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  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/36—Compounds of titanium
  • C09C1/3607—Titanium dioxide
  • C09C1/3653—Treatment with inorganic compounds
  • C09C1/3661—Coating
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
  • D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
  • D21H17/675—Oxides, hydroxides or carbonates
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  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/02—Compounds of alkaline earth metals or magnesium
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  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/02—Compounds of alkaline earth metals or magnesium
  • C09C1/021—Calcium carbonates
  • C09C1/022—Treatment with inorganic compounds
  • C09C1/024—Coating
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  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/02—Compounds of alkaline earth metals or magnesium
  • C09C1/027—Barium sulfates
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  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/04—Compounds of zinc
  • C09C1/043—Zinc oxide
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  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/14—Compounds of lead
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  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/36—Compounds of titanium
  • C09C1/3607—Titanium dioxide
  • C09C1/3669—Treatment with low-molecular organic compounds
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  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/36—Compounds of titanium
  • C09C1/3692—Combinations of treatments provided for in groups C09C1/3615 - C09C1/3684
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  • C09C1/00—Treatment of specific inorganic materials other than fibrous fillers; Preparation of carbon black
  • C09C1/40—Compounds of aluminium
  • C09C1/407—Aluminium oxides or hydroxides
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  • C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
  • C09C3/006—Combinations of treatments provided for in groups C09C3/04 - C09C3/12
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  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
  • C09C3/06—Treatment with inorganic compounds
  • C09C3/063—Coating
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  • C09—DYES; PAINTS; POLISHES; NATURAL RESINS; ADHESIVES; COMPOSITIONS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; APPLICATIONS OF MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • C09C—TREATMENT OF INORGANIC MATERIALS, OTHER THAN FIBROUS FILLERS, TO ENHANCE THEIR PIGMENTING OR FILLING PROPERTIES ; PREPARATION OF CARBON BLACK  ; PREPARATION OF INORGANIC MATERIALS WHICH ARE NO SINGLE CHEMICAL COMPOUNDS AND WHICH ARE MAINLY USED AS PIGMENTS OR FILLERS
  • C09C3/00—Treatment in general of inorganic materials, other than fibrous fillers, to enhance their pigmenting or filling properties
  • C09C3/08—Treatment with low-molecular-weight non-polymer organic compounds
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/03—Non-macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/05—Non-macromolecular organic compounds containing elements other than carbon and hydrogen only
  • D21H17/07—Nitrogen-containing compounds
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/20—Macromolecular organic compounds
  • D21H17/33—Synthetic macromolecular compounds
  • D21H17/46—Synthetic macromolecular compounds obtained otherwise than by reactions only involving carbon-to-carbon unsaturated bonds
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
  • D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
  • D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
  • D21H17/68—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments siliceous, e.g. clays
• • D—TEXTILES; PAPER
  • D21—PAPER-MAKING; PRODUCTION OF CELLULOSE
  • D21H—PULP COMPOSITIONS; PREPARATION THEREOF NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES D21C OR D21D; IMPREGNATING OR COATING OF PAPER; TREATMENT OF FINISHED PAPER NOT COVERED BY CLASS B31 OR SUBCLASS D21G; PAPER NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • D21H17/00—Non-fibrous material added to the pulp, characterised by its constitution; Paper-impregnating material characterised by its constitution
  • D21H17/63—Inorganic compounds
  • D21H17/67—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments
  • D21H17/69—Water-insoluble compounds, e.g. fillers, pigments modified, e.g. by association with other compositions prior to incorporation in the pulp or paper
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2004/00—Particle morphology
  • C01P2004/60—Particles characterised by their size
  • C01P2004/62—Submicrometer sized, i.e. from 0.1-1 micrometer
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/10—Solid density
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C01—INORGANIC CHEMISTRY
  • C01P—INDEXING SCHEME RELATING TO STRUCTURAL AND PHYSICAL ASPECTS OF SOLID INORGANIC COMPOUNDS
  • C01P2006/00—Physical properties of inorganic compounds
  • C01P2006/12—Surface area

Definitions

• the present disclosure pertains to self-dispersing inorganic particles, and in particular to titanium dioxide pigments, and their use in decor paper and paper laminates made from such paper.
• Paper laminates are in general well-known in the art, being suitable for a variety of uses including table and desk tops, countertops, wall panels, floor surfacing and the like. Paper laminates have such a wide variety of uses because they can be made to be extremely durable, and can be also made to resemble (both in appearance and texture) a wide variety of construction materials, including wood, stone, marble and tile, and they can be decorated to carry images and colors.
• the paper laminates are made from decor paper by impregnating the paper with resins of various kinds, assembling several layers of one or more types of laminate papers, and consolidating the assembly into a unitary core structure while converting the resin to a cured state.
• the type of resin and laminate paper used, and composition of the final assembly, are generally dictated by the end use of the laminate.
