EP2859157B1 - Wärmeisolierungsvorrichtung - Google Patents

Wärmeisolierungsvorrichtung Download PDF

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Publication number
EP2859157B1
EP2859157B1 EP13727930.3A EP13727930A EP2859157B1 EP 2859157 B1 EP2859157 B1 EP 2859157B1 EP 13727930 A EP13727930 A EP 13727930A EP 2859157 B1 EP2859157 B1 EP 2859157B1
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Prior art keywords
films
gas
thermal insulation
flexible
flexible films
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French (fr)
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EP2859157A1 (de
Inventor
Thierry Duforestel
Pierre-Henri Milleville
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Electricite de France SA
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Electricite de France SA
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    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E04B1/78—Heat insulating elements
    • E04B1/80—Heat insulating elements slab-shaped
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E04B1/78—Heat insulating elements
    • E04B1/80—Heat insulating elements slab-shaped
    • E04B1/803—Heat insulating elements slab-shaped with vacuum spaces included in the slab
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E04—BUILDING
    • E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
    • E04B1/00—Constructions in general; Structures which are not restricted either to walls, e.g. partitions, or floors or ceilings or roofs
    • E04B1/62—Insulation or other protection; Elements or use of specified material therefor
    • E04B1/74—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls
    • E04B1/76—Heat, sound or noise insulation, absorption, or reflection; Other building methods affording favourable thermal or acoustical conditions, e.g. accumulating of heat within walls specifically with respect to heat only
    • E04B1/78—Heat insulating elements
    • E04B1/80—Heat insulating elements slab-shaped
    • E04B1/806—Heat insulating elements slab-shaped with air or gas pockets included in the slab

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to the field of thermal insulation of buildings.
  • Theoretical models predict a minimum of the thermal conductivity of conventional insulating materials (solid matrix containing air) of the order of 29mW / m.K. Forty years of incremental progress since the first fabrications of these materials bring today to this minimum. To go really further, and especially to cross the threshold of the thermal conductivity of the air (25mW / m.K), it is necessary to change thermal concept. Different paths can be put forward which lead to as many insulating concepts with increasing energy stakes and complexity of use.
  • thermal insulation devices can be found in the documents US Patent 3968831 , US Patent 3167159 , DE-A-19647567 , US Patent 5433056 , DE-A-1409994 , US Patent 3920953 , SU-A-2671441 , US Patent 5014481 , US-34363224 , DE-A-4300839 .
  • the document US Patent 5014481 discloses a device comprising a box whose internal volume is divided into many layers or air layers by a series of parallel flexible sheets.
  • the document indicates that the device has a thermal conduction pattern when the sheets are contiguous and instead a thermal insulation configuration when the sheets are separated.
  • Such a device although attractive in theory because it is supposed to allow switching between two states with different thermal insulation properties by fluidic type control, however did not experience any real development. Indeed, it has truly advantageous thermal insulation properties only if there are a large number of flexible sheets defining between them a large number of layers or air gaps. Such a device is however difficult to produce, cumbersome and expensive.
  • This document discloses the characteristics of the preamble of claim 1, respectively of claim 9.
  • Another investigative path for the realization of controlled thermal insulation device that is to say designed to modify on command, the conductivity thermal, has been proposed in the documents US Patent 3734172 and WO-A-03/054456 .
  • the document WO-A-03/054456 has attempted to improve the situation by proposing a device comprising a panel defined by two partitions separated by spacers and delimiting a chamber placed at ambient pressure or depression and which houses a deformable membrane.
  • the membrane is punctually connected to a first partition at a thermally insulating point. It is also pinched between the spacers and the second partition.
  • potentials of opposite polarities are applied to the membrane and the second partition while potentials of the same polarity are applied to the first partition and the membrane, the latter is pressed against the second partition.
  • potential polarity opposing are applied to the membrane and the first partition while potentials of the same polarity are applied to the second wall and the membrane, the latter is pressed against the first wall.
  • the present invention now aims to provide a new thermal insulation device which has superior qualities to the state of the art in terms of cost, industrialization, efficiency and reliability, in particular.
  • the present invention also relates to a thermal insulation management method by controlling the pressure within a gas-tight inner chamber as defined in the attached set of claims.
  • the present invention makes it possible to have thermal insulation components capable of varying their thermal resistance between a value of almost zero and a very high value, typically close to or greater than 10 m 2 KW for a thickness. very weak, for example at least less than 1cm.
