EP2920518A1 - Commande d'un flux de fluide dans une installation relative à la technique des centrales électriques - Google Patents

Commande d'un flux de fluide dans une installation relative à la technique des centrales électriques

Info

Publication number
EP2920518A1
EP2920518A1 EP13826712.5A EP13826712A EP2920518A1 EP 2920518 A1 EP2920518 A1 EP 2920518A1 EP 13826712 A EP13826712 A EP 13826712A EP 2920518 A1 EP2920518 A1 EP 2920518A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
control
data
flow
air
fluid
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP13826712.5A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Inventor
Michael Schreiber
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Haug Michael
Original Assignee
Haug Michael
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Haug Michael filed Critical Haug Michael
Publication of EP2920518A1 publication Critical patent/EP2920518A1/fr
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N1/00—Regulating fuel supply
    • F23N1/02—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply
    • F23N1/022—Regulating fuel supply conjointly with air supply using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/18—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to rate of flow of air or fuel
    • F23N5/184—Systems for controlling combustion using detectors sensitive to rate of flow of air or fuel using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2223/00—Signal processing; Details thereof
    • F23N2223/42—Function generator
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2235/00—Valves, nozzles or pumps
    • F23N2235/02—Air or combustion gas valves or dampers
    • F23N2235/10—Air or combustion gas valves or dampers power assisted, e.g. using electric motors
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2235/00—Valves, nozzles or pumps
    • F23N2235/12—Fuel valves
    • F23N2235/16—Fuel valves variable flow or proportional valves
    • Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
    • Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
    • Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
    • Y02E20/00—Combustion technologies with mitigation potential
    • Y02E20/14—Combined heat and power generation [CHP]

