EP3025027A1 - Aube de turbine et turbine à gaz - Google Patents

Aube de turbine et turbine à gaz

Info

Publication number
EP3025027A1
EP3025027A1 EP14758952.7A EP14758952A EP3025027A1 EP 3025027 A1 EP3025027 A1 EP 3025027A1 EP 14758952 A EP14758952 A EP 14758952A EP 3025027 A1 EP3025027 A1 EP 3025027A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
turbine blade
turbine
platform
material recess
securing element
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP14758952.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP3025027B1 (fr
Inventor
Sascha Dungs
Karsten Kolk
Peter Schröder
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Siemens AG
Original Assignee
Siemens AG
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Siemens AG filed Critical Siemens AG
Priority to EP14758952.7A priority Critical patent/EP3025027B1/fr
Publication of EP3025027A1 publication Critical patent/EP3025027A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP3025027B1 publication Critical patent/EP3025027B1/fr
Not-in-force legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/30—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers
    • F01D5/3007—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers of axial insertion type
    • F01D5/3015—Fixing blades to rotors; Blade roots ; Blade spacers of axial insertion type with side plates
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D11/00—Preventing or minimising internal leakage of working-fluid, e.g. between stages
    • F01D11/005—Sealing means between non relatively rotating elements
    • F01D11/006—Sealing the gap between rotor blades or blades and rotor
    • F01D11/008—Sealing the gap between rotor blades or blades and rotor by spacer elements between the blades, e.g. independent interblade platforms
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/14—Form or construction
    • F01D5/147—Construction, i.e. structural features, e.g. of weight-saving hollow blades
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F01—MACHINES OR ENGINES IN GENERAL; ENGINE PLANTS IN GENERAL; STEAM ENGINES
    • F01D—NON-POSITIVE DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, e.g. STEAM TURBINES
    • F01D5/00—Blades; Blade-carrying members; Heating, heat-insulating, cooling or antivibration means on the blades or the members
    • F01D5/12—Blades
    • F01D5/22—Blade-to-blade connections, e.g. for damping vibrations
    • F01D5/225—Blade-to-blade connections, e.g. for damping vibrations by shrouding
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2220/00—Application
    • F05D2220/30—Application in turbines
    • F05D2220/32—Application in turbines in gas turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2230/00—Manufacture
    • F05D2230/10—Manufacture by removing material
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2240/00—Components
    • F05D2240/20—Rotors
    • F05D2240/24—Rotors for turbines
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F05—INDEXING SCHEMES RELATING TO ENGINES OR PUMPS IN VARIOUS SUBCLASSES OF CLASSES F01-F04
    • F05D—INDEXING SCHEME FOR ASPECTS RELATING TO NON-POSITIVE-DISPLACEMENT MACHINES OR ENGINES, GAS-TURBINES OR JET-PROPULSION PLANTS
    • F05D2260/00—Function
    • F05D2260/30—Retaining components in desired mutual position