  • a thermal insulation panel 100 comprising two main walls 110, 120, separated by a main peripheral spacer 102 to form a sealed chamber 104.
  • the thickness of the spacer 102 and therefore of the chamber 104, considered perpendicular to the walls 110 and 120, is very much smaller than the two orthogonal dimensions extending parallel to the walls 110 and 120.
  • the chamber 104 is placed in depression, that is to say at a pressure below atmospheric pressure or left at atmospheric pressure.
  • the internal pressure of the chamber 104 is of the order of a few Pascals when said chamber 104 is placed in depression, for example of the order of 10 Pa.
  • the chamber 104 houses at least two films 150, 160.
  • the films 150, 160 are flexible. They extend parallel to the walls 110, 120, preferably substantially mid-thickness of the chamber 104.
  • the peripheral edge of the films 150, 160 is fixed, for example pinched, in the mass of the peripheral spacer 102, by means which guarantee the gas-tightness at this level.
  • the main walls 110, 120 and / or the films 150, 160 may be optically opaque or optically transparent at least in the visible range (wavelength of 0.4-0.8 ⁇ m).
  • the films 150, 160 are advantageously of low emissivity material in the infrared range.
  • the films 150, 160 have an emission coefficient (defined as being the ratio between the emission of said films and the emission of a black body) of less than 0.1 and preferably less than 0.04, for the lengths wavelengths greater than 0.78 ⁇ m.
  • the two films 150 and 160 are separated and thus define between them sealed compartments 158.
  • the resting pressure in the compartments 158 defined between the flexible films 150, 160 is preferably lower than the average pressure prevailing in the chamber 104.
  • the distance d1 separating the flexible films 150, 160 is smaller than the average free path of the gas molecules occupying the volume defined between the flexible films 150, 160.
  • this feature allows to have a device with very high thermal insulation properties without requiring a significant thickness.
  • the films 150, 160 being placed halfway from the walls 110, 120, they divide the chamber 104 into two sub-chambers 104a and 104b located respectively on either side of the compartments 158.
  • the chamber 104 is connected to pressure control means 170 allowing, by changing the pressure within the chamber 104, to selectively switch the device between two states: a state illustrated on the figure 1 of thermal insulation in which the flexible films 150 and 160 are separated and a state illustrated on the figure 2 in which the flexible films 150 and 160 are at least partially in contact with one another.
  • switching the thermal insulation state shown on the figure 1 in the state of thermal conduction illustrated on the figure 2 , is obtained by increasing the pressure within the chamber 104, under the effect of the means 170.
  • the means 170 communicate with the two sub-chambers 104a, 104b, constituting the chamber 104 and disposed respectively on either side of the films 150, 160.
  • the device according to the present invention has properties remarkably superior to those of devices according to the state of the art through the reduction of thermal conduction obtained in the rarefied gas present between the flexible films 150, 160.
  • the distance between the films 150, 160 being smaller than the average free path of the gas molecules, the intermolecular shocks, responsible for the heat transmission in a conventional conduction, are extremely rare in a device according to the present invention.
  • shocks occur, for the most part, only between the gas molecules and the films 150, 160.
  • the films 150, 160 can be kept apart, in the thermal insulation position, by different means.
  • the films 150, 160 can be kept apart by electrostatic charging of the films, that is to say by applying an identical potential on the different films, with respect to the housing composing the device, in particular with respect to the walls 110, 120 .
  • the bringing together of the films 150, 160 in order to switch them to the close position of thermal conduction can also be aided by electrostatic control by placing the adjacent films at opposite polarities.
  • An electrostatic control variant is not to repel the films by a repulsive electrostatic force by charging the films to the same potential, but by plating the deformable flexible films 150, 160 against additional films or support plates thanks to attractive electrostatic forces by charging deformable flexible films and support films associated with opposite potentials.
  • the flexible films 150, 160 are kept apart by spacers 140.
  • the spacers 140 comprise end sections 142, 144 which rest on the internal surfaces of the walls 110, 120 and a medial intermediate element 146 placed between the flexible films 150, 160.
  • the flexible films 150, 160 are thus clamped between the intermediate element 146 and one of the end sections 142, 144 of the spacers 140.
  • the spacers 140 may be punctual (formed of pads) or linear (formed of strips) defining a lattice parallel to the films.
  • the mesh of the spacers 140 is preferably fixed.
  • the average free path Ipm of a gas is inversely proportional to the pressure and proportional to the (absolute) temperature.