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a method and a control of a fluid flow in a power plant system.
  • plants under plant engineering are understood in principle, run in which specifically thermodynamic processes, as is the case in particular in power, heating or heating power plants as well as, for example, in refrigeration or air separation plants.
  • the fluid stream may be an air, process or fuel stream.
  • the control described has a data memory in which at least one thermodynamic state variable and / or an operating parameter of the system and for a component of the system at least one property, a parameter, a special operating state and / or a characteristic is stored.
  • the controller has a data processing unit which generates a control variable based on data obtained from the data memory and generates a control signal which is transmitted to the at least one system component, which is an actuator and / or a pressure booster unit, so that at least temporarily a change in a state variable of the fluid flow can be realized.
  • thermodynamic and fluidic state variables in power plants a variety of different measurement methods is known.
  • flow and volume measurement of flowing air, fuel or other process gases in closed pipes often with the help of flow meters or flow meters, or so-called volumetric meters.
  • volumetric meters A summary of corresponding measurement methods can be found in the relevant literature, for example from "Karl W. Bonfig: Technical Flow Measurement; Volcano publishing house; Essen 2002 ".
  • power plants use measuring systems with measuring diaphragms, dynamic pressure probes or Venturi nozzles to measure the properties of flowing fluids on systems based on differential pressure measurement.
  • the corresponding sensor systems are installed in the fluid-carrying line systems, wherein determined by means of the pressure measurements, the flow velocity of the fluids in the lines and determined taking into account the line geometry of the respective volume or volume flow of the fluid.
  • the fluids may be air, a process gas, or even a particle-laden fluid stream.
  • indirectly operating measuring methods are known in which correlation measurements are made on particles which are present in the flow or added and which are advantageously provided with a marking and thus the flow velocity and / or the volume or volume flow of the fluids can be determined.
  • Such a method is known for example from DE 10 2008 030 650 A1.
  • the fuel-air ratio in the combustion of ground coal in a coal-fired power plant is controlled by means of a correlation measuring device.
  • the measuring accuracy but above all the reliability and robustness of the existing sensor systems, depend to a great extent on the installation of the respective device and the sometimes considerable fluctuations subject operating conditions. Furthermore, it must always be taken into account that the measuring range in which trustworthy data can be determined is physically limited in the known sensor systems. For example, larger changes in the flow conditions regularly lead to incorrect measurements. This is not enough for today's requirements of a dynamic power plant operation, which is increasingly characterized by load variations. The problem is thus that the known systems are not satisfactorily able to adapt adaptively to the sometimes short-term changed operating conditions.
  • the invention is based on the object to further develop such a system such that the assembly, maintenance and calibration costs for the sensors used at least can be significantly reduced.
  • the system to be specified should in this case be used reliably in both air and gaseous fluids. State variables of particle-laden fluid flows should also be able to be detected with great accuracy and used to control these fluid flows.
  • controller to be specified with a suitably designed sensor system should be designed such that the individual hardware as well as software technical Allow system components to be integrated into existing systems with relatively simple means. In this way, it should be possible to retrofit existing plants comparatively easily in order to achieve more effective in terms of both the economy and the ecology.
  • a device for controlling a fluid flow in a power plant system has a data memory in which at least one thermodynamic and / or fluidic state variable and / or an operating parameter of the system and for a component of the system at least one property, a characteristic of a specific operating state and / or a characteristic is stored.
  • a data processing unit which generates at least one control variable on the basis of data obtained from the data memory and generates an actuating signal which is transmitted to the at least one system component for initiating a setting process, so that at least a change in at least one state variable of the fluid takes place
  • the flow of fluid is a fuel and / or combustion air stream fed to a burner unit and the control has been developed such that a hydraulic model is stored in the data processing unit for at least one area of the installation, into which the data from the Data memory are inserted such that during operation of the system by means of the hydraulic model, the control variable for generating the control signal for at least one fluid flow influencing system component is generated.
  • Essential to the invention here is that the control of the fluid flow of a power plant system are at least partially based on data that were not measured in the classical sense but that have been generated using the hydraulic model.
  • Such sensor systems are therefore also referred to as virtual sensors or as software sensors.
  • the invention is thus based on a provision of data that with Help at least one such virtual sensor or software sensor have been generated.
  • a controller designed in accordance with the invention is therefore distinguished above all by the use of a so-called virtual sensor or software sensor, by means of which a flow of fluid within a power plant system is purposefully controlled.
  • a state variable in particular a fluid state variable, a flowing fluid flow, for example an air, gas or fuel flow, based on the data obtained by a comparatively simple hydraulic model at least a portion of the system , is controlled.
  • the determination of the data required for the hydraulic system model takes place on the basis of known system data.
  • known system data information about the dimensioning and guidance of the individual pipelines and, on the other hand, known characteristics of the various actuators installed in the flow system, in particular fittings, compressors and / or fans or pumps.
  • additional data from individual in sensors are generated, used as parameters in the model, for adjusting the values stored in the data memory, or for comparing and / or adjusting the values generated by the model.
  • the control according to the invention which is based on the use of a virtual sensor system, can be used in a preferred manner in power, heating or heating power plants, in particular for controlling a combustion air and / or fuel flow.
  • a virtual sensor system can be used in a preferred manner in power, heating or heating power plants, in particular for controlling a combustion air and / or fuel flow.
  • thermodynamic processes are intended to run in a targeted manner, such as, for example, systems for cooling or air separation.
  • both the state variables of exclusively air or gaseous fluid streams and of fluid streams which at least partially contain particles are determined in a particularly advantageous manner, and then the targeted control-technical change of these state variables he follows.
  • state variables of an air flow and / or a coal dust flow which are supplied individually or jointly to a pulverized coal combustion plant, are determined and controlled in accordance with the load requirements or other, for example, economic boundary conditions.
  • accurate air flow determination can be in this way with known or otherwise measured fuel flow rates adjust the air ratio accurately and reliably, so that sets an optimal combustion process in terms of emission, burnout, temperature distribution and other parameters.
  • parameters determined as well as data generated by at least one sensor installed in the installation are taken into account in order to control a flow of fluid in a power plant system during the generation of manipulated variables on the one hand with the aid of the hydraulic system model.
  • particularly reliable manipulated variables can be generated by being easily accessible within the power plant system Locate the piping system sensors are mounted and the data supplied are taken into account together with the data generated on the basis of the hydraulic model in the control of a fluid flow.
  • a combination of classic data collection at specially selected points of the power plant's piping system with the model-based generation of manipulated variables can in many cases represent a particularly economical option for generating exact and reliable manipulated variables.
  • At least one sensor is provided in the system, by which a measured value is generated, which is inserted into the model for generating the control signal or compared with a value generated by the model.
  • a measured value is generated, which is inserted into the model for generating the control signal or compared with a value generated by the model.
  • adaptive adaptation of the hydraulic system model to the real conditions is possible by simple means.
  • Preferably also in this case already known, ie historically, or prior to commissioning of the system calculated or measured parameters are stored in the data memory.
  • preferably not only properties of the lines through which the fluid stream flows but also at least one actuating characteristic of an actuator and / or a pump or a compressor of the system are stored in the data memory.
  • the data processing unit is integrated into a control room of the power plant system.
  • the hydraulic system model runs on an external data processing unit and that the data required for the control of the fluid flow according to the invention is transmitted from the external data processing unit via an interface to the control system. the.
  • the communication between the external computer and the control room of the power plant is constantly monitored in order to reliably rule out errors.
  • the existing there, so already installed, quasi hardware existing sensors used.
  • the measurement data provided by these sensors are used as interpolation points to adapt and improve the calculations using the hydraulic system model.
  • additional values of the control according to the invention can be provided. These additional values are then advantageously used to adapt and verify the calculated parameters.
