Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L9/00—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion
  • C10L9/08—Treating solid fuels to improve their combustion by heat treatments, e.g. calcining
  • C10L9/083—Torrefaction
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J19/087—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
  • B01J19/088—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J19/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J19/24—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside
  • B01J19/2405—Stationary reactors without moving elements inside provoking a turbulent flow of the reactants, such as in cyclones, or having a high Reynolds-number
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10B—DESTRUCTIVE DISTILLATION OF CARBONACEOUS MATERIALS FOR PRODUCTION OF GAS, COKE, TAR, OR SIMILAR MATERIALS
  • C10B19/00—Heating of coke ovens by electrical means
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/02—Fixed-bed gasification of lump fuel
  • C10J3/06—Continuous processes
  • C10J3/18—Continuous processes using electricity
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J3/00—Production of combustible gases containing carbon monoxide from solid carbonaceous fuels
  • C10J3/46—Gasification of granular or pulverulent flues in suspension
  • C10J3/48—Apparatus; Plants
  • C10J3/485—Entrained flow gasifiers
  • C10J3/487—Swirling or cyclonic gasifiers
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
  • C10L5/02—Solid fuels such as briquettes consisting mainly of carbonaceous materials of mineral or non-mineral origin
  • C10L5/04—Raw material of mineral origin to be used; Pretreatment thereof
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L5/00—Solid fuels
  • C10L5/40—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin
  • C10L5/44—Solid fuels essentially based on materials of non-mineral origin on vegetable substances
  • C10L5/442—Wood or forestry waste
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H05—ELECTRIC TECHNIQUES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • H05H—PLASMA TECHNIQUE; PRODUCTION OF ACCELERATED ELECTRICALLY-CHARGED PARTICLES OR OF NEUTRONS; PRODUCTION OR ACCELERATION OF NEUTRAL MOLECULAR OR ATOMIC BEAMS
  • H05H1/00—Generating plasma; Handling plasma
  • H05H1/24—Generating plasma
  • H05H1/26—Plasma torches
  • H05H1/32—Plasma torches using an arc
  • H05H1/42—Plasma torches using an arc with provisions for introducing materials into the plasma, e.g. powder, liquid
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0803—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy
  • B01J2219/0805—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges
  • B01J2219/0807—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes
  • B01J2219/0809—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor employing electric or magnetic energy giving rise to electric discharges involving electrodes employing two or more electrodes
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0869—Feeding or evacuating the reactor
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0873—Materials to be treated
  • B01J2219/0879—Solid
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
  • B01J—CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROCESSES, e.g. CATALYSIS OR COLLOID CHEMISTRY; THEIR RELEVANT APPARATUS
  • B01J2219/00—Chemical, physical or physico-chemical processes in general; Their relevant apparatus
  • B01J2219/08—Processes employing the direct application of electric or wave energy, or particle radiation; Apparatus therefor
  • B01J2219/0894—Processes carried out in the presence of a plasma
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0903—Feed preparation
  • C10J2300/0906—Physical processes, e.g. shredding, comminuting, chopping, sorting
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
  • C10J2300/0916—Biomass
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/09—Details of the feed, e.g. feeding of spent catalyst, inert gas or halogens
  • C10J2300/0913—Carbonaceous raw material
  • C10J2300/0916—Biomass
  • C10J2300/092—Wood, cellulose
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10J—PRODUCTION OF PRODUCER GAS, WATER-GAS, SYNTHESIS GAS FROM SOLID CARBONACEOUS MATERIAL, OR MIXTURES CONTAINING THESE GASES; CARBURETTING AIR OR OTHER GASES
  • C10J2300/00—Details of gasification processes
  • C10J2300/12—Heating the gasifier
  • C10J2300/123—Heating the gasifier by electromagnetic waves, e.g. microwaves
  • C10J2300/1238—Heating the gasifier by electromagnetic waves, e.g. microwaves by plasma
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2200/00—Components of fuel compositions
  • C10L2200/04—Organic compounds
  • C10L2200/0461—Fractions defined by their origin
  • C10L2200/0469—Renewables or materials of biological origin
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/02—Combustion or pyrolysis
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/06—Heat exchange, direct or indirect
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C10—PETROLEUM, GAS OR COKE INDUSTRIES; TECHNICAL GASES CONTAINING CARBON MONOXIDE; FUELS; LUBRICANTS; PEAT
  • C10L—FUELS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; NATURAL GAS; SYNTHETIC NATURAL GAS OBTAINED BY PROCESSES NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C10G, C10K; LIQUEFIED PETROLEUM GAS; ADDING MATERIALS TO FUELS OR FIRES TO REDUCE SMOKE OR UNDESIRABLE DEPOSITS OR TO FACILITATE SOOT REMOVAL; FIRELIGHTERS
  • C10L2290/00—Fuel preparation or upgrading, processes or apparatus therefore, comprising specific process steps or apparatus units
  • C10L2290/38—Applying an electric field or inclusion of electrodes in the apparatus
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/10—Biofuels, e.g. bio-diesel
• • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
  • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
  • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
  • Y02E50/00—Technologies for the production of fuel of non-fossil origin
  • Y02E50/30—Fuel from waste, e.g. synthetic alcohol or diesel