  • the Ipm of a gas at ambient temperature and at atmospheric pressure is of the order of 50 nm and that it is greater than 0.6 mm for a pressure of the order of 0,12Pa.
  • the spacers 140 must be adapted, both as to their constituent material, their geometry and their contact with the films - a point contact is preferred - to minimize the resulting thermal bridges.
  • the spacers 102 and 140 are preferably made of a thermally insulating material to not constitute a thermal bridge between the walls 110 and 120.
  • the spacers 102, 140 are advantageously formed of thermoplastic material.
  • the device comprises a stack of 4 metal films 150, 160, 170, 172, with low emissivity in steel, with a thickness of 1.4 mm, separated by air knives. 0.6 mm, a total thickness of 7.4 mm.
  • the spacers 140 are spaced 4cm apart and can be either point (1mm x 1mm section) or linear (1mm width).
  • the device according to the present invention constitutes an active insulation component. It can adapt to the dynamic behavior of the building and thus constitutes a pilot for the use of the inertia of a building thanks to its ability to switch between a static behavior that is highly insulating on the thermal plane or, on the contrary, highly conductive and therefore capable of transmitting heat flow.
  • the present invention makes it possible to produce thermal insulation devices having a very high insulating power without require a large thickness.
  • the present invention makes it possible to form a device whose thermal resistance can switch between, for example, 0.024 m 2 K / W and 80 m 2 K / W for a thickness that does not exceed 1 cm.
  • the device When the pressure applied by the means 170 within the chamber 104 plates the two films 150, 160 against each other at mid-thickness of the chamber 104 as illustrated in FIG. figure 2 , the device is placed in a state of thermal conduction. Indeed, the films 150, 160, then allow a certain heat transfer between them.
  • the device when the films 150 and 160 are kept apart from each other as shown in FIG. figure 1 with a distance less than the average free path of the gas molecules present in the compartments 158, the device is placed in a state of thermal insulation.
  • the walls 110, 120 constituting the panel 100 may be the subject of numerous variants.
  • the walls 110, 120 may be rigid. Alternatively, they can be flexible. In this case, the panel 100 can be wound, which facilitates its transport and storage.
  • the walls 110, 120 may be made of metal.
  • They may also be made of a composite material, for example in the form of an electrically insulating layer associated with an electrically conductive layer (metal or material loaded with electrically conductive particles).
  • the flexible films 150, 160 are at least partially electrically conductive to allow the application of the electric field required by the generation of the aforementioned electrostatic forces.
  • the flexible films 150, 160 may be formed of a sheet of flexible metal or of thermoplastic material or equivalent, loaded with electrically conductive particles.
  • the flexible films 150, 160 may thus each be formed of an electrically conductive core coated on each of its faces with a coating of electrically insulating material (for example a thermoplastic material).
  • the device according to the present invention makes it possible, for example, to recover solar contributions from walls exposed in winter or to cool walls in summer when the external freshness allows it by placing the device in its thermally conductive state as illustrated in FIG. figure 2 , or on the contrary to place it in a thermally insulating state by placing it in the state illustrated on the figure 1 .
  • walls 110, 120 and films 150, 160 may be optically transparent.
  • the device according to the present invention can thus be applied to transparent walls.
  • Thermal insulation panels according to the present invention can also play a role of decoration.
  • the device according to the present invention is applied to the lossy walls of a building, it is possible to modulate the insulation in order to optimize the recovery of external inputs (solar in winter, cool in summer). This is contrary to the current concept of heating or air conditioning, where the indoor installation catches up with losses or heat gains through the envelope, a system that manages this loss or heat gain to maintain the desired indoor comfort conditions. Such control can of course be operated automatically from appropriate thermal probes.
  • the present invention also contributes to fully control the thermal inertia of the walls of buildings in limits hitherto never reached.
  • the present invention is not limited to the particular application previously mentioned of building insulation.
  • the present invention which leads to excellent electrical insulation independent of the thickness of the device and allows for an extremely small thickness, makes it possible to apply the present invention in a large number of technical fields.
  • the present invention may in particular apply to clothing or any other industrial problem requiring thermal insulation.
  • the aforementioned device may be arranged in the form of a modular arrangement of several panels 100 according to the present invention juxtaposed side by side by their edge. It is then preferably provided, to ensure perfect continuity of insulation, built-in cover elements in the walls 110, 120 of a panel 100 and adapted to overlap the adjacent panel. As a variant, such covering elements could be provided on elements attached at the junction zones between two of such adjacent panels 100.