• Decorative paper laminates can be made by utilizing a decorated paper layer as the visible paper layer in the unitary core structure.
• the remainder of the core structure typically comprises various support paper layers, and may include one or more highly-opaque intermediate layers between the decorative and support layers so that the appearance of the support layers does not adversely impact the appearance of decorative layer.
• Paper laminates may be produced by both low- and high-pressure lamination processes.
• Decor papers typically comprise fillers such as titanium dioxide to increase brightness and opacity to the paper.
• these fillers are incorporated into the fibrous paper web by wet end addition.
• the disclosure provides a decor paper comprising a self-dispersing pigment having an isoelectric point of at least about 8, more typically about 8 to about 10, comprising an inorganic particle, more typically a titanium dioxide (T1O2) pigment, having a silica treatment and an outermost treatment prepared by sequentially:
• a basic amine group comprising a primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• the disclosure provides a self-dispersing pigment wherein the anchoring group is a carboxylic acid functional group comprising an acetate or salts thereof; a di-carboxylic acid group comprising malonate, succinate, glutarate, adipate or salts thereof; an oxoanion functional group comprising a phosphate, phosphonate, sulfate, or sulfonate; or a substituted 1 ,3-diketone or a substituted 3-ketoamide.
• the anchoring group is a carboxylic acid functional group comprising an acetate or salts thereof; a di-carboxylic acid group comprising malonate, succinate, glutarate, adipate or salts thereof; an oxoanion functional group comprising a phosphate, phosphonate, sulfate, or sulfonate; or a substituted 1 ,3-diketone or a substituted 3-ketoamide.
• the disclosure provides a self-dispersing pigment wherein the basic amine group is ammine; /V-methyl, ethyl, propyl, butyl, cydopentyl, or cydohexylannine; or N, A/-di methyl, diethyl, dipropyl, dibutyl, dicyclopentyl, dicyclohexyl amine or mixed dialkylamines such as N,N- methylethyl, etc. More typically utilized amine groups comprise ammine (- NH 2 ), N-methyl amine, or ⁇ , ⁇ -dimethyl amine.
• the disclosure provides a self-dispersing pigment further comprising a tethering group that chemically connects the anchoring group to the basic amine group, wherein the tethering group comprises:
• the disclosure provides a self-dispersing pigment wherein the dual functional compound comprises alpha-omega
• aminoacids such as beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and epsilon- aminocaproic acid; alpha-amino acids such as lysine, argenine, aspartic acid or salts thereof.
• the disclosure provides a self-dispersing pigment wherein the dual-functional compound comprises:
• X is a tethering group that chemically connects the anchoring group to the basic amine group as described above;
• R' and R" are each individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyi, alkyl-aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkene, alkylene, arylene, alkylarylene, arylalkylene or cycloalkylene;
• X is a tethering group that chemically connects the anchoring group to the basic amine group as described above;
• R' and R" are each individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyi, alkyl-aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkene, alkylene, arylene, alkylarylene, arylalkylene or cycloalkylene;
• X is a tethering group that chemically connects the anchoring group to the basic amine group as described above;
• Ri and R2 are each individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkene, alkylene, and
• n 0 - 50;
• X is a tethering group that chemically connects the anchoring group to the basic amine group
• Ri and R2 are each individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkene, alkylene, and
• the disclosure provides slurry comprising a self- dispersing pigment comprising pigment solids of 10% and having a pH of the pigment slurry less than about 7, more typically about 5 to about 7.
• the disclosure provides a self-dispersing pigment having a surface area of at least 15 m 2 /g.
• self-dispersing pigment we mean a pigment with an attribute that is achieved when the pigment zeta potential becomes a dominant force keeping pigment particles separated, i.e., dispersed in the aqueous phase. This force may be strong enough to separate weakly agglomerated pigment particles when suspended in an aqueous medium under low shear conditions. Since the zeta potential varies as a function of solution pH and ionic strength, ideally pigment particles maintain sufficient like- charge providing a repulsive force thereby keeping the particles separated and suspended.
• TiO2 particle the TiO 2 particle
• TiO 2 particle also includes a plurality of TiO 2 particles.
• the inorganic particle is typically an inorganic metal oxide or mixed metal oxide pigment particle, more typically a titanium dioxide particle that may be a pigment or a nanoparticle, wherein the inorganic particle, typically inorganic metal oxide or mixed metal oxide particle, more typically titanium dioxide particle provides enhanced compatibility in a decor paper furnish.
• inorganic particle it is meant an inorganic particulate material that becomes dispersed throughout a final product such as a decor paper composition and imparts color and opacity to it.
• Some examples of inorganic particles include but are not limited to ZnO, ⁇ 2, SrTiO3, BaSO 4 ,
• PbCO 3 BaTiOs, Ce 2 O 3 , AI 2 O 3 , CaCO 3 and ZrO 2 .