Definitions

• the present invention consists in a method for treating fragmented or pulverized material, two-phase, ie composed of a stream of fluid (advantageously gas) carrying solid-phase or liquid-phase fragments, by a non-plasma stream. isothermal reactive pressure at or near atmospheric pressure, and a device for carrying out this method.
• plasma reactors have attracted attention, particularly in relation to the technologies of matter transformation by plasmochemistry, and in particular with the combustion of organic matter, the recycling of biomass, the destruction and processing of products, waste, generation of chemicals.
• isothermal we mean the plasmas whose temperatures of the various components, especially heavy particles (molecules, atoms, radicals, ions) T
• a plasma isothermal when, at any point of its volume, the condition is realized:
• the state of the art has led the users of the technologies of plasmas that they deem more effective than the traditional methods of transformation of the material, to design reactors using isothermal plasmas (that is to say in state thermodynamic equilibrium), mainly at atmospheric pressure, such as generators DC, AC, radio frequency or microwave arcs.
• the temperature of the plasmas produced and used is of the order of 6,000 - 15,000 K depending on the generation conditions. It is clear that such plasmas are effective in destroying (breaking down) organic molecules. They are also effective in destroying non-organic molecules.
• T e ) determines the concentration of electrons necessary for the electrical conductivity of the plasma, the latter ensuring the energy balance of the plasma. electric arc and the resulting plasma jet. This temperature level is however excessive for the realization of the plasmochemical reactions which only require temperatures in the ranges from 1000 K to 3000 K. The temperature level (6 000 - 12 000 K) leads to enormous energy expenditure and constructions. These complexes make the very reasons for the use of isothermal plasma reactors questionable.
• the solution is to use a non-isothermal plasma. Indeed, if the amplitude of the electric field which generates and accelerates the electrons of the plasma and causes the excitation and ionization reactions there is rather high, the plasma becomes non-isothermal, that is to say. than :
• T is the temperature of the heavy components (molecules, radicals, atoms, ions) of the plasma (K);
• Q. is the cross section of elastic collisions between electrons and neutral plasma components (m 2 );
• n e is the concentration of free electrons (m 3 )
• the temperature of the electrons can be determined by the relation (see, for example, H.Hingana "Contribution to the study of the properties of plasmas at two temperatures.” Ph.D. thesis Paul Sabatier University, Toulouse, December 2010)
• m e is the mass of electrons (9.1 10-31 kg)
• mi is the mass (average) of the neutral heavy components of the plasma
• the temperature level of the heavy components (Ti) may be of the order of 1000 - 3000K, which is sufficient to achieve the intended chemical reactions without formation of harmful chemical components, while the temperature of the Electrons are typically in the range of 6,000 - 15,000 K, which ensures sufficient electric current to support the electric shock mechanism and energy balance of the plasma jet.
• Non-isothermal plasma generators have been proposed, protected by patents, and exploited at the industrial level (see, for example, Engelsht VS, Saichenko AN, Okopnik GM, Musin NU XI Vsesoyuznaya Konf, Po Generator Nizkotemperaturnoy Plazmi, Novosibirsk, 1989, P 255, Desiatkov GA, Enguelsht VS, Saichenko AN, Musin NU, and Lasma Jets in the Development of New Materials Technology, Proc.Of the International Workshop 3-9 September , Frunze, USSR Ed.
• the movement of the arc can be, in addition, biased by the dynamic pressure of a longitudinal stream of propellant gas which contributes to forming the plasma jet downstream of the electrodes.
• This plasma cloud can ensure the existence of a conductive area of electricity in the absence of electric current during its lifetime. It is therefore possible to feed the arc not only with direct current but also with alternating current, for example with a frequency of 50 Hz, provided that the lifetime of the plasma cloud is greater than the pause which separates the voltage meanders. between the electrodes.
• the current lines then bend, subjected, on the one hand, to the drag force of the propellant gas flow and to the electromagnetic force and, on the other hand, to the hydrodynamic resistance of the arc which tends to maintain its position in the most ionized area of space.
• the plasma used remains unstable. This instability is mainly due to the turbulent nature of the propellant gas flow. The dimensions of the plasma jet are reduced and do not make it possible to treat fragmented flows as defined above.
• the invention (P.Koulik, A. Saychenko, METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE GENERATION OF A NON-ISOTHERMIC PLASMA JET, Patent FR10 / 01928, PCT / FR 2011/000277 (WO 2011/138525 A1), priority date 05.05.2010) partly solves the problem and increases the volume of the generated plasma and its contact surface with the treated medium.
• the proposed solution of "laminarization" of the method of generating the plasma jet is not sufficient.