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a turbine blade with a turbine blade, with a turbine blade root and with a arranged between the turbine blade and the turbine blade - foot turbine blade platform having on its underside a Einstecknut for inserting a sealing plate, wherein the sealing sheet secured by means of a supported on the turbine blade platform securing element can be.
  • the invention further relates to a gas turbine with a plurality of turbine blades and with a turbine rotor, to which the turbine blades are respectively secured by means of a turbine blade root.
  • Generic turbine blades are well known in the art.
  • the respective turbine blade has a turbine blade and a turbine blade root. With the latter, it can be fixed in a correspondingly formed on a turbine rotor Turbinenrotornut.
  • the respective turbine blade with the turbine blade root in the axial direction of insertion which is aligned with the axis of rotation of the turbine rotor, inserted and held in the corresponding turbine rotor groove.
  • the turbine bucket In a transition area between the turbine blade root and a turbine bucket blade, the turbine bucket has a turbine bucket platform for supporting the turbine bucket on the turbine rotor.
  • the turbine blade feet and the turbine rotor grooves are lined with sealing plates in order to separate a turbine blade-side cooling air area from an outer hot air area, in particular of a gas turbine. These sealing plates are in this case, on the one hand, provided on an insertion groove provided in the respective turbine blade platform and, on the other hand, on one in the turbine section.
  • Sealing plates additionally secured by means of a securing means on the turbine blade platform.
  • This securing means comprises at least one bendable securing plate element which can engage with one of its ends in a gap designed jointly by two directly adjacent turbine blades, if it is bent over accordingly. This securing means then prevents unintentional rotation of the sealing plates in the circumferential direction of the turbine rotor.
  • the object of the invention is achieved by a turbine blade with a turbine blade, with a turbine blade root and a arranged between the turbine blade and the turbine blade root turbine blade platform having on its underside a Einstecknut for inserting a sealing plate, wherein the sealing sheet by means of a on the turbine blade platform supporting safety element can be secured, and wherein the turbine blade platform has a material recess with two mutually opposing abutment edges, that the securing element can be fixed transversely to the axial extent of the turbine blade root on both sides of the turbine blade.
  • the turbine blade on the turbine blade platform has a material recess for fixing on both sides and thus also securing the securing element in the circumferential direction of a turbine rotor or a platform ring element on the underside of the turbine blade platform, in particular at least partially on a web pointing onto the turbine rotor the turbine bucket platform, is designed so that the safety tion element is fixed in both directions to contact edges of the material recess.
  • Such a platform ring element is composed by a plurality of turbine blades, which are arranged side by side about a rotation axis of a turbine rotor.
  • the securing element could only be secured on one side on a lateral edge contour of the turbine blade platform, so that always two mutually corresponding turbine blades were required to secure the fuse element in the sense of the invention in the circumferential direction on both sides of the turbine blade platform. Due to tolerances caused thereby, the securing element can often only be secured in an imprecise manner on the turbine blade platforms of the turbine blades.
  • the securing element preferably comprises a bendable sheet metal strip element, which is bent on the one hand in a known manner by introduced into the sealing plate elongated slots.
  • this bendable sheet metal strip member is bent into the material recess so that the bendable sheet metal strip member having that end is fixed to both sides of the turbine blade platform with respect to the circumferential direction.
  • a cold gap to be maintained between the securing element and the turbine blade platform can be set particularly precisely, since this cold gap is in each case inserted only with respect to a single turbine blade. must be and no longer with respect to two such turbine blades.
  • a correctly set cold-gap is important so that the fuse element does not support the gasket during operation of a gas turbine or the like.
  • the material recess according to the invention is integrally formed on the turbine blade platform, the securing element can be secured more precisely, as a result of which a gas turbine or the like can also be operated in a more reliable manner.
  • the object of the invention is also achieved by a gas turbine with a plurality of turbine blades and with a turbine rotor, to which the turbine blades are respectively fastened by means of a turbine blade root, wherein the gas turbine turbine blades according to one of the features described herein.
