EP2961540B1 - Method for the removal of biofilms from systems which supply and distribute tap water and service water - Google Patents

Method for the removal of biofilms from systems which supply and distribute tap water and service water Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2961540B1
EP2961540B1 EP14705496.9A EP14705496A EP2961540B1 EP 2961540 B1 EP2961540 B1 EP 2961540B1 EP 14705496 A EP14705496 A EP 14705496A EP 2961540 B1 EP2961540 B1 EP 2961540B1
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Prior art keywords
water
air
biofilms
drying
gas
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EP14705496.9A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP2961540A1 (en
Inventor
Bernd Krumrey
Michael Reisgys
Lothar Erdinger
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Carela GmbH
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Carela GmbH
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    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto 
    • B08B9/02—Cleaning pipes or tubes or systems of pipes or tubes
    • B08B9/027—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages
    • B08B9/032—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages by the mechanical action of a moving fluid, e.g. by flushing
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto 
    • B08B9/02—Cleaning pipes or tubes or systems of pipes or tubes
    • B08B9/027—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages
    • B08B9/032—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages by the mechanical action of a moving fluid, e.g. by flushing
    • B08B9/0321—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages by the mechanical action of a moving fluid, e.g. by flushing using pressurised, pulsating or purging fluid
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B08—CLEANING
    • B08B—CLEANING IN GENERAL; PREVENTION OF FOULING IN GENERAL
    • B08B9/00—Cleaning hollow articles by methods or apparatus specially adapted thereto 
    • B08B9/02—Cleaning pipes or tubes or systems of pipes or tubes
    • B08B9/027—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages
    • B08B9/032—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages by the mechanical action of a moving fluid, e.g. by flushing
    • B08B9/0321—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages by the mechanical action of a moving fluid, e.g. by flushing using pressurised, pulsating or purging fluid
    • B08B9/0328—Cleaning the internal surfaces; Removal of blockages by the mechanical action of a moving fluid, e.g. by flushing using pressurised, pulsating or purging fluid by purging the pipe with a gas or a mixture of gas and liquid