• an object of the present invention is to develop a larger contact surface plasma reactor than in existing reactors. This goal can only be achieved by generating and operating a jets of non-isothermal stable plasma, at a pressure close to or above atmospheric pressure, the pressures above atmospheric pressure being useful, even essential to intervene. in dense media, such as, for example, plasmochemical reactors, in particular for biomass transformation, combustion chambers of gas turbines, etc.
• the quasi-stable term means that the average parameters of the plasma are substantially constant over time over periods greater than the period of generation of the electric current, but substantially variable over periods of time which are shorter than the period of generation of the electric current supplying electricity. plasma.
• the temperature of the heavy particles molecules, radicals, atoms, ions
• the temperature of the electrons is substantially higher (for example 10,000 K - 15,000 K). This plasma is especially advantageous in practice for pressures near or above atmospheric pressure.
• a source of bipolar pulse power current generated at high frequencies for example between 1 kHz and 100 MHz
• pulse durations for example, between 1 and 1000 ms, pauses between pulses between 1 and 1000 ms, an open circuit voltage amplitude, for example, between 0.1 and 30 kV and an electrical current amplitude, for example, between 0.1 and 30 A.
• a great advantage is any technology capable of providing variable controlled treatment depending on the composition of the filler gas, the material of the fragments or the particles resulting from the spraying, the shape, the nature, and the composition the treated product, as well as the dimensions of the fragments or particles sprayed.
• Fig. 1 shows the embodiment of the power supply of the plasmatron as claimed in the present invention, with the inductors for limiting the electric current in the plasma disposed either in the primary or in the secondary of the plasma generating transformer.
• FIG. 2 illustrates the embodiment of a conical reactor using a stream jet fragmented at an angle ⁇ relative to the plane perpendicular to the axis of the reactor and a non-isothermal plasma stream at an angle ⁇ relative to the plane perpendicular to the axis of the reactor, plasma created by a generator of high-voltage arcs between three electrodes in alternating current regime consisting of bipolar pulses at limited current and controlled variable frequency.
• Fig.2a is a longitudinal section of the reactor using a single plasma jet generator
• Fig.2b radial section of the reactor using two non-isothermal plasma jet generators.
• FIG. 3 illustrates the embodiment of a cylindrical hermetic reactor for implementing the present invention in the case where the flows of plasma and fragmented or pulverized product streams are directed toward each other and are used for the production of fuel gas (hydrogen, syngas).
• fuel gas hydrogen, syngas
• FIG. 4 illustrates the production of a hermetically sealed cylindrical reactor, for example, for the manufacture of biogas, in the case where the material to be treated is fragmented and propelled into the reactor by a worm and the surplus of Untreated material fragments are returned to the reactor inlet.
• Fig. 5b shows the coaxial reactor of FIG. 5a in elevation.
• Fig. 6 shows the diagram of a reactor in the extreme case where ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 0 ° which illustrates, for example, the application of conversion of biomass fuel product.
• Optimizing the process by increasing the temperature and the speed of the reactive flow is of little use because, from a certain intensity of heat flow, the material is resistant to treatment following ablation, a well-known hydrodynamic phenomenon, for example, in the technique of thermal protection of spaceships as they enter the dense layers of the Earth's atmosphere.
• the plasma in such a jet is in a non-thermal state (PIT) as defined by the formulas (1) - (3), which gives principle advantages to the present invention.
• the present invention allows the exploitation of these advantages based on the optimization of the use of the excited states of the plasma particles and those of the medium in contact with the plasma.
• the plasma is generated by the passage of the electric current (non-stationary) in the flow of gas which bathes the electrodes between which is established a strong potential difference (for example, ⁇ 10 - 100 kV).
• a strong potential difference for example, ⁇ 10 - 100 kV.
• the generation frequency i 1 / ti (this generation can advantageously be carried out in the form of high-frequency bipolar wave sine waves);
• ⁇ 2 ⁇ / UI
• ⁇ is the quantity of energy contained in the plasma jet (typically, ⁇ ⁇ 10 3 J)
• ⁇ is the average cross section of the inelastic interactions of electrons with plasma particles ( ⁇ , ⁇ 10 "20 m 2 , (see, for example, B. Smirnov" Plasma Processes and Plasma kinetics "Wiley - VCH Verlag GmbH 2Co KGaA 2007 ));
• P is the pressure (P ⁇ 10 5 Pa);
• T is the temperature of the heavy particles of the plasma (typically T ⁇ 2 10 3 K).
