Schraubbolzen, wie sie der Montage von Rotorblättern an Windkraftanlagen verwendet werden, kann bereits eine Viertel Umdrehung der Mutter der Schraubenverbindung darüber entscheiden, ob die vorgesehene Vorspannkraft der Schraubverbindung erreicht ist. Darüber hinaus spielen dabei auch Materialtoleranzen eine Rolle.In such bolts, as used in the assembly of rotor blades on wind turbines, can already decide a quarter turn of the nut of the screw connection on whether the intended preload force of the screw is reached. In addition, material tolerances also play a role.

Stand der Technik ist aus US20110158806 und JP07253368 bekannt. Der Erfindung liegt daher die Aufgabe zugrunde, ein verhältnismäßig einfaches Verfahren zur Überwachung oder zur Überprüfung der Schraubbolzen-Vorspannung an dynamisch hoch beanspruchten Schraubverbindungen bereitzustellen, mit dem sichergestellt ist, dass stets eine ausreichende Sicherung der Schraubverbindung im Sinne einer hinreichenden Schraubbolzen-Vorspannung gewährleistet ist.The state of the art is out US20110158806 and JP07253368 known. The invention is therefore an object of the invention to provide a relatively simple method for monitoring or checking the bolt preload on dynamically highly stressed screw, with which it is ensured that always adequate assurance of the screw is guaranteed in the sense of sufficient bolt preload.

Die Aufgabe wird gelöst durch ein Verfahren mit den Merkmalen des Anspruchs 1. Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen ergeben sich aus den Unteransprüchen.The object is achieved by a method having the features of claim 1. Advantageous embodiments result from the subclaims.

Nach einem Gesichtspunkt der Erfindung ist ein Verfahren zur Überwachung oder Überprüfung der Schraubbolzen-Vorspannung an dynamisch beanspruchten Schraubverbindungen vorgesehen, das sich dadurch auszeichnet, dass die Länge wenigstens eines Schraubbolzens in der Einbaulage unter axialer Vorspannung mittels einer Ultraschallvermessung unter Zuhilfenahme eines Ultraschallmessgeräts erfasst wird und dann mit einer Solllänge des Schraubbolzens verglichen wird.According to one aspect of the invention, a method for monitoring or checking the bolt preload on dynamically stressed screw is provided, which is characterized in that the length of at least one bolt in the installed position under axial bias by means of ultrasonic measurement with the aid of an ultrasonic measuring device is detected and then is compared with a desired length of the bolt.

Das Verfahren gemäß der Erfindung kann sowohl kontinuierlich im Sinne einer dauerhaften Überwachung als auch periodisch im Sinne einer Überprüfung von Zeit zu Zeit durchgeführt werden.The method according to the invention can be carried out both continuously in the sense of a permanent monitoring and periodically in the sense of a review from time to time.

Vorzugsweise wird das Verfahren zur Überwachung oder Überprüfung der Schraubbolzen-Vorspannung an Schraubverbindungen an einer Rotornabe eines Windkraftgenerators durchgeführt.Preferably, the method for monitoring or checking the bolt preload is performed on screw on a rotor hub of a wind power generator.

Das Verfahren ist vorzugsweise eingriffslos, das heißt, dass die Messung ohne Eingriff in die Integrität der Schraubverbindung erfolgt, das heißt ohne die üblichen Mittel zur Drehmomentüberprüfung, die jedenfalls ein Lösen oder Anziehen der Schraubverbindung erfordern würden.The method is preferably non-invasive, that is, the measurement is made without interfering with the integrity of the threaded connection, that is, without the usual means of torque checking, which would in any case require loosening or tightening of the threaded connection.

Zweckmäßigerweise wird die Solllänge durch Ultraschallvermessung eines Referenz-Schraubbolzens oder des zu überwachenden Schraubbolzens ermittelt.Appropriately, the desired length is determined by ultrasonic measurement of a reference bolt or the bolt to be monitored.