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method for the removal of deposits, which consist predominantly of biomass of microbial origin and water and are referred to in this application for short as "biofilms" of facilities for the provision and distribution of drinking and industrial water, in particular from piping systems, and the Application of this method as part of the cleaning of such systems or piping systems.
  • Drinking water is the most important food for humans. It is crucial for the health of the population that drinking water has a perfect condition. This means that the content of chemical ingredients and the microbiological properties of drinking water must be such that people will not be harmed by its consumption or even get sick. Furthermore, it is important that drinking water keeps its perfect condition on the way from its extraction and, if necessary, treatment to the customer's faucet. Drinking water is not germ-free by nature. In order to prevent uncontrolled and unacceptable germ multiplication on the way from the preparation to the consumer, the recognized rules of technology for the construction and general operation of drinking water systems, pipelines and networks must be adhered to.
  • the conditions under which the quality of the water must be preserved can be very different.
  • the residence time of the water in a pipeline network depends on the current, possibly time-varying water consumption, and the temperature and oxygen content of the water from the climatic conditions and the technical quality of the pipe network. This can lead to water of identical initial quality in different plants varying in tendency to tend to contact the parts of the plant in contact with water, e.g. Pipe walls, form pads.
  • the composition of EPS can vary widely. However, it usually has a gel-like or mucous-like consistency and in practice represents a heterogeneous mixture of various macromolecular constituents. In addition to various slime-forming polysaccharides, it also contains proteins, for example. in the form of active extracellular enzymes, as well as smaller amounts of lipids (glycolipids). It is usually assumed that the EPS usually constitutes from 70 to 95% by weight of the dry matter of a biofilm, and that the water content of typical biofilms or the hydrated EPS is in the range from 70 to 97% by weight, in particular 90 - 97 wt .-% of the wet weight of the total biofilm is.
  • the EPS performs several functions that are essential for the cohesion of the biofilm and the vital functions of the microorganisms that are present in it and that regenerate or regenerate it.
  • the important functions of the EPS is the mediation of the adhesion of the biofilm to surfaces, the aggregation of cells of microorganisms and the immobilization of heterogeneous bacterial populations, the protection of the microorganisms of the biofilm against various chemical and physical agents, so that in the biofilm against numerous biocides such as disinfectants and antibiotics are protected, and finally the water retention or hydration, which protects the biofilm and the microorganisms contained therein from drying out.
  • the EPS also absorbs various substances from the water and can contain enzymes that make the EPS a bioactive medium.
  • the biofilms are usually thin and irregular coatings of mostly soft consistency on the drinking water
  • the biofilm adheres firmly to the surfaces and is not normally removed by the flow in piping. It adjusts its consistency of flow velocity near the surface. This means that the stronger the flow, the denser and thinner the biofilm. At low flow, however, a softer, voluminous biofilm grows.
  • Biofilms In a biofilm also pathogenic microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where they survive and reproduce in the protection of the EPS formed by them nest in humans. Biofilms also provide the basis for the growth of amoebae, which in turn may be contaminated with Legionella. A health hazard posed by many other organisms that have been detected in biofilms (e.g., certain mycobacteria) is at least discussed.
  • Organisms from the biofilm are therefore often detectable in planktonic form in the water and can optionally be absorbed by humans in this form.
  • planktonic organisms does not provide a reliable picture of the microbiological burden of a water-bearing system, as the detectable mobile organisms do not reflect the extent of colonization of a silty microfilm-bound microorganism water-bearing system.
  • a measure to be considered in principle for the removal of biofilms consists in the destruction of the microorganisms in the biofilm with biocidal agents and thus in its destruction, i. in a disinfection of the plants and plant parts, in which biofilms can find or train. Furthermore, it is conceivable to completely or at least partially remove biofilms mechanically, if necessary in combination with a disinfection.
  • Prophylactic chemical disinfection of fresh drinking water e.g. With chlorine or ozone, with which the Keimberg and thus also the formation of deposits of microbial origin can be controlled to a certain degree, is not desired in Germany.
  • Drinking water can be disinfected in various ways.
  • a disinfection using chemical disinfectants is customary.
  • Disinfection is the reduction of the number of germs to a level from which infection is no longer possible.
  • the disinfecting effectiveness of agents has been determined primarily by their effect on (planktonic) microorganisms dispersed in an aqueous medium.
  • the fact that the microorganisms in biofilms are protected by the EPS was not sufficiently taken into account, so that in practice the disinfecting effect often did not meet the expectations.
  • Mineral inorganic deposits and incrustations of oxidic and / or carbonate nature the substances of microbial origin usually contain as inclusions and / or as superficial mucus films (EPS layers) and which are built in particular from cold fresh water, can be chemically acidic, acidic and simultaneously oxidizing or reducing agents (see for example DE 32 44 443 A1 and DE 44 28 027 A1 ) as well as with alkaline cleaning solutions.
  • EPS layers superficial mucus films
  • Such mineral deposits usually form thick, massive and dense layers, and the chemical means of removing such layers must be able to primarily to dissolve inorganic, mineral crusts. The funds required are often hazardous substances and dangerous goods. Therefore, they are only used if it is not possible to dissolve the coating by other means.
  • DE 4430870 A1 discloses a method for cleaning and corrosion removal of building water installations, in which hot pre-treatment alternating hot compressed air and a cold gas, especially carbon dioxide gas are passed through the emptied building water installation and the loosened by thermal stresses encrustations are rinsed with water.
  • DE 102009026039 A1 discloses a cleaning and disinfecting process for removing deposits from pipes, hoses and containers using both a treating liquid and gaseous media, compressed air used to nebulize the treatment liquid and to blow out the liquid and dry it.
  • FIG. 1 shows the technological scheme of a possible embodiment of a method according to the invention.
  • the present invention is based on the fact known per se that biofilms and also the microorganisms contained therein consist for the most part of water and that a biofilm can only fulfill its various functions if it has a sufficient water content.
  • the microorganisms contained therein are not viable without a high water content.
  • the water is withdrawn from the biofilm by a purposeful intensive drying of the drinking water-contacted surfaces.
  • the biofilm shrinks and loses hold on its wearer surface.
  • the dried or at least partially dehydrated biofilm is then easily detached from the surface and can be rinsed out of the conduit system. From the initially cohesive and intact biofilm formed by water loss and shrinkage processes fine thin particles, flakes and loose plaques, which can be rinsed after completion of the drying step with drinking water and / or a suitable rinsing solution from the system.
  • the drying according to the invention is preferably carried out with air capable of absorbing a lot of moisture, i. with heated air and / or predried air or other heated and / or pre-dried gas and / or gas / air mixture.
  • a microbiologically active gas such as nitric oxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone and / or another biocidal or bioactive gas may also be added to the air stream in order to control the germicidal and biofilm-removing effect of the per se. increase chemistry-free "drying process.
  • nitric oxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone and / or another biocidal or bioactive gas may also be added to the air stream in order to control the germicidal and biofilm-removing effect of the per se. increase chemistry-free "drying process.
  • another sterilizing acting gas such. the ethylene oxide used in medicine or formaldehyde gas may be added.
  • the at least substantially dried line is thoroughly rinsed, usually with an aqueous rinse solution.
  • a rinsing solution used after the drying step is also part of the cleaning system or method according to the invention.
  • apparatus and / or chemical aids may be used which allow the most complete removal of the dry residue and which may also develop an additional cleaning effect against lime and other deposits.
  • the rinsing is preferably carried out under conditions in which the largest possible flow forces act on the dried coverings (biofilms). Such conditions are most easily reached in pipelines. It is also possible, for example, to add to the rinse solution abrasive granules or other particles which are suspended in the rinse solution or therein swim and be transported by this on the coverings.
  • the inventive method is less, and because once because of the difficulty, such walls dry with dry gas streams effectively, as well as because a flushing, as used in pipelines is not possible without further ado.
  • the method is particularly suitable structures or cavity sections that can be hermetically sealed.
  • the rinse solution may also contain disinfectants that destroy remnants of biofilms. It may also be a preferred embodiment of the method to use the rinse solution optionally in a closed loop, multiple times and at high rinse rates. The process of drying and rinsing may optionally also be applied several times in succession to achieve a more thorough cleaning and disinfecting effect.
  • a drinking water pipe made of 100 m long steel and 2.54 cm (1 inch) in diameter has a volume of approximately 58 l and an internal surface area of approximately 8.5 m 2 . If one assumes for a model calculation that the line is evenly lined with a biofilm with an average thickness of 1 mm, the volume of the biofilm is about 8.5. If one neglects the solid components of the biofilm, one can for an estimate of the required Procedural conditions assume that approximately 8.5 kg of water must be removed so that the biofilm is completely dried.
  • Air of 20 ° C with 50% relative humidity contains 7.7 g of water in 1 kg of air. It can absorb an additional 7.8 g / l of water and is then saturated with 100% relative humidity (Mollier-hx diagram). When air at around room temperature is used, the heat of evaporation must be applied by the environment. It is calculated that the evaporation of 8.5 kg of water requires 980 m 3 of air.
  • the heat of evaporation can be at least partially fed by heating before the supply of drying air to the piping system.
  • an amount of energy of 21800 kJ or about 6 kWh heat energy is needed.
  • the water is removed from the plant to be treated, eg a pipe network, a pipeline or a section of a pipeline from which biofilms are to be removed, eg by draining and / or expelling with compressed air. This can already lead to a superficial predrying.
  • Filtered air 1 is compressed in a designed according to the technical characteristics of the pipeline to be treated compressor 2.
  • the air is optionally pre-dried before use. If necessary, traces of oil from the air can also be eliminated.
  • predrying it is possible to use any desired processes which ensure the achievement of the desired degree of drying, e.g. chemical processes (use of desiccants in the form of flow-through particle beds) or physical processes (condensation, compression and relaxation).
  • the air is then optionally in a heating device 3, which is suitably operated with electrical or combustion energy, heated and introduced into the empty drinking water pipe 5. If necessary, a predrying of the pipeline with unheated but before, but dried air, which removed free water and liquid films from wet surfaces.
  • a metering device 4 which is arranged between the heating device 3 and the drinking water line 5 to be treated, which no longer contains a liquid column or standing or flowing water, optionally a microbiologically active gas can be added.
  • the drying air must normally be passed through the pipeline for at least several minutes.
  • the time required for the drying depending on the size of the treated pipe network or the length of the pipe to be dried and the gas velocity, usually at several minutes, e.g. between 5 min and 45 min.
  • the air and / or the air / gas mixture are analyzed by passing the gas stream via an analytical station 6 to a gas outlet 7.
  • the relative humidity of the exiting gas flow is measured continuously or intermittently.
  • the endpoint of the treatment is displayed when a previously set limit value for the relative humidity of the gas flow is exceeded.
  • concentrations of the microbiologically active gases can also be measured here.
  • the system After drying, the system is rinsed over the same accesses over which the drying took place.
  • the inlet and outlet of the system is possibly closed briefly, and the rinse solution is preferably pumped for sustained action in a circle.
  • the rinsing process it can serve to establish that the turbidity of the rinsing solution does not rise any further or a fresh solution for rinsing no longer becomes cloudy.
  • the flow direction of the air and / or gas stream and / or the rinse solution in adaptation to the specific conditions of the treated plant are varied in different ways. It can be the direction of the normal flow direction of the water in the plant be selected, or against this flow direction, or it is varied or pulsed during the drying and / or rinsing step.
  • the rinse solution may be recycled and a rinse solution containing disinfecting and / or delaminating additives may also be used.
  • the drying and / or rinsing steps can be carried out several times.
  • the flow rate of the air and gas streams can be varied to achieve optimal drying. Since the process is carried out on anhydrous pipes, the gas does not have to be forced into a water column, i. the promotion of the air and / or gas flow does not have to be carried out as compressed air delivery, but the air and / or gas flow can also be conveyed by suction through the system, e.g. by suction on the outlet side of an air and / or gas stream, which was sucked at its inlet side into the pipeline system by a heater and thereby heated.
  • anhydrous plant e.g. a pipeline, connected to a suction pump
  • the anhydrous plant can also be used in such a way that e.g. for predrying a pipeline in this a more or less strong negative pressure is generated, which enhances the drying effect.
  • a disinfecting gas is added to the air and / or gas stream, e.g. In a final stage of treatment, after extensive drying has already been achieved, the effect of the disinfecting gas additive on the biofilms or biofilm residues can be prolonged and intensified by slowing down the delivery of the air and gas streams or by intermittently stopping them and the disinfecting gas in a static atmosphere.
  • the inventive method can be used particularly advantageously for cleaning and disinfecting piping systems in larger construction objects, in Many people need to be supplied with water, for example in hospitals, residential complexes, senior citizens' pensions, hotels and other accommodation facilities and rental complexes.
  • the treatment may be overnight if the water requirement is low.
  • the treatment can be advantageously carried out in stages by successively treating different sections of a pipeline system, for example certain pipeline sections or floors of an object.
  • the inventive method also on a smaller scale, for example, in the rehabilitation of the pipeline network of a single-family house, use.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft ein Verfahren zur Entfernung von Belägen, die überwiegend aus Biomasse mikrobiellen Ursprungs und Wasser bestehen und in dieser Anmeldung kurz als "Biofilme" bezeichnet werden, aus Anlagen zur Bereitstellung und zur Verteilung von Trink- und Brauchwasser, insbesondere aus Rohrleitungssystemen, sowie die Anwendung dieses Verfahrens im Rahmen der Reinigung derartiger Anlagen bzw. Rohrleitungssysteme.The invention relates to a method for the removal of deposits, which consist predominantly of biomass of microbial origin and water and are referred to in this application for short as "biofilms" of facilities for the provision and distribution of drinking and industrial water, in particular from piping systems, and the Application of this method as part of the cleaning of such systems or piping systems.

Trinkwasser ist für den Menschen das wichtigste Lebensmittel. Es ist für die Gesundheit der Bevölkerung entscheidend, dass Trinkwasser einen einwandfreien Zustand aufweist. Das heißt, dass der Gehalt an chemischen Inhaltsstoffen und die mikrobiologischen Eigenschaften des Trinkwassers so beschaffen sein müssen, dass Menschen durch seinen Konsum nicht gesundheitlich beeinträchtigt werden oder gar erkranken können. Weiterhin ist es wichtig, dass Trinkwasser auf dem Weg von seiner Gewinnung und ggf. Aufbereitung bis zum Wasserhahn des Kunden diesen einwandfreien Zustand behält. Trinkwasser ist von Natur aus nicht keimfrei. Damit es nicht zu einer unkontrollierten und unzulässigen Keimvermehrung auf dem Weg von der Aufbereitung zum Verbraucher kommt, sind die anerkannten Regeln der Technik für den Bau und Allgemeinbetrieb von Trinkwasseranlagen, -rohrleitungen und -netzen einzuhalten.Drinking water is the most important food for humans. It is crucial for the health of the population that drinking water has a perfect condition. This means that the content of chemical ingredients and the microbiological properties of drinking water must be such that people will not be harmed by its consumption or even get sick. Furthermore, it is important that drinking water keeps its perfect condition on the way from its extraction and, if necessary, treatment to the customer's faucet. Drinking water is not germ-free by nature. In order to prevent uncontrolled and unacceptable germ multiplication on the way from the preparation to the consumer, the recognized rules of technology for the construction and general operation of drinking water systems, pipelines and networks must be adhered to.