• the process claimed in the present invention is characterized in that the PIT non-thermal plasma jets at intermediate temperatures, driven in their helical movement, are fed with bipolar AC voltage and current in pulses, each pulse being consisting of a wave pack of respective amplitudes U, for example between 0.1 and 100 kV, and I, for example between 0.1 and 30 A, generated at a frequency v 1; for example between 50Hz and 100 MHz, the quantities U, I, and Vi being sufficient to ignite the plasma by short-circuit spark, and whose duration ⁇ 2 , for example between 1 and 1000 ms, is sufficient to reach a temperature Given in the margins 1000 ⁇ " ⁇ ⁇ 6000 K and lower than the temperature of the isothermal stationary plasma (in thermodynamic equilibrium) generated at the frequency v the pulses repeating at time intervals ⁇ 3 , for example between 1 and 1000 ms , less than the relaxation time of the plasma, the latter being equal to the maximum duration of recombination of the electrons with the ions generated in the
• ⁇ 2 ⁇ / ⁇ . ⁇ .
• Wpi is the quantity of energy contained in the plasma jet of volume W p i and of molecular density n p1 (typically at atmospheric pressure ⁇ ⁇ 10 3 ) ⁇ 3 ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ ( ⁇ ⁇
• ⁇ ⁇ is the median recombination cross section of electrons with plasma ions ( ⁇ ⁇ ⁇ 10 "20 m 2 ) (see, for example, B. Smirnov," Plasma Processes and Plasma Kinetics “Wiley - VCH Verlag GmbH 2Co KGaA 2007);
• P is the pressure (P> 10 5 Pa)
• Ti is the temperature of the heavy particles of the plasma (T ⁇ 2 10 3 K),
• Fig. 1 illustrates the character of the feed pulses of the discharge.
• the frequencies of the grating ( ⁇ 2 ⁇ ⁇ 3 ⁇ 10 "2 s) used in the invention can be optimized taking into account the conditions of the present invention: the length of the plasma jet obtained by applying the invention mentioned is ⁇ 1.5 m for a generation power of ⁇ 100 kW while the length of the plasma jet, achievable I in application of the present invention, can reach 3m and more.
• the diameter of the formed plasma zone can reach 0.2 - 0.3 m.
• plasma (as mentioned above), sufficient to make it possible to impose on the flow of plasma, on the one hand, and on the flow of gas which supports the fragments of material to be treated or the elements sprayed, on the other hand, coaxial helical trajectories at angles a and ⁇ , respectively, with respect to the plane perpendicular to the axis of the cylindrical or conical reactor, which makes it possible to perform efficiently
• Y is the length of the reactor (m);
• ⁇ is the plasma jet length from the plasmatron along the helical path (m):
• j is the number of plasmatrons operating in parallel
• U is the amplitude of the voltage applied between the plasmatron electrodes (V);
• I is the amplitude of the intensity of the current passing between two electrodes (A);
• D e is the diameter of the turn along which the plasma moves (m);
• V s is the speed of the plasmatron feed gas (m / s).
• k p is an empirical coefficient (k p ⁇ 6.31 10 -2 m 5 J " ° 3 s 0 ' 3 )
• U is the speed of the incoming flow of the fragments (m / s);
• ⁇ is the depth of treatment of the fragment of material or of the pulverized element (m) ATf is the temperature increase of the fraction (6) of fragment treated
• i is the number of stream streams loaded with fragments introduced simultaneously into the reactor (degrees);
• Q p is the density of the energy flux transferred by the plasma to the treated fragment (W / m 2 )
• k is the Boltzmann constant (1.38 10 ⁇ 23 J / K);
• T is the average temperature of the plasma (K)
• m is the average molecular weight of the plasma particles (kg);
• E is the average amount of energy contributed by the plasma particles (in practice,
• I is the average size of the fragments or elements sprayed (m)
• ⁇ is the scattering cross section of the plasma particles (for air, ⁇ ⁇ 10 "19 m 2 ).
• ⁇ is the average molar mass of the plasma particles (kg / mol).
• the relations (6 - 8) express the condition that the passage time in the reactor of the material fragment to be treated is at least equal to the time required for the energy coming from the plasma and necessary for the desired reaction to be transmitted to the reactor. fragment (to the pulverized element).
• the reactor becomes a device in which the plasma jet and the jet of gas carrying the fragments (the dust grains, the pulverized elements) are coaxial and no cyclone is necessary, the two jets becoming collinear (see Fig. 5).
• the angles a and ⁇ become close to 0 ° and the reactor according to the present invention becomes a plasma cyclone as shown in FIG.
• a cyclone is advantageous for the treatment of biomasses and their transformation into intermediate fuel such as, for example, roasted wood, or into biogas, such as, for example, syngas.
• the objects of the present invention are achieved by generating a non-isothermal plasma jet, at a pressure close to or greater than atmospheric pressure, according to a fragmented material treatment process. or elements sprayed into a reactor, for example of cylindrical or conical shape, made by a rotational reactive flow and a carrier gas flow loaded with the fragmented material or pulverized elements set in helical motion, coaxial with the reactor, characterized in that the rotational flow consists of one or more (j) jet (s), continuous, of non-thermal, quasi-stable reactive plasma, said at intermediate temperatures, (PIT), derived from PIT plasmatrons fed by alternating current and operating at pressure equal to or greater than atmospheric pressure, PIT plasma, set in turbulent motion, moving along a helical path (s) of diameter at an angle ⁇ relative to the plane perpendicular to the axis of symmetry of the reactor and that the flow of fragmented material is propelled by one or more (i) jets of support