• Titanium dioxide pigment
• Titanium dioxide (TiO 2 ) pigment useful in the present disclosure may be in the rutile or anatase crystalline form, with the rutile form being typical. It is commonly made by either a chloride process or a sulfate process. In the chloride process, TiCI is oxidized to TiO 2 particles. In the sulfate process, sulfuric acid and ore containing titanium are dissolved, and the resulting solution goes through a series of steps to yield TiO 2 . Both the sulfate and chloride processes are described in greater detail in "The Pigment Handbook", Vol. 1 , 2nd Ed., John Wiley & Sons, NY (1988), the relevant teachings of which are incorporated herein by reference for all purposes as if fully set forth.
• pigment it is meant that the titanium dioxide particles have an average size of less than about 1 micron. Typically, the particles have an average size of from about 0.020 to about 0.95 microns, more typically from about 0.050 to about 0.75 microns, and most typically from about 0.075 to about 0.50 microns. Also typical are pigments with a specific gravity in the range of about 3.5 to about 6 g/cc.
• the untreated titanium dioxide pigment may be surface treated.
• surface treated it is meant titanium dioxide pigment particles have been contacted with the compounds described herein wherein the compounds are adsorbed on the surface of the titanium dioxide particle, or a reaction product of at least one of the compounds with the titanium dioxide particle is present on the surface as an adsorbed species or chemically bonded to the surface.
• the compounds or their reaction products or combination thereof may be present as a treatment, in particular a coating, either single layer or double layer, continuous or non-continuous, on the surface of the pigment.
• the titanium dioxide particle may bear one or more surface treatments.
• a silica treatment is present on the surface of the titanium dioxide pigment.
• the outermost treatment may be obtained by sequentially:
• the inorganic particle in particular a titanium dioxide particle, may comprise at least one silica treatment.
• This silica treatment may be present in the amount of the amount about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, typically from about 1 .5 wt% to about 1 1 wt%, and more typically from about 2 wt% to about 7 wt%, based on the total weight of the treated titanium dioxide particle.
• the treatment may be applied by methods known to one skilled in the art.
• a typical method of adding a silica treatment to the T1O2 particle is by wet treatment similar to that disclosed in US
• An alternate method of adding a silica treatment to the TiO 2 particle is by deposition of pyrogenic silica onto a pyrogenic titanium dioxide particle, as described in US5,992,120, or by co-oxygenation of silicon tetrachloride with titanium tetrachloride, as described in
• the slurry comprising silica treated titanium dioxide particle and water is prepared by a process comprising the following steps that include providing a slurry of titanium dioxide particle in water; wherein typically T1O2 is present in the amount of 25 to about 35% by weight, more typically about 30% by weight, based on the total weight of the slurry. This is followed by heating the slurry to about 30 to about 40°C, more typically 33 - 37°C, and adjusting the pH to about 3.5 to about 7.5, more typically about 5.0 to about 6.5.
• Soluble silicates such as sodium or potassium silicate are then added to the slurry while maintaining the pH between about 3.5 and about 7.5, more typically about 5.0 to about 6.5; followed by stirring for at least about 5 min and typically at least about 10 minutes, but no more than 30 minutes, to facilitate silica precipitation onto the titanium dioxide particle.
• Commercially available water soluble sodium silicates with SiO2 Na2O weight ratios from about 1 .6 to about 3.75 and varying from 32 to 54% by weight of solids, with or without further dilution are the most practical.
• the slurry should typically be acidic during the addition of the effective portion of the soluble silicate.
• the acid used may be any acid, such as HCI, H 2 SO 4 , HNO3 or H 3 PO 4 having a dissociation constant sufficiently high to precipitate silica and used in an amount sufficient to maintain an acid condition in the slurry.
• Compounds such as TiOSO or TiCI which hydrolyze to form acid may also be used.
• the soluble silicate and the acid may be added simultaneously as long as the acidity of the slurry is typically maintained at a pH of below about 7.5. After addition of the acid, the slurry should be maintained at a temperature of no greater than 50°C for at least 30 minutes before proceeding with further additions.
• the treatment corresponds to about 3 to about 14% by weight of silica, more typically about 5 to about 12.0%, and still more typically 10.5% based on the total weight of the titanium dioxide particle, and in particular the titanium dioxide core particle.
• the aluminum compound or basic aluminate results in an hydrous alumina treatment on the surface, typically the outermost surface of the titanium dioxide particle and it is present in the amount of at least about 3% of alumina, more typically about 4.5 to about 7%, based on the total weight of the treated titanium dioxide particle.
• suitable aluminum compounds and basic aluminates include aluminum sulfate hydrate, aluminum chloride hydrate, or aluminum nitrate hydrate and alkali aluminates, and more typically sodium or potassium aluminate.
• the dual-functional compound comprises an anchoring group that attaches the dual-functional compound to the pigment surface, typically the outermost surface, and a basic amine group comprising a primary, secondary or tertiary amine.
