EP2935641A1 - Procédé de revêtement d'un substrat par un matériau abradable céramique, et revêtement ainsi obtenu - Google Patents
Procédé de revêtement d'un substrat par un matériau abradable céramique, et revêtement ainsi obtenuInfo
- Publication number
- EP2935641A1 EP2935641A1 EP13811188.5A EP13811188A EP2935641A1 EP 2935641 A1 EP2935641 A1 EP 2935641A1 EP 13811188 A EP13811188 A EP 13811188A EP 2935641 A1 EP2935641 A1 EP 2935641A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- solid particles
- ceramic compounds
- ceramic
- coating
- liquid phase
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Granted
Links
Classifications
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/123—Spraying molten metal
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/129—Flame spraying
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B05—SPRAYING OR ATOMISING IN GENERAL; APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D—PROCESSES FOR APPLYING FLUENT MATERIALS TO SURFACES, IN GENERAL
- B05D1/00—Processes for applying liquids or other fluent materials
- B05D1/34—Applying different liquids or other fluent materials simultaneously
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/04—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the coating material
- C23C4/10—Oxides, borides, carbides, nitrides or silicides; Mixtures thereof
- C23C4/11—Oxides
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C23—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; CHEMICAL SURFACE TREATMENT; DIFFUSION TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL; INHIBITING CORROSION OF METALLIC MATERIAL OR INCRUSTATION IN GENERAL
- C23C—COATING METALLIC MATERIAL; COATING MATERIAL WITH METALLIC MATERIAL; SURFACE TREATMENT OF METALLIC MATERIAL BY DIFFUSION INTO THE SURFACE, BY CHEMICAL CONVERSION OR SUBSTITUTION; COATING BY VACUUM EVAPORATION, BY SPUTTERING, BY ION IMPLANTATION OR BY CHEMICAL VAPOUR DEPOSITION, IN GENERAL
- C23C4/00—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge
- C23C4/12—Coating by spraying the coating material in the molten state, e.g. by flame, plasma or electric discharge characterised by the method of spraying
- C23C4/134—Plasma spraying
Definitions
- the invention relates to a method for coating at least one surface of a substrate with at least one ceramic compound.
- the invention also relates to the coating thus obtained.
- the invention further relates to a substrate having at least one surface coated with such a coating.
- the invention finally relates to a device for implementing said coating method.
- the technical field of the invention can be defined, in particular, as that of the coating of substrates with an abradable material, and more particularly the coating of substrates with an abradable ceramic material.
- Coatings made of a ceramic abradable material are mainly useful in devices in which moving parts must be closer to fixed parts.
- the deposition of a coating of an abradable ceramic material such as that produced according to the invention makes it possible, when the coating is brought into contact with a moving part, to preferentially use it to the moving part.
- the invention is likely to find its application, in general, in the field of mechanical engineering, and more particularly in the field of aeronautical design, as for example, for the protection of the integrity of the surface state of fixed parts of turbojet engines, such as low and high pressure compressors, turbines or stators.
- the deposition, on a substrate, of a coating comprising at least one layer of an abradable material, or more simply the deposition of an "abradable coating" is a technique frequently used in areas such as mechanical engineering and aeronautical design.
- abradable coating abradable material
- this coating or material wears preferentially with respect to the piece located vis-à-vis, is capable of being easily machined by moving parts.
- Such coatings are, for example, used in automotive turbochargers, or at the level of the walls of land-based turbines and gas turbines of aeronautical engines.
- the function of the abradable coating is the constitution of dynamic seals, which make it possible to minimize the clearance existing between the top of the rotary vanes and the casing of the compressor or the turbine ring.
- the coating which is deposited on a fixed turbine element, the stator, wears during contact with the top of the blades, the latter occurs during lapping laps rotor or in case of contact accidental during the service.
- the existence of this coating then makes it possible to promote optimal operation of turbojets, with reduced clearance and without damaging the structure of the blades.
- a metal matrix for example made of a superalloy such that
- CoNiCrAlY which is obtained by combining a nickel-chromium alloy and a cobalt-aluminum-yttrium alloy
- a ceramic matrix such as yttria-stabilized zirconium (IV) oxide (III) which is still noted YSZ (or "yttria-stabilized zirconia” according to English terminology).
- This matrix confers oxidation resistance and mechanical integrity at the high temperatures defined above, which thus makes it possible to ensure a compromise between the abradable nature and the erosion resistance;
- a ceramic solid lubricant such as boron nitride (BN) or graphite, in order to limit the heating generated during the passage of the blades.
- BN boron nitride
- a technique often used for producing abradable coatings is thermal spraying. Several thermal spraying processes are used especially in research laboratories and in industry for producing, on substrates very diverse in terms of nature and shape, deposits of ceramic, metal and polymeric materials, but also combinations of those -this.
- Coatings made by thermal spraying can be obtained from compounds to be deposited or precursors of compounds to be deposited, these compounds or precursors being able to be:
- solid form for example in the form of solid particles which have an average particle size typically between 5 and 100 micrometers ( ⁇ ), or agglomerated particles at the nanoscale; or
- the compounds or precursors of compounds forming part of the coating are injected into a heat source which is produced by a throwing gas, for example a mixture of a combustible gas and an oxidizing gas or a gas ionized plasma type.
- a throwing gas for example a mixture of a combustible gas and an oxidizing gas or a gas ionized plasma type.
- the solid particles that are introduced or generated within the flame are melted partially or completely, then accelerated to a substrate to form, on the surface thereof, a coating by stacking solid particles and melted particles still called "Slats" (or “splats" in English terminology).
- thermal spraying techniques to the production of abradable coatings makes it possible to generate two types of coating.
- a first type of highly porous coating can be made by including unmelted particles in the coating.
- this type of coating which proves to be difficult to reproduce, does not have satisfactory properties for use as an abradable coating, namely a correct mechanical strength and a porosity greater than or equal to 20 percent (%).
- a second type of coating, more dense, can be obtained, the porosity then being generated by the introduction of sacrificial solid particles of organic or ceramic nature within the coating.
- the document [4] Clingman et al. discloses a method of producing an abradable coating for turbomachine elements, such as a compressor or a turbine shell.
- the coating consists of an oxide stabilized zirconium oxide (IV) matrix selected from yttrium (III) oxide (Y 2 O 3 ), magnesium oxide (MgO) and oxide calcium (CaO), in which are dispersed particles of a crystalline aromatic polyester readily decomposable at a temperature above about 500 ° C.
- the porosity of the coating obtained by this process is evaluated between 20 and 33%.
- the document [5] of Vine et al. describes the possibility of associating, within a matrix of YSZ, solid particles of poly (methyl methacrylate) (PMMA) and particles of a solid lubricant, such as silicon carbide (SiC) or nitride boron, for the design of an abradable coating having a porosity of between 20 and 35%.
- PMMA poly (methyl methacrylate)
- a solid lubricant such as silicon carbide (SiC) or nitride boron
- Rangaswamy et al. describes an abradable coating for gas turbine elements, comprising a matrix consisting of a metal or a mixture of metals chosen from among aluminum, cobalt, copper, iron, nickel and silicon a solid lubricant such as calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) or boron nitride, and a pore-forming agent in the form of solid particles of graphite or a polymer, such as an aromatic polyimide or a polyester selected from a p-oxy-benzoyl homopolyester and a poly (p-oxybenzoylmethyl) ester.