• Qp is the density (expressed in W / m2) of energy flux conferred on the fragments by the plasma, given by the formula
• ⁇ is the depth of the treatment performed on the fragments of material (m);
• ⁇ determines the temperature range in which the treatment (K) is carried out;
• U and I are respectively the amplitude, average in time, of the voltage at the electrodes given by the plasma jet generator (s) (in V) and I is the amplitude, average in the time, of the corresponding intensity of the current which passes there (in A);
• Tl is the average temperature of the heavy particles of the plasma (in practice 2000K);
• Te is the plasma electron temperature (PIT) at intermediate temperatures (K);
• ml is the average mass of the heavy plasma particles (kg);
• E ( ⁇ kTI) is the amount of plasmochemical energy imparted to a fragment of matter or a pulverized element in a collision with a molecule I of the non-thermal plasma jet at intermediate temperatures, (J);
• ⁇ is the cross section of the plasma particles with respect to the elastic collisions between them (in practice, ⁇ ⁇ 1CT 19 m 2 );
• kp is an empirical coefficient (kp ⁇ 6.31 10-2ml0.5 J-0.3 s0.3);
• ⁇ , p and c are respectively the coefficient of thermal conductivity, the density and the thermal capacity of the material
• ⁇ is the duration of penetration of the thermal wave
• ⁇ is the depth of penetration of the thermal wave.
• Another solution is to organize the treatment so that the fragments are treated quickly ( ⁇ ) in the reactor and then conveyed to a crusher which breaks and separates the fragments of the treated surface crust and are then returned to the reactor.
• the crusher is integrated with the reactor claimed in the present invention. In this way it is possible to substantially increase the rate of treatment.
• the present invention makes it possible to select the products created in the claimed reactor.
• the invention makes it possible to produce treated fragments of maximum size 10 fixed. This is possible by a choice of the diameter of the exhaust duct of the treated products.
• the outlet duct (9) of the products created in the reactor is constructed in such a way that its inside diameter d is limited according to claim 3 as a function of the diameter D of the turns (8) monitored.
• This choice is made according to the relationship
• p g and Pc are respectively the densities of the gas phase and the solid phase of the flow entering the outlet duct;
• D is the diameter of the inlet turn of the fragmented material flow (see Fig. 2)
• the present invention claims a device characterized in that the outlet duct (9) of the products created in the reactor is constructed in such a way that its internal diameter d is limited as a function of the diameter D of the turns (8) followed by the carrier gas stream loaded with the fragments or pulverized elements (5), the angle ⁇ , the required size, 10, the particles to be produced in the reactor and the density pc and pg of the material of the fragments or elements treated pulverized and carrier gas, according to the formula
• the power supply scheme of the plasma generator claimed in the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 1.
• the power supply is carried out in packets of pulses of electrical current of amplitude I, and of amplitude voltage U.
• ⁇ 2 This duration is chosen so that the amplitude of the electric current does not exceed a value of the intensity of the current I corresponding to a temperature, and therefore a given electrical conductivity of the plasma PIT.
• the time interval ⁇ 3 between the pulses is at most equal to the relaxation time of the plasma as it is said above in the paragraph of the description of the present invention where the parameters of the electrical pulses are analyzed.
• Fig. 1b illustrates, in fact, a particular case of conventional 50Hz AC power of the conventional PIT plasma power supply.
• ⁇ 3 0.
• This mode of generation used in particular in the invention (P.Koulik, A. Saychenko, METHOD AND DEVICE FOR THE GENERATION OF A NON-ISOTHERMIC PLASMA JET, Patent FR10 / 01928, PCT / FR 2011/000277 (WO 2011 / 138525 Al), priority date 05.05.2010) is applicable and very easy to achieve in practice with a current source consisting of a step-up transformer and a current limiting inductance system in the primary or secondary circuit (Fig.
• FIG. 2 The device for implementing the process for treating fragmented material by reactive plasma flux at atmospheric pressure as defined in the present invention is illustrated in FIG. 2.
• the central part of the reactor is the PIT plasma generator (1) ensuring the generation of a non-thermal plasma jet at an intermediate temperature which is the result of a high voltage electrical discharge at pulses as shown in FIG.
• the present device is characterized in that it is generated by voltage and current pulses of controllable controllable amplitudes U and I, organized in high-frequency bipolar wave packets of sinusoidal form, sawtooth or crenellations. or others, whose duration and frequency are adjusted to maintain the discharge in a non-stationary state for which a plasma state out of thermodynamic equilibrium is realized.