  • a statistically optimal procedure is used to obtain the information required for the control or the hydraulic system model, which allows to gain as much information as possible with little effort.
  • This procedure is supported by the use of a statistical experimental design and variation of the relevant parameters.
  • the information used in an advantageous manner for the line model and / or for generating suitable manipulated variables includes, in particular, the momentary adjustment of the actuators, such as air flap positions, and the various pressure differences in the piping system.
  • the respective louvers such as primary, secondary and / or Ausbrand Kunststoffklappen, constantly moved during operation.
  • Data which are present due to the respective adjustments are preferably taken into account in the generation of manipulated variables according to the invention.
  • a start strategy for further identification during operation is defined or a test plan is created.
  • excess oxygen variation can be concluded, for example, on the total amount of air supplied at a known amount of fuel, for example.
  • the route can be identified without the need for physical air measurements.
  • the parameters of the combustion calculation are also identified, in which case approximate and / or statistical see method be used. Furthermore, it proves to be advantageous if the valve characteristics of the actuators provided within the system are successively determined and adapted starting from characteristic default values.
  • the internal combustion engine of a motor vehicle can basically be regarded as a power plant in which specifically thermodynamic processes take place.
  • the data processing unit is integrated in a control computer of an internal combustion engine and / or a motor vehicle.
  • the use of the controller according to the invention with a virtual sensor system is suitable for any power, heating or heating power plant system and even any system in which thermodynamic processes take place. Since an internal combustion engine of a vehicle, in particular of a motor vehicle, also constitutes such a system, the use of the sensor system according to the invention is also possible here. It is essential in each case that at least one interface is provided, via which the data memory or the data processing unit is connected to a controller of a corresponding system in order to ensure a control, preferably of the combustion air and / or the fuel stream.
  • the inventively executed control with a virtual sensor system is based on physically motivated models that the hydraulic fluid flows through the lines, in particular the pipe network of a heating, power or heating power plant, as well as possibly contained therein drive or components.
  • the model used for control thus differs fundamentally from the known models derived from pure input and output relationships.
  • the particular advantage is that the required structure information does not have to be derived from the available data.
  • Fig. 1 Schematic representation of coal mills from which the ground coal dust is transported to the burner provided for this purpose
  • Fig. 2 Process flow diagram of the air duct in an industrial furnace.
  • the coal is first ground with the help of coal mills and dried. Subsequently, the ground coal is either stored in an intermediate bunker (indirect firing) or conveyed directly from the mill outlet, which is also referred to as a classifier, pneumatically to the coal dust burners (direct firing).
  • intermediate bunker indirect firing
  • direct dust firing is the norm nowadays. Indirect firing, on the other hand, is often used in cement works or in smaller steam boilers. The following description refers to a direct coal dust firing, as it is mainly used in large power plants.
  • FIG. 1 schematically shows a steam generator with a tangential firing for raw lignite coal.
  • the burners 6 are supplied directly from the coal mills 9 or via the classifier with the coal dust required for the combustion and are arranged symmetrically about a combustion chamber 10.
  • the coal mills 9 the grinding and the drying of the coal, which is then pneumatically conveyed to the burners 6 in the form of dust by means of carrying air, are first carried out.
  • mills 9 are not usually all at the same time in operation to still be able to provide the required fuel in the event of mill failures.
  • Each of the coal mills 9 shown supplies four burners 6 with coal dust, the burners 6 each having primary air (PL), secondary air (SL) and burnout air (ABL1 and ABL2). be supplied.
  • the primary air (PL) is sucked back, mixed with air flue gas, which transports the coal dust to the burners 6.
  • Secondary air (SL) is the main combustion air.
  • Combustion air (ABL1 and ABL2) is supplied in two stages and is designed to ensure complete CO burn-out with the aim of reducing NO x emissions.
  • a data processing unit 2 is provided in the control room 8 of the power plant 1, in which a hydraulic system model 5 of the flow channels provided for the air promotion is deposited. Furthermore, information relating to the pipeline network and operating characteristics of the air flaps 7 provided in the pipelines are stored in a data memory 2. With the aid of these data, starting from an initial state for each operating state, the required fuel and air quantity and thus the respective damper positions can be calculated. On the basis of a comparison of the actual values with the desired values, appropriate control variables are finally generated in order to adapt the operating state of the furnace 1 to the respective requirement, in particular the load or economic requirements.
  • Figure 2 shows a process flow diagram of the air duct in an industrial furnace 1.
  • the air duct 1 1, a total amount of air flow is first supplied. At a first branch, a portion of this total air flow is diverted into a grate air duct (RL). The rest of the air flow is now branched to eight different main air strands, each main air strand each supplying two burners 6 with air. One of these main air paths is shown explicitly in FIG.
  • the technical solution according to the invention now offers the possibility of replacing all or at least some of the hitherto required, physically existing sensors by a virtual sensor.
  • the virtual sensor is based on a comparatively simple hydraulic system model 5, with which the flow parameters in the flow-through pipes and actuators 7, in particular in air-flowed pipes and louvers, can be determined for different operating states. Taking into account the determined flow parameters, control signals are finally generated which ensure an adjustment of the actuators 7, and thus the fuel and / or combustion air supply, as needed.
  • the core component of the deposited model 5 is a physical model of line hydraulics, which is generically structured and flexibly adaptable to different hydraulic network topologies.
  • suitable submodels are stored in a kind of library for the various network op- tologies, which can be adapted as needed and finally assembled into a large hydraulic system model 5.
  • no structure identification is necessary, but only a parameter identification, which can be much more reliable and faster.
  • corresponding measured values are generated in the generation of data by the model 1, ie with the aid of a virtual sensor or a software sensor the generated data and / or an adaptation of the generated data used. If measured values are available, the identification takes place taking into account these measured values. If this is not the case, then the effect of the influencing variables present, such as valve positions or pressure differences, on the volume flows can be determined with the aid of a substitute variable lying in the causal physical signal chain. As such a substitute size, for example, the excess oxygen in the combustion or a change in this oxygen excess offers.
  • the primary aim is to record the air volume flow of the secondary air (SL) in individual lines online.
  • Condition for the determination of an initial value of the dells is first that the primary air (PL) contains sufficient oxygen (0 2 ) to allow reliable identification.
  • the amount of air required in the incinerator depends on the composition of the coal and the surplus air under which the actual combustion is carried out. In this way, an estimate of the total required air flow can be made.
  • This total air flow branches according to the system design on different flow paths. In these flow paths are in turn depending on the pipe sizing, the type of pipe installation and the internals used special hydraulic conditions.
  • the funded by the industrial combustion system total air flow depends largely on the fuel mass flow, which can be obtained taking into account the currently required power plant or boiler output from the energy balance. Taking into account these parameters, the different air flows in the different system parts can be determined. In the hydraulic model, the adjustment of corresponding volume flows takes place by a suitable variation of the setting of the air dampers used. In this connection, it is appropriately assumed that the total air volume flow in the incinerator is initially constant. If the starting phase of the combustion process is to be able to be controlled more precisely with the aid of the model, it is also possible here to vary the total flow or the individual air flows as a function of the respectively present load requirement.
  • the described method for determining the parameters required at the outset for the model can be carried out here with or without consideration of measurement data which are supplied by already installed physical sensors for detecting the respective volume flows. If no corresponding physical sensors are present in a firing system, the identification of the required parameters is carried out by the above calculation, taking into account the oxygen excess during combustion or a change in this oxygen excess.
  • the calculations of the parameters required at the outset can be easily carried out with the aid of the relevant known combustion calculations based on elementary analysis or a statistical combustion calculation.
  • the furnace has about 40 lines through which air flows, in the example chosen, between 11.4 and 12.8 kg / s air flows in each line. Assuming, furthermore, that control technology still a change of the oxygen excess can be performed by 0.1%, this change corresponds to a change in the air mass flow by about 2.75 kg / s. This means that when modulating a line, the air mass flow must be varied by about 25%. In particular, with a simultaneous modulation of multiple lines this can be carried out in a suitable manner.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Feedback Control In General (AREA)
  • Regulation And Control Of Combustion (AREA)

Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé et un dispositif pour commander un flux de fluide dans une installation (1) relative à la technique des centrales électriques. La commande présente une mémoire de données (3) dans laquelle sont mémorisés au moins une grandeur d'état thermodynamique et/ou relative à la technique des fluides et/ou un paramètre de fonctionnement de l'installation (1) et, pour un élément (4) de l'installation (1), au moins une propriété, une grandeur caractéristique d'un état de fonctionnement spécial et/ou une caractéristique. Il est prévu en outre une unité de traitement de données (2) qui, sur la base des données obtenues de la mémoire de données (3), génère au moins une grandeur de commande et produit un signal de réglage qui est transmis à ou aux éléments (4) de l'installation pour initier un processus de réglage, de manière à modifier au moins temporairement au moins une grandeur d'état du fluide. La solution technique décrite se caractérise en ce que le flux de fluide est un flux de combustible et/ou d'air de combustion acheminé dans une unité de brûleur et en ce que dans l'unité de traitement de données (2), pour au moins une zone de l'installation, un modèle hydraulique (5) est stocké et, dans ce modèle, les données provenant de la mémoire de données (3) sont introduites de sorte que, pendant le fonctionnement de l'installation (1), le modèle hydraulique (5) permette de générer la grandeur de commande pour produire le signal de réglage pour au moins un élément (4) de l'installation influençant le flux de fluide.
EP13826712.5A 2012-11-14 2013-11-09 Commande d'un flux de fluide dans une installation relative à la technique des centrales électriques Withdrawn EP2920518A1 (fr)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
DE102012022221.1A DE102012022221A1 (de) 2012-11-14 2012-11-14 Steuerung eines Fluidstroms in einer kraftwerkstechnischen Anlage
PCT/DE2013/000672 WO2014075653A1 (fr) 2012-11-14 2013-11-09 Commande d'un flux de fluide dans une installation relative à la technique des centrales électriques