- a solid lubricant such as calcium fluoride (CaF 2 ), molybdenum disulfide (MoS 2 ) or boron nitride
- MoS 2 molybdenum disulfide
- boron nitride boronitride
- the porosity within the coatings of the second type can still be generated by combining the inclusion of ceramic particles and the creation of a network of cavities on the surface of the coating after thermal spraying.
- the document [7] of Le Biez et al. discloses an abradable coating for gas turbine elements, comprising a matrix of a nickel-chromium-aluminum alloy in which hollow beads of a silico-aluminous material are dispersed. A network of cavities is machined on the surface of the coating, which then has a porosity of at least 40%.
- MCrAIY nickel-chromium alloy
- M being selected from nickel, cobalt, iron and mixtures thereof
- the temperature inside the peripheral portion of the thermal jet being much lower than that at the inside the central part of the jet.
- the document [9] of Lima et al. discloses a process for preparing a coating for elements such as compressors or combustion chambers, which comprises thermal spraying ceramic particles of YSZ in the form of nano-sized agglomerates.
- Projection parameters are controlled so that the particles, once deposited on the substrate to be coated, form porous agglomerates of micrometric size and consist of unmelted YSZ particles and included in a matrix of fused YSZ particles.
- the Allen document [10] describes, for its part, a method of producing an abradable coating for elements such as turbine shell sections.
- This method comprises the thermal spraying of an aqueous suspension comprising a precursor of a ceramic material, for example YSZ, and a lubricant in solid form, chosen from boron trichloride, urea, guanidine and others. organic nitrogen compounds.
- a coating made of an entirely ceramic abradable material makes it possible to reach high operating temperatures, typically greater than 1000 ° C., which are frequently attained in fields such as aeronautics.
- the inventors have therefore set themselves the goal of developing a process for preparing a coating which meets the criteria set out above so as to be used as an abradable coating, namely in particular: an ability to be easily abraded while having a slow wear mechanism as well as resistance to erosion and at high temperatures while maintaining adequate mechanical properties.
- a coating must have a porosity greater than or equal to 20%, while having a uniform thickness and structure.
- the object of the present invention is also to provide such a method which is simple, reliable, easy to implement, and in particular avoids the use of additives.
- the object of the present invention is still to provide a process for preparing an abradable coating which does not have the disadvantages, defects and disadvantages of the processes of the prior art and which solves the problems of the processes of the prior art.
- the invention proposes, in the first place, a method of coating at least one surface of a substrate with at least one (abradable) layer comprising at least one ceramic compound, said method characterized in that it comprises the following steps:
- n solid particles of solid particles of n ceramic compounds Si, S n by a first injection means, n being an integer greater than or equal to 1, and at least 90% by number of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds exhibiting a larger dimension greater than 5 ⁇ ;
- liquid phase by a second injection means, the liquid phase comprising a solvent, solid particles of p ceramic compounds Li, L p and / or at least one precursor of the solid particles of p ceramic compounds Li, L p , p being an integer greater than or equal to 1, and at least 90% by number of the solid particles of p ceramic compounds Li, L p having a larger dimension less than or equal to 5 ⁇ ,
- a thermal jet whereby a mixture of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the liquid phase is obtained in the thermal jet; then b) a projection of the thermal jet, which contains the mixture of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the liquid phase, on said surface of the substrate, whereby the layer comprising at least one ceramic compound is formed on said area.
- the process of the invention is based on the finding of the inventors, according to which the thermal spraying of a mixture obtained by a simultaneous injection into the thermal jet of:
- Li, L p ceramic compounds Li, L p which are in the form of solid particles (also having a particle size judiciously chosen and different from that of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds) included in a liquid phase,
- the process of the invention differs from the prior art in that it combines the advantages provided on the one hand by the dry injection of solid particles of n Si, S n ceramic compounds in a thermal jet and, on the other hand, by the simultaneous injection of a liquid phase carrying solid particles of p ceramic compounds Li, L p and / or at least one precursor of the solid particles of p ceramic compounds Li, L p .
- the general and preferred operating conditions of the process of the invention are set forth below.
- the substrate may be organic, inorganic or mixed, that is to say that the same surface of the substrate, in particular the surface to be coated by the process according to the invention, may be both organic and inorganic.
- the substrate supports the operating conditions of the process of the invention.
- the substrate is made of a TiAIV alloy (alloy of titanium, aluminum and vanadium), for example TiAl 6 V (alloy composed of 90% by weight of Ti, 6% by weight of aluminum and 4% by weight of vanadium).
- TiAIV alloy alloy of titanium, aluminum and vanadium
- TiAl 6 V alloy composed of 90% by weight of Ti, 6% by weight of aluminum and 4% by weight of vanadium
- the surface of the substrate which it is desired to coat is optionally prepared and / or cleaned in order to eliminate organic and / or inorganic contaminants which would be susceptible to prevent the deposition, or even the fixation, of the coating on the surface, and to improve the adhesion of the coating.
- the method for preparing the surface may consist of creating a surface roughness by sanding.
- the cleaning method used depends on the nature of the substrate and can be achieved by one or more technique (s) chosen (s) among the physical, chemical and mechanical techniques known to those skilled in the art.
- the cleaning process can be carried out, for example, by a technique chosen from immersion in an organic solvent, washing detergent, acid pickling and the combination of two or more of these techniques, this or these techniques that can also be assisted by ultrasound. Cleaning may optionally be followed by rinsing with tap water and then rinsing with deionized water, the rinsing being optionally followed by drying by a technique chosen from the "lift-out" technique. , an alcohol spray, a jet of compressed air, a jet of hot air, or infrared rays.
- chemical element designates an element of the periodic table of chemical elements, also known by the names of periodic table of elements or Mendeleev table, while the expression “compound “chemical” means a molecule or an ionic compound formed from at least two different chemical elements.
- ceramic compound In the context of the present invention, the definition of the term "ceramic compound" is not recalled and is well known to a person skilled in the art.
- oxides such as simple metal oxides (for example, an aluminum oxide or a zirconium oxide) or mixed metal oxides (for example, a metal silicate or a metal zirconate);
- non-oxides such as, for example, carbides, borides, nitrides, metals such as tungsten, magnesium, platinum, silicon, zirconium, hafnium, tantalum or else titanium; or
- composite ceramics generally defined as being a combination of one or more oxides and one or more non-oxides, such as those mentioned above.
- metal and metalic refer to elements that are conventionally considered as metals in the periodic table of elements, in particular transition elements (such as, for example, titanium, zirconium, niobium, yttrium, vanadium, chromium, cobalt and molybdenum), other metals (such as aluminum, gallium, germanium and tin), lanthanides and actinides. These terms also refer to metalloid elements such as, for example, silicon.
- the process comprises, in step a), the simultaneous injection of solid particles of n ceramics Si, S n suitably selected, and a liquid phase comprising a solvent, solid particles of p Li, L p ceramic compounds and / or at least one solid particle precursor of suitably selected Li, L p ceramic compounds.
- each of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and p ceramic compounds Li, L p comprises at least one element selected from the periodic table of elements among the transition elements, the metalloids and the lanthanides.