Beim Umgang mit Trinkwasser ist zu berücksichtigen, dass die Bedingungen, unter denen die Wasserqualität gewährleistet bleiben muss, sehr verschieden sein können. Beispielsweise hängt in Wohnanlagen und auch bei gewerblichen Verbrauchern die Verweilzeit des Wassers in einem Rohrleitungsnetz vom aktuellen, unter Umständen zeitlich stark schwankenden Wasserverbrauch ab, und die Temperatur und der Sauerstoffgehalt des Wassers von den klimatischen Umgebungsbedingungen und der technischen Qualität des Rohrnetzes. Das kann dazu führen, dass Wasser identischer Ausgangsqualität in verschiedenen Anlagen in unterschiedlichem Ausmaß dazu neigt, an den wasserberührten Anlagenteilen, z.B. Rohrwänden, Beläge auszubilden.When dealing with drinking water, it should be borne in mind that the conditions under which the quality of the water must be preserved can be very different. For example, in residential complexes and also in commercial consumers, the residence time of the water in a pipeline network depends on the current, possibly time-varying water consumption, and the temperature and oxygen content of the water from the climatic conditions and the technical quality of the pipe network. This can lead to water of identical initial quality in different plants varying in tendency to tend to contact the parts of the plant in contact with water, e.g. Pipe walls, form pads.

Im Falle von Brauchwasserleitungen ist die mikrobiologische Reinheit weniger kritisch als bei Trinkwasser. Da Beläge in Form von Biofilmen jedoch auch in Brauchwasserleitungen vorhanden sein können und die Funktionsfähigkeit des Leitungssystems beeinträchtigen können, ist auch in solchen Leitungen in der Regel eine Entfernung von Biofilmen wünschenswert.In the case of service water pipes, the microbiological purity is less critical than with drinking water. Since deposits in the form of biofilms but can also be present in service water pipes and affect the functioning of the conduit system, a removal of biofilms is desirable in such lines usually.

In der Praxis zeigt sich, dass bestimmte im Trinkwasser vorkommende Mikroorganismen in der Lage sind, sich an den Oberflächen der wasserberührten Anlagenteile und an Rohrinnenwänden anzulagern. Sie können dort überleben und sich auch vermehren. Es bilden sich im Laufe der Zeit die bereits genannten "Biofilme". Sie bestehen aus Mikroorganismen, der Extrazellulären Polymeren Substanz (EPS), welche von den Mikroorganismen gebildet wird, mineralischen Partikeln wie Sedimenten, Korrosionsprodukten, Kalk u.ä. und viel Wasser.In practice, it has been found that certain microorganisms occurring in drinking water are able to accumulate on the surfaces of the water-contacting parts of the plant and on inner walls of the pipes. They can survive and multiply there. Over time, the already mentioned "biofilms" are formed. they consist of Microorganisms, the extracellular polymer substance (EPS), which is formed by the microorganisms, mineral particles such as sediments, corrosion products, lime and the like. and a lot of water.

Die Zusammensetzung der EPS kann stark variieren. Sie weist jedoch meist eine gelartige oder schleimartige Konsistenz auf und stellt in der Praxis eine heterogene Mischung verschiedener makromolekularer Bestandteile dar. Sie enthält neben verschiedenen schleimbildenden Polysacchariden auch Proteine, z.T. in Form aktiver extrazellulärer Enyzme, sowie kleinere Anteile an Lipiden (Glykolipiden). Es wird üblicherweise angenommen, dass die EPS in der Regel von 70 - 95 Gew.-% der Trockenmasse eines Biofilms ausmacht, und dass der Wassergehalt typischer Biofilme bzw. der hydratisierten EPS im Bereich von 70 - 97 Gew.-%, insbesondere von 90 - 97 Gew.-% des Feuchtgewichts des Gesamt-Biofilms liegt.The composition of EPS can vary widely. However, it usually has a gel-like or mucous-like consistency and in practice represents a heterogeneous mixture of various macromolecular constituents. In addition to various slime-forming polysaccharides, it also contains proteins, for example. in the form of active extracellular enzymes, as well as smaller amounts of lipids (glycolipids). It is usually assumed that the EPS usually constitutes from 70 to 95% by weight of the dry matter of a biofilm, and that the water content of typical biofilms or the hydrated EPS is in the range from 70 to 97% by weight, in particular 90 - 97 wt .-% of the wet weight of the total biofilm is.

Die EPS erfüllt verschiedene Funktionen, die für den Zusammenhalt des Biofilms und die Lebensfunktionen der Mikroorganismen, die darin vorhanden sind und ihn neubilden bzw. ständig regenerieren, essentiell sind. Zu den wichtigen Funktionen der EPS gehört die Vermittlung der Adhäsion des Biofilms an Oberflächen, die Aggregation von Zellen der Mikroorganismen und die Immobilisierung heterogener Bakterienpopulationen, der Schutz der Mikroorganismen des Biofilms gegen verschiedene chemische und physikalische Einwirkungen, so dass diese im Biofilm auch gegen zahlreiche Biozide wie beispielsweise Desinfektionsmittel und Antibiotika geschützt sind, sowie schließlich die Wasserrückhaltung bzw. Hydratisierung, die den Biofilm und die darin enthaltenen Mikroorganismen vor dem Austrocknen schützt. Die EPS absorbieren auch verschiedene Substanzen aus dem Wasser und können Enzyme enthalten, die die EPS zu einem bioaktiven Medium machen.The EPS performs several functions that are essential for the cohesion of the biofilm and the vital functions of the microorganisms that are present in it and that regenerate or regenerate it. Among the important functions of the EPS is the mediation of the adhesion of the biofilm to surfaces, the aggregation of cells of microorganisms and the immobilization of heterogeneous bacterial populations, the protection of the microorganisms of the biofilm against various chemical and physical agents, so that in the biofilm against numerous biocides such as disinfectants and antibiotics are protected, and finally the water retention or hydration, which protects the biofilm and the microorganisms contained therein from drying out. The EPS also absorbs various substances from the water and can contain enzymes that make the EPS a bioactive medium.

Die Biofilme stellen meist dünne und unregelmäßige Überzüge von meistens weicher Konsistenz auf den trinkwasserberührten Oberflächen dar. Der Biofilm haftet fest an den Oberflächen und wird normalerweise durch die Strömung in Rohrleitungen nicht abgetragen. Er passt seine Konsistenz der Strömungsgeschwindigkeit in Oberflächennähe an. Das heißt, dass je stärker die Strömung ist, umso dichter und gleichzeitig dünner ist der Biofilm. Bei geringer Strömung wächst hingegen ein weicherer, voluminöser Biofilm.The biofilms are usually thin and irregular coatings of mostly soft consistency on the drinking water The biofilm adheres firmly to the surfaces and is not normally removed by the flow in piping. It adjusts its consistency of flow velocity near the surface. This means that the stronger the flow, the denser and thinner the biofilm. At low flow, however, a softer, voluminous biofilm grows.

In einen Biofilm können sich auch für den Menschen pathogene Mikroorganismen, wie beispielsweise Pseudomonas aeruginosa, einnisten, wo sie im Schutz der von ihnen gebildeten EPS überleben und sich vermehren. Biofilme bilden ferner die Grundlage für das Wachstum von Amöben, die ihrerseits mit Legionellen kontaminiert sein können. Eine gesundheitliche Gefährdung durch zahlreiche andere Organismen, die in Biofilmen nachgewiesen werden konnten (z.B. bestimmte Mykobakterien), wird zumindest diskutiert.In a biofilm also pathogenic microorganisms such as Pseudomonas aeruginosa, where they survive and reproduce in the protection of the EPS formed by them nest in humans. Biofilms also provide the basis for the growth of amoebae, which in turn may be contaminated with Legionella. A health hazard posed by many other organisms that have been detected in biofilms (e.g., certain mycobacteria) is at least discussed.

Gelegentlich können sich kleinere oder größere Teile des Biofilms ablösen, so dass sie weggeschwemmt werden können und sich stromab an anderer Stelle wieder anheften können, wodurch in der Folge eine weitere Besiedlung des wasserführenden Systems erfolgt. Organismen aus dem Biofilm sind daher häufig auch in planktonischer Form im Wasser nachweisbar und können in dieser Form gegebenenfalls vom Menschen aufgenommen werden. Die Bestimmung derartiger planktonischer Organismen liefert jedoch kein zuverlässiges Bild der mikrobiologischen Belastung eines wasserführenden Systems, da die erfassbaren mobilen Organismen nicht das Ausmaß der Besiedlung eines wasserführenden Systems mit sessilen, im Mikrofilm gebundenen Mikroorganismen widerspiegeln.Occasionally, smaller or larger parts of the biofilm may peel off so that they can be washed away and re-attached downstream elsewhere, resulting in further colonization of the aquifer system. Organisms from the biofilm are therefore often detectable in planktonic form in the water and can optionally be absorbed by humans in this form. However, the determination of such planktonic organisms does not provide a reliable picture of the microbiological burden of a water-bearing system, as the detectable mobile organisms do not reflect the extent of colonization of a silty microfilm-bound microorganism water-bearing system.