  • a preferred embodiment therefore also provides that the material recess is incorporated within the turbine blade platform.
  • the accumulation of material can alternatively also be produced on the turbine blade platform if an additional material accumulation is arranged on the underside of the turbine blade platform, within which the material recess is introduced. If such a material accumulation is additionally provided on the underside of the turbine blade platform, the structure of the turbine blade platform is advantageously not adversely affected by material weakening caused by the material recess.
  • the accumulation of material can be structurally easily attached to the turbine blade platform by being cast on.
  • the material cutout can be configured using the material accumulation if the material _.
  • the material recess is at least partially - seen in the radial direction - below this insertion and - seen in the axial direction - next to this insertion.
  • the radial direction extends in the sense of the invention in the direction of the longitudinal extent of the turbine blade, whereas the axial direction extends in the direction of the longitudinal extension of the turbine blade root or in alignment with an axis of rotation of a turbine rotor.
  • the material recess is arranged transversely to the axial extent of the turbine blade root centrally of the turbine blade platform, the material recess can be arranged directly below the turbine blade, this area of the turbine blade platforms being particularly stable.
  • the material recess can be made structurally simpler on the turbine blade platform if the material cutout has a width by means of which a reliable overlapping with the securing element can be ensured.
  • the securing element can be particularly easily inflected into the material recess if the material recess is arranged above the end of the turbine blade root end which is furthest from the turbine blade platform.
  • the farthest end is typically the lower end of the turbine blade.
  • the material recess can be configured almost arbitrarily. It is advantageous, however, if the material recess is designed triangular. As a result, the material recess can be produced easily in terms of manufacturing technology. A simplified assembly of the securing element can be achieved if the two abutment edges configure a downwardly opened exception.
  • the two abutment edges subtend an opening angle of less than 170 ° or less than 100 °, whereby forces acting on the turbine blade platforms from the securing element can be transferred sufficiently well.
  • the abutment edges include an opening angle of more than 30 °.
  • the material recess can be produced in terms of process technology simply on the underside of the turbine blade platform if the abutment edges are arranged in a direction towards the turbine blade blade tapered receiving space.
  • the securing element can be set very precisely on the turbine blade platform if the abutment edges are machined.
  • the reliable fixing of the securing element on the turbine blade platform can be further improved if the abutment edges are made so wide that a reliable overlap with the securing element can be ensured.
  • the width of the abutment edges extends in the axial direction of the turbine blade root.
  • the abutment edges are at least as wide as the locking plate element of the securing element is thick. This allows the fuse element with his
  • an arrangement turbine blade, sealing plate and securing element can be particularly well secured against circumferential displacement of the particular sealing plate.
  • FIG. 1 shows schematically a perspective view of a first turbine blade according to the invention with a material recess arranged in the area of its turbine blade platform with two opposing contact edges for securing a securing plate on both sides
  • FIG. 1 schematically a detailed view of the material recess shown in FIG. 1
  • FIG. 5 schematically shows a side view of FIG and
  • FIG. 7 schematically shows an assembly view in principle, one end of which is secured in a material recess introduced on the underside of a turbine blade platform.
  • the first exemplary embodiment illustrated in FIGS. 1 and 2 shows a partially illustrated turbine blade 1 with a turbine blade 2, with a turbine blade root 3 and with a turbine blade platform 4 arranged between the turbine blade 2 and the turbine blade root 3.
  • the turbine blade platform 4 has on its underside 5 an insertion groove 6 for insertion of a seal plate 7 (see Figure 6), the turbine blade platform 4 according to the invention a material recess 8 with two opposing abutment edges 9 and 10, that a securing element 11 for securing the seal plate 7 transverse to the axial extension 12 of the turbine blade root 3 on both sides of the turbine blade 1 can be fixed. As a result, the sealing plate 7 can be secured in the circumferential direction 13 on both sides of only a single turbine blade 1.