- each of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and Li, L p ceramic compounds is chosen from the oxides, silicates and zirconates of at least one element chosen from the periodic table of the elements among the transition elements, metalloids and lanthanides.
- each of the n ceramic compounds Si, S n and p ceramic compounds Li, L p is selected from simple oxides, silicates and zirconates of at least one element selected from aluminum, silicon, titanium , strontium, zirconium, barium, hafnium and the elements of the "rare earth” family as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry (see [11]), that is, that is scandium, yttrium and lanthanides.
- each of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the Li, L p ceramic compounds is chosen from the ceramic compounds which are usually used in the composition of thermal barriers, for example:
- zirconium for example zirconium oxide (IV) (ZrO 2 )
- hafnium for example hafnium oxide (IV) (HfO 2 )
- scandium for example, scandium oxide (II) (Sc 2 0 3 )
- yttrium for example, yttrium (II) oxide (Y 2 0 3 )
- lanthanides single oxides of zirconium and hafnium which can be stabilized by an yttrium oxide (for example Y 2 0 3 , which makes it possible to prepare the YSZ oxide already mentioned above in the presence of Zr0 2 );
- a zirconate of at least one element chosen from yttrium, scandium and lanthanides the zirconate being chosen from those which crystallize according to a pyrochlore structure (for example lanthanum zirconate (La 2 Zr 2 0 7 ), zirconate gadolinium (Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 ), niobium zirconate (Nb 2 Zr 2 O 7 )) or a perovskite structure (for example zirconates of strontium (SrZr0 3 ) and barium (BaZr0 3 ));
- a pyrochlore structure for example lanthanum zirconate (La 2 Zr 2 0 7 ), zirconate gadolinium (Gd 2 Zr 2 O 7 ), niobium zirconate (Nb 2 Zr 2 O 7 )
- a perovskite structure for example zirconates of strontium (SrZr0 3 ) and bar
- solid particle designates a particle in solid form at ambient pressure and temperature, the ambient temperature being defined as the temperature at which the particle is located when the it is not subjected to any cooling or heating.
- the ambient temperature is generally 15 to 30 ° C, for example 20 to 25 ° C.
- the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds are particles which may be of any shape, but of which at least 90% in number have a larger dimension greater than 5 ⁇ and less than 100 ⁇ .
- the largest dimension of a particle corresponds to the diameter thereof when it is established, for example by a reproducible particle size analysis, that the particle has or substantially has the shape of a sphere.
- the liquid phase results from the contacting of a solvent, solid particles of the ceramic compounds Li, L p and / or at least one precursor of the solid particles of the Li, L p ceramic compounds.
- precursor is generally meant at least one chemical compound used in any of the chemical reactions by which the ceramic compounds Li, L p (which are in the form of solid particles) are obtained.
- the liquid phase may advantageously result from dissolving or, alternatively, suspending, in a solvent, solid particles of the Li, L p ceramic compounds and / or at least one precursor solid particles of p the ceramic compounds lt L p, it being specified that at least 90% by number of the solid particles of each of the p Li compounds, L p has a largest dimension less than or equal to 5 ⁇ .
- the liquid phase obtained may be a true solution or, alternatively, a colloidal solution of the solid particles of the ceramic compounds Li, L p and / or at least one precursor of the solid particles.
- a chemical compound and in particular a ceramic compound or a precursor of a ceramic compound, is soluble in a solvent when it is capable of forming a true solution or a colloidal solution with this solvent.
- a true solution when the solute is a molecule of small size, whereas we speak rather of colloidal solution when the solute is a macromolecule (size ranging from 5 nanometers (nm) to 1 ⁇ , cf [12]).
- the solvent is chosen from water, organic solvents (for example, ethanol), mixtures of water and at least one water-miscible organic solvent (for example, a water-ethanol mixture). ) and mixtures of organic solvents miscible with each other.
- organic solvents for example, ethanol
- water-miscible organic solvent for example, a water-ethanol mixture
- the liquid phase is a colloidal aqueous solution of the solid particles of the Li, L p ceramic compounds and / or at least one solid particle precursor of the Li, L p ceramic compounds.
- integers n and p which are identical or different, are chosen independently of each other. These integers n and p are chosen in an interval ranging from 1 to 10, more preferably in an interval ranging from 1 to 5, all the intermediate values included in the intervals thus defined being considered.
- the n Si, S n ceramic compounds may all be identical to the Li, L p ceramic compounds, and the integer n is then equal to the integer p.
- the n ceramic compounds Si, S n injected by the first injection means are exactly the same as the p ceramic compounds Li, L p which are injected by the second injection means, or which are obtained in the thermal jet after / reaction (s) chemical (s) for forming p ceramic compounds Li, L p (in the case where they are precursors of these p ceramic compounds I lt L p which are injected by the second means 'injection).
- n and p are both equal to 1, and the Si and Li ceramics are both mullite.
- It is a crystalline aluminosilicate existing in the form of a solid solution of composition AI 2 [Al 2 + 2 Si 2 - 2 ] Oi 0 -x with 0.17 x x 0,5 0.5.
- the composition of the aluminosilicate can thus move between shapes "mullite 3: 2" (3 AI 2 0 3 -2 Si0 2) and "mullite 2: 1" (2 Al 2 0 3 -Si0 2), different stoichiometries being obtained by substitution of silicon atoms by aluminum atoms within the crystal.
- the liquid phase is a colloidal aqueous solution of mullite, which can be prepared, for example, by suspending solid particles of aluminum nitrate, an aqueous suspension of colloidal particles of silica and water. deionized.
- the n Si, S n ceramic compounds may be partially or totally different from the ceramic compounds Li, L p , the integer n not then necessarily being equal to the integer p.
- the combination of ceramic compounds with various intrinsic properties can be realized for the purpose of optimizing the in situ behavior of the coating obtained by the process of the invention (for example, by imparting mechanical strength properties to typically ie above 1000 ° C).
- step a) the injection of step a) is carried out in a thermal jet, whereby a mixture of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the liquid phase is obtained in the thermal jet.
- the thermal jet may consist of a gas (also called “throwing gas”) or a mixture of gases, and acts as an enthalpy source, which allows:
- the precursor (s) of p ceramic compounds Li, L p to allow the chemical reaction (s) leading to the synthesis of p ceramic compounds Li, L p , the p ceramic compounds Li, L p then in the form of solid particles partially or completely melted in the thermal jet.
- the nature of the throwing gas is chosen according to the thermal jet projection technique that is used.
- the throwing gas may be a mono-, polyatomic gas or a mixture of gases, as defined below.
- the simultaneous injection of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the liquid phase can be carried out by any suitable means for injecting solids and liquids.
- a first injection means may be connected to a reservoir (s) containing the solid particles of the n Si, S "ceramic compounds, while a second injection means may be connected to a tanks (s) containing the liquid phase.
- S n may be injected into the thermal jet in the form of a jet of these particles, and the liquid phase may be in the form of a jet or drops, preferably with a momentum adapted to be substantially identical to that of the thermal jet.
- the injection of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the liquid phase is carried out with an angle ⁇ (for example of 75 ° to 105 °, in particular of 90 °) with respect to the longitudinal axis of the thermal jet.