Als Referenz-Schraubbolzen kann beispielsweise ein Schraubbolzen einer bestimmten Charge an Schraubbolzen dienen, alternativ ist es möglich, jeden der zu überwachenden Schraubbolzen vor Einbau einer erstmaligen Ultraschallvermessung zu unterziehen.As a reference bolt, for example, a bolt of a particular batch of bolts serve, alternatively, it is possible to subject each of the bolts to be monitored before installing a first-time ultrasonic measurement.

Besonders bevorzugt ist vorgesehen, dass das Ultraschallmessgerät über eine einstellbare Schallgeschwindigkeit des Ultraschalls auf eine Solllänge kalibriert wird, die der Solllänge des Schraubbolzens beziehungsweise der Schraubbolzen im vorgespannten Zustand entspricht. Auf diese Art und Weise kann verhältnismäßig einfach sichergestellt werden, dass das Ultraschallmessgerät eine digitale Überprüfung der korrekten Vorspannung des Schraubbolzens im Sinne einer Ja/Nein-Überprüfung ermöglicht. Mit anderen Worten, wenn der mit Ultraschallgerät ermittelte Messwert für gut befunden wird, entspricht er einer Solllänge des Schraubbolzens im vorgespannten Zustand, wobei mittels der Grundvermessung oder mittels Chargenreferenzwerten das Ultraschallmessgerät über die einzustellende Schallgeschwindigkeit an dem Ultraschallmessgerät auf die entsprechende Länge des Schraubbolzens kalibriert wurde.It is particularly preferably provided that the ultrasound measuring device is calibrated to a desired length via an adjustable sonic speed of the ultrasound, which corresponds to the nominal length of the screw bolt or the threaded bolt in the pretensioned state. In this way it can be relatively easily ensured that the ultrasonic meter allows a digital check of the correct bias of the bolt in the sense of a yes / no check. In other words, if the measured value determined with the ultrasonic device is found to be good, it corresponds to a nominal length of the bolt in the prestressed state, whereby the ultrasonic measuring device was calibrated to the corresponding length of the bolt by means of the basic measurement or by means of batch reference values via the sound velocity to be set on the ultrasonic measuring device.

Vorzugsweise umfasst das Verfahren weiterhin folgende Verfahrensschritte:

  1. a) Längenmessung der Länge des Referenz-Schraubbolzens oder des betreffenden Schraubbolzens mittels eines Referenzmessgeräts im nicht vorgespannten Zustand,
  2. b) Ultraschallvermessung der Länge des Referenz-Schraubbolzens oder des betreffenden Schraubbolzens in einem nicht vorgespannten Zustand,
  3. c) Ermitteln eines ersten Kalibrierungsfaktors aus den Messungen gemäß der Verfahrensschritte a) und b),
  4. d) Ultraschallvermessung der Länge des Referenz-Schraubbolzens oder des betreffenden Schraubbolzens in einem vorgespannten Zustand und
  5. e) Ermitteln eines zweiten Kalibrierungsfaktors aus den Messungen gemäß den Verfahrensschritten b) und c) unter Berücksichtigung des ersten Kalibrierungsfaktors.
The method preferably also comprises the following method steps:
  1. a) length measurement of the length of the reference bolt or the relevant bolt by means of a reference measuring device in the non-prestressed state,
  2. b) ultrasonic measurement of the length of the reference bolt or of the respective bolt in a non-prestressed state,
  3. c) determining a first calibration factor from the measurements according to method steps a) and b),
  4. d) ultrasonic measurement of the length of the reference bolt or the respective bolt in a prestressed state and
  5. e) determining a second calibration factor from the measurements according to method steps b) and c) taking into account the first calibration factor.

Als Referenzmessmittel im Sinne der vorliegenden Erfindung kann beispielsweise eine herkömmliche Messlehre dienen, mit welcher die Länge des Referenz-Schraubbolzens abgegriffen wird. Danach kann eine Ultraschallvermessung desselben Schraubbolzens durchgeführt werden, wobei dann die Messungen gemäß Verfahrensschritt a) und Verfahrensschritt b) ins Verhältnis gesetzt werden können, woraus sich ein materialspezifischer erster Kalibrierungsfaktor ergibt.As a reference measuring means in the context of the present invention, for example, serve a conventional gauge with which the length of the reference bolt is tapped. Thereafter, an ultrasonic measurement of the same bolt can be performed, in which case the measurements according to method step a) and method step b) can be set in relation, resulting in a material-specific first calibration factor.