• the anchoring group may be a carboxylic acid functional group comprising an acetate or salts thereof; a di- carboxylic acid group comprising malonate, succinate, glutarate, adipate or salts thereof; an oxoanion functional group comprising a phosphate, phosphonate, sulfate, or sulfonate; or a diketone such as a C3 substituted 2,4-pentanedione or a substituted 3-ketobutanamide derivative.
• the dual functional compound is present in an amount of less than 10% by weight, based on the weight of treated pigment, more typically about 0.4% to about 3%, based on the weight of treated pigment.
• Substituents on the basic amine group are selected from the group consisting of hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyi, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkene, alkylene, or cydoalkylene, more typically short chain alkyls comprising methyl, ethyl, or propyl, and still more typically ammine.
• the dual functional compound may comprise alpha-omega aminoacids such as beta-alanine, gamma-aminobutyric acid, and epsilon- aminocaproic acid; alpha-amino acids such as lysine, argenine, aspartic acid or salts thereof.
• the dual-functional compound comprises an
• aminomalonate derivative having the structure:
• X is a tethering group that chemically connects the anchoring group to the basic amine group
• R' and R" are each individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyi, alkyl-aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkene, alkylene, arylene, alkylarylene, arylalkylene or cydoalkylene; more typically hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 8 carbon atoms, and still more typical where R' and R" are selected from hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.
• Ri and R 2 are each individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyi, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkene, alkylene, or cydoalkylene, more typically short chain alkyls comprising methyl, ethyl, or propyl, and still more typically ammine; and
• n 0 - 50.
• n 1 - 4.
• n ranges from 2.5 to 50, more typically 6 - 18.
• aminomalonate derivatives include methyl and ethyl esters of 2-(2-aminoethyl)malonic acid, more typically 2- (2-aminoethyl)dimethylmalonate.
• the dual functional compound may alternately comprise an aminosuccinate derivative having the structure:
• X is a tethering group that chemically connects the anchoring group to the basic amine group
• R' and R" are each individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyi, alkyl-aryl, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkene, alkylene, arylene, alkylarylene, arylalkylene or cydoalkylene; more typically hydrogen, alkyl of 1 to 8 carbon atoms, aryl of 6 to 8 carbon atoms, and still more typically where R' and R" are hydrogen, methyl, or ethyl.
• Ri and R2 are each individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyi, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl, alkene, alkylene, or cydoalkylene, more typically short chain alkyls comprising methyl, ethyl, or propyl, and still more typically ammine;
• n 0 - 50.
• n ranges from 2.5 to 50, more typically 6 - 18.
• aminosuccinate derivatives include the methyl and ethyl esters of N-substituted aspartic acid, more typically N-(2- aminoethyl)aspartic acid.
• the dual functional compound may alternately comprise an acetoacetate derivative having the structure:
• X is a tethering group that chemically connects the anchoring group to the basic amine group
• R-i and R 2 are each individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyi, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl , alkene, alkylene, or cydoalkylene, more typically short chain alkyls comprising methyl, ethyl, or propyl, and still more typically ammine;
• n 0 - 50.
• n ranges from 2.5 to 50, more typically 6 - 18.
• An example of an acetoacetate derivative is 3-(2- aminoethyl)-2,4-pentanedione.
• the dual functional compound may alternately comprise a 3- ketoamide (amidoacetate) derivative having the structure:
• X is a tethering group that chemically connects the anchoring group to the basic amine group
• Ri and R2 are each individually selected from hydrogen, alkyl, cycloalkyi, alkenyl, cycloalkenyl , alkene, alkylene, or cydoalkylene, more typically short chain alkyls comprising methyl, ethyl, or propyl, and still more typically ammine;
• n 0 - 50.
• n ranges from 2.5 to 50, more typically 6 - 18.
• amidoacetate derivatives include the ethylenediamine and diethylenetriamine amides, more typically N-(2- aminoethyl)-3-oxo-butanamide. Since the tendency to raise the pigment IEP is proportional to the amount of amine functionality imparted to the pigment surface, it is appropriate to express the molar amount of dual functional compound added to 100 g of treated pigment as the millimolar % of N-added. For example, amounts of dual functional compound used to effectively raise pigment IEP ranged from 2 mmole% to 10 mmole%, more typically 4 mmole% to 8 mmole%.
• the dual functional compound further comprises a tethering group that chemically connects the anchoring group to the basic amine group, wherein the tethering group comprises,
• (c) a carbon, oxygen, nitrogen, phosphorous, or sulfur atom at the attachment point to the anchoring group.
• Some examples of (b) include Jeffamine® D, ED, and EDR series
• the pigment solids comprise at least about 10%, more typically 35% and the pH of the pigment slurry is less than about 7, more typically about 5 to about 7.
• the self-dispersing pigment has surface area at least 15 m 2 /g, more typically 25 - 35 m 2 /g.