- ⁇ for example of 75 ° to 105 °, in particular of 90 °
- the injection of the solid particles of the n ceramics Si, S n is advantageously carried out with an angle ⁇ s formed by the directions of the axis tilting of the injection means of the solid particles of n ceramic compounds Si, S n and the longitudinal axis of the thermal jet, between 75 and 105 degrees (°) (for example 90 °); and
- the injection of the liquid phase is advantageously carried out with an angle ⁇ L formed by the directions of the axis of inclination of the injection means of the liquid phase and the longitudinal axis of the thermal jet, included between 75 ° and 105 ° (for example 90 °).
- the porosity rate can be adjusted by the variation of the distance D S -D L.
- the mobilization of the energy of the thermal jet is more important for the vaporization of the liquid phase than for the melting of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds.
- the liquid phase is injected into the thermal jet at a distance from the substrate which is less than or equal to the distance from the substrate to which the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds are injected into the thermal jet.
- the injection distances in the thermal jet are preferably chosen so as to satisfy the following inequality: D s > D L.
- the vaporization of a solvent mobilizes a significant amount of the energy of the jet and promotes a faster extinction of the plasma jet, that is to say, the length of the plasma jet decreases (variable depending on the nature of the solvent, ethanol mobilizing less energy than water for example).
- the injection of the liquid phase is upstream, it does not have enough energy available to melt the solid particles downstream.
- the solid particles upstream or at the same distance as the liquid phase sufficient energy is available to ensure the melting of the particles. solid, which is necessary for the cohesion of the deposit. Sufficient energy remains available downstream for solvent vaporization and liquid phase processing.
- the temperature of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds when they are injected into the thermal jet may be the ambient temperature as already defined above, for example 20 ° C.
- the solid particles can be preheated prior to injection in order to overcome any relative humidity problems which may cause the solid particles to agglomerate and reduce the flowability of the powder.
- the temperature of the liquid phase during its injection into the thermal jet can range, for example, from the ambient temperature, for example 20 ° C., to a temperature below the boiling temperature of this liquid phase. .
- it is possible to control and modify the temperature of the liquid phase for its injection into the thermal jet for example to be from 1 to 99 ° C.
- the liquid phase then has a different surface tension, which causes a more or less rapid and efficient fragmentation mechanism when it arrives in the thermal jet. The temperature can therefore have an effect on the quality of the coating obtained.
- the method also comprises a step b), in which a projection of the thermal jet, which contains the mixture of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the liquid phase, is carried out on the substrate, by means of wherein a layer comprising at least one ceramic compound is formed on the substrate.
- the projection of the thermal jet groups together all the processes by which the solid constituents of a material (or “filler material”), here the solid particles of the n compounds Si ceramics, S n and those optionally suspended in the liquid phase, are melted or brought to the plastic state by a heat source or enthalpy source.
- the mixture formed in the thermal jet is then projected onto the substrate to be coated on which it adheres mechanically and solidifies (without generating a melting phenomenon of the substrate).
- the ceramic compound (s) included in the mixture may be deposited on the substrate in the form of a layer by the implementation of thermal spraying methods as set forth herein. -after.
- the deposition can be carried out by a flame projection method using a projection gas.
- the flame projection method is chosen from a flame-powder projection method and a continuous or discontinuous hypersonic flame projection method (HVOF or "High Velocity Oxy Fuel” process, HVAF process or "High Velocity Air Fuel” method). ).
- the throwing gas used in a flame projection process is chosen from acetylene, propylene, hydrocarbons (for example, propane) and ternary mixtures such as:
- a methylacetylene-propadiene-hydrocarbon mixture for example Tétrène ® , which is a mixture consisting, in volume proportions, of 39% of a mixture of methylacetylene and propadiene, 44% of propylene and 17% of a mixture of butane , propane and unsaturated derivatives of these two alkanes.
- the throwing gas is brought to a temperature of between 3,000 and 3,500 Kelvin (K).
- the deposition can be carried out by a plasma arc blowing method using a plasma gas.
- the thermal jet which is then a plasma jet
- the thermal jet can be generated by a plasmagene gas which is advantageously chosen from argon, helium, dinitrogen, dihydrogen and the binary mixtures thereof, such as an argon-helium mixture or an argon-dihydrogen mixture, and the ternary mixtures thereof, such as an argon-helium-dihydrogen mixture, the latter mixture being very particularly preferred.
- the plasma generation method is chosen from an arc plasma, blown or not, an inductive or radiofrequency plasma, for example in supersonic mode.
- the generated plasma can operate at atmospheric pressure or at lower pressure.
- the device that is used to generate the plasma is an arc plasma torch.
- the throwing gas is brought to a temperature of between 5,000 and 15,000 K.
- the projection gas has a viscosity ranging from 10 -4 to 5-10 -4 kilograms per second meter (kg / ms).
- the deposition is carried out by a blown arc plasma projection method.
- the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the liquid phase penetrate simultaneously into the thermal jet.
- the kinetic and thermal energies of the thermal jet serve, on the one hand, to partially or completely melt the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and, on the other hand, to split the liquid phase into a plurality of droplets under the effect shearing forces of the thermal jet, vaporizing the solvent of the liquid phase and lead to obtaining solid particles of p ceramic compounds Li, L p which are melted partially or completely.
- the thermal jet Once the core of the thermal jet reached, the latter being a medium at high temperature (for example, from 6,000 to 14,000 K for a blown arc plasma projection) and high speed, the mixture formed by the solid particles partially or fully melted ceramic Si, S ", Li, L p and solvent droplets of the liquid phase is accelerated to be collected on the substrate, in the form of a deposit which constitutes the coating.
- the core of the thermal jet being a medium at high temperature (for example, from 6,000 to 14,000 K for a blown arc plasma projection) and high speed
- the mixture formed by the solid particles partially or fully melted ceramic Si, S ", Li, L p and solvent droplets of the liquid phase is accelerated to be collected on the substrate, in the form of a deposit which constitutes the coating.
- the temperature of the thermal jet is chosen according to the chemical nature of the species that make up the mixture and the desired coating.
- the temperature can be chosen to fit into a fusion configuration partial separation of the solid particles of the mixture, in order to better preserve the starting properties within the layer (s) that make up the coating.
- the substrate to be coated is, for obvious reasons, preferentially positioned relative to the thermal jet so that the projection of the mixture is directed on the surface to be coated.
- the positioning is adjusted for each application, according to the selected projection conditions and the microstructure of the desired deposit.
- the or each of the layers comprising at least one ceramic compound that can be deposited by the process of the invention may have a thickness ranging from 10 ⁇ to 2 mm.
- the inventors have been able to demonstrate that the mixture obtained within the thermal jet by simultaneous injection of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the liquid phase made it possible, after impact on the substrate to be coated, to be created.
- a first network comprising solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds, in molten form, and arranged in the form of lamellae;
- a second network comprising solid particles of p ceramic compounds Li, L p , in molten or unmelted form, which has a low mechanical integrity, which is articulated around the solid particles of the first network, and which plays the role of element disruptive of the lamellar arrangement of the first network by creating a porosity within the deposit.
- the porosity of the layer (s) deposited (s) was closely related to parameters relating to the liquid phase, such as the volume proportion of solid particles of p ceramic compounds Li, L p and / or precursors of these ceramic compounds in the liquid phase, or the flow rate with which the liquid phase is injected into the thermal jet.
