EP2893058A1 - Procédé de fabrication d'une plaquette en silicium monolithique a multi-jonctions verticales - Google Patents
Procédé de fabrication d'une plaquette en silicium monolithique a multi-jonctions verticalesInfo
- Publication number
- EP2893058A1 EP2893058A1 EP13774828.1A EP13774828A EP2893058A1 EP 2893058 A1 EP2893058 A1 EP 2893058A1 EP 13774828 A EP13774828 A EP 13774828A EP 2893058 A1 EP2893058 A1 EP 2893058A1
- Authority
- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- silicon
- doped
- wafer
- growth
- zones
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Withdrawn
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Classifications
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F19/00—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules
- H10F19/10—Integrated devices, or assemblies of multiple devices, comprising at least one photovoltaic cell covered by group H10F10/00, e.g. photovoltaic modules comprising photovoltaic cells in arrays in a single semiconductor substrate, the photovoltaic cells having vertical junctions or V-groove junctions
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B15/00—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method
- C30B15/02—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method adding crystallising materials or reactants forming it in situ to the melt
- C30B15/04—Single-crystal growth by pulling from a melt, e.g. Czochralski method adding crystallising materials or reactants forming it in situ to the melt adding doping materials, e.g. for n-p-junction
-
- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C30—CRYSTAL GROWTH
- C30B—SINGLE-CRYSTAL GROWTH; UNIDIRECTIONAL SOLIDIFICATION OF EUTECTIC MATERIAL OR UNIDIRECTIONAL DEMIXING OF EUTECTOID MATERIAL; REFINING BY ZONE-MELTING OF MATERIAL; PRODUCTION OF A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; SINGLE CRYSTALS OR HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; AFTER-TREATMENT OF SINGLE CRYSTALS OR A HOMOGENEOUS POLYCRYSTALLINE MATERIAL WITH DEFINED STRUCTURE; APPARATUS THEREFOR
- C30B29/00—Single crystals or homogeneous polycrystalline material with defined structure characterised by the material or by their shape
- C30B29/02—Elements
- C30B29/06—Silicon
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
- H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
- H10F10/14—Photovoltaic cells having only PN homojunction potential barriers
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F10/00—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells
- H10F10/10—Individual photovoltaic cells, e.g. solar cells having potential barriers
- H10F10/14—Photovoltaic cells having only PN homojunction potential barriers
- H10F10/142—Photovoltaic cells having only PN homojunction potential barriers comprising multiple PN homojunctions, e.g. tandem cells
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F71/121—The active layers comprising only Group IV materials
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F71/00—Manufacture or treatment of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F71/137—Batch treatment of the devices
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/12—Active materials
- H10F77/122—Active materials comprising only Group IV materials
- H10F77/1223—Active materials comprising only Group IV materials characterised by the dopants
-
- H—ELECTRICITY
- H10—SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES; ELECTRIC SOLID-STATE DEVICES NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- H10F—INORGANIC SEMICONDUCTOR DEVICES SENSITIVE TO INFRARED RADIATION, LIGHT, ELECTROMAGNETIC RADIATION OF SHORTER WAVELENGTH OR CORPUSCULAR RADIATION
- H10F77/00—Constructional details of devices covered by this subclass
- H10F77/10—Semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/14—Shape of semiconductor bodies; Shapes, relative sizes or dispositions of semiconductor regions within semiconductor bodies
- H10F77/148—Shapes of potential barriers
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/544—Solar cells from Group III-V materials
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02E—REDUCTION OF GREENHOUSE GAS [GHG] EMISSIONS, RELATED TO ENERGY GENERATION, TRANSMISSION OR DISTRIBUTION
- Y02E10/00—Energy generation through renewable energy sources
- Y02E10/50—Photovoltaic [PV] energy
- Y02E10/547—Monocrystalline silicon PV cells
-
- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02P—CLIMATE CHANGE MITIGATION TECHNOLOGIES IN THE PRODUCTION OR PROCESSING OF GOODS
- Y02P70/00—Climate change mitigation technologies in the production process for final industrial or consumer products
- Y02P70/50—Manufacturing or production processes characterised by the final manufactured product
Definitions
- the present invention relates to a new method of manufacturing a monolithic silicon wafer with vertical multi-junctions p-n.
- Such a wafer is particularly advantageous in the context of the development of photovoltaic cells and modules.