• the treated inorganic particle in particular a titanium dioxide particle, may comprise at least one further oxide treatment, for example alumina, zirconia or ceria, aluminosilicate or aluminophosphate.
• This alternate treatment may be present in the amount of the amount about 0.1 wt% to about 20 wt%, typically from about 0.5 wt% to about 5 wt%, and more typically from about 0.5 wt% to about 1 .5 wt%, based on the total weight of the treated titanium dioxide particle.
• the treatment may be applied by methods known to one skilled in the art.
• the oxide treatment provided may be in at least two layers wherein the first layer comprises at least about 3.0% of alumina, more typically about 5.5 to about 6%, based on the total weight of the treated titanium dioxide particle, and at least about 1 % of phosphorous pentoxide, P2O 5 , more typically about 1 .5% to about 3.0% of phosphorous pentoxide, P2O 5 , based on the total weight of the treated titanium dioxide particle.
• the second layer of oxide on the titanium dioxide pigment comprises silica present in the amount of at least about 1 .5%, more typically about 6 to about 14%, and still more typically about 9.5 to about 12%, based on the total weight of the treated titanium dioxide particle.
• the titanium dioxide pigment that is to be surface treated may also bear one or more metal oxide and/or phosphated surface treatments, such as disclosed in US4461810, US4737194 and WO2004/061013 (the disclosures of which are incorporated by reference herein. These coatings may be applied using techniques known by those skilled in the art. Typical are the phosphated metal oxide coated titanium dioxide pigments, such as the phosphated alumina and phosphated alumina/ceria oxide coated varieties.
• titanium dioxide pigments examples include alumina-coated titanium dioxide pigments such as R700 and R706 (available from E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington DE), alumina/phosphate coated titanium-dioxide pigments such as R796+ (available from E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington DE); and alumina/phosphate/ceria coated titanium-dioxide pigments such as R794 (available from E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington DE).
• alumina-coated titanium dioxide pigments such as R700 and R706 (available from E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington DE)
• alumina/phosphate coated titanium-dioxide pigments such as R796+ (available from E. I. duPont de Nemours and Company, Wilmington DE)
• alumina/phosphate/ceria coated titanium-dioxide pigments such as R794 (available from E. I. duPont de Ne
• the process for preparing a self-dispersing pigment comprises: (a) providing a silica treated inorganic particle, in particular TiO 2 pigment particle;
• i an anchoring group that attaches the dual-functional compound to the pigment surface, and ii a basic amine group comprising a primary, secondary or tertiary amine;
• step (c) adding a base to the mixture from step (b) whereby the pH is raised to about 4 to about 9 to form a turbid solution;
• silica treated inorganic particles in particular silica treated ⁇ 2 pigment particles, whereby a hydrous alumina and the dual functional compound comprise an outermost surface treatment.
• the silica treated ⁇ 2 particle may be prepared by treating the ⁇ 2 particle to form a silica treatment thereon using several different techniques, for example, by wet treatment, the deposition of pyrogenic oxides onto a pyrogenic titanium dioxide particle, by methods described in US5,992,120, or by co-oxygenation of metal tetrachloride with titanium tetrachloride, as described in US5,562,764, and U.S. Patent 7,029,648 which are incorporated herein by reference.
• pyrogenically-deposited metal oxide treatments include the use of doped aluminum alloys that result in the generation of a volatile metal chloride that is subsequently oxidized and deposited on the pigment particle surface in the gas phase. Co-oxygenation of the metal chloride species yields the corresponding metal oxide.
• the acidic aluminum salt comprises aluminium sulfate hydrate, or aluminum nitrate hydrate, more typically aluminum chloride hydrate, and wherein the base comprises sodium hydroxide, sodium carbonate, or more typically ammonium hydroxide.
• the accompanying amount of acidic aluminum salt is chosen such that the molar ratio of dual functional compound to Al is ⁇ 3, more typically about 1 to about 2.5. In this manner a mixture more prone to hydrolysis and ensuing deposition is used to augment the pigment surface.
• the aluminum complexes of bidentate ligands such as the anion of acetylacetone (i.e. 2,4-pentanedione).
• Such complexes are well-known from the coordination chemistry literature, with the tris(acetylacetonato)aluminum complex known for its stability (boiling point of 314°C) and non-polar nature, being insoluble in water.
• the titanium dioxide particle can be surface treated in any number of ways well-known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art, as exemplified by the previously incorporated references mentioned above.
• the treatments can be applied by injector treatment, addition to a micronizer, or by simple blending with a slurry of the titanium dioxide.
• the surface-modified titanium dioxide can be dispersed in water at a concentration of below about 10 weight percent, based on the entire weight of the dispersion, typically about 3 to about 5 weight percent using any suitable technique known in the art.
• An example of a suitable dispersion technique is sonication.
• the surface-modified titanium dioxide of this disclosure is cationic.