- the volume proportion of solid particles of the Li, L p ceramic compounds and / or precursors of these ceramic compounds in the liquid phase is between 2% and 20%.
- the ratio of the volume of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramics to the volume of the solid particles of the p Li, L p ceramic compounds is in a range from 0.4 to 3.
- the flow rate with which the liquid phase is injected into the thermal jet is (0.05 ⁇ 0.03) liters per minute (L / min).
- the or each layer comprising at least one ceramic compound has a plurality of pores having a size of between 0.001 and 50 micrometers.
- the physico-chemical characteristics of the plurality of pores are described later.
- the inventors have further observed that by subjecting a coating as obtained by the process of the invention to temperatures above 1000 ° C., typically operating temperatures of the devices with which these coatings are incorporated, the porosity of the coating was not reduced.
- the inventors have indeed found that a consolidation of the coating was observed at such temperatures.
- the consolidation which is caused by phenomena of sintering and coalescence of the solid particles included in the deposit and pores formed within the deposit, is a reorganization of the material zones and the porous zones, without reducing the total volume porous.
- the method of the invention thus makes it possible to obtain an erosion-resistant coating while retaining very appreciable mechanical properties at elevated temperatures. It also makes it possible to obtain a coating of controlled porosity greater than or equal to 20%, which makes it possible to use the latter as an abradable coating.
- the overall porosity of the coating ie the porosity of the layer (s) comprising at least one ceramic compound, which is / are deposited (s) by implementation of the method of the invention
- the overall porosity of the coating should not be too much greater than 20%, because a coating having a porosity too high is subject to wear deposits of ceramic abradable material too fast and is hardly a durable solution for use as an abradable coating in the aforementioned fields.
- the or each of the layers comprising at least one ceramic compound has a porosity of at least 20%; preferably at least 20%, and at most 40%, for example 35%.
- each of the layers must have a porosity of at least 20%; and preferably between 20% and 40%, for example 35%, so that the assembly can be used as an abradable coating.
- the method of the invention also makes it possible to obtain a structured coating by advantageously controlling other properties, such as a thickness of the homogeneous deposition on a substrate of complex shape, or the possibility of deposition on any type of substrate. , whatever their nature and roughness.
- a coating Ri is produced on a substrate consisting of
- TiAIV alloy of titanium, aluminum and vanadium
- TiAIV blown plasma arc projection of mullite solid particles, but without liquid phase injection, all the other parameters remaining otherwise identical to those used for the realization of R m .
- a coating R 2 is produced on a substrate consisting of TiAIV (titanium alloy, aluminum, and vanadium) by plasma arc projection blown with a colloidal aqueous solution containing precursors of solid mullite particles, but without injection of mullite solid particles.
- TiAIV titanium alloy, aluminum, and vanadium
- a coating R 3 is produced on a substrate consisting of TiAIV (titanium alloy, aluminum, and vanadium) by blown arc plasma projection of a mixture produced by simultaneous injection, into the plasma jet, of a part of solid mullite particles and secondly of deionized water containing no solid particles of mullite or precursors of mullite solid particles, the injection of water into the plasma jet being carried out at a distance D L of substrate such that the following inequality is satisfied: D s > D L.
- the invention is not limited to the mode of implementation of the method of the invention which has just been described.
- the method of the invention can be implemented several times on the same substrate, the simultaneous injection into the thermal jet then involving:
- n Si, S n ceramic compounds which may be of different nature, in terms of composition and / or larger particle size; for example, n is 2, and the Si and S 2 ceramic compounds are mullite and YSZ oxide; and
- a liquid phase comprising a solvent and solid particles of Li, L p ceramic compounds and / or at least one precursor of the solid particles of the Li, L p ceramic compounds which may be of a different nature, in terms of composition and / or larger particle size,
- the sequence of steps a) and b) of the process of the invention is repeated one or more times.
- a coating R 4 is produced by depositing, on the surface of a substrate consisting of TiAIV (titanium alloy, aluminum, and vanadium), a first layer having the composition of R 1 # and then of a second layer having the composition of the coating R m according to the invention.
- TiAIV titanium alloy, aluminum, and vanadium
- R 1, R 2 , R 3 and R m the evaluation of the properties of R 4 is carried out and discussed in the discussion of a particular embodiment of the invention given below.
- the projection method of the present invention is easily industrializable since its specificity and its innovative character reside in particular in the injection system, which can be adapted to any thermal spray machines already present in the industry; in the nature of the species that are injected simultaneously into the thermal jet; but also in the choice of the operating conditions imposed on the thermal jet, for obtaining a structured coating which has the properties of the ceramic compound (s) constituting it.
- the subject of the invention is still an abradable coating comprising at least one layer of at least one ceramic compound, said or each of said layer (s) having a porosity of at least 20%, preferably at least less than 20% and not more than 40%, said layer comprising:
- solid particles of n ceramic compounds Si S ", n being an integer greater than or equal to 1, and at least 90% by number of the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds having a greater dimension greater than 5; ⁇ ; and
- solid particles of p ceramic compounds Li, L p , p being an integer greater than or equal to 1, and at least 90% by number of the solid particles of p ceramic compounds Li, L p having a larger dimension less than or equal to 5 ⁇ .
- each of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the Li, L p ceramic compounds comprises at least one element chosen from the periodic table of the elements of the transition elements, the metalloids and the lanthanides. .
- each of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the Li, L p ceramic compounds is chosen from the simple oxides, the silicates and the zirconates of at least one element chosen from the periodic table of the elements. transition elements, metalloids and lanthanides.
- each of the n ceramic compounds Si, S n and p ceramic compounds Li, L p is selected from simple oxides, silicates and zirconates of at least one element selected from aluminum, silicon, titanium , strontium, zirconium, barium, hafnium and the elements of the "rare earth" family as defined by the International Union of Pure and Applied Chemistry, that is to say scandium, the yttrium and lanthanides.
- each of the n Si, S n ceramics and the Li, L p ceramic compounds is chosen from the ceramic compounds which are usually used in the composition of thermal barriers and which have been previously mentioned in the description of the process of the invention. invention.
- the or each of the layers comprising at least one ceramic compound which is / are included in the coating according to the invention has a thickness ranging from 10 ⁇ to 2 mm.
- the or each of the layers comprising at least one ceramic compound has a plurality of pores having a size of between 0.001 and 50 microns, the plurality of pores being described more specifically as comprising:
- micropore array having a size of between 0.001 and 1 ⁇
- micropore array is defined by the solid particles of the p Li, L p ceramic compounds of which at least 90% in number have a larger dimension of less than 5 ⁇
- micropore array is included within a macropore array having a size between 1 and 50 micrometers, which macropore array is defined by the solid particles of the n Si ceramics Si n at least 90% by number have a larger dimension greater than or equal to 5 ⁇ .
- said or each of said layer (s) of the coating as defined above still has a porosity of at least 20%, preferably at least 20% and at most equal to 40%, for example 35%, after submission. of that (s) at a temperature above 1000 ° C.
- the invention also relates to a substrate having at least one surface on which has been made the deposition of a coating as defined above.