- PV photovoltaic modules
- PV modules of reasonable size of the order of the m 2 , the size standard for the wafers (156 x 156 mm) makes the open circuit voltages (V oc in English terminology) of the PV modules are limited. a few tens of volts.
- a first option could be to use materials other than crystalline silicon (Si), in particular semiconductors with band gap amplitudes (greater than 1.1 eV (electron volts)). silicon, such as an amorphous Si-type material on crystalline Si, resulting from the so-called heterojunction technology, or even CdTe type materials (cadmium telluride).
- Si crystalline silicon
- CdTe type materials cadmium telluride
- Another possibility would be to reduce the size of the cells compared to the current standard of 156 x 156 mm, which would make it possible, by placing a greater number of cells forming the module in series, to increase the value of the voltage V oc .
- this solution would make more difficult handling operations for the development of modules.
- the need to keep a space between the cells forming the PV module to the connector leads to a loss of useful surface (ie allowing photogeneration of electric carriers). This loss of surface is greater with the implementation of a larger number of cells of reduced size.
- Gatos et al. (US 4,320,247) propose to take advantage of naturally occurring oxygen concentration fluctuations in a p-type silicon crystal obtained by Czochralski directed solidification, to obtain, after crystal cutting and activation by thermal annealing of thermal donors based of oxygen, platelets of structure p / n.
- Thermal donors small agglomerates of oxygen that can be generated in silicon wafers by thermal annealing at temperatures of 400-500 ° C, behave in fact as electron donors, and can thus result in compensation of the material and its conductivity change.
- fluctuations in oxygen concentration, and therefore the size of the n and p zones in the final wafer, typically of the order of one hundred microns, are difficult to control.
- Pozner et al. Progress in Photovoltaics 20 (2012), 197 have modeled the serialization of cells with vertical pn junction planes, unlike the configuration of conventional wafers where the junction plane is horizontal.
- the advantage of this approach is to be able to consider a collective type of treatment, monolithic substrate, for the realization of cells.
- many technical questions remain open as to the practical realization of such a structure, the cost of which, moreover, may be very high. Therefore, there remains a need for a method of manufacturing wafers suitable for producing high voltage PV modules. open circuit, and minimizing the inactive surfaces (ie not allowing the collection of photogenerated carriers).
- the present invention aims precisely to meet this need.
- the present invention thus relates, according to a first of its aspects, to a method of manufacturing a vertical multi-junction monolithic silicon wafer having an alternation of n-doped zones and p-doped zones, comprising at least the steps of:
- step (iii) cutting a wafer, parallel to the direction (I), of the multilayer structure obtained at the end of step (ii), so as to obtain said expected wafer.
- a "p-doped” or “n-doped” layer or zone will be more simply referred to as a silicon layer or zone comprising in majority one or more p-type doping agents (respectively one or more doping agents of the following type). not).
- the n-doped zones are thus formed during the directional solidification of silicon, and do not result in any subsequent activation, by annealing, of interstitial oxygen-based thermal donors. .
- the wafer is characterized when observed in its horizontal position.
- the wafer is defined as having "vertical" junctions in a vertical sectional plane of the wafer positioned horizontally.
- the present invention relates to a monolithic silicon wafer with vertical multi-junctions, in particular obtained according to the method defined above, said wafer having, in at least one vertical sectional plane, an alternation of n-doped zones and p-doped zones, each of the zones extending over the entire thickness of the wafer and having a width in the plane of section at least 2 mm.
- the silicon wafers according to the invention divided into a plurality of sub-cells of smaller size, make it possible to produce PV modules having an increased open circuit voltage, while maintaining a reasonable standard size of the order of m 2 .
- these high-voltage PV modules allow, as developed in the rest of the text, new assembly configurations of the PV modules in a PV system, allowing more particularly a standardization of the voltage levels between the PV modules and the inverter in a photovoltaic system.
- the present invention also relates to a photovoltaic system comprising a plurality of photovoltaic devices as defined above, associated in series and / or in parallel, so as to allow the adjustment of input voltages. inverters associated with said system.
- FIG. 1 shows schematically and partially in cross section, the multilayer structure formed during step (ii) of the method of the invention.
- FIG. 2 shows, schematically, in a vertical sectional plane the structure of a silicon wafer according to the invention.