• the isoelectric point, determined by the pH value when the zeta potential has a value of zero, of the surface-modified titanium dioxide of this disclosure has an isoelectric point greater than 8, typically greater than 9, even more typically in the range of about 9 to about 10.
• the isoelectric point can be determined using the zeta potential measurement procedure described in the Examples set forth herein below.
• the amount of deposited dual functional compound allows control of the isoelectric point of at least 8.0, more typically between 8.0 and 9.0, which can be beneficial in facilitating the dispersion and/or flocculation of the particulate compositions during plant processing and decor paper production.
• Having a high IEP means that the pigment particle possesses a cationic charge under conditions when the pigment is introduced into the decor paper furnish.
• the cationic pigment surface, possessing sufficient charge at pH ⁇ 7, will be more likely to interact with the
• the particle to particle surface treatments are substantially homogenous.
• each core particle has attached to its surface an amount of alumina or aluminophosphate such that the variability in alumina and phosphate levels among particles is so low as to make all particles interact with water, organic solvent or dispersant molecules in the same manner (that is, all particles interact with their chemical environment in a common manner and to a common extent).
• the treated titanium dioxide particles are completely dispersed in water to form a slurry in less than 10 minutes, more typically less than about 5 minutes.
• completely dispersed we mean that the dispersion is composed of individual particles or small groups of particles created during the particle formation stage (hard aggregates) and that all soft agglomerates have been reduced to individual particles.
• the pigment is recovered by known procedures including neutralization of the slurry and if necessary, filtration, washing, drying and frequently a dry grinding step such as micronizing. Drying is not necessary, however, as a slurry of the product can be used directly in preparing paper dispersions where water is the liquid phase.
• the treated titanium dioxide particles may be used in paper laminates.
• the paper laminates of this disclosure are useful as flooring, furniture, countertops, artificial wood surface, and artificial stone surface.
• Decor paper may contain fillers such as treated titanium dioxide prepared as described above and also additional fillers.
• additional fillers include talcum, zinc oxide, kaolin, calcium carbonate and mixtures thereof.
• the filler component of the decorative paper can be about 10 to about 65% by weight, in particular 30 to 45 % by weight, based on the total weight of the decor paper.
• the basis weight of the decor paper base can be in the range of 30 to about 300 g/m 2 , and in particular 90 to 1 10 g/m 2 .
• the basis weights are selected as a function of the particular application.
• the titanium dioxide suspension can be mixed with pulp, for example refined wood pulp such as eucalyptus pulp, in an aqueous dispersion.
• pulp for example refined wood pulp such as eucalyptus pulp
• the pH of the pulp dispersion is typically about 6 to about 8, more typically about 7 to about 7.5.
• the pulp dispersion can be used to form paper by conventional techniques.
• Coniferous wood pulps long fiber pulps
• hardwood pulps such as eucalyptus (short fibered pulps) and mixtures thereof are useful as pulps in the manufacture of decor paper base. It is also possible to use cotton fibers or mixtures all these types of pulps.
• the pulp can have a degree of beating of 20° to about 60° SR according to Schopper-Riegler.
• the decor paper may also contain a cationic polymer that may comprise an epichlorohydrin and tertiary amine or a quaternary ammonium compound such as chlorohydroxypropyl trimethyl ammonium chloride or glycidyl trimethyl ammonium chloride. Most typically the cationic polymer is a quaternary ammonium compound.
• Cationic polymers such as wet strength enhancing agents that include polyamide/polyamine
• epichlorohydrin resins other polyamine derivatives or polyamide derivatives, cationic polyacrylates, modified melamine formaldehyde resins or cationized starches are also useful and can be added to form the dispersion.
• Other resins include, for example, diallyl phthalates, epoxide resins, urea formaldehyde resins, urea-acrylic acid ester copolyesters, melamine formaldehyde resins, melamine phenol formaldehyde resins, phenol formaldehyde resins, poly(meth)acrylates and/or unsaturated polyester resins.
• the cationic polymer is present in the amount of about 0.5 to about 1 .5 %, based on the dry polymer weight to the total dry weight pulp fibers used in the paper.
• Retention aids, wet-strength, retention, sizing (internal and surface) and fixing agents and other substances such as organic and inorganic colored pigments, dyes, optical brighteners and dispersants may also be useful in forming the dispersions and may also be added as required to achieve the desired end properties of the paper.
• Retention aids are added in order to minimize losses of titanium dioxide and other fine components during the papermaking process, which adds cost, as do the use of other additives such as wet-strength agents.
• the paper typically comprises a number of components including, for example, various pigments, retention agents and wet-strength agents.
• the pigments for example, impart desired properties such as opacity and whiteness to the final paper, and a commonly used pigment is titanium dioxide.