Die Reihenfolge der Schritte a) und b) ist für das Verfahren nicht kritisch. Dieser erste Kalibrierungsfaktor wird zweckmäßigerweise ermittelt, um Toleranzen in Herstellerangaben bezüglich Material und Länge zu egalisieren.The order of steps a) and b) is not critical to the process. This first calibration factor is expediently determined in order to equalize tolerances in the manufacturer's specifications with regard to material and length.

Der zweite Kalibrierungsfaktor wird zweckmäßigerweise zur Voreinstellung des Ultraschallmessgeräts vor einer Überwachungsmessung oder vor einer oder mehreren Überprüfungsmessungen ermittelt, wobei unter der Voreinstellung die Einstellung des Ultraschallmessgeräts über die Schallgeschwindigkeit auf die Soll-Schraubbolzenbolzen-Länge zu verstehen ist, so dass das Messgerät im Sinne eines Soll/Ist-Vergleichs die Längenmessung als gut oder schlecht ausweisen kann. Hierzu wird zweckmäßigerweise ein Proportionalitätsfaktor aus der Ultraschallvermessung des Schraubbolzens im nicht vorgespannten Zustand und im gespannten Zustand ermittelt. Dabei wird die Länge des Referenz-Schraubbolzens oder des betreffenden Schraubbolzens im nicht vorgespannten Zustand korrigiert um den ersten Kalibrierungsfaktor und ins Verhältnis zu dem gemäß Verfahrensschritt d) ermittelten Messwert gesetzt und das Ultraschallgerät wird entsprechend kalibriert.The second calibration factor is expediently used for presetting the ultrasonic measuring device before a monitoring measurement or before or Under the default, the setting of the ultrasonic measuring device on the speed of sound to the target bolt pin length is to be understood so that the meter in the sense of a target / actual comparison, the length measurement can identify as good or bad. For this purpose, a proportionality factor is advantageously determined from the ultrasonic measurement of the bolt in the non-prestressed state and in the tensioned state. In this case, the length of the reference bolt or the relevant bolt is corrected in the unbiased state by the first calibration factor and set in relation to the measured value determined according to method step d) and the ultrasound device is calibrated accordingly.

Die Schallgeschwindigkeit des Ultraschalls aus einer Ultraschallquelle des Ultraschallmessgeräts wird so eingestellt, dass das Ultraschallmessgerät eine entsprechende Messung des Schraubbolzens als gut ausgeben würde.The sonic velocity of the ultrasound from an ultrasound source of the ultrasound measuring device is adjusted so that the ultrasound measuring device would output a corresponding measurement of the stud as good.

Bei einem besonders bevorzugten Ausführungsbeispiel ist vorgesehen, dass der Referenz-Schraubbolzen oder der betreffende Schraubbolzen nach dem Verfahrensschritt c) und vor dem Verfahrensschritt d) in einer simulierten Einbaukonfiguration vorgespannt wird. Hierzu kann beispielsweise vorgesehen sein, den Referenz-Schraubbolzen oder den betreffenden Schraubbolzen in eine entsprechend ausgebildete Zugpresse einzusetzen, in der auch die Einspannlänge des oder der Gewindeabschnitte des Schraubbolzens berücksichtigt wird.In a particularly preferred embodiment, it is provided that the reference bolt or bolt in question after the process step c) and before the process step d) is biased in a simulated installation configuration. For this purpose, for example, be provided to use the reference bolt or bolt in question in a suitably trained tensile press, in which the clamping length of the threaded portion or of the bolt is taken into account.

Somit ist eine Kontrolle der Dehnung der Schraubbolzen nach dem Vorspannen, aber auch bei bereits eingebautem Schraubbolzen möglich, bei denen es keine Erstvermessung vor dem Einbau gegeben hat.Thus, a control of the elongation of the bolts after preloading, but also with already installed bolt is possible in which there has been no Erstvermessung before installation.