• This organization is carried out in the pulse generating device (10) fed, for example, by a three-phase alternating current coming from the network accessing a step-up transformer.
• the presence in this device means of limiting the amplitude of the electric current (for example ballast inductors placed in the primary circuit (2), or secondary (2 ') of the transformer of the generator) of the repetition frequency of the packets.
• pulses and the repetition period of these packets make it possible to adjust the levels of the temperatures Ti and T e .
• Plasma molecules, radicals, atoms, ions
• Plasma can thus be varied, for example, between 1000 and 6000 K, and the temperature of the electrons, from 10 000 to 20 000 K.
• the temperature variations in these tuning forks thus make it possible to achieve a large spectrum of plasmochemical reactions in the reactor.
• FIG. 2a illustrates the use of three-electrode generator (11).
• One, two or more plasma generators of this type may be installed in the reactor wall.
• Fig. 2b which is a section AA of the reactor as shown in Fig.2a illustrates the simultaneous use of two plasma generators.
• the plasma generators 1 as well as the feed ducts (of) the carrier gas flows 4 loaded with the fragments to be treated are fixed on the reactor so as to create, respectively, angles a and ⁇ with the plane 6, perpendicular to the axis of the reactor according to the relations (4) (5) and (6) - (8) respectively, which allows to organize the flows of plasma 7 and fragmented material or pulverized elements 8 at least in two helical jets independent of one another but which, at a certain distance from the formation site, mix.
• the diameter d of the outlet duct 9 is chosen so that the exit gas contains only solid particles smaller than a given dimension 10 according to equation 9:
• the reactor can have the shape of a cone 12, as shown in Fig.2a, or a cylinder.
• Residual gases which may contain solid particles larger than / 0 leave the reactor via a conduit 13.
• the device illustrated in FIG. 2 operates as follows: at the time of priming the discharge in the plasmatron 1, powered by electrical pulses from a generator 10, pulses conditioned by devices for limiting the amplitude of the electric current, by example of the inductances 2, and devices 3 for forming pulses of bipolar electric current, a PIT plasma arc is stabilized by the electromagnetic forces and the drag of the flow of gas that bathes the electrodes 11 and enters the reactor at an angle relative to the plane 6 perpendicular to the axis of the reactor along a helical path of diameter D e .
• the plasma jet PIT 7 thus created is located along the turns of the helix because the electrical conductivity of the plasma zone is at all times much greater than the electrical conductivity of the neighboring zones.
• a jet of gas 8 loaded with fragments or pulverized elements of material to be treated 5 is then injected into the reactor along a helical path of diameter D which makes an angle ⁇ with the plane perpendicular to the axis of the reactor.
• the respective velocities V s and U of the flows are different, which contributes to creating intense energy exchanges between the streams.
• the angles a and ⁇ are chosen so that the plasma zone is entirely contained in the volume of the reactor and that the expected plasmochemical process occurs entirely during the displacement of the fragments or elements sprayed along their helical path inside the reactor. Conditions (5) - (8) take place.
• Fig. 3 shows an alternative embodiment of the present invention according to which the reactor, of cylindrical geometry, is a hermetic enclosure intended for the production of combustible products without contact with any oxidizing atmosphere, in particular the ambient air.
• the product to be treated is introduced via line (4) into the reactor in the form of a gas loaded with fragments of material or pulverized elements to be treated (5).
• the carrier gas (5) is introduced at an angle ⁇ between the axis of the duct (4) and the plane perpendicular to the axis of the reactor along a helical path (7).
• the plasma generated by the plasmatron (1) provided with the electrodes (11) is introduced at an angle ⁇ between the axis of the plasmatron (1) and the plane perpendicular to the axis of the reactor along a helical path (8).
• Fig. 3 shows a variant of the reactor corresponding to the case where the two flows go against each other.
• the plasmatron 1 and the conduit (4) are mounted on ball joints (26) which make it possible to vary, adjust, optimize and control the angles of attack of the plasma flux, a, and of the gas jet loaded with fragments to be treated, ⁇ . Under the effect of centrifugal and hydrodynamic forces, the fragments to be treated propagate along the walls of the reactor.
• the peripheral wall of the reactor can be executed as a rotating drum, provided with a gear system (30) and rotated by a motor (29).
• the drum is supported by sealed pads (28).
• the plasmatron is supplied with gas by the fluid from the reactor cavity. Via ducts (19) and (20) and compressor (or fan) (18).
• the treated particles meeting the conditions (9) are discharged through the conduit (9).