• the treated titanium dioxide particle can be used to prepare the decor paper in any of the customary ways, wherein at least a portion, and typically all of the titanium dioxide pigment typically used in such
• the decor paper in accordance with the present disclosure is an opaque, cellulose pulp-based sheet containing a titanium dioxide pigment component in an amount of about 45 wt% or less, more typically from about 10 wt% to about 45 wt%, and still more typically from about 25 wt% to about 42 wt%, wherein the titanium dioxide pigment component comprises the all or some of the treated titanium dioxide particle of this disclosure.
• the treated titanium dioxide pigment component comprises at least about 25 wt%, and more typically at least about 40 wt% (based on the weight of the titanium dioxide pigment component) of the treated titanium dioxide pigment of this disclosure.
• the titanium dioxide pigment component consists essentially of the treated titanium dioxide pigment of this disclosure.
• the titanium dioxide pigment component comprises substantially only the treated titanium dioxide pigment of this disclosure.
• Paper laminates in accordance with the present disclosure can be made by any of the conventional processes well known to those of ordinary skill in the relevant art, as described in many of the previously incorporated references.
• the process of making paper laminates begins with raw materials - impregnating resins such as phenolic and melamine resins, brown paper (such as kraft paper) and high-grade print paper (a laminate paper in accordance with the present disclosure).
• resins such as phenolic and melamine resins
• brown paper such as kraft paper
• high-grade print paper a laminate paper in accordance with the present disclosure
• the brown paper serves as a carrier for the impregnating resins, and lends reinforcing strength and thickness to the finished laminate.
• the high-grade paper is the decorative sheet, for example, a solid color, a printed pattern or a printed wood grain.
• rolls of paper are typically loaded on a spindle at the "wet end" of a resin treater for impregnation with a resin.
• the high-grade (decorative) surface papers are treated with a clear resin, such as melamine resin, so as to not affect the surface (decorative) appearance of the paper. Since appearance is not critical for the brown paper, it may be treated with a colored resin such as phenolic resin.
• the paper After being impregnated with resin, the paper (as a continuous sheet) is passed through a drying (treater) oven to the "dry end,” where it is cut into sheets.
• the resin-impregnated paper should have a consistent thickness to avoid unevenness in the finished laminate.
• top In the assembly of the laminate components, the top is generally the surface paper since what the finished laminate looks like depends mainly on the surface paper.
• substantially transparent when cured may, however, be placed over the decorative sheet, for example, to give depth of appearance and wear resistance to the finished laminate.
• an extra sheet of fine, white paper may be placed beneath the printed surface sheet to prevent the amber-colored phenolic filler sheet from interfering with the lighter surface color.
• the texture of the laminate surface is determined by textured paper and/or a plate that is inserted with the buildup into the press.
• textured paper typically, steel plates are used, with a highly polished plate producing a glossy finish, and an etched textured plate producing a matte finish.
• the finished buildups are sent to a press, with each buildup (a pair of laminates) is separated from the next by the above-mentioned steel plate.
• pressure is applied to the buildups by hydraulic rams or the like.
• Low and high pressure methods are used to make paper laminates.
• at least 800 psi, and sometimes as much as 1 ,500 psi pressure is applied, while the temperature is raised to more than 250°F by passing superheated water or steam through jacketing built into the press.
• the buildup is maintained under these temperature and pressure conditions for a time (typically about one hour) required for the resins in the resin-impregnated papers to re-liquefy, flow and cure, bonding the stack together into a single sheet of finished, decorative laminate.
• the laminate sheets are separated and trimmed to the desired finished size.
• the reverse side of the laminate is also roughened (such as by sanding) to provide a good adhesive surface for bonding to one or more substrates such as plywood, hardboard, particle board, composites and the like.
• substrates such as plywood, hardboard, particle board, composites and the like.
• Isoelectric point characterization using the ZetaProbe (Colloidal Dynamics): A 4% solids slurry of the pigment was placed into the analysis cup. The electrokinetic sonic amplitude (ESA) probe and pH probe were submerged into the agitated pigment suspension. Subsequent titration of the stirred suspension was accomplished using 2 N KOH as base and 2 N HNO 3 as acid titrants. Machine parameters were chosen so that the acid- bearing leg was titrated down to a pH of 4 and the base-bearing leg was titrated up to a pH of 9. The zeta potential was determined from the particle dynamic mobility spectrum which was measured using the ESA technique described by O'Brien, et.al * . The pigment isoelectric point is typically determined by interpolating where the zeta potential equals zero along the pH / zeta potential curve.
• silicate addition During the course of silicate addition, the pH is maintained between 5.0 to 5.5 by the simultaneous addition of a 20% HCI solution. After silicate addition is complete, this mixture is held at pH and temperature for 30 min. 18.8 g. of a 43% sodium aluminate sol (24% AI2O3 content, about 7% AI2O3 based on pigment weight) is charged into a 20 cc syringe. The sol is added at a rate so that addition occurs within 10 min. The pH is allowed to rise to 10 and simultaneous addition of 20% HCI solution is commenced to maintain a pH of 10. After this period, 0.68 g. (7 mmol%) of 3-(2-aminoethyl)-2,4- pentanedione is added to the stirred slurry.