- the invention also relates to a device for implementing the method as defined above, the device comprising:
- a first reservoir which contains the solid particles of n ceramic compounds Si, S n ;
- an injection system for simultaneously injecting the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the liquid phase into the thermal jet generated by the torch, which injection system independently connects:
- the first reservoir and a first injection means provided at its end with an injection nozzle for the solid particles of the n Si, S “ceramics;
- the torch is a plasma torch and the thermal jet is a plasma jet.
- plasmagenic gases are given above, the reservoirs of these gases are commercially available. The reasons for these advantageous choices have been explained previously.
- the plasma torch is capable of producing a plasma jet having a temperature ranging from 5,000 to 15,000 K.
- the plasma torch is capable of producing a plasma jet having a viscosity ranging from 10 -4 to 5-10 -4 kg / m s.
- the device of the invention comprises two reservoirs, the first containing the solid particles of the n Si, S "ceramic compounds, the second containing the liquid phase being pressurized and comprising solid particles of p ceramic compounds Li, L p and / or or at least one precursor of the solid particles of the Li, L p ceramic compounds.
- the device of the invention further comprises a cleaning tank containing a solution for cleaning the pipework and injection means.
- a cleaning tank containing a solution for cleaning the pipework and injection means.
- the injection system comprises pipes for conveying the solid particles of n ceramic compounds Si, S n from the first reservoir to the first injection means. It is the same for the routing of the liquid phase of the second reservoir to the second injection means.
- the first reservoir which contains the solid particles of the n Si ceramic compounds, S n is connected to a carrier gas, which is for example argon, under the effect of which these particles are conveyed to the first injection means.
- the reservoir containing the liquid phase is connected to a compressed air network by means of pipes and a source of compression gas, for example compressed air.
- a pressure regulator adjusts the pressure inside the liquid phase tank, generally at a pressure of 600 or less kilopascals (kPa).
- a pump is also usable.
- the liquid phase is conveyed to the second injection means by pipes and then leaves the second injection means, for example in the form of a jet of liquid which mechanically fragments under the form of droplets.
- the flow rate and the momentum of the liquid phase at the outlet of the second injection means depend in particular on the pressure in the reservoir used and / or the pump, the characteristics of the dimensions of the nozzle of the injection means, and the rheological properties of the liquid phase (for example, the mass proportion of solid particles of the Li, L p ceramic compounds and / or precursors of these ceramic compounds).
- the two injection means make it possible to inject the solid particles of the n Si, S n ceramic compounds and the liquid phase into the thermal jet.
- the device may be provided with a number of injection means greater than two, for example according to the quantities or the composition of the solid particles of n Si, S n ceramic compounds and liquid phase to be injected.
- the injection of the solid particles of the first ceramic compound and the liquid phase is carried out at an angle with respect to the longitudinal axis of the thermal jet.
- the angles s and l 1 defined above in connection with the process are between 70 ° and 105 °, for example 90 °.
- the injection line of the solid particles of the first ceramic compound and of the liquid phase can be thermostatically controlled so as to control, and possibly modify, the injection temperature of the latter.
- This temperature control and this modification can be carried out at the level of the pipes and / or at the level of the tanks (or compartments).
- the device may comprise means for fixing and moving the substrate relative to the torch.
- This means may consist of clamps, screws, adhesives or equivalent system for fixing the substrate and maintain it during thermal spraying at a chosen position, and means for moving in rotation and in translation the surface of the substrate facing the thermal jet and in the longitudinal direction of the plasma jet.
- the invention enables a direct and simultaneous injection by means of a well-adapted injection system, for example by using the device of the invention, solid particles of the first ceramic compound and a liquid phase containing at least a second ceramic compound, the nature of the injected elements and the simultaneity of the injections contributing to the constitution of a ceramic coating having a porosity greater than 20%.
- FIG. 1 is a simplified diagram of a device for implementing the method of the invention for simultaneously injecting the solid particles of at least one first ceramic compound and the liquid phase into a plasma jet, with a schematic representation. of the plasma torch.
- FIG. 2 illustrates the particle size analysis of the mullite solid particles as used in a particular embodiment of the process according to the invention, by representing the cumulative rejection RC as a function of the opening 0.
- Figure 3 is a schematic representation of the microscopic structure of a section of a coating according to the invention and not subject to heat treatment after thermal spraying, this section being made in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the coating.
- Figure 4 is a photograph obtained by optical microscopy (OM) of a polished section of a coating according to the invention and not subjected to a heat treatment after thermal spraying; this section is made in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the coating.
- OM optical microscopy
- the scale shown in FIG. 4 represents 100 ⁇ .
- Figure 5 is a magnification view by MO of the snapshot of Figure 4.
- the scale shown in FIG. 5 represents 50 ⁇ .
- Figure 6 is a photograph obtained by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) with a backscattered electron detector of a polished section of a coating according to the invention, and carried out in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the coating.
- SEM scanning electron microscopy
- Figure 7 is a photograph obtained by MO of a polished section of a coating Ri as described above, and carried out in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the coating.
- the scale shown in FIG. 7 represents 50 ⁇ .
- Figure 8 is a picture obtained by SEM of a Ri coating fracture as described above.
- the fracture is a cut obtained by brittle fracture of the coating, it allows to observe the microstructure in section without polishing.
- Figure 9 is a picture obtained by SEM of a fracture of a coating R 2 as described above.
- Figure 10 is an enlargement image by SEM of the snapshot of Figure 9.
- Figure 11 is a picture obtained by MO of a polished section of a coating R 4 as described above, and carried out in a plane perpendicular to the surface of the coating.
- the scale shown in FIG. 11 represents 50 ⁇ .
- FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of the microscopic structure of a section of a coating according to the invention after being subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature of 1300 ° C. after thermal spraying, this section being produced according to a plan perpendicular to the surface of the coating.
- FIGS. 13, 14 and 15 are clichés obtained by MO (for FIGS. 13 and 14) or SEM (for FIG. 15) of polished cuts of the coatings presented respectively in FIGS. 4, 5 and 6 subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature of temperature of 1300 ° C carried out after thermal spraying; these cuts are made in a plane perpendicular to the surface of each of the coatings.
- the scale shown in FIG. 13 represents 100 ⁇ .
- a method of implementing the method of the invention is described, and a coating R m is made of a ceramic abradable material according to the invention.
- the porosity of the coating R m is then compared with that of the coatings R 1, R 2 and R 3 prepared according to methods according to the prior art.
- the stability of the coating R m is evaluated after being subjected to a heat treatment at a temperature of 1300 ° C.
- FIG. 1 schematically illustrates the experimental setup which made it possible to carry out the mullite deposits.
- This assembly consists of: a Sulzer Metco F4VB ® DC plasma torch equipped with an anode of 6 mm internal diameter, 10;
- the injection system 13 involves a first reactor 14 composed of mullite solid particles 15 that are coming from the reservoir 17.
- the assembly formed of the reactor 14 and the reservoir 17 is of the type of that of the particle distributors solids marketed by Sulzer-Metco.
- the particle size analysis of the solid mullite particles is carried out by laser granulometry using a Mastersizer 2000 device (Malvern company), and is shown in FIG. 2.
- cumulative rejections for a larger particle size of 49.0; 27.6 and 10.5 ⁇ are respectively 10; 50 and 90%.