- FIG. 3 schematically represents the architectures of a cell
- FIG. 4 represents an exemplary configuration of a conventional PV plant, comprising 1 chain of 15 PV modules in series (characteristics of a module: 7 A M pp; 31 V MPP , 217 W c , where A M pp designates the maximum power current, V MPP the maximum power voltage, and W c the maximum power at a temperature of 25 ° C).
- FIG. 5 shows two new configurations envisaged with PV modules developed from the PV cells of the invention (characteristics of a module: 1.75 A M pp; 122 V MPP , 216 W c ): configuration of 5 channels 3 modules leading to a DC bus voltage of 366 V MPP ( Figure 5a ); and configuration of 3 chains of 5 modules leading to a bus voltage of 610 V MPP ( Figure 5b).
- FIG. 6 represents an architecture of a conventional PV inverter (FIG. 6a) and the new architecture of an authorized inverter according to the invention (FIG. 6b).
- step (i) of the process of the invention consists in having a liquid bath, also referred to as "molten" bath, comprising silicon, at least one n-type doping agent and at least one agent. p-type dopant.
- the p-type doping agent (s) may be chosen from boron (B), aluminum (Al), gallium (Ga), indium (In), zinc (Zn) and mixtures thereof.
- the p-type doping agent is boron.
- the p-type doping agent (s) may be more particularly present in the liquid bath in a proportion ranging from 5 ⁇ 10 15 to 10 17 atoms per cm 3 , in particular from 10 16 to 4.10 16 atoms per cm 2. 3 .
- the n-type doping agent (s) may be chosen from phosphorus
- P arsenic
- Sb antimony
- Sn tin
- the n-type doping agent is antimony.
- the n-type doping agent (s) may be more particularly present in the liquid bath in a proportion ranging from 10 16 to 5.10 18 atoms per cm 3 , in particular from 10 17 to 10 18 atoms per cm. 3 .
- the p-type dopant is boron and the n-type dopant is antimony.
- step (i) of the process of the invention is a matter of general knowledge of those skilled in the art.
- the liquid bath may be formed beforehand by mixing, in the solid phase, silicon, n-doped silicon wafers and p-type doped silicon wafers and / or n-doped and p-doped silicon wafers. monitoring the heating of the assembly at a temperature above the melting temperature of the silicon.
- the liquid bath is stirred prior to its implementation in step (ii) of the process of the invention, using a stirring system, such as, for example, by magnetic stirring. , stirring by vibrating table, etc. in order to ensure a good homogeneity of the bath, in particular a good dispersion of n-type and p-type doping agents in liquid silicon.
- a stirring system such as, for example, by magnetic stirring. , stirring by vibrating table, etc. in order to ensure a good homogeneity of the bath, in particular a good dispersion of n-type and p-type doping agents in liquid silicon.
- Said liquid bath may be made in a silica or graphite crucible (optionally covered with a layer of SiC).
- the crucibles are known to withstand heating at suitable high temperatures to obtain the liquid bath.
- the directional solidification of the silicon in a direction (I) is carried out, by varying the convection-diffusion parameters to alternate the growth of n doped silicon layers and doped silicon p.
- the directional solidification methods use either a drawing process or a process by progressive cooling of the liquid bath, contained in a container, in particular a crucible, below its melting point, from one end to solidification.
- the directional solidification step (ii) according to the process of the invention may be carried out by any drawing method known to those skilled in the art, for example by the Czochralski drawing method or the so-called Bridgman method.
- the step (ii) directional solidification of silicon is operated by a pulling method.
- the growth direction (I) may be more particularly parallel to the longitudinal axis of the container.
- the longitudinal axis of the container designates the line joining all of the centroids of the cross sections of said container (walls of the container included).
- the longitudinal axis may be an axis of symmetry for the container.
- the convection-diffusion parameter, denoted ⁇ , for a given species, can be defined by the following relation:
- - Vi represents the growth rate, that is to say the propagation of the solidification front of the silicon, measured along the direction (I);
- the effective partition coefficient k eff of a given species defined as the ratio of the concentration incorporated in the solid with the concentration in the bath away from the interface, depends directly on the convection parameter -diffusion ⁇ according to the following relation:
- thermodynamic partition coefficient of the species considered given by the phase diagram.
- the content of a doping agent incorporated in the solid is given by the product of the effective partition coefficient k eff with the concentration of this doping agent in the bath, the latter being fixed at the beginning of the process.