Es ist daher wünschenswert, Biofilme aus den wasserführenden Systemen zuverlässig zu entfernen und ihre Neubildung möglichst zu verhindern oder wenigstens zu verzögern.It is therefore desirable to reliably remove biofilms from the water-bearing systems and to prevent or at least delay their regeneration as far as possible.

Eine zur Entfernung von Biofilmen grundsätzlich in Erwägung zu ziehende Maßnahme besteht in der Abtötung der Mikroorganismen im Biofilm mit bioziden Mitteln und damit in seiner Zerstörung, d.h. in einer Desinfektion der Anlagen und Anlagenteile, in denen sich Biofilme finden oder ausbilden können. Weiterhin ist denkbar, Biofilme ganz oder wenigstens teilweise mechanisch zu entfernen, ggf. in Kombination mit einer Desinfektion.A measure to be considered in principle for the removal of biofilms consists in the destruction of the microorganisms in the biofilm with biocidal agents and thus in its destruction, i. in a disinfection of the plants and plant parts, in which biofilms can find or train. Furthermore, it is conceivable to completely or at least partially remove biofilms mechanically, if necessary in combination with a disinfection.

Eine prophylaktische chemische Desinfektion von frischem Trinkwasser, z.B. mit Chlor oder Ozon, mit der die Keimentwicklung und damit auch die Ausbildung von Belägen mikrobieller Herkunft bis zu einem gewissen Grad kontrolliert werden kann, ist in Deutschland nicht gewünscht.Prophylactic chemical disinfection of fresh drinking water, e.g. With chlorine or ozone, with which the Keimentwicklung and thus also the formation of deposits of microbial origin can be controlled to a certain degree, is not desired in Germany.

Trinkwasser kann auf verschiedene Weise desinfiziert werden. Üblich ist beispielsweise eine Desinfektion unter Verwendung chemischer Desinfektionsmittel. Unter Desinfektion versteht man die Reduktion der Keimzahl bis auf ein Niveau, von dem aus keine Infektion mehr möglich ist. In der Vergangenheit hat man die desinfizierende Wirksamkeit von Mitteln in erster Linie anhand ihrer Wirkung auf in einem wässrigen Medium dispergierte (planktonische) Mikroorganismen bestimmt. Dabei wurde die Tatsache, dass die Mikroorganismen in Biofilmen durch die EPS geschützt sind, nicht ausreichend berücksichtigt, so dass in der Praxis die desinfizierende Wirkung häufig nicht den Erwartungen entsprach. Generell ist festzustellen, dass im Hinblick auf die Entfernung von Biofilmen, insbesondere bei Praktikern, diesbezüglich noch erhebliche Verständnislücken bestehen.Drinking water can be disinfected in various ways. For example, a disinfection using chemical disinfectants is customary. Disinfection is the reduction of the number of germs to a level from which infection is no longer possible. In the past, the disinfecting effectiveness of agents has been determined primarily by their effect on (planktonic) microorganisms dispersed in an aqueous medium. The fact that the microorganisms in biofilms are protected by the EPS was not sufficiently taken into account, so that in practice the disinfecting effect often did not meet the expectations. In general, there are significant gaps in the understanding of biofilm removal, especially among practitioners.

Als für die Wasserbehandlung zugelassene Desinfektionswirkstoffe mit Depotwirkung, die an planktonischen, also nicht in Biofilmen sesshaften Mikroorganismen getestet wurden, sind zu nennen Chlorgas, Chlorverbindungen wie Natrium- oder Calciumhypochlorit und Chlordioxid. Für besondere Fälle sind auch chlorabspaltende Mittel wie z.B. Di- oder Trichlorisocyanursäure zugelassen. Letztendlich beruht die Desinfektionswirkung dieser Mittel auf den oxidierenden Eigenschaften der hypochlorigen Säure. Alle eingesetzten Wirkstoffe sind jedoch Gefahrstoffe, die teilweise mit "giftig" oder "sehr giftig" gekennzeichnet werden müssen. Aufwändige Arbeitsschutz-, Transport- und Lagervorschriften sind beim Umgang mit diesen Stoffen einzuhalten. Es werden besondere Dosiertechniken mit den entsprechenden Sicherheitseinrichtungen für diese Stoffe gebraucht. Maximale Zugabemengen und Grenzwerte im Trinkwasser sind behördlich festgelegt. Die Grenzwerte müssen eingehalten werden, was eine entsprechend aufwändige chemisch-analytische Überwachung des so behandelten Trinkwassers erfordert.As approved for water treatment disinfectant agents with depot effect, which have been tested on planktonic, ie not in biofilms sedentary microorganisms, call to mention chlorine gas, chlorine compounds such as sodium or calcium hypochlorite and chlorine dioxide. For special cases are also chlorine-releasing Approved agents such as di- or trichloroisocyanuric. Finally, the disinfecting effect of these agents is due to the oxidizing properties of the hypochlorous acid. However, all active ingredients used are hazardous substances, some of which must be labeled "toxic" or "very toxic". Comprehensive health and safety, transport and storage regulations must be observed when handling these substances. Special dosing techniques with the corresponding safety devices for these substances are needed. Maximum addition levels and limit values in drinking water are defined by the authorities. The limit values must be adhered to, which requires a correspondingly complex chemical-analytical monitoring of the drinking water treated in this way.

Dennoch kann durch den Einsatz von Chlor bzw. Chlorverbindungen die Bildung von Biofilmen nicht verhindert werden. Eine effektive Zerstörung und Entfernung von Biofilmen durch den Einsatz von Chlor erfordert extrem hohe Dosierungen (z.B. das sechzigfache des Grenzwertes der Trinkwasserverordnung) und führt sehr häufig nicht zum gewünschten Ergebnis, da die Bakterien in den Biofilmen durch Matrixeffekte sehr gut geschützt werden. Die Entfernung dieser fest anhaftenden organischen Matrix ist somit ein zentrales Problem.Nevertheless, the use of chlorine or chlorine compounds can not prevent the formation of biofilms. The effective destruction and removal of biofilms through the use of chlorine requires extremely high dosages (e.g., sixty times the limit of the Drinking Water Ordinance) and very often does not produce the desired result, since the bacteria in the biofilms are very well protected by matrix effects. The removal of this firmly adhering organic matrix is thus a central problem.

Mineralische anorganische Ablagerungen und Inkrustationen oxidischer und/oder carbonatischer Natur, die Substanzen mikrobiellen Ursprungs in der Regel als Einschlüsse und/oder als oberflächliche Schleimfilme (EPS-Schichten) enthalten und die insbesondere aus kaltem Frischwasser aufgebaut werden, können chemisch mit sauren, sauren und gleichzeitig oxidierenden bzw. reduzierenden Mitteln (vgl. zum Beispiel DE 32 44 443 A1 und DE 44 28 027 A1 ) sowie auch mit alkalischen Reinigungslösungen entfernt werden. Derartige mineralische Ablagerungen bilden meist dicke, massive und dichte Schichten, und die chemischen Mittel zur Entfernung solcher Schichten müssen in erster Linie in der Lage sein, die anorganischen, mineralischen Krusten aufzulösen. Die benötigten Mittel sind häufig Gefahrstoffe und Gefahrgüter. Man verwendet sie deshalb nur dann, wenn eine Belagauflösung mit anderen Mitteln nicht möglich ist. Der Einsatz dieser Reinigungsmittel erfordert bezüglich Transport und Lagerung, Dosier- und Spültechnik, Arbeitsschutz und Schulung bei der Anwendung sowie der sachgerechten Entsorgung der Spülwässer besonderen Aufwand. Nach dem Einsatz muss geprüft und sichergestellt werden, dass eventuelle Reinigungsmittelreste vollständig aus einem behandelten Trinkwassersystem entfernt wurden, damit Konsumenten durch Reste der Reinigungsmittel nicht beeinträchtigt werden.Mineral inorganic deposits and incrustations of oxidic and / or carbonate nature, the substances of microbial origin usually contain as inclusions and / or as superficial mucus films (EPS layers) and which are built in particular from cold fresh water, can be chemically acidic, acidic and simultaneously oxidizing or reducing agents (see for example DE 32 44 443 A1 and DE 44 28 027 A1 ) as well as with alkaline cleaning solutions. Such mineral deposits usually form thick, massive and dense layers, and the chemical means of removing such layers must be able to primarily to dissolve inorganic, mineral crusts. The funds required are often hazardous substances and dangerous goods. Therefore, they are only used if it is not possible to dissolve the coating by other means. The use of these detergents requires special attention in terms of transport and storage, metering and flushing, occupational safety and training in the application and the proper disposal of rinsing waters. After use, it must be checked and ensured that any residues of cleaning agent have been completely removed from a treated drinking water system so that consumers are not affected by residues of the cleaning agents.