- 10%; 50% and 90% by number of the solid mullite particles respectively have a larger dimension greater than 49.0; 27.6 and 10.5 ⁇ .
- the 15 mullite solid particles are expelled from the reactor 14 under the effect of a flow of carrier gas, namely argon, at a flow rate of 4-10 "3 cubic meters per minute ( m 3 / min), the contribution of which is provided via an inlet pipe 19.
- the solid mullite particles 15 are then led, via an outlet pipe 20, from the reactor 14 to a first d injection 21 which has an injection nozzle 22 at its end.
- the injection system 13 involves a second reactor 23 for mixing a liquid phase which comprises solid mullite precursor compounds.
- the liquid phase is, in this case, a colloidal aqueous solution 24 comprising precursor compounds of solid mullite particles.
- An aqueous colloidal mullite sol is prepared.
- the colloidal aqueous solution 24 which is placed in the reactor 23 has a mass proportion of solid mullite precursor precursor compounds equal to 15%. It is then homogenized using a magnetic stirring device 25.
- the second reactor 23 is also equipped with a pressure regulator 26 which makes it possible to adjust the pressure inside thereof, and which is connected to a compression gas, in this case compressed air, the supply of which is provided by means of a hose 27.
- a pressure regulator 26 which makes it possible to adjust the pressure inside thereof, and which is connected to a compression gas, in this case compressed air, the supply of which is provided by means of a hose 27.
- the second reactor 23 is further equipped with a valve 28, as well as a pipe 29 connecting the inside of the reactor 23 to a tank 30 containing a cleaning liquid 31, here deionized water.
- valve 28 is closed and the aqueous colloidal solution 24 is expelled from the reactor 23 under the effect of a pressure of 300 kPa which is imposed by the pressure regulator 26 and the compression gas flowing via the pipe 27. Colloidal aqueous solution 24 is then passed via an outlet pipe 32 from the reactor 23 to a second injection means 33 which has an injection nozzle 34 at its end.
- the simultaneous injection of the solid mullite particles 15 and the colloidal aqueous solution 24 is carried out in a plasma jet 35, generated by a pulsed arc plasma at an intensity of 650 amperes (A) and originating from the plasma torch. 10 by the projection nozzle 36, the latter being located at a distance D of 100 millimeters (mm) with respect to the substrate 11.
- the plasma gas, from which the plasma jet 35 is generated, is a ternary mixture composed in volume proportions of 50.8% argon, 23% helium and 8% dihydrogen.
- the injection of the mullite solid particles into the thermal jet 35 is carried out via the outlet orifice of the injection nozzle 22 of the first injection means 21, with a diameter of 1.5 mm, which implies, in the light of the above data, a flow rate of solid particles of mullite of 15 grams per minute (g / min).
- This injection is made with an angle a s formed by the directions of the axis of inclination of the first injection means 21 and the longitudinal axis of the plasma jet 35, equal to 90 °, and at a distance D s of 94 mm with respect to the substrate 11.
- the injection of the colloidal aqueous solution 24 into the thermal jet 35 is carried out via the outlet orifice of the injection nozzle 34 of the second injection means 33, with a diameter of 250 ⁇ .
- This injection is carried out with an angle l 1 formed by the directions of the axis of inclination of the second injection means 33 and the longitudinal axis of the plasma jet 35, equal to 90 °, and at a distance D L of 80 mm with respect to the substrate 11.
- the coating R m is obtained on a substrate 11 consisting of TiAIV, which is located at the same time:
- the thickness of the deposits obtained is between 50 and ⁇ .
- FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the structure of the coating R m , which includes mullite solid particles 37 defining a macropore network 38 of size between 1 and 50 ⁇ and said macropores being at least partially occupied by solid particles of mullite which are generated within the plasma jet 35 from the mullite precursors contained in the colloidal aqueous solution 24, and which define a network 39 of micropores with a size of between 0.001 and 1 ⁇ .
- FIG. 6 The pictures presented in Figures 4, 5 and 6 highlight the microstructure of the coating R m according to the invention.
- the image of FIG. 6 produced by MEB makes it possible to observe a structured deposition with two pore networks (macro and micropores) as just described to comment on FIG. 3.
- the micropore array 39 has low mechanical integrity, disrupts the arrangement of the particles 37 and contributes significantly to the overall porosity of the coating R m .
- Three coatings R 1 # R 2 and R 3 based on mullite are prepared by implementing methods of the prior art, in order to compare the properties of these coatings with those of the coating R m according to the invention, particularly in terms of porosity.
- the plasma projection parameters which are used for the realization of Ri, R 2 and R 3 are identical to those used to produce R m .
- the only modified parameter is the nature of the compounds that are injected into the plasma jet 35 before impacting on the substrate 11 to which the coating is applied.
- R 1 is produced by blown arc plasma projection of mullite solid particles 15, but without liquid phase injection into the plasma jet 35.
- R 2 is produced by blown arc plasma projection of a colloidal aqueous solution 24 which contains mullite solid particle precursors, but without injection of solid mullite particles into the plasma jet.
- R 3 is produced by blown arc plasma projection of a mixture obtained in the jet plasma 35, by simultaneous injection of solid particles of mullite 15, and deionized water containing no solid particles of mullite or particle precursors solids of mullite.
- the injection of the deionized water into the plasma jet 35 is performed at a distance D L of the substrate such that the following inequality is satisfied: D s > D L.
- the overall porosity of the coatings R 1, R 2 , R 3 and R m is determined by the method of hydrostatic thrust, in accordance with the standard NF EN 623-2 (entitled “Advanced technical ceramics - monolithic ceramics - general and textural properties", in particular method No. 1 under vacuum in Part 2 entitled “Determination of density and porosity”.
- the overall porosity of 7% measured for R 1 is low and characteristic of a coating obtained by plasma projection of solid particles on a substrate, without liquid phase injection.
- the deionized water which is injected into the plasma jet 35 seems to be a disturbing element of the lamellae of solid mullite particles which are deposited on the substrate 11. The disturbance then constitutes a factor for increasing the overall porosity of the coating.
- the coating R 2 which is obtained is finely structured in the form of a very porous network.
- the overall porosity of R m is 35%, and is thus even larger than those of R 1 and R 3 .
- the elements of the mixture obtained within the plasma jet 35 seem to constitute disruptive elements of the network of lamellae of solid mullite particles 15 located within the coating R m , these elements being:
- FIGS. 4 to 6 show clearly that the overall porosity of the coating R m and hence the abradability of this coating are predominantly or even exclusively created by the micropore network 39, whereas the solid particles of mullite 37 which are from the first injection means define a macropore network 38, of larger size.
- a mullite-based coating R 4 whose OH-obtained plate is shown in Figure 11, is prepared:
- first ceramic layer 41 comprising solid mullite particles, the layer having the composition of the coating Ri and being produced by a technique as described above; then
- a second ceramic layer 42 comprising mullite solid particles, the layer having the composition of the coating R m according to the invention and being produced by implementing the method according to invention.
- a layer 42 which is characterized by the existence of a much more porous structure, consisting of solid particles of mullite of different dimensions, and as observed within R m ( Figures 4 to 6).
- the stability of R m is evaluated at elevated operating temperatures of the devices including substrates on which the coating is deposited, the temperatures in question being typically greater than 1000 ° C.