- the variation of the convection-diffusion parameter in step (ii) can be made by varying the rate of solidification of the silicon, in particular between at least one Vi value suitable for growth. an n doped silicon, and a value V 2 conducive to the growth of a p-doped silicon.
- n-type and p-type dopants do not have the same diffusion coefficient, their convection-diffusion parameters will not follow the same variations when the solidification rate increases from Vi to V 2 , and it will be thus possible to obtain an alternating growth of materials n and p.
- the speed of solidification can be adjusted via the draw speed control, as shown in the following example.
- the variation of the convection-diffusion parameter in step (ii) can be performed via the variation of the stirring level of the liquid bath, in particular between at least one Bi value conducive to growth.
- n doped silicon, and a value B 2 conducive to the growth of p-doped silicon can be performed via the variation of the stirring level of the liquid bath, in particular between at least one Bi value conducive to growth.
- n-type and p-type dopants do not have the same diffusion coefficient, their convection-diffusion parameters will not follow the same variations when the brewing level changes from Bi to B 2 , and it will be thus possible to obtain an alternating growth of materials n and p.
- the stirring level can for example be adjusted by forced rotation of the crystal and / or the crucible in a Czochralski-type pulling method, using a rotating or sliding alternating magnetic field, a mechanical blade, a mechanical blade or a propeller or disc.
- FIG. 1 represents, in a schematic and partial manner, the state of the system at a given moment during step (ii) of the method of the invention.
- the solidification is carried out in a container (1) which may be for example a silica or graphite crucible.
- the multilayer structure, also called "ingot”, formed according to the invention has a succession of layers (101) doped n and layers (102) p-doped. The growth times of each of the n-doped and p-doped layers in step (ii) are adjusted to obtain the desired thickness for each of the doped layers formed.
- n-doped (101) and p-doped layers (102) formed at the end of step (ii) have, independently of one another, a thickness (L ls L 2 ) in the direction (I) of at least 2 mm, in particular ranging from 2 mm to 10 cm, and more particularly from 5 mm to 5 cm.
- the thickness (Li) of the doped layers n may differ from the thickness (L 2 ) of the p-doped layers, or that the thickness may differ from one another.
- the photogenerated currents are generally higher in n-doped zones than in p-doped zones.
- Those skilled in the art are able to adapt the thicknesses (L ls L 2 ) of the p-doped and n-doped layers, in particular with a view to optimally matching these currents in the final silicon wafer.
- the final thickness of the multilayer structure formed in step (ii) is adjusted relative to the total length (L) desired for the silicon wafer.
- n-doped silicon layer (101) is operated, as represented in FIG. 1, between the growth of an n-doped silicon layer (101) and a p-doped silicon layer (102), the growth of a intermediate layer (103).
- intermediate layers may be designated indifferently as “interzones”, “electrical insulation zones” or “compensated zones”.
- this intermediate layer may have a resistivity greater than or equal to 80 ⁇ . ⁇ , in particular greater than or equal to 400 ⁇ . ⁇ , preferably greater than or equal to 2000 ⁇ . ⁇ .
- the resistivity can be measured by any conventional method, such as, for example, by the so-called 4-point measurement method, or by measuring the effect of eddy currents induced by an alternating magnetic field.
- the intermediate layers have a thickness (L 3 ), in the direction (I) of solidification, ranging from 50 ⁇ to 5 mm, preferably from 100 ⁇ to 500 ⁇ .
- an intermediate zone too long in the final silicon wafer is likely to lead to a loss of active material and therefore a drop in energy efficiency at the module that will be formed from these wafers.
- an intermediate zone that is too short may be insufficient to ensure good isolation between the sub-cells (n-doped zones and p-doped zones), which can also lead to a decrease in yield at the resulting module.
- the growth of the intermediate layers is more particularly carried out, by adjusting the convection-diffusion parameters for each of the doping species, to an intermediate value between the values favorable to the growth of the p and n areas.
- the intermediate layer in the context of an adjustment of the convection-diffusion parameter in step (ii) via the variation of the solidification rate, the intermediate layer may be formed by adapting the solidification rate to a value V 3 intermediate between Vi and V 2 .
- step (ii) of the process of the invention can be carried out by varying the rate of solidification of the silicon following the repetition of the Vi-V 3 -V 2 -V 3 - cycle, with Vi the speed conducive to the growth of n-doped silicon, V 2 the rate conducive to the growth of p-doped silicon and V 3 the speed conducive to the growth of said intermediate layer, to lead to a multilayer structure as shown in FIG. 1.