Es wird auch versucht, Ablagerungen und Biofilme in wasserführenden Systemen hydromechanisch durch eine kombinierte Luft-Wasser-Spülung abzutragen und auszuspülen. Bei solchen Verfahren, die in verschiedener apparativer Ausgestaltung beispielsweise beschrieben werden in den deutschen Gebrauchsmustern G 85 02 327.2 oder DE 202 01 782 U1 oder in den veröffentlichten deutschen Patentanmeldungen gemäß DE 196 41 629 A1 und DE 10 2008 056 522 A1 , geht es stets nur darum, die Wirkung des strömenden Wassers im Sinne einer besseren Verwirbelung und Verstärkung der auf die zu entfernenden Beläge einwirkenden Stoß- und Scherkräfte zu erhöhen. Zu diesem Zwecke werden in abwechselnden kurzen zeitlichen Intervallen Pressluft und Wasser durch die zu behandelnde Rohrleitung getrieben. Durch die sehr starken Turbulenzen und Kavitationserscheinungen und die hohen Strömungsgeschwindigkeiten an den Grenzflächen zwischen Luft und Wasser werden lockere Ablagerungen und Biofilme von den trinkwasserberührten Oberflächen abgerissen. Da Luft und Wasser in verwirbelter Form oder in Form sich abwechselnder, leitungsausfüllender Gasblasen oder Gasblöcke auf die Beläge einwirken, bleiben das Gas feuchtigkeitsgesättigt und die Beläge stets durchfeuchtet, weshalb es zu keinen Trocknungseffekten kommen kann.Attempts are also being made to hydrolyze deposits and biofilms in water-bearing systems by means of a combined air-water rinse and to rinse them off. In such methods, which are described in various apparative embodiment, for example, in the German utility model G 85 02 327.2 or DE 202 01 782 U1 or in the published German patent applications according to DE 196 41 629 A1 and DE 10 2008 056 522 A1 , it is always only to increase the effect of flowing water in order to better turbulence and increase the impact and shear forces acting on the coverings to be removed. For this purpose, compressed air and water are forced through the pipeline to be treated at alternating short time intervals. Due to the very strong turbulence and cavitation phenomena and the high flow velocities at the interfaces between air and water, loose deposits and biofilms are torn off the drinking water-touched surfaces. Since air and water act in swirling form or in the form of alternating, line-filling gas bubbles or gas blocks on the coverings, the gas remains saturated with moisture and the pads always moisturized, so there may be no drying effects.

Bei derartigen Verfahren werden die Auswirkungen der Reinigung auf die Mikrobiologie nur am Rande berücksichtigt. Wissenschaftliche Nachweise über einen vollständigen Austrag von Belägen, insbesondere auch von Biofilmen, sind nicht bekannt. In jedem Falle ist daher bei derartigen hydromechanischen Verfahren ein nachgelagerter Desinfektionsschritt mittels chemischer Desinfektion erforderlich, um verbleibende Mikroorganismen oder Biofilmreste möglichst vollständig abzutöten oder wenigstens zu immobilisieren. Für die genannte hydromechanische Technik ist ein vergleichsweise aufwändiger Gerätepark und Spezialwissen beim Einsatz nötig. Die Pressluft muss z.B. sehr sauber und ölfrei sein, da Ölreste für Mikroorganismen verwertbar sind und so zu starken Keimvermehrungen nach der Behandlung führen können. Es werden beim Einsatz auch lose mineralische Ablagerungen wie die häufig auftretenden braun gefärbten eisenhydroxid-haltigen Partikel oder auch Kalkbeläge mitgerissen.Such methods only marginally consider the effects of cleaning on microbiology. Scientific evidence of a complete discharge of coverings, especially of biofilms, are not known. In any case, therefore, in such hydromechanical processes, a downstream disinfection step by means of chemical disinfection is required in order to completely kill or at least immobilize remaining microorganisms or biofilm residues. For the above-mentioned hydromechanical technology, a comparatively complex equipment park and special knowledge in use is necessary. The compressed air must e.g. be very clean and oil-free, as oil residues for microorganisms are recoverable and can lead to strong germ multiplication after treatment. Loose mineral deposits such as the frequently occurring brown colored iron hydroxide-containing particles or limescale deposits are also entrained during use.

DE 4430870 A1 offenbart ein Verfahren zur Reinigung und Korrosionsbeseitigung von Gebäudewasserinstallationen, bei dem zur Vorbehandlung im Wechsel heiße getrocknete Druckluft und ein kaltes Gas, insbesondere Kohlendioxidgas, durch die entleerte Gebäudewasserinstallation geleitet werden und die durch thermische Spannungen gelockerten Verkrustungen mit Wasser ausgespült werden. DE 102009026039 A1 offenbart ein Reinigungs- und Desinfektionsverfahren zur Entfernung von Ablagerungen aus Rohren, Schläuchen und Behältern, bei dem sowohl eine Behandlungsflüssigkeit als auch gasförmige Medien zur Anwendung kommen, wobei Druckluft zur Vernebelung der Behandlungsflüssigkeit und zum Ausblasen der Flüssigkeit und Trocknung verwendet werden kann. DE 4430870 A1 discloses a method for cleaning and corrosion removal of building water installations, in which hot pre-treatment alternating hot compressed air and a cold gas, especially carbon dioxide gas are passed through the emptied building water installation and the loosened by thermal stresses encrustations are rinsed with water. DE 102009026039 A1 discloses a cleaning and disinfecting process for removing deposits from pipes, hoses and containers using both a treating liquid and gaseous media, compressed air used to nebulize the treatment liquid and to blow out the liquid and dry it.

Die nachhaltige Entfernung von Biofilmen ist somit problematisch hinsichtlich der vollständigen und nachhaltigen Entfernung der Biofilme sowie der in der Folge der Reinigungsmaßnahmen auftretenden Kontaminationen des Wassers. Die derzeit auf dem Markt verfügbaren Lösungsansätze weisen keine ausreichende Wirksamkeit bezüglich einer Beseitigung von Biofilmen unter Unschädlichmachung und Entfernung unerwünschter Mikroorganismen aus den behandelten Anlagen auf, insbesondere aus Anlagen zur Bereitstellung und zur Verteilung von Trink- und Brauchwasser wie z.B. aus Rohrleitungssystemen und Rohrnetzen.The sustainable removal of biofilms is thus problematic in terms of the complete and sustainable removal of the biofilms and the contamination of the water occurring as a result of the cleaning measures. The approaches currently available in the market do not have sufficient efficacy in eliminating biofilms to neutralize and remove unwanted microorganisms from the treated plants, particularly those for the provision and distribution of drinking and utility water, e.g. from piping systems and pipe networks.

Es ist Aufgabe der vorliegenden Erfindung, ein neuartiges Verfahren zur Verfügung zu stellen, das die Mikrobiologie in derartigen Systemen besonders berücksichtigt und mit dem Biofilme und mit ihnen auch eventuelle eingelagerte pathogene Mikroorganismen aus Trinkwasseranlagen, -rohren
und -rohrnetzen mit hoher Effizienz und nachhaltig entfernt werden können.It is an object of the present invention to provide a novel method that particularly takes into account the microbiology in such systems and with the biofilms and with them also any stored pathogenic microorganisms from drinking water systems, pipes
and pipe networks with high efficiency and sustainable can be removed.

Diese Aufgabe wird durch ein Verfahren gelöst, dessen Grundmerkmale im Anspruchssatz in Patentanspruch 1 beschrieben werden.This object is achieved by a method whose basic features are described in the set of claims in claim 1.

Vorteilhafte Ausgestaltungen eines solchen Verfahrens ergeben sich für den Fachmann aus den Unteransprüchen 2 bis 7 und dem Studium der nachfolgenden Beschreibung von derzeit besonders in Erwägung gezogenen Ausführungsformen eines erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens.Advantageous embodiments of such a method will become apparent to those skilled in the art from the dependent claims 2 to 7 and the study of the following description of currently particularly contemplated embodiments of a method according to the invention.

Nachfolgend wird zur Erläuterung auf eine Figur 1 Bezug genommen, die das technologische Schema einer möglichen Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens zeigt.The following will be explained to a FIG. 1 Reference is made, which shows the technological scheme of a possible embodiment of a method according to the invention.

Die vorliegende Erfindung setzt an der an sich bekannten Tatsache an, dass Biofilme und auch die darin enthaltenen Mikroorganismen zum größten Teil aus Wasser bestehen und dass ein Biofilm seine verschiedenen Funktionen nur dann erfüllen kann, wenn er einen ausreichenden Wassergehalt aufweist. Die in ihm enthaltenen Mikroorganismen sind ohne einen hohen Wassergehalt nicht überlebensfähig.The present invention is based on the fact known per se that biofilms and also the microorganisms contained therein consist for the most part of water and that a biofilm can only fulfill its various functions if it has a sufficient water content. The microorganisms contained therein are not viable without a high water content.