  • the material recess 8 is introduced directly inside the turbine blade platform 3. This means that the material recess 8 lies completely behind the lower outer edge 16 of the turbine blade platform 4 or behind the lower outer edge 16 of a web 17 of the turbine blade platform 4 extending from the edge region 14 to the edge region 15 and terminates in particular with this outer edge 16.
  • the material recess 8 is at least partially at height and thus immediately - as seen in axial extension 12 - axially adjacent the Einstecknut 6, in which the sealing plate 7 is inserted with proper assembly.
  • the material recess 8 is introduced into an additional material accumulation 20 mounted below the turbine blade platform 4.
  • the accumulation of material 20 is located in this
  • Embodiment radially below and axially adjacent to the insertion groove 6, so that the turbine blade platform 4 is structurally not weakened by the material recess 8A.
  • the accumulation of material 20 is a survey that partially extends below the turbine blade platform 4, which is spaced apart from the edge regions 14 and 15 by a distance 21 and thus not continuous with the underside 5 of the turbine blade platform 4 from the edge region 14 to Edge region 15, or vice versa, extending web 17 is to be confused.
  • the respective distance 21 (shown here by way of example only and numbered) between the accumulation of material 20, but also between the material recesses 8 and 8A, and one of the edge regions 14 and 15 is substantially larger, preferably twice as large as the length 22 of material accumulation 20 or the opening length 22A of the material recesses 8 or 8A transversely to the axial extent 12 of the turbine blade root 3.
  • the material recess 8A may in this case be worked into the web 17, but it does not have to, whereby in the latter variant the web 17 is not weakened by the tip of the material recess 8A.
  • Both material recesses 8 and 8A are designed triangular in the exemplary embodiments shown here by way of example.
  • the material recesses 8 and 8A are each arranged transversely to the axial extension 12 of the turbine blade root 3 centrally on the turbine blade platform 4, so that the turbine blade root 3 transverse to its axial extent 12 may continue to be designed symmetrically.
  • the material recesses 8 and 8A each have a width 23, by means of which a reliable overlap with the securing element 11 can be ensured
  • the material recesses 8 and 8A also each have the two abutment edges 9 and 10, on which the securing element 11 can be supported on both sides, which are correspondingly made so wide that a reliable overlap with the securing element 11 can be ensured.
  • the two abutment edges 9 and 10 include an opening angle 26 and formulate a downward, ie in the radial direction 27 turbine blade root 3, open and upwards, ie in the radial opposite direction 28 turbine blade platform 4, tapered receiving space 29, in which the top 30 (see Figures 6 or 7) of the fuse element 11 can be inflected.
  • the material cutouts 8 and 8A are respectively arranged above the end 31 of the turbine blade root end 3 furthest apart from the turbine blade platform 4, so that the sealing sheet 7 is structurally secured to the respective material cutout 8 or 8A of the turbine blade platform 4 with the aid of the securing element 11 can.
  • Such a sealing plate 7 is shown by way of example in FIG. It has in its upper region 32, two spaced-apart slots 33 and 34, through which in a conventional manner, designed as a sheet metal element 35 fuse element 11 is inserted.
  • the slots 33 and 34 are arranged one above the other and extend with their respective long side (not explicitly numbered here) transversely to the axial extension 12 of the turbine blade root 3, so that the securing element 11 extends radially in alignment with the turbine blade 2.
  • the tip 30 of the securing element 11 can be easily bent into the downwardly open receiving space 29 and fixed or secured to the turbine blade platform 4.
  • a related mounting state 36 is shown as shown in FIG 7, in which the tip 30 of the fuse element 11 is disposed in the final assembly in the material recess 8 or 8A.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Turbine Rotor Nozzle Sealing (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne une aube de turbine (1) comprenant une pale (2), un pied (3) et une plate-forme (4) agencée entre la pale (2) et le pied (3), qui présente sur sa face inférieure (5) une rainure d'insertion (6) permettant l'insertion d'une tôle d'étanchéité (7), laquelle une tôle d'étanchéité (7) peut être fixée au moyen d'un élément (11) de fixation venant en appui contre la plateforme (4) de l'aube de turbine, ladite plate-forme (4) étant pourvue d'une échancrure (8, 8A) présentant deux bords d'appui (9, 10) opposés de manière à permettre le blocage de l'élément de fixation (11) des deux côtés sur l'aube (1), perpendiculairement à la direction axiale (12) du pied (3) de l'aube.
EP14758952.7A 2013-10-10 2014-09-04 Aube de turbine et turbine à gaz Not-in-force EP3025027B1 (fr)