Der Grund dafür, dass mittels einer Grundvermessung oder Chargenreferenzwerten das Messgerät über die einzustellende Schallgeschwindigkeit auf die entsprechende Länge der Schraubbolzen kalibriert wird, erklärt sich dadurch, dass wegen einer Gefügeveränderung der Schraubbolzen im vorgespannten Zustand grundsätzlich eine Längenmessung der Schraubbolzen im nicht gespannten Zustand nicht auf eine Längenmessung im vorgespannten Zustand skalierbar ist, da sich die Ausbreitungsgeschwindigkeit der Ultraschallwellen im Material durch die Dehnung des Materials und die Wechselwirkung des Materials bzw. des Schraubbolzens mit der Einspannung im Bereich des oder der Gewindeabschnitte verändert.The reason that the measuring device is calibrated to the corresponding length of the bolts by means of a basic measurement or batch reference values is explained by the fact that, due to a structural change, the bolt in the prestressed state basically measures the length the bolt in the non-tensioned state is not scalable to a length measurement in the prestressed state, since the propagation velocity of the ultrasonic waves in the material by the elongation of the material and the interaction of the material or the bolt changes with the clamping in the region of the thread or the threaded portions.

Bei einer besonderen zweckmäßigen und vorteilhaften Variante der Erfindung ist vorgesehen, dass das Ultraschallmessgerät an dem zu überprüfenden oder zu überwachenden Schraubbolzen verbleibt, so dass ein Messsignal fortlaufend auslesbar ist.In a particular expedient and advantageous variant of the invention, provision is made for the ultrasound measuring device to remain on the threaded bolt to be checked or monitored, so that a measuring signal can be continuously read out.

Hierzu kann beispielsweise das Ultraschallmessgerät einen Gerätekörper aufweisen, der als Kappe auf das freie Ende eines Schraubbolzens aufgesetzt werden kann.For this purpose, for example, the ultrasonic measuring device have a device body which can be placed as a cap on the free end of a bolt.

Das Messsignal kann induktiv, kabelgebunden oder aber auch per Funk ausgelesen werden und beispielsweise per Datenfernübertragung an eine Messwachte übertragen werden.The measurement signal can be read out inductively, via cable or else by radio and, for example, be transmitted by remote data transmission to a measuring station.

Das Ultraschallmessgerät kann eine Ultraschall-Quelle und einen Ulraschall-Empfänger, eine Auswertelogik und einen Signalgeber umfassen.The ultrasonic measuring device may comprise an ultrasonic source and a Ulraschall receiver, a Auswertelogik and a signal generator.

Die Erfindung wird nachstehend anhand eines in den Zeichnungen dargestellten Ausführungsbeispiels erläutert. Es zeigen:

Figur 1:
eine Teilansicht eines Rotorblatts 1 eines Windkraftgenerators,
Figur 2:
einen Schnitt entlang der Linien A-A in Figur 1
Figur 3:
eine Detailansicht Z in Figur 2 und
Figur 4:
eine Teilschnittansicht des Schraubbolzens in der Einbausituation mit montiertem Rotorblatt.
The invention will be explained below with reference to an embodiment shown in the drawings. Show it:
FIG. 1:
a partial view of a rotor blade 1 of a wind power generator,
FIG. 2:
a section along the lines AA in FIG. 1
FIG. 3:
a detailed view Z in FIG. 2 and
FIG. 4:
a partial sectional view of the bolt in the installation situation with mounted rotor blade.

In Figur 1 ist eine Teilansicht eines Rotorblatts 1 eines Windkraftgenerators dargestellt. Das Rotorblatt 1 umfasst einen Befestigungsflansch 2, in den eine Vielzahl von mit Abstand zueinander angeordneten Dehnbolzen 3 als Schraubbolzen im Sinne der Erfindung eingesetzt sind. Die Dehnbolzen 3 sind jeweils in Gewindebohrungen 4 des Befestigungsflansches 2 eingesetzt. Die Gewindebohrungen 4 sind jeweils als Sackbohrungen ausgeführt, wie der Ansicht in Figur 2 zu entnehmen ist. Das Rotorblatt 1 ist mit den Dehnbolzen 3 als Stehbolzen vorgerüstet.In FIG. 1 is a partial view of a rotor blade 1 of a wind turbine generator shown. The rotor blade 1 comprises a mounting flange 2, in which a plurality of mutually spaced expansion bolts 3 are used as bolts in the context of the invention. The expansion bolts 3 are each inserted into threaded holes 4 of the mounting flange 2. The threaded holes 4 are each designed as blind holes, as the view in FIG. 2 can be seen. The rotor blade 1 is prepared with the expansion bolt 3 as stud bolts.