• the particles (17) which do not meet the conditions (9) are discharged via a collector (12) and a receptacle (13) from which, via a conduit (23), they are directed towards the inlet device (27) for the charged gas flow of the fragments or sprayed elements to be treated in which, via the conduit (22) and the fragment metering device (21), is introduced the initial flow of gas charged with fragments or sprayed elements to be treated.
• a conduit (16) is provided to withdraw a portion of the gas generated in the reactor and send it through the fan (15) to the swirling flow reactor (25), thereby enhancing the cyclone movement of the reactor.
• gas charged with fragments of material or pulverized elements to be treated In Fig. 3, only one plasmatron is shown. In reality, an unlimited number of plasmatrons can be used, so as to create a uniform reactive medium of high volume and high powers and productivities.
• Fig. 4 illustrates another embodiment of the implementation of the present invention in the case where the material to be treated is in the form of highly agglomerated fragments or large sizes.
• valve 39 When the reactor is operating normally, the valve 39 is closed and the reactor is supplied with the gas produced in the reactor by a gas recovery system comprising a conduit 43, a flow control valve 39 ', a refrigerant 42, a compressor 41. As shown in FIG. 4, part of this gas is introduced directly into the reactor via line 54.
• the product gas is discharged through line 23.
• the remains of fragments 27 are returned via line 9 to the inlet of the reactor.
• the baffle 37 prevents leftover untreated fragments from accumulating in the reactor and forming obstructions.
• the reactor is fixed by a support 34.
• the proposed burner is fixed in the wall of the boiler (of the combustion chamber, of the reactor) by the support 34. It essentially consists of a plasmatron PIT 1 provided with electrodes 11, such as described for the applications of Fig.2, Fig.3 and Fig.4.
• the fragments 5 are brought by a stream of gas 4 into a cylindrical duct coaxial with plasmatron 1 supplied with a stream, for example from air 46.
• an intermediate conduit fed by a stream, for example air 43 which passes through, for example, a honeycomb 32 designed to form the profile of the gas velocities between the flow feeding the plasmatron and the gas flow carrying the dust of fuel in the area ⁇ (36) - (55).
• This intermediate flow avoids a turbulent mixture (brutal) of the stream 4 and the plasma jet which would cause a release of combustion heat too intense and too concentrated given the catalytic properties of the plasma jet PIT.
• the gate 32 profiles the speeds of the intermediate flow so that the mixing takes place gradually and the combustion heat released is distributed in a large volume of the boiler.
• the structure of the plasma jet consists of an initial zone 35 and a mixing zone with the intermediate stream (35) - (36).
• the velocity profiles of the coaxial gas flows are transformed in the zone (36) - (55).
• the dust comes into contact with the active particles of the plasma only in the intermediate flow zone (55) - (45).
• the front of combustion of dust in the air develops only in the extended zone (45) - (44) where the fuel particles gradually disappear, transformed into C0 2 and H 2 0.
• the solution shown in Fig. 5a differs from the existing solutions in that the plasma develops in a large space, that the plasma is in a highly excited state (PIT), which allows an efficient combustion, for example in a large boiler volume, that the thermal losses are very low and that the burner efficiency is close to 85 - 90%.
• PIT highly excited state
• This implementation of the present invention may be used in the case where the support 34 fixes the plasmatron 1 to the wall of a high-pressure container.
• the electrodes 11 of the PIT plasmatron are provided with adjustable lugs 54 which make it possible to vary the short-circuit distance 55 as a function of the level of the pressure in the container.
• Fig. 6. illustrates another extreme case of the application of the present invention.
• the fragments treated in this case are large. This corresponds to the situation as proposed in the present invention where the angles a and ⁇ are both close to 0 °.
• a device of this type executed in hermetic mode with a closed cycle of the gases produced, can be used, for example, for the production of roasted wood dusts which, subsequently, can be compressed into roasted granules, ready to be transported on the place their use, for example 'of their combustion in a boiler or in a gas turbine combustion chamber.
• This device can operate at atmospheric pressure and at high pressure ( ⁇ 100 bar).
• Air-based non-thermal plasma reactor applicable as power plant boiler burner see diagram Fig.l
• the implementation of the present invention makes it possible to obtain non-isothermal plasma jet lengths and volumes in the sense of formulas (1) - (3) of the present invention of the order of several meters, which makes it possible to move the plasma along turns which advantageously mix with the flow of carrier gas laden with fragmented or pulverized material to be treated.
• angles of entry of the plasma jet and the charged gas stream loaded with the material fragments to be treated make it possible to achieve the objects of the invention.