• Example 2 The slurry is filtered, washed, dried and ground as described in Example 1 .
• a 10% solids slurry of this pigment is expected to give a pH of 6.5.
• a 4% solids slurry of this pigment is expected to give an IEP (ZetaProbe) of 8.9.
• 3330 g. of a 30% (w/w) solids R-796 slurry (i.e. enough to yield about 1 Kg. dried pigment) is charged into a 5 L stainless steel pail and heated to 55°C on a hot plate. The slurry is stirred throughout using a propeller blade attached to an overhead stirrer.
• 242 g. of sodium silicate sol having 28.7% S1O2 content (about 7% S1O2 based on pigment weight) is charged into an addition funnel mounted above the pail.
• the silica sol is added at a rate so that time for complete addition occurs within 20 min.
• the pH is maintain between 5.0 to 5.5 during the course of silicate addition by simultaneous addition of 20% HCI solution.
• silicate addition is completed, this mixture is held at pH and temperature for 30 min.
• 310 g. of a 43% sodium aluminate sol (about 7% AI 2 O 3 based on pigment weight) is added in a similar fashion. The rate of addition is controlled so that the contents of the funnel are added within 20 min. The pH is allowed to rise to 10 and simultaneous addition of 20% HCI solution is commenced to maintain a pH of 10.
• 8.2 g. (5 mmol%) of A/-(2-aminoethyl)-3-oxo-butanamide is added to the stirred slurry. The pH is adjusted to 10 and held for 30 min.
• the pH is decreased to 5.5 by further addition of 20% HCI and held for 30 min.
• the slurry is vacuum filtered through a large Buchner funnel fitted with Whatman #2 paper.
• the resulting cake is washed with deionized water until the conductivity of the filtrate drops to ⁇ 0.2 mS/cm.
• the wet cake is transferred into an aluminum pan and dried at 1 10°C for 16 hrs.
• the dried cake is ground and sifted through a 325 mesh screen. Final grinding of this material is accomplished in a steam jet mill.
• a 10% solids slurry of this pigment is expected to give a pH of 6.5.
• a 4% solids slurry of this pigment is expected to give an IEP (ZetaProbe) of 8.9.
• Example 4 A 40% dry solids slurry of cationized, silica containing, self-dispersing pigment is made by adding 200 g. of pigment to 300 g. of deionized water with continuous stirring provided by a high speed disperser fitted with a Cowles blade. 1 N hydrochloric acid solution is added with gentle stirring to pH 5. The pigment is subsequently dispersed at 5000 rpm for 10 min. Speed is decreased to 1000 rpm, and pH checked and maintained at pH 5.0 (+/- 0.2 units) for at least 1 minute by continued addition of 1 N HCI.
• a pulp thinstock comprised of 0.625% eucalyptus pulp and a commercial polyamide/ polyamine wet strength resin (WSR, 0.75% dry resin weight on a dry pulp basis), such as Kymene® 617, are blended together.
• the paper furnish is assembled by adding 6.4 g of 40% T1O2 slurry to 300 g. of pulp thinstock with stirring. pH is adjusted up to 7.0 -7.2 with 0.1 N NaOH.
• PTI Rapid-Kothen Prior to addition into a commercial handsheet former (PTI Rapid-Kothen) an aliquot of 0.12 g. colloidal silica is added with stirring as a retention aid.
• Hand sheets produced from this process contained 40% ash and had a basis weight of 101 gsm. This corresponded to a 70% first pass retention of TiO 2 .
• Comparative Example 1 A 35% solids (w/w) slurry of DuPont R-796+ pigment in deionized water treated with 10% sodium hydroxide solution to pH 9 - 9.5. The slurry is dispersed using a Cowles blade attached to a high speed disperser running at 5000 rpm for 10 min. pH is checked and maintained at pH 9.2 (+/- 0.2 units) for at least 1 minute by continued addition of 10% sodium hydroxide. 4.3 g. of slurry was let down with stirring into 300 g. of pulp thinstock comprised of 0.625% eucalyptus pulp and Kymene® 617 WSR (0.75% dry resin weight on a dry pulp basis).
• a second, equal portion of WSR is added and stirred for 1 min just prior to transferring the paper- forming mixture into a commercial handsheet former (PTI Rapid-Kothen).
• This apparatus forms the sheet and de-waters it automatically.
• the formed sheet is then removed from the apparatus and dried in vacuo at 93°C for 10 min.
• the basis weight and % T1O2 in the sheet are subsequently determined, and the above recipe adjusted for % ash by altering the amount of T1O2 dispersion added to the thinstock to correct for pigment retention. In this manner hand sheets having a basis weight of 95 - 100 gsm and 40% ash can be made.

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