Jeder der Dehnbolzen 3 umfasst einen ersten Gewindeabschnitt 5a und einen zweiten Gewindeabschnitt 5b sowie einen dazwischen angeordneten gewindelosen Dehnabschnitt 5c. Der Dehnabschnitt 5c hat einen kreiszylindrischen Querschnitt. Der Durchmesser des Dehnanschnitt 5c ist kleiner als der Durchmesser der Gewindeabschnitte 5a und 5b.Each of the expansion bolts 3 includes a first threaded portion 5a and a second threaded portion 5b and a threadless expansion portion 5c interposed therebetween. The expansion section 5c has a circular cylindrical cross-section. The diameter of the stretch gate 5c is smaller than the diameter of the thread sections 5a and 5b.

Das Rotorblatt 1 mit den nach Art von Stehbolzen vormontierten Dehnbolzen 3 wird auf einen dem Durchmesser des Befestigungsflansches 2 entsprechenden Flanschring 6 einer nicht dargestellten Rotornabe aufgesetzt, so dass die Dehnbolzen 3 entsprechende Durchführungen beziehungsweise Bohrungen 7 des Flanschrings 6 durchsetzen. Der Flanschring 6 der Rotornabe wird im Allgemeinen auch als Rotorblattlager-Ring bezeichnet.The rotor blade 1 with the pre-mounted according to the type of stud bolts 3 is placed on a corresponding diameter of the mounting flange 2 flange 6 a rotor hub, not shown, so that the expansion bolts 3 pass through corresponding passages or holes 7 of the flange 6. The flange 6 of the rotor hub is generally referred to as a rotor blade bearing ring.

Figur 2 zeigt einen Schnitt durch die Befestigung des Rotorblatts 1 an der Rotornabe, wobei der erste Gewindeabschnitt 5a, der in die Gewindebohrung 4 des Rotorblatts 1 eingesetzt ist, in der Zeichnung gemäß Figur 4 links angeordnet ist. Der Dehnbolzen 3 durchsetzt mit einem Großteil des gewindelosen Dehnabschnitts 5c die Bohrung 7 des Flanschrings 6 und steht mit dem zweiten Gewindeabschnitt auf der von dem Rotorblatt 1 abliegenden Seite des Flanschrings 6 hervor, wo dieser mittels einer Mutter 8 rückseitig gegen den Flanschring 6 verspannt ist. FIG. 2 shows a section through the attachment of the rotor blade 1 to the rotor hub, wherein the first threaded portion 5a, which is inserted into the threaded bore 4 of the rotor blade 1, in the drawing according to FIG. 4 is arranged on the left. The expansion bolt 3 passes through the bore 7 of the flange ring 6 with a large part of the unthreaded expansion section 5 and projects with the second threaded section on the side of the flange ring 6 remote from the rotor blade 1, where it is braced against the flange ring 6 by means of a nut 8.