- the intermediate layer in the context of the variation of the convection-diffusion parameter in step (ii) via the variation of the stirring level of the liquid bath, can be formed by adapting the stirring level to a value B 3 intermediate between Bi and B 2 .
- step (ii) may be carried out by varying the mixing of the bath level after the repetition of the Bi-B cycle 3 - B 2 -B3-, with Bi the stirring level conducive to the growth of n-doped silicon, B 2 the brewing level conducive to the growth of p-doped silicon and B 3 the brewing level conducive to the growth of said intermediate layer to lead to a multilayer structure as shown in FIG.
- silicon in solid or liquid form, is added to the molten bath, preferably progressively, and in such quantities that make it possible to compensate for the enrichment of the liquid bath with n and p dopants as the silicon is solidified.
- step (ii) advantageously makes it possible to limit the macrosegregation phenomenon of the dopants, the latter being capable of inducing a variation of the resistivity of the layers parallel to the direction (I) of growth.
- a slice (104), parallel to the direction (I), is cut from the multilayer structure obtained at the end of step (ii), as represented in FIG. so as to obtain the wafer (10) expected.
- the multilayer structure obtained at the end of step (ii) of the process of the invention may be first brought to ambient temperature and demolded from the crucible before being cut.
- This cutting can be performed by any conventional method known to those skilled in the art, for example using SiC grains as abrasives.
- the dimensions of the cut wafer are chosen with regard to the dimensions of the desired silicon wafer, in particular its thickness (e) and its length (L).
- the present invention relates, in yet another aspect, a particular silicon wafer as obtained by the method described above.
- FIG. 2 shows schematically and in a vertical sectional plane, a silicon wafer according to the invention.
- a silicon wafer (10) has, in at least one vertical sectional plane, an alternation of n-doped zones (1 1) and p-doped zones (12), each of the zones extending over the entire thickness (e) of the wafer and having a width (L ls L 2 ) in the cutting plane of at least 2 mm.
- a wafer according to the invention may have a thickness (e) ranging from 100 to 500 ⁇ , in particular from 150 to 300 ⁇ .
- a wafer according to the invention may have a total length (L) ranging from 10 to 30 cm, in particular from 15 to 20 cm.
- the doped regions n (1 1) of the wafer may be, independently of each other, an electron type of charge carrier density between 10 14 to 10 17 cm "3, in particular from 5.10 14 to 5.10 16 cm" 3 .
- They may have a width (Li) in the plane of section ranging from 2 mm to 10 cm, in particular from 5 mm to 5 cm.
- the p-doped areas (12) of the wafer may have, independently of each other, a density of charge carriers of the hole type ranging from 10 14 to 10 17 cm -3 , in particular from 5.10 14 to 5.10 16 cm- 3. .
- They may have a width (L 2 ) in the section plane ranging from 2 mm to 10 cm, in particular from 5 mm to 5 cm.
- the n-doped zones (1 1) and said p-doped zones (12) can be separated from one another by at least one intermediate zone (13), also called “electrical isolation zone”".
- These intermediate zones (13) are more particularly characterized by an electrical resistivity greater than or equal to 80 ⁇ . ⁇ , in particular greater than or equal to 400 ⁇ . ⁇ , preferably greater than or equal to 2000 ⁇ . ⁇ .
- These intermediate zones (13) may have a width (L 3) in the cutting plane from 50 ⁇ to 5 mm, in particular from 100 to 500 ⁇ ⁇ .
- the invention also relates to a photovoltaic device, in particular a photovoltaic cell or a photovoltaic module, comprising at least one silicon wafer as defined above.
- the wafers according to the invention have, compared with standard wafers whose conductivity is monotype and uniform over the entire surface of the wafer, larger variations in the conductivity of an n-type zone ( respectively p) to the other, as well as within a given n-type zone (respectively p).
- the conductivity variations are less than 20%, and even very often less than 10% on standard one-design wafers, whereas these variations can be a factor of 2 or more on the wafers according to the invention.
- the positions of the transitions between zones n and p are not necessarily identical for all the wafers resulting from the cutting of the same ingot because of the problems of solid / liquid interface curvature inherent in all solidification processes from molten bath.
- a PV cell according to the invention produced from a silicon wafer as described previously, is subdivided into sub-cells of smaller size. Such PV cells can produce a high voltage level while delivering less current.