Erfindungsgemäß wird durch eine gezielte intensive Trocknung der trinkwasserberührten Oberflächen dem Biofilm das Wasser entzogen. Dadurch schrumpft der Biofilm und verliert den Halt an seiner Träger-Oberfläche. Der getrocknete oder wenigstens teilentwässerte Biofilm wird danach leicht von der Oberfläche gelöst und kann aus dem Leitungssystem ausgespült werden. Aus dem zunächst zusammenhängenden und intakten Biofilm bilden sich durch Wasserverlust und Schrumpfungsprozesse feine dünne Partikel, Flocken und lockere Plaques, welche nach Abschluss des Trocknungsschritts mit Trinkwasser und/oder einer geeigneten Spüllösung aus dem System gespült werden können.According to the invention, the water is withdrawn from the biofilm by a purposeful intensive drying of the drinking water-contacted surfaces. As a result, the biofilm shrinks and loses hold on its wearer surface. The dried or at least partially dehydrated biofilm is then easily detached from the surface and can be rinsed out of the conduit system. From the initially cohesive and intact biofilm formed by water loss and shrinkage processes fine thin particles, flakes and loose plaques, which can be rinsed after completion of the drying step with drinking water and / or a suitable rinsing solution from the system.

Die Trocknung wird erfindungsgemäß vorzugsweise mit Luft durchgeführt, die in der Lage ist, viel Feuchtigkeit aufzunehmen, d.h. mit erwärmter Luft und/oder vorgetrockneter Luft oder einem anderen erwärmten und/oder vorgetrockneten Gas und/oder Gas/Luft-Gemisch.The drying according to the invention is preferably carried out with air capable of absorbing a lot of moisture, i. with heated air and / or predried air or other heated and / or pre-dried gas and / or gas / air mixture.

Erfindungsgemäß kann zur Erhöhung der antimikrobiellen Wirksamkeit der Behandlung auch ein mikrobiologisch aktives Gas wie beispielsweise Stickstoffmonoxid, Chlor, Chlordioxid, Ozon und/oder ein anderes biozides oder bioaktives Gas zu dem Luftstrom zudosiert werden, um die keimtötende und den Biofilm ablösende Wirkung des an sich "chemiefreien" Trocknungsprozesses zu steigern. Neben solchen Gasen kann im Einzelfall, wenn an die Keimfreiheit besondere Anforderungen gestellt werden und wenn die technischen Voraussetzungen z.B. im Hinblick auf eine ausreichende Dichtigkeit des Rohrleitungssystems gegeben sind, auch ein anderes sterilisierend wirkendes Gas wie z.B. das in der Medizin verwendete Ethylenoxid oder auch Formaldehydgas zugegeben werden.According to the invention, in order to increase the antimicrobial efficacy of the treatment, a microbiologically active gas such as nitric oxide, chlorine, chlorine dioxide, ozone and / or another biocidal or bioactive gas may also be added to the air stream in order to control the germicidal and biofilm-removing effect of the per se. increase chemistry-free "drying process. In addition to such gases can in individual cases, if special demands are placed on the sterility and if the technical requirements, for. given a sufficient tightness of the piping system, also another sterilizing acting gas such. the ethylene oxide used in medicine or formaldehyde gas may be added.

Nach dem Trocknen wird die wenigstens weitgehend getrocknete Leitung gründlich gespült, in der Regel mit einer wässrigen Spüllösung. Auch eine solche nach dem Trocknungsschritt verwendete Spüllösung ist Teil des Reinigungssystems bzw. erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens. Um die Wirkung der Spüllösung möglichst effizient zu gestalten, können apparative und/oder chemische Hilfsmittel verwendet werden, die eine möglichst vollständige Entfernung der Trockenrückstände erlauben und die gegebenenfalls einen zusätzlichen Reinigungseffekt auch gegenüber Kalk- und andere Ablagerungen entwickeln. Die Spülung erfolgt vorzugsweise unter Bedingungen, bei denen auf die getrockneten Beläge (Biofilme) möglichst große Strömungskräfte einwirken. Solche Bedingungen sind am leichtesten in Rohrleitungen erreichbar. Es zur Wirkungsverstärkung beispielsweise auch möglich, der Spüllösung abrasiv wirkende Granulate oder andere Teilchen zuzugeben, die in der Spüllösung suspendiert sind oder darin schwimmen und von dieser über die Beläge transportiert werden.After drying, the at least substantially dried line is thoroughly rinsed, usually with an aqueous rinse solution. Such a rinsing solution used after the drying step is also part of the cleaning system or method according to the invention. In order to make the effect of the rinse solution as efficient as possible, apparatus and / or chemical aids may be used which allow the most complete removal of the dry residue and which may also develop an additional cleaning effect against lime and other deposits. The rinsing is preferably carried out under conditions in which the largest possible flow forces act on the dried coverings (biofilms). Such conditions are most easily reached in pipelines. It is also possible, for example, to add to the rinse solution abrasive granules or other particles which are suspended in the rinse solution or therein swim and be transported by this on the coverings.

Für großflächige Wände, wie sie in Wasserbehältern oder Wasserbecken vorkommen, eignet sich das erfindungsgemäß Verfahren weniger, und zwar einmal wegen der Schwierigkeit, solche Wände mit trockenen Gasströmen effektiv zu trocken, sowie auch deshalb, weil eine Spülung, wie sie in Rohrleitungen zur Anwendung gebracht werden kann, nicht ohne weiteres möglich ist. Das Verfahren ist insbesondere solche Strukturen oder Hohlraumabschnitte geeignet, die luftdicht abgeschlossen werden können.For large walls, as they occur in water tanks or basins, the inventive method is less, and because once because of the difficulty, such walls dry with dry gas streams effectively, as well as because a flushing, as used in pipelines is not possible without further ado. The method is particularly suitable structures or cavity sections that can be hermetically sealed.

Die Spüllösung kann auch Desinfektionsmittel enthalten, die Reste von Biofilmen zerstören. Es kann ferner eine bevorzugte Ausführungsform des Verfahrens darstellen, die Spüllösung gegebenenfalls in einem geschlossenen Kreislauf, mehrfach und mit hohen Spülgeschwindigkeiten zu verwenden. Der Vorgang des Trocknens und des Spülens kann gegebenenfalls auch mehrfach hintereinander angewendet werden, um einen gründlicheren Reinigungs- und Desinfektionseffekt zu erzielen.The rinse solution may also contain disinfectants that destroy remnants of biofilms. It may also be a preferred embodiment of the method to use the rinse solution optionally in a closed loop, multiple times and at high rinse rates. The process of drying and rinsing may optionally also be applied several times in succession to achieve a more thorough cleaning and disinfecting effect.

Nachfolgend wird die Erfindung anhand eines Ausführungsbeispiels bzw. Rechenbeispiels für die Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens noch näher erläutert.The invention will be explained in more detail with reference to an embodiment or calculation example for carrying out the method according to the invention.

Ausführungsbeispiel:Embodiment:

Eine Trinkwasserleitung aus Stahl mit einer Länge von 100 m und einem Durchmesser von 2,54 cm (1 inch) hat ein Volumen von ca. 58 1 und eine innere Oberfläche von ca. 8,5 m2. Wenn man für eine Modellrechnung annimmt, dass die Leitung mit einem Biofilm einer mittleren Dicke von 1 mm gleichmäßig ausgekleidet ist, beträgt das Volumen des Biofilms ca. 8,5 1. Vernachlässigt man die festen Bestandteile des Biofilms, kann man für eine Abschätzung der erforderlichen Verfahrensbedingungen von der Annahme ausgehen, dass ca. 8,5 kg Wasser entfernt werden müssen, damit der Biofilm vollständig getrocknet wird.A drinking water pipe made of 100 m long steel and 2.54 cm (1 inch) in diameter has a volume of approximately 58 l and an internal surface area of approximately 8.5 m 2 . If one assumes for a model calculation that the line is evenly lined with a biofilm with an average thickness of 1 mm, the volume of the biofilm is about 8.5. If one neglects the solid components of the biofilm, one can for an estimate of the required Procedural conditions assume that approximately 8.5 kg of water must be removed so that the biofilm is completely dried.

Luft von 20°C mit 50% relativer Feuchte enthält 7,7 g Wasser in 1 kg Luft. Sie kann weitere 7,8 g/l Wasser aufnehmen und ist dann mit 100% relativer Feuchte gesättigt (Mollier-h-x-Diagramm). Wird Luft von etwa Raumtemperatur verwendet, muss die Verdunstungswärme von der Umgebung aufgebracht werden. Es errechnet sich, dass zur Verdunstung von 8,5 kg Wasser 980 m3 Luft benötigt werden.Air of 20 ° C with 50% relative humidity contains 7.7 g of water in 1 kg of air. It can absorb an additional 7.8 g / l of water and is then saturated with 100% relative humidity (Mollier-hx diagram). When air at around room temperature is used, the heat of evaporation must be applied by the environment. It is calculated that the evaporation of 8.5 kg of water requires 980 m 3 of air.