Auf das freie Ende (in Figur 4 rechts) des Dehnbolzens 3 kann zwecks Feststellung der Länge des Dehnbolzens 3 ein Ultraschallmessgerät aufgesetzt werden, mittels dessen Schallwellen im Ultraschallbereich in Längsrichtung des Dehnbolzens 3 in diesen eingeleitet werden. Das Ultraschallmessgerät kann beispielsweise als sogenannter Transmitter ausgebildet sein, das heißt eine Ultraschall-Quelle und einen Ultraschall-Empfänger aufweisen. Die Ultraschall-Quelle emittiert Schallwellen im Ultraschallbereich, beispielsweise in einem Frequenzbereich etwa über 16 kHz. Diese Schallwellen breiten sich als Longitudinalwellen innerhalb des Dehnbolzens 3 aus und werden an das Ultraschallmessgerät zurückreflektiert. Das Ultraschallmessgerät umfasst einen Ultraschall-Empfänger. Über die Laufzeit der Schallwellen innerhalb des Dehnbolzens 3 ist grundsätzlich die Länge des Dehnbolzens 3 ermittelbar.On the free end (in FIG. 4 on the right) of the expansion bolt 3 can be placed in order to determine the length of the Dehnbolzens 3, an ultrasonic measuring device by means of which sound waves in the ultrasonic range in the longitudinal direction of the Dehnbolzens 3 are introduced into this. The ultrasound measuring device may, for example, be designed as a so-called transmitter, that is to say comprise an ultrasound source and an ultrasound receiver. The ultrasonic source emits sound waves in the ultrasonic range, for example in a frequency range approximately 16 kHz. These sound waves propagate as longitudinal waves within the expansion pin 3 and are reflected back to the ultrasonic measuring device. The ultrasonic measuring device comprises an ultrasonic receiver. Over the duration of the sound waves within the Dehnbolzens 3 is basically the length of the Dehnbolzens 3 can be determined.

Beim Anziehen der Mutter 8 auf dem Gewindeabschnitt 5b des Dehnbolzens wird die Schraubenverbindung beziehungsweise der Dehnbolzen 3 mit einer Vorspannung versehen, die im Material des Dehnbolzens 3, das heißt innerhalb des Dehnabschnitts 5c, vermöge der Elastizität des Materials gespeichert wird. Der Dehnbolzen 3 erfährt dabei im Bereich der elastischen Verformung eine Längenänderung von beispielsweise 0,8 bis 1,2 mm gegenüber der Ausgangslänge im nicht vorgespannten Zustand.When tightening the nut 8 on the threaded portion 5b of the Dehnbolzens the screw connection or the expansion bolt 3 is provided with a bias that is stored in the material of the expansion pin 3, that is, within the Dehnabschnitts 5c, by virtue of the elasticity of the material. The expansion bolt 3 experiences a change in length of, for example, 0.8 to 1.2 mm with respect to the initial length in the non-prestressed state in the region of the elastic deformation.

Erfindungsgemäß ist das Ultraschallmessgerät so kalibriert worden, dass eine für gut befundene Messung einer Laufzeit des Ultraschallsignals entspricht, die vorher anhand eines Referenz-Schraubenbolzens unter Vorspannung ermittelt wurde (zweiter Kalibrierungsfaktor). Ist die gemessene Laufzeit des Ultraschallsignals davon abweichend, wird ein Signal erzeugt, das eine nicht für gut befundene Messung signalisiert.According to the invention, the ultrasound measuring device has been calibrated such that a measurement found to be good corresponds to a transit time of the ultrasound signal which has previously been determined under bias by means of a reference screw bolt (second calibration factor). If the measured transit time of the ultrasound signal deviates from this, a signal is generated which signals a measurement that was not approved.

Auf einigen oder allen Dehnbolzen 3 der Schraubenbefestigung des Rotorblatts 1 kann jeweils ein Ultraschalltransmitter als Ultraschallmessgerät angeordnet sein. Ein Auslesen der Messsignale kann in bestimmten Zeitabständen mittels einer entsprechenden Messverkabelung oder auch durch Datenfernübertragung erfolgen.On some or all of the expansion bolts 3 of the screw fastening of the rotor blade 1, an ultrasonic transmitter may be arranged as an ultrasonic measuring device. A reading of the measurement signals can be done at certain intervals by means of a corresponding measurement cabling or by remote data transmission.

BezugszeichenlisteLIST OF REFERENCE NUMBERS

11
Rotorblattrotor blade
22
Befestigungsflanschmounting flange
33
Dehnbolzenexpansion bolt
44
Gewindebohrungenthreaded holes
5a, 5b5a, 5b
erster und zweiter Gewindeabschnittfirst and second threaded section
5c5c
Dehnabschnittstretching section
66
Flanschringflange
77
Bohrungdrilling
88th
Muttermother

Claims (7)