- FIG. 3 schematically represents the architecture of a PV cell according to the invention (FIG. 3a) subdivided into six sub-cells and producing a voltage of approximately 3.6 V. , compared to a conventional PV cell ( Figure 3b) producing a voltage of about 0.6 V.
- PV cells are particularly advantageous for the development of photovoltaic solar modules capable of delivering a high voltage. More particularly, it is possible, by placing in series the PV cells according to the invention to develop a PV module of reasonable size, typically of dimension of the order of 1 m 2 , and having an increased voltage compared to the modules developed from conventional cells.
- the present invention relates to a photovoltaic module formed of a set of photovoltaic cells according to the invention.
- the high-voltage modules formed of PV cells according to the invention find a particularly advantageous application for facilitating the dimensioning of a photovoltaic installation, more particularly via the standardization of the voltage levels between the PV modules and the PV module. inverter in a photovoltaic system.
- the present invention also relates to a photovoltaic system comprising a plurality of photovoltaic devices as defined above, associated in series and / or in parallel so as to allow the adjustment of the input voltages of the inverters associated with said system.
- a PV installation gathers, on the one hand, PV modules (41), direct current electrical generators (noted DC later) each formed of a set of PV cells. electrically connected, and, on the other hand, an inverter (42) whose function is to transform the direct current DC into alternating current (denoted AC), adapted to a distribution network, for example to the EDF network.
- DC bus The interface between these two major components of the PV plant, hereinafter referred to as the "DC bus" of the PV system, makes it possible to pass the current produced by the PV modules (41) to the inverter (42) under a certain amount of power. voltage.
- FIG. 4 represents a conventional PV installation comprising a series assembly of 15 modules (41) each producing a voltage of 31 V MPP , which leads to a DC bus voltage of 465 V MPP .
- the voltage of the DC bus which is linked to the PV modules implemented, must be adapted to the range of input voltages that the inverter can accept. However, the voltage level can be very variable from one PV module to another. Similarly, the operating voltages vary from one inverter to another.
- the input voltage range of the inverters is generally wide, so that it can be adapted to a maximum number of cases (module types and number of modules per string).
- this wide voltage range implies, in the design of the inverter, to provide a specific conversion DC / DC stage, as shown schematically in Figure 6a, expensive components and efficiency.
- the sizing of a photo voltaic installation remains relatively delicate, since it is necessary to find an adjustment between the number of modules in the chain, the rated power of the modules and the nominal power of the inverter. This adjustment represents a time constraint for the installer and a risk of sizing error.
- micro-converters DC / DC converters or directly DC / AC on each PV module
- power optimizer DC / DC converters or directly DC / AC on each PV module
- the high voltage PV modules developed according to the invention allow, as explained below, the development of simple modules + inverter optimized voltage and current, and to overcome all the disadvantages mentioned above.
- the distribution network voltage for example for the EDF network: 230 V AC single-phase or 400 V AC three-phase.
- the optimal value of the DC voltage to ensure a maximum DC-to-AC conversion efficiency can be estimated at about 366 V for the single-phase case and 610 V for the three-phase case.
- a voltage level for the output of the PV modules that is compatible with these two constraints can be, for example, 122 V MPP per PV module.
- FIG. 5 presents two possible configurations with modules according to the invention and making it possible to meet the aforementioned requirements. More particularly:
- FIG. 5a shows a configuration of five chains connected in parallel, each being formed of three modules (51) in series (characteristic of a module: 1.75 A M pp; 122 V MPP , 216 W c ), which allows to drive at a DC bus voltage of 366 V MPP ; and - Figure 5b shows a configuration of three chains connected in parallel, each formed of five modules (51), which leads to a DC bus voltage of 610 V MPP -
- the two configurations of Figure 5 are presented for illustrative and not limiting of the invention. For example it is also possible to configure about 61 modules V, 30.5 V, 15.25 V, 5,08V, sub-multiple of 122 V.
- FIG. 6 schematically represents, on the one hand (FIG. 6a), the architecture of a conventional inverter (42) with two DC / DC and DC / AC conversion stages and, on the other hand, part (FIG. 6b) the architecture of an inverter (52) that can be used in the new PV systems presented above, in which the first DC / DC conversion stage has been eliminated. Also, as shown in FIG. 5, the currents are lower in the PV modules formed according to the invention, which makes it possible to reduce the losses in the PV module conductors and therefore the section of these conductors.