- the coating R m applied to a substrate consisting of TiAIV is subjected to a heat treatment of 24 hours at a temperature of 1300 ° C.
- FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of the microstructure of the coating R m after heat treatment, which includes a first pore network 44, formed within the stack of mullite solid particles in molten form 43. Around the pores 44, Articulates a network 45 of pores, of smaller size, which is derived from the reorganization, after the heat treatment, of the network 39 of pores ( Figure 3).
- FIG. 15 made by SEM makes it possible to observe a structured deposition with two pore networks (macro and micropores), which includes melted mullite solid particles 43 defining an array of macropores 44 and said macropores at least partly occupied by solid mullite particles which are generated within the plasma jet from the mullite precursors contained in the colloidal aqueous solution 24, and which define a network 45 of micropores.
- the micropore array 45 has low mechanical integrity, disrupts the arrangement of the macropore array 44 and contributes significantly to the overall porosity of the coating R m . Comparing the images of FIGS. 6 and 15, it is noted that the reorganization of the structure of R m at the end of the heat treatment results in the coalescence and / or crushing of the solid particles of mullite 43, macropores 44 and of the network 45 of micropores within the coating.
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Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1262250A FR2999457B1 (fr) | 2012-12-18 | 2012-12-18 | Procede de revetement d'un substrat par un materiau abradable ceramique, et revetement ainsi obtenu. |
| PCT/EP2013/076934 WO2014095887A1 (fr) | 2012-12-18 | 2013-12-17 | Procédé de revêtement d'un substrat par un matériau abradable céramique, et revêtement ainsi obtenu |
Publications (2)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2935641A1 true EP2935641A1 (fr) | 2015-10-28 |
| EP2935641B1 EP2935641B1 (fr) | 2020-07-22 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| EP13811188.5A Active EP2935641B1 (fr) | 2012-12-18 | 2013-12-17 | Procédé de revêtement d'un substrat par un matériau abradable céramique |
Country Status (5)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US20150329954A1 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2935641B1 (fr) |
| ES (1) | ES2825054T3 (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2999457B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2014095887A1 (fr) |
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| CA2851633A1 (fr) * | 2014-05-12 | 2015-11-12 | Unknown | Revetements nanostructures de ti02-cr2o3 pulverises par traitement thermique |
| US10745793B2 (en) * | 2015-06-04 | 2020-08-18 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Ceramic coating deposition |
| US10697464B2 (en) * | 2016-07-29 | 2020-06-30 | Raytheon Technologies Corporation | Abradable material |
| TWI791120B (zh) * | 2018-08-27 | 2023-02-01 | 日商Tocalo股份有限公司 | 熔射塗膜的形成方法 |
| GB2625083A (en) * | 2022-12-05 | 2024-06-12 | Siemens Energy Global Gmbh & Co Kg | Method of applying an abrasive and protective armor overlay and tool |
| FR3159189A1 (fr) | 2024-02-12 | 2025-08-15 | Centre National De La Recherche Scientifique | Piece abradable pour une turbomachine d’aeronef |
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| US3084064A (en) | 1959-08-06 | 1963-04-02 | Union Carbide Corp | Abradable metal coatings and process therefor |
| US3879831A (en) | 1971-11-15 | 1975-04-29 | United Aircraft Corp | Nickle base high temperature abradable material |
| FR2432717A1 (fr) * | 1978-04-27 | 1980-02-29 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de fabrication de plaquettes sensibles pour dosimetres a electrons |
| US4269903A (en) | 1979-09-06 | 1981-05-26 | General Motors Corporation | Abradable ceramic seal and method of making same |
| JPS60140693A (ja) * | 1983-12-28 | 1985-07-25 | 日立金属株式会社 | 抵抗膜加熱器具 |
| ATE41455T1 (de) * | 1985-04-30 | 1989-04-15 | Yamauchi Corp | Presswalze fuer papiermaschinen. |
| US4696855A (en) | 1986-04-28 | 1987-09-29 | United Technologies Corporation | Multiple port plasma spray apparatus and method for providing sprayed abradable coatings |
| US4936745A (en) | 1988-12-16 | 1990-06-26 | United Technologies Corporation | Thin abradable ceramic air seal |
| US5196471A (en) | 1990-11-19 | 1993-03-23 | Sulzer Plasma Technik, Inc. | Thermal spray powders for abradable coatings, abradable coatings containing solid lubricants and methods of fabricating abradable coatings |
| US6465090B1 (en) * | 1995-11-30 | 2002-10-15 | General Electric Company | Protective coating for thermal barrier coatings and coating method therefor |
| FR2832180B1 (fr) | 2001-11-14 | 2005-02-18 | Snecma Moteurs | Revetement abradable pour parois de turbines a gaz |
| FR2877015B1 (fr) | 2004-10-21 | 2007-10-26 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Revetement nanostructure et procede de revetement. |
| JP4885445B2 (ja) * | 2004-12-21 | 2012-02-29 | 株式会社フジミインコーポレーテッド | 溶射用粉末 |
| US20060222777A1 (en) * | 2005-04-05 | 2006-10-05 | General Electric Company | Method for applying a plasma sprayed coating using liquid injection |
| WO2007121556A1 (fr) | 2006-04-25 | 2007-11-01 | National Research Counsil Of Canada | Enduction par pulvérisation thermique d'une charge de départ céramique nanostructurée poreuse |
| FR2900351B1 (fr) * | 2006-04-26 | 2008-06-13 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procede de preparation d'une couche nanoporeuse de nanoparticules et couche ainsi obtenue |
| US7998604B2 (en) * | 2007-11-28 | 2011-08-16 | United Technologies Corporation | Article having composite layer |
| US20100015350A1 (en) * | 2008-07-16 | 2010-01-21 | Siemens Power Generation, Inc. | Process of producing an abradable thermal barrier coating with solid lubricant |
| CN102005254A (zh) * | 2010-09-15 | 2011-04-06 | 合肥左天电子科技有限公司 | 用于气体传感器片式探测元件的电绝缘材料及其制备方法 |
| ZA201202480B (en) * | 2011-10-17 | 2012-11-28 | Int Advanced Res Centre For Power Metallurgy And New Mat (Arci) Dept Of Science And Tech Govt Of Ind | An improved hybrid methodology for producing composite,multi-layered and graded coatings by plasma spraying utitilizing powder and solution precurrsor feedstock |
-
2012
- 2012-12-18 FR FR1262250A patent/FR2999457B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2013
- 2013-12-17 US US14/653,031 patent/US20150329954A1/en not_active Abandoned
- 2013-12-17 ES ES13811188T patent/ES2825054T3/es active Active
- 2013-12-17 WO PCT/EP2013/076934 patent/WO2014095887A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2013-12-17 EP EP13811188.5A patent/EP2935641B1/fr active Active
Non-Patent Citations (1)
| Title |
|---|
| See references of WO2014095887A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2999457B1 (fr) | 2015-01-16 |
| WO2014095887A1 (fr) | 2014-06-26 |
| FR2999457A1 (fr) | 2014-06-20 |
| EP2935641B1 (fr) | 2020-07-22 |
| ES2825054T3 (es) | 2021-05-14 |
| US20150329954A1 (en) | 2015-11-19 |
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