Priority Applications (1)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP14758952.7A EP3025027B1 (fr) 2013-10-10 2014-09-04 Aube de turbine et turbine à gaz

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
EP20130187992 EP2860350A1 (fr) 2013-10-10 2013-10-10 Aube de turbine et turbine à gaz
EP14758952.7A EP3025027B1 (fr) 2013-10-10 2014-09-04 Aube de turbine et turbine à gaz
PCT/EP2014/068828 WO2015051957A1 (fr) 2013-10-10 2014-09-04 Aube de turbine et turbine à gaz

Publications (2)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP3025027A1 true EP3025027A1 (fr) 2016-06-01
EP3025027B1 EP3025027B1 (fr) 2017-11-01

Family

ID=49378090

Family Applications (2)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP20130187992 Withdrawn EP2860350A1 (fr) 2013-10-10 2013-10-10 Aube de turbine et turbine à gaz
EP14758952.7A Not-in-force EP3025027B1 (fr) 2013-10-10 2014-09-04 Aube de turbine et turbine à gaz

Family Applications Before (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP20130187992 Withdrawn EP2860350A1 (fr) 2013-10-10 2013-10-10 Aube de turbine et turbine à gaz

Country Status (5)

Country Link
US (1) US20160245107A1 (fr)
EP (2) EP2860350A1 (fr)
JP (1) JP6211690B2 (fr)
CN (1) CN105637182B (fr)
WO (1) WO2015051957A1 (fr)

Families Citing this family (4)

* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
EP2860349A1 (fr) * 2013-10-10 2015-04-15 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Aube de turbine et turbine à gaz
DE102016107315A1 (de) 2016-04-20 2017-10-26 Rolls-Royce Deutschland Ltd & Co Kg Rotor mit Überhang an Laufschaufeln für ein Sicherungselement
US10753212B2 (en) * 2017-08-23 2020-08-25 Doosan Heavy Industries & Construction Co., Ltd Turbine blade, turbine, and gas turbine having the same
EP3611344A1 (fr) * 2018-08-16 2020-02-19 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Rotor à protection de circonférence des éléments d'étanchéité

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Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
GB699582A (en) * 1950-11-14 1953-11-11 Rolls Royce Improvements in or relating to gas-turbine engines
GB928349A (en) * 1960-12-06 1963-06-12 Rolls Royce Improvements in or relating to bladed rotors of fluid flow machines
US3853425A (en) * 1973-09-07 1974-12-10 Westinghouse Electric Corp Turbine rotor blade cooling and sealing system
GB2043796B (en) * 1979-03-10 1983-04-20 Rolls Royce Bladed rotor for gas turbine engine
FR2524933B1 (fr) * 1982-04-13 1987-02-20 Snecma Dispositif de verrouillage axial d'aubes de rotor de turbine ou de compresseur
GB8705216D0 (en) * 1987-03-06 1987-04-08 Rolls Royce Plc Rotor assembly
DE19960896A1 (de) * 1999-12-17 2001-06-28 Rolls Royce Deutschland Rückhaltevorrichtung für Rotorschaufeln einer Axialturbomaschine
CZ20002685A3 (cs) * 1999-12-20 2001-08-15 General Electric Company Zařízení pro uchycení lopatek otáčivého stroje a způsob jejich uchycení
US7500832B2 (en) * 2006-07-06 2009-03-10 Siemens Energy, Inc. Turbine blade self locking seal plate system
EP1916389A1 (fr) * 2006-10-26 2008-04-30 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Assemblage d'aubes de turbine
ES2330379T3 (es) * 2007-01-09 2009-12-09 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Seccion axial de un rotor para un rotor de turbina.
US7566201B2 (en) * 2007-01-30 2009-07-28 Siemens Energy, Inc. Turbine seal plate locking system
US7819629B2 (en) * 2007-02-15 2010-10-26 Siemens Energy, Inc. Blade for a gas turbine
EP1978211A1 (fr) * 2007-04-04 2008-10-08 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Dispositif de sécurité axiale sur des aubes mobiles d'un moteur tout comme turbine à gaz dotée d'un tel dispositif
EP2088287A1 (fr) * 2008-02-08 2009-08-12 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Dispositif de sécurité axiale sur aubes mobiles d'un rotor d'une turbine à gaz
US8210823B2 (en) * 2008-07-08 2012-07-03 General Electric Company Method and apparatus for creating seal slots for turbine components
ATE523658T1 (de) * 2008-07-17 2011-09-15 Ansaldo Energia Spa Rotoranordnung für eine gasturbine, gasturbine mit der rotoranordnung und verfahren zum kühlen der rotoranordnung
US8206119B2 (en) * 2009-02-05 2012-06-26 General Electric Company Turbine coverplate systems
EP2218873A1 (fr) * 2009-02-17 2010-08-18 Siemens Aktiengesellschaft Section de rotor pour un rotor d'une turbomachine, aube directrice pour une turbomachine et élément de blocage
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FR2995343B1 (fr) * 2012-09-11 2018-05-25 Safran Aircraft Engines Aube de turbine, turbine, et procede de fabrication

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
CN105637182B (zh) 2018-01-16
EP3025027B1 (fr) 2017-11-01
EP2860350A1 (fr) 2015-04-15
JP2016538448A (ja) 2016-12-08
JP6211690B2 (ja) 2017-10-11
US20160245107A1 (en) 2016-08-25
CN105637182A (zh) 2016-06-01
WO2015051957A1 (fr) 2015-04-16

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