- the molten bath is prepared from an electronic grade silicon filler, to which boron and antimony dopant platelets are added, so that the initial melt has a content of 5 to 10 17 antimony atoms per hour. cm 3 and 1.9.10 16 boron atoms per cm 3 . ii. Growth of n-doped and p-doped silicon layers
- the growth of silicon is performed by the Czochralski draw method.
- the rate of solidification is adjusted by controlling the drawing speed of the cane supporting the initial germ.
- the speed of rotation of the cane supporting the seed is set at 15 revolutions per minute throughout the solidification cycle.
- a so-called transitional phase of shoulder during which the drawing speed of the rod is set at 9.8 ⁇ / s allows the formed solid to go from the diameter of the seed to that chosen for the crystal, in this case 6 "or 150 mm, and this diameter is kept constant throughout the solidification cycle.
- the drawing speed is maintained at 9.8 ⁇ / s, for 30 seconds, to form a compensated zone, then reduced to a value of
- the crystal is grown at this value of 3.8 ⁇ / s for 13150 s, which makes it possible to solidify 5 cm of p-type zone.
- the drawing speed is then fixed at 9.8 ⁇ / s for 30 seconds to form a compensated zone again.
- the length of the transition zones between materials n and p is approximately 400 ⁇ .
- This cycle (9.8 ⁇ / s - 30 s, 3.8 ⁇ / s - 13150 s, 9.8 ⁇ / s - 30 s and 25.4 ⁇ / s - 1900 s) is repeated a second time, then the drawing speed is fixed at 9.8 ⁇ / s until the end of the solidification cycle. or. Cutting wafers
- the ingot is cut (conventional cutting method using SiC grains as abrasives) in slices of 250 ⁇ in thickness and 20 cm long, the wafers obtained comprising two p-type zones. and two n-type zones separated and framed by compensated zones.
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- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Crystallography & Structural Chemistry (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Metallurgy (AREA)
- Organic Chemistry (AREA)
- Crystals, And After-Treatments Of Crystals (AREA)
- Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
- Sustainable Energy (AREA)
- Silicon Compounds (AREA)
- Photovoltaic Devices (AREA)
- Sustainable Development (AREA)
Abstract
Description
Claims
Applications Claiming Priority (2)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| FR1258224A FR2994982B1 (fr) | 2012-09-04 | 2012-09-04 | Procede de fabrication d'une plaquette en silicium monolithique a multi-jonctions verticales. |
| PCT/IB2013/058262 WO2014037878A1 (fr) | 2012-09-04 | 2013-09-03 | Procédé de fabrication d'une plaquette en silicium monolithique a multi-jonctions verticales |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| EP2893058A1 true EP2893058A1 (fr) | 2015-07-15 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| EP13774828.1A Withdrawn EP2893058A1 (fr) | 2012-09-04 | 2013-09-03 | Procédé de fabrication d'une plaquette en silicium monolithique a multi-jonctions verticales |
Country Status (6)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| US (1) | US9905716B2 (fr) |
| EP (1) | EP2893058A1 (fr) |
| JP (1) | JP6396296B2 (fr) |
| CN (1) | CN104797745B (fr) |
| FR (1) | FR2994982B1 (fr) |
| WO (1) | WO2014037878A1 (fr) |
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| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| JP6432879B2 (ja) * | 2015-11-13 | 2018-12-05 | 信越半導体株式会社 | エピタキシャルウェーハの製造方法 |
| FR3091025B1 (fr) * | 2018-12-21 | 2021-01-22 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | Procédé de passivation de cellules photovoltaïques et procédé de fabrication de sous-cellules photovoltaïques passivées |
Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4428783A (en) * | 1980-12-29 | 1984-01-31 | Heliotronic Forschungs-Und Entwicklungsgesellschaft Fur Solarzellen-Grundstoffe Mbh | Process for the manufacture of vertical P-N junctions in the pulling of silicon from a silicon melt |