  1. Method for monitoring or checking the bolt pretension at dynamically stressed screwed connections on a rotor hub of a wind turbine, the length of at least one bolt in the installed position under axial pretension being detected by means of an ultrasonic measurement with the aid of an ultrasonic measuring device and compared with a reference length of the bolt, characterized in that the ultrasonic measuring device is calibrated via an adjustable speed of sound of an ultrasonic signal to a reference length which corresponds to the reference length of the bolt in the pretensioned state.
  2. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that the reference length is determined by means of ultrasonic measurement of a reference bolt or of the bolt to be monitored.
  3. Method according to Claim 1, characterized in that this also comprises the following method steps:
    a) measurement of the length of the reference bolt or of the relevant bolt by means of a reference measuring means, preferably in the form of a measuring gauge, in the non-pretensioned state,
    b) ultrasonic measurement of the length of the reference bolt or of the relevant bolt in a non-pretensioned state,
    c) determination of a first calibration factor from the measurements according to method steps a) and b),
    d) ultrasonic measurement of the length of the reference bolt or of the relevant bolt in a pretensioned state, and
    e) determination of a second calibration factor from the measurements according to method steps b) and c) whilst taking the first calibration factor into account.
  4. Method according to Claim 3, characterized in that the reference bolt or the relevant bolt is pretensioned in a simulated installation configuration following method step c) and before method step d).
  5. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the bolts are stretch bolts (3), which are preferably provided as stud bolts on a rotor blade.
  6. Method according to one of Claims 1 to 5, characterized in that the ultrasonic measuring device remains on the bolts to be checked or to be monitored and outputs measurement signals at predefined time intervals.
  7. Method according to Claim 6, characterized in that the measurement signals are transferred by remote data transmission to an evaluation and/or display device arranged at a distance.
EP15197779.0A 2014-12-12 2015-12-03 Method for monitoring or checking the screw bolt pretension at dynamically stressed screwed connections Active EP3040701B1 (en)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL15197779T PL3040701T3 (en) 2014-12-12 2015-12-03 Method for monitoring or checking the screw bolt pretension at dynamically stressed screwed connections

Applications Claiming Priority (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102014118516.1A DE102014118516A1 (en) 2014-12-12 2014-12-12 Method for monitoring or checking the bolt preload on dynamically stressed screw connections

Publications (3)

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EP3040701A2 EP3040701A2 (en) 2016-07-06
EP3040701A3 EP3040701A3 (en) 2016-10-12
EP3040701B1 true EP3040701B1 (en) 2018-02-28

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DE (1) DE102014118516A1 (en)
DK (1) DK3040701T3 (en)
ES (1) ES2668803T3 (en)
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DE102017008782A1 (en) * 2017-09-20 2019-03-21 Senvion Gmbh System and method for monitoring a flange connection of a wind turbine
CN109406036A (en) * 2018-12-04 2019-03-01 长沙飚能信息科技有限公司 Monitor the system and method for wind-driven generator bolt fastening stress on-line
CN109900466B (en) * 2019-03-13 2020-10-23 嘉兴博感科技有限公司 Bolt or nut looseness monitoring method and system
CN112539865B (en) * 2019-09-04 2022-04-12 中国航发商用航空发动机有限责任公司 Tool for measuring bolt connection installation pretightening force, measuring system and measuring method
CN110763104A (en) * 2019-11-18 2020-02-07 中核核电运行管理有限公司 Bolt group pre-tightening data measurement and wireless acquisition device, system and method
CN112431724B (en) * 2020-09-16 2024-03-19 中国大唐集团科学技术研究院有限公司火力发电技术研究院 Method for preventing wind power tower from rewinding based on time-sharing multiplexing controller
CN112648151A (en) * 2020-12-14 2021-04-13 陕西中科启航科技有限公司 Method for monitoring fracture of blade root bolt of wind generating set
CN112857848B (en) * 2021-01-13 2023-03-03 中国建设基础设施有限公司 Shield tunnel model test device and method capable of adjusting and controlling bolt prestress

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Publication number Publication date
ES2668803T3 (en) 2018-05-22
NO2694065T3 (en) 2018-05-12
PL3040701T3 (en) 2018-08-31
DE102014118516A1 (en) 2016-06-16
EP3040701A2 (en) 2016-07-06
EP3040701A3 (en) 2016-10-12
DK3040701T3 (en) 2018-06-06

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