Landscapes

• Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
• Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
• Oil, Petroleum & Natural Gas (AREA)
• Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
• Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
• Plasma & Fusion (AREA)
• Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
• Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Geology (AREA)
• Environmental & Geological Engineering (AREA)
• Geochemistry & Mineralogy (AREA)
• General Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
• Thermal Sciences (AREA)
• General Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Toxicology (AREA)
• Health & Medical Sciences (AREA)
• Spectroscopy & Molecular Physics (AREA)
• Wood Science & Technology (AREA)
• Ecology (AREA)
• Biodiversity & Conservation Biology (AREA)
• Materials Engineering (AREA)
• Forests & Forestry (AREA)
• Physical Or Chemical Processes And Apparatus (AREA)
• Plasma Technology (AREA)

Applications Claiming Priority (3)

Publications (1)

Family

ID=50424292

Family Applications (1)

Country Status (5)

Cited By (2)

Families Citing this family (13)

Family Cites Families (8)

• 2012
  • 2012-11-19 FR FR1203092A patent/FR2998440B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2013
  • 2013-10-09 FR FR1302349A patent/FR2998441A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
  • 2013-11-18 EP EP13821115.6A patent/EP2923535A1/fr active Pending
  • 2013-11-18 WO PCT/FR2013/000299 patent/WO2014076381A1/fr active Application Filing
  • 2013-11-18 CN CN201380070970.2A patent/CN105027685B/zh active Active
  • 2013-11-18 US US14/647,069 patent/US9732299B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related

Non-Patent Citations (2)

Also Published As

Similar Documents

Legal Events