| US20100258172A1 (en) * | 2003-04-14 | 2010-10-14 | S'tile | Semiconductor structure |
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|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4297717A (en) * | 1965-09-28 | 1981-10-27 | Li Chou H | Semiconductor device |
| US3690953A (en) * | 1970-09-10 | 1972-09-12 | Us Air Force | Vertical junction hardened solar cell |
| US3969746A (en) * | 1973-12-10 | 1976-07-13 | Texas Instruments Incorporated | Vertical multijunction solar cell |
| JPS531483A (en) * | 1976-06-28 | 1978-01-09 | Futaba Denshi Kogyo Kk | Pn junction solar battery and method of producing same |
| US4116717A (en) * | 1976-12-08 | 1978-09-26 | The United States Of America As Represented By The Secretary Of The Air Force | Ion implanted eutectic gallium arsenide solar cell |
| US4320247A (en) * | 1980-08-06 | 1982-03-16 | Massachusetts Institute Of Technology | Solar cell having multiple p-n junctions and process for producing same |
| JPS5983996A (ja) * | 1982-11-05 | 1984-05-15 | Nec Corp | 引上げ法によるシリコン単結晶インゴツトの製造方法 |
| AUPM483494A0 (en) * | 1994-03-31 | 1994-04-28 | Pacific Solar Pty Limited | Multiple layer thin film solar cells |
| JP4241446B2 (ja) * | 2003-03-26 | 2009-03-18 | キヤノン株式会社 | 積層型光起電力素子 |
| JP2006173381A (ja) * | 2004-12-16 | 2006-06-29 | Toyota Motor Corp | 光起電力素子 |
| US7902453B2 (en) * | 2005-07-27 | 2011-03-08 | Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute | Edge illumination photovoltaic devices and methods of making same |
| JP2007266094A (ja) * | 2006-03-27 | 2007-10-11 | Mitsubishi Heavy Ind Ltd | プラズマcvd装置及びプラズマcvdによる半導体薄膜の成膜方法 |
| JP5313534B2 (ja) * | 2008-03-28 | 2013-10-09 | Sumco Techxiv株式会社 | シリコン単結晶引上装置及びシリコン単結晶の製造方法 |
| US8450597B2 (en) * | 2008-07-03 | 2013-05-28 | Mh Solar Co., Ltd. | Light beam pattern and photovoltaic elements layout |
| RU2009107568A (ru) * | 2009-03-04 | 2010-09-10 | Броня Цой (RU) | Фотопреобразующая часть преобразователя электромагнитного излучения (варианты), преобразователь электромагнитного излучения |
| JP5077966B2 (ja) | 2009-08-27 | 2012-11-21 | シャープ株式会社 | シリコンインゴットの製造方法 |
| JP2012009699A (ja) | 2010-06-25 | 2012-01-12 | Sanyo Electric Co Ltd | 太陽電池およびその製造方法 |
| KR20140097971A (ko) * | 2011-04-14 | 2014-08-07 | 지티 어드밴스드 씨제트 엘엘씨 | 균등한 다중 도판트들을 갖는 실리콘 잉곳 및 그 제조방법과 제조장치 |
-
2012
- 2012-09-04 FR FR1258224A patent/FR2994982B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
-
2013
- 2013-09-03 WO PCT/IB2013/058262 patent/WO2014037878A1/fr not_active Ceased
- 2013-09-03 EP EP13774828.1A patent/EP2893058A1/fr not_active Withdrawn
- 2013-09-03 US US14/425,968 patent/US9905716B2/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-09-03 JP JP2015529199A patent/JP6396296B2/ja not_active Expired - Fee Related
- 2013-09-03 CN CN201380057606.2A patent/CN104797745B/zh not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| US4428783A (en) * | 1980-12-29 | 1984-01-31 | Heliotronic Forschungs-Und Entwicklungsgesellschaft Fur Solarzellen-Grundstoffe Mbh | Process for the manufacture of vertical P-N junctions in the pulling of silicon from a silicon melt |
| US20100258172A1 (en) * | 2003-04-14 | 2010-10-14 | S'tile | Semiconductor structure |
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| See also references of WO2014037878A1 * |
Also Published As
| Publication number | Publication date |
|---|---|
| FR2994982A1 (fr) | 2014-03-07 |
| US20150249173A1 (en) | 2015-09-03 |
| CN104797745A (zh) | 2015-07-22 |
| WO2014037878A1 (fr) | 2014-03-13 |
| CN104797745B (zh) | 2018-03-06 |
| JP2015531742A (ja) | 2015-11-05 |
| FR2994982B1 (fr) | 2016-01-08 |
| JP6396296B2 (ja) | 2018-09-26 |
| US9905716B2 (en) | 2018-02-27 |
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