Die Verdunstungswärme kann jedoch wenigstens teilweise auch vor der Zufuhr der Trocknungsluft zum Rohrleitungssystem durch Aufheizen zugeführt werden. Eine Ausgangsluft von 20°C mit 50% relativer Feuchte wird beispielsweise auf 41°C aufgeheizt, wodurch die relative Feuchte zusätzlich abgesenkt wird, und dann durch das Rohr geleitet. Sie nimmt dabei das Wasser aus dem Biofilm auf und verlässt schließlich mit einer Temperatur von 20°C und 100% relativer Feuchte das Rohr. In einem solchen Falle wird in obigem Beispiel eine Energiemenge von 21800 kJ oder ca. 6 kWh Wärmeenergie benötigt.However, the heat of evaporation can be at least partially fed by heating before the supply of drying air to the piping system. An outlet air of 20 ° C with 50% relative humidity, for example, heated to 41 ° C, whereby the relative humidity is additionally lowered, and then passed through the pipe. It absorbs the water from the biofilm and finally leaves the tube at a temperature of 20 ° C and 100% relative humidity. In such a case, in the above example, an amount of energy of 21800 kJ or about 6 kWh heat energy is needed.

Diese Berechnung gilt für die obigen Randbedingungen, bei denen von einer 1 mm dicken durchgehenden Belegung ausgegangen wird. Im realen Fall sollte die Belegung jedoch deutlich geringer sein und eher bei 0,1 mm liegen. Andererseits müssen neben dem im Biofilm gebundenen Wasser auch andere Feuchtigkeitsreste aus dem System entfernt werden, so dass die insgesamt aufzuwendende Energiemenge in dieser Form als realitätsnahe Abschätzung angesehen werden kann. Nicht berücksichtigt sind allerdings zusätzliche technische Wärmeverluste, mit denen in der Praxis stets gerechnet werden muss.This calculation applies to the above boundary conditions, which assume a 1 mm thick continuous coverage. In the real case, however, the occupancy should be significantly lower and more likely to be 0.1 mm. On the other hand, other moisture residues must be removed from the system in addition to the water bound in the biofilm, so that the total amount of energy to be expended in this form can be regarded as a realistic estimate. However, this does not take into account additional technical heat losses, which must always be expected in practice.

Da Rohrleitungssysteme sehr verschiedenartig gestaltet sein können, z.B. aufgrund ihrer Geometrie, Verzweigung und der dadurch bedingten unterschiedlichen Strömungsverhältnisse, und sich auch die kinetischen Verhältnisse bei der Trocknung in den Rohrleitungen theoretisch nicht sicher voraussagen lassen, ist eine gewisse praktische Erprobung zur empirischen Ermittlung der jeweils optimalen Verfahrensbedingungen in den meisten Fällen Teil der Durchführung des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens.Since piping systems can be designed very diverse, eg due to their geometry, branching and the As a result of this different flow conditions, and also the kinetic conditions in the drying in the pipelines can not predict theoretically certain, some practical testing for the empirical determination of each optimal process conditions in most cases is part of performing the method according to the invention.

Eine mögliche Ausführungsform eines erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird nachfolgend anhand des Schemas von Figur 1 noch genauer beschrieben:
Für die Durchführung einer Ausführungsform des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens wird zuerst das Wasser aus der zu behandelnden Anlage, z.B. einem Rohrnetz, einer Rohrleitung oder einem Abschnitt einer Rohrleitung, aus denen Biofilme entfernt werden sollen, entfernt, z.B. durch Ablassen und/oder Austreiben mit Druckluft. Dabei kann es bereits zu einer oberflächlichen Vortrocknung kommen.A possible embodiment of a method according to the invention is described below with reference to the scheme of FIG. 1 described in more detail:
For carrying out an embodiment of the method according to the invention, first the water is removed from the plant to be treated, eg a pipe network, a pipeline or a section of a pipeline from which biofilms are to be removed, eg by draining and / or expelling with compressed air. This can already lead to a superficial predrying.

Gefilterte Luft 1 wird in einem entsprechend den technischen Kenndaten der zu behandelnden Rohrleitung ausgelegten Verdichter 2 komprimiert. Die Luft wird vor dem Einsatz gegebenenfalls vorgetrocknet. Falls erforderlich, können dabei auch Ölspuren aus der Luft eliminiert werden. Für die genannte Vortrockung können an sich beliebige Verfahren, die das Erreichen des gewünschten Trocknungsgrads gewährleisten, zur Anwendung kommen, z.B. chemische Verfahren (Einsatz von Trockenmitteln in Form durchströmter Teilchenbetten) oder physikalische Verfahren (Kondensation, Kompression und Entspannung).Filtered air 1 is compressed in a designed according to the technical characteristics of the pipeline to be treated compressor 2. The air is optionally pre-dried before use. If necessary, traces of oil from the air can also be eliminated. For the said predrying, it is possible to use any desired processes which ensure the achievement of the desired degree of drying, e.g. chemical processes (use of desiccants in the form of flow-through particle beds) or physical processes (condensation, compression and relaxation).

Die Luft wird dann gegebenenfalls in einer Erwärmungseinrichtung 3, welche zweckmäßigerweise mit elektrischer oder Verbrennungsenergie betrieben wird, erwärmt und in die entleerte Trinkwasserleitung 5 eingeleitet. Gegebenenfalls ist vorher bereits eine Vortrocknung der Rohrleitung mit nicht erwärmter, aber getrockneter Luft erfolgt, bei der freies Wasser und Flüssigkeitsfilme von feuchten Oberflächen entfernt wurden. Über eine Dosiereinrichtung 4, die zwischen der Erwärmungseinrichtung 3 und der zu behandelnden Trinkwasserleitung 5, die keine Flüssigkeitssäule bzw. kein stehendes oder fließendes Wasser mehr enthält, angeordnet ist, kann wahlweise ein mikrobiologisch wirksames Gas zudosiert werden.The air is then optionally in a heating device 3, which is suitably operated with electrical or combustion energy, heated and introduced into the empty drinking water pipe 5. If necessary, a predrying of the pipeline with unheated but before, but dried air, which removed free water and liquid films from wet surfaces. By means of a metering device 4, which is arranged between the heating device 3 and the drinking water line 5 to be treated, which no longer contains a liquid column or standing or flowing water, optionally a microbiologically active gas can be added.

Um den erfingungsgemäß angestrebten Trocknungseffekt zu erreichen, d.h. eine so weitgehende Austrocknung der Biofilme, dass diese ablösbar werden, muss die Trocknungsluft normalerweise mindestens mehrere Minuten durch die Rohrleitung geleitet werden. Die für die Trocknung erforderliche Zeit liegt, in Abhängigkeit von der Größe des behandelten Leitungsnetzes bzw. der Länge der zu trocknenden Rohrleitung und der Gasgeschwindigkeit, in der Regel bei mehreren Minuten, z.B. zwischen 5 min und 45 min. Nach dem Austritt aus der Trinkwasserleitung werden die Luft und/oder das Luft/Gas-Gemisch analysiert, indem der Gasstrom über eine analytische Station 6 zu einem Gasauslass 7 geleitet wird. In der analytischen Station wird kontinuierlich oder intermittierend die relative Feuchte des austretenden Gasstroms gemessen. Der Endpunkt der Behandlung wird beim Unterschreiten eines zuvor festgelegten Grenzwertes für die relative Luftfeuchtigkeit des Gasstroms angezeigt. Weiterhin können hier auch die Konzentrationen der mikrobiologisch wirksamen Gase gemessen werden.In order to achieve the desired drying effect according to the invention, i. If the biofilms dry out so much that they can be removed, the drying air must normally be passed through the pipeline for at least several minutes. The time required for the drying, depending on the size of the treated pipe network or the length of the pipe to be dried and the gas velocity, usually at several minutes, e.g. between 5 min and 45 min. After leaving the drinking water line, the air and / or the air / gas mixture are analyzed by passing the gas stream via an analytical station 6 to a gas outlet 7. In the analytical station, the relative humidity of the exiting gas flow is measured continuously or intermittently. The endpoint of the treatment is displayed when a previously set limit value for the relative humidity of the gas flow is exceeded. Furthermore, the concentrations of the microbiologically active gases can also be measured here.

Nach der Trocknung wird das System über die gleichen Zugänge, über die die Trocknung erfolgte, gespült. Hierzu wird der Ein- und Auslass des Systems ggf. kurz geschlossen, und die Spüllösung wird vorzugsweise zur nachhaltigeren Wirkung im Kreis gepumpt. Als Kenngröße dafür, dass der Spülvorgang beendet werden kann, kann die Feststellung dienen, dass die Trübung der Spüllösung nicht weiter ansteigt oder eine frische Lösung für die Spülung nicht mehr trüb wird.After drying, the system is rinsed over the same accesses over which the drying took place. For this purpose, the inlet and outlet of the system is possibly closed briefly, and the rinse solution is preferably pumped for sustained action in a circle. As a parameter for the fact that the rinsing process can be stopped, it can serve to establish that the turbidity of the rinsing solution does not rise any further or a fresh solution for rinsing no longer becomes cloudy.