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2920518A1 true EP2920518A1 (fr) 2015-09-23

Family

ID=50031096

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP13826712.5A Withdrawn EP2920518A1 (fr) 2012-11-14 2013-11-09 Commande d'un flux de fluide dans une installation relative à la technique des centrales électriques

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2920518A1 (fr)
DE (1) DE102012022221A1 (fr)
WO (1) WO2014075653A1 (fr)

Citations (3)

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US4622922A (en) * 1984-06-11 1986-11-18 Hitachi, Ltd. Combustion control method
DE102006033486A1 (de) * 2006-07-19 2008-01-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Kraftstoffsystems einer Brennkraftmaschine
EP2730842A1 (fr) * 2012-11-08 2014-05-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Dispositif de chauffage et procédé de combustion optimisée de biomasse

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EP0339135A1 (fr) * 1988-04-25 1989-11-02 Landis & Gyr Betriebs AG Dispositif de contrôle composite pour brûleur
NL9201391A (nl) * 1992-07-31 1994-02-16 Deltec Fuel Systems Bv Regelstelsel voor het toevoeren van een gasstroom aan een gasgebruikstoestel.
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ITAN20020038A1 (it) * 2002-08-05 2004-02-06 Merloni Termosanitari Spa Ora Ariston Thermo Spa Sistema di controllo della combustione a sensore virtuale di lambda.
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DE102008030650B4 (de) 2008-06-27 2011-06-16 PROMECON Prozeß- und Meßtechnik Conrads GmbH Einrichtung und Verfahren zur Steuerung des Brennstoff-Luft-Verhältnisses bei der Verbrennung gemahlener Kohle in einer Kohlekraftwerksfeuerungsanlage
DE102008043127A1 (de) * 2008-10-23 2010-04-29 Robert Bosch Gmbh Verfahren, Computerprogramm, Steuer- und Regelgerät zum Betreiben eines Kraftstoffversorgungssystems einer Brennkraftmaschine

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US4622922A (en) * 1984-06-11 1986-11-18 Hitachi, Ltd. Combustion control method
DE102006033486A1 (de) * 2006-07-19 2008-01-24 Robert Bosch Gmbh Verfahren zum Betreiben eines Kraftstoffsystems einer Brennkraftmaschine
EP2730842A1 (fr) * 2012-11-08 2014-05-14 Robert Bosch Gmbh Dispositif de chauffage et procédé de combustion optimisée de biomasse

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Title
See also references of WO2014075653A1 *

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
DE102012022221A1 (de) 2015-09-03
WO2014075653A1 (fr) 2014-05-22

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