Die oben anhand des technologischen Schemas von Figur 1 erläuterte Vorgehensweise ist in vielfacher Hinsicht modifizierbar. So kann die Strömungsrichtung des Luft- und/oder Gasstroms und/oder der Spüllösung in Anpassung an die speziellen Gegebenheiten der behandelten Anlage in verschiedener Weise variiert werden. Sie kann der Richtung der normalen Fließrichtung des Wassers in der Anlage entsprechen, oder entgegen dieser Fließrichtung gewählt werden, oder sie wird während des Trocknungs- und/oder Spülschritts variiert oder pulsartig verändert. Die Spüllösung kann im Kreislauf geführt werden, und es kann auch eine Spüllösung verwendet werden, die desinfizierende und/oder belaglösende Zusätze enthält. Die Trocknungs- und/oder Spülschritte können mehrfach durchgeführt werden.The above based on the technological scheme of FIG. 1 The explained procedure can be modified in many ways. Thus, the flow direction of the air and / or gas stream and / or the rinse solution in adaptation to the specific conditions of the treated plant are varied in different ways. It can be the direction of the normal flow direction of the water in the plant be selected, or against this flow direction, or it is varied or pulsed during the drying and / or rinsing step. The rinse solution may be recycled and a rinse solution containing disinfecting and / or delaminating additives may also be used. The drying and / or rinsing steps can be carried out several times.

Die Strömungsgeschwindigkeit des Luft- und Gasstroms kann so variiert werden, dass eine optimale Trocknung erreicht wird. Da das Verfahren an wasserfreien Rohrleitungen durchgeführt wird, muss das Gas nicht in eine Wassersäule gedrückt werden, d.h. die Förderung des Luft- und/oder Gasstroms muss nicht als Druckluftförderung erfolgen, sondern der Luft- und/oder Gasstrom kann auch durch Ansaugen durch die Anlage gefördert werden, z.B. durch austrittseitiges Ansaugen eines Luft- und/oder Gasstroms, der an seiner Eintrittsseite in das Rohrleitungssystem durch eine Heizeinrichtung gesaugt und dabei erwärmt wurde.The flow rate of the air and gas streams can be varied to achieve optimal drying. Since the process is carried out on anhydrous pipes, the gas does not have to be forced into a water column, i. the promotion of the air and / or gas flow does not have to be carried out as compressed air delivery, but the air and / or gas flow can also be conveyed by suction through the system, e.g. by suction on the outlet side of an air and / or gas stream, which was sucked at its inlet side into the pipeline system by a heater and thereby heated.

Ist die wasserfreie Anlage, z.B. eine Rohrleitung, mit einer Saugpumpe verbunden, kann diese auch so genutzt werden, dass z.B. zum Vortrocknen einer Rohrleitung in dieser ein mehr oder weniger starker Unterdruck erzeugt wird, der den Trocknungseffekt verstärkt.If the anhydrous plant, e.g. a pipeline, connected to a suction pump, can also be used in such a way that e.g. for predrying a pipeline in this a more or less strong negative pressure is generated, which enhances the drying effect.

Wird dem Luft- und/oder Gasstrom ein desinfizierendes Gas zudosiert, z.B. in einer Endphase der Behandlung, nachdem bereits eine weitgehende Trocknung erreicht ist, kann die Einwirkung des desinfizierenden Gaszusatzes auf die Biofilme oder Biofilmreste verlängert und intensiviert werden, indem man die Förderung des Luft- und Gasstroms verlangsamt oder indem man sie zeitweise unterbricht und das desinfizierende Gas in einer statischen Atmosphäre zur Einwirkung bringt.If a disinfecting gas is added to the air and / or gas stream, e.g. In a final stage of treatment, after extensive drying has already been achieved, the effect of the disinfecting gas additive on the biofilms or biofilm residues can be prolonged and intensified by slowing down the delivery of the air and gas streams or by intermittently stopping them and the disinfecting gas in a static atmosphere.

Das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren lässt sich besonders vorteilhaft zur Reinigung und Desinfizierung von Rohrleitungssystemen in größeren Bauobjekten einsetzen, in denen viele Menschen mit Wasser versorgt werden müssen, z.B. in Krankenhäusern, Wohnanlagen, Seniorenstiften, Hotels und andren Beherbergungseinrichtung und Mietkomplexen. Die Behandlung kann beispielsweise über Nacht erfolgen, wenn der Wasserbedarf gering ist. Da außerdem ein wesentlicher Teil der Reinigung mit Luft erfolgen kann, wird das Risiko vermindert, dass es zu einem unerwünschten Kontakt der Menschen im behandelten Objekt mit reizenden oder gesundheitsschädlichen Mitteln kommt. In derartigen großen Objekten kann die Behandlung vorteilhafter Weise in Etappen erfolgen, indem verschiedene Abschnitte eines Leitungssystems, beispielsweise bestimmte Leitungsstränge oder Etagen eines Objekts nacheinander behandelt werden. Natürlich ist es aber auch nicht ausgeschlossen, das erfindungsgemäße Verfahren auch in kleinerem Maßstab, z.B. bei der Sanierung des Rohrleitungsnetzes eines Einfamilienhauses, einzusetzen.The inventive method can be used particularly advantageously for cleaning and disinfecting piping systems in larger construction objects, in Many people need to be supplied with water, for example in hospitals, residential complexes, senior citizens' pensions, hotels and other accommodation facilities and rental complexes. For example, the treatment may be overnight if the water requirement is low. In addition, since a significant amount of air cleaning can be done, it reduces the risk of unwanted human exposure to the treated object with irritant or harmful substances. In such large objects, the treatment can be advantageously carried out in stages by successively treating different sections of a pipeline system, for example certain pipeline sections or floors of an object. Of course, it is also not excluded, the inventive method also on a smaller scale, for example, in the rehabilitation of the pipeline network of a single-family house, use.

Legende:Legend:

  1. (1) Luftfilter(1) Air filter
  2. (2) Verdichter(2) Compressor
  3. (3) Erwärmungseinrichtung(3) heating device
  4. (4) Dosiereinrichtung(4) Metering device
  5. (5) Trinkwasserleitung(5) Drinking water pipe
  6. (6) analytikstation(6) analytical station
  7. (7) Auslass(7) outlet

Claims (7)

  1. Method for removing biofilms formed on the water-contacting surfaces of water-carrying pipe networks, pipelines and sections thereof and of containers through which medium flows from systems for providing and supplying drinking water and industrial water, in which method
    - the water is removed from the system to be cleaned or from sections of this system to be cleaned,
    - an air or gas flow to which one or more disinfectant, water-binding or sterilizing gases are added, if necessary, before this flow is introduced into the system to be treated, is guided past the coatings in order to largely dry them and thus make them removable,
    - wherein the moisture content and, if necessary, the content of added gases in the air and/or gas flow emerging from the treated system is analytically monitored, wherein the end point of the treatment is indicated as a value falling below a predetermined limit value for the relative humidity, and
    - the at least partially dried coatings are then rinsed out of the treated system with a rinsing liquid.
  2. Method according to claim 1, wherein a preheated air and/or gas flow is supplied.
  3. Method according to any of claims 1 or 2, wherein, after drying with the air and/or gas flow, the dried coatings are rinsed out of the treated system with drinking water or a suitable rinsing solution.
  4. Method according to any of claims 1 to 3, wherein the flow direction of the gas and/or air flow and/or of the rinsing solution is selected in the direction of the normal flow direction of the water in the system or against this flow direction or is varied during the drying and/or rinsing step.
  5. Method according to any of claims 1 to 4, wherein the rinsing solution is circulated.
  6. Method according to any of claims 1 to 5, wherein a rinsing solution is used that contains disinfectant and/or plaque-removing additives.
  7. Method according to any of claims 1 to 6, wherein the drying and/or rinsing steps are carried out several times.
EP14705496.9A 2013-02-26 2014-02-18 Method for the removal of biofilms from systems which supply and distribute tap water and service water Active EP2961540B1 (en)

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DE102013203156.4A DE102013203156A1 (en) 2013-02-26 2013-02-26 Method for removing biofilms from installations for the provision and distribution of drinking and service water
PCT/EP2014/053058 WO2014131648A1 (en) 2013-02-26 2014-02-18 Method for removing biofilms from systems for preparing and distributing drinking water and service water

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GB2599906A (en) * 2020-10-13 2022-04-20 Envirocloud Ltd Method of sanitizing a wetted system and devices for use in such
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