  • the present invention is however not limited to this number of two films and may comprise a larger number of flexible films stacked in parallel within the chamber 104.
  • figure 3 an alternative embodiment according to which there are provided 6 flexible films 150, 160, 180, 182, 184 and 186 within the chamber 104.
  • the pressure applied within the chamber 104 is switched by the means 170 between two levels: a high pressure by which all the aforementioned films 150, 160, 180, 182, 184 and 186 are contiguous and a lower pressure such as the distance between each pair of adjacent films is less than the average free path of the gas molecules occupying the volume defined between these pairs of flexible films.

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Architecture (AREA)
  • Acoustics & Sound (AREA)
  • Electromagnetism (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Thermal Insulation (AREA)
  • Building Environments (AREA)
  • Laminated Bodies (AREA)

Claims (9)

  1. Vorrichtung zur thermischen Isolierung, insbesondere für Gebäude, umfassend mindestens einen Platte (100), die zwei Wände (110, 120) aufweist, getrennt durch eine Hauptumfangsstrebe (102), um eine gasdichte Kammer (104) zu definieren, und mindestens zwei flexible Filme (150, 160), die in der Kammer angeordnet (104) und ausgelegt sind, um selektiv zwischen zwei Zuständen, einen der thermischen Leitung, in dem die flexiblen Filme (150, 160) mindestens teilweise in Kontakt miteinander sind, und einen anderen der thermischen Isolierung, in dem die flexiblen Filme (150, 160) getrennt sind, unter dem Einfluss von Druckvariationen im Inneren der dichten Kammer (104), angewendet durch fluidische Steuermittel (170), geschaltet zu werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jedes Paar von zwei benachbarten Filmen (150, 160) zwischen sich dichte Abteilungen (158) definiert, und im Zustand der thermischen Isolierung der Abstand, der die flexiblen Filme (150, 160) trennt, geringer als die mittlere freie Weglänge der Gasmoleküle ist, die das Volumen (158) einnehmen, das zwischen den flexiblen Filmen (150, 160) definiert ist.
  2. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die flexiblen Filme (150, 160) durch Abstandshalter (140) beabstandet gehalten werden.
  3. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 oder 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Abstandshalter (140) Endteile (142, 144) umfassen, die auf den inneren Flächen der Wände (110, 120) aufliegen, und ein mittleres Zwischenelement (146), das zwischen den flexiblen Filmen (150, 160) platziert ist.
  4. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Beabstandung zwischen den flexiblen Filmen (150, 160) durch elektrostatische Kräfte gesteuert ist.
  5. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Hauptwände (110, 120) und die Filme (150, 160) mindestens im sichtbaren Bereich optisch transparent sind.
  6. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Filme (150, 160) einen Emissionskoeffizienten von weniger als 0,1 und vorzugsweise weniger als 0,04 für die Wellenlängen von mehr als 0,78 µm aufweisen.
  7. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass im getrennten Zustand der Filme (150, 160) der Druck, der in den Abteilungen herrscht, die zwischen den Filmen (150, 160) definiert sind, im Bereich von 0,12 Pa liegt und der Abstand, der die Filme trennt, im Bereich von 0,6 mm liegt.
  8. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Wände (110, 120) flexibel sind.
  9. Verfahren zur Verwaltung der thermischen Isolierung durch die Steuerung des Drucks in einer gasdichten inneren Kammer (104), einer Platte (100), die zwei Wände (110, 120) aufweist, getrennt durch eine Hauptumfangsstrebe (102), die die oben angegebene dichte Kammer definiert, und mindestens zwei flexible Filme (150, 160), die in der Kammer angeordnet (104) und ausgelegt sind, um selektiv zwischen zwei Zuständen, einen der thermischen Leitung, in dem die flexiblen Filme (150, 160) mindestens teilweise in Kontakt miteinander sind, und den anderen der thermischen Isolierung, in dem die flexiblen Filme (150, 160) getrennt sind, unter dem Einfluss von Druckvariationen in der dichten Kammer (104), angewendet durch fluidische Steuermittel (170), geschaltet zu werden, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass jedes Paar von zwei benachbarten Filmen (150, 160) zwischen sich dichte Abteilungen (158) definiert, und es die Schritte umfasst, die darin bestehen, den Druck in der dichten Kammer (104) der Platte (100) zwischen einem erhöhten Druck, so dass die Filme (150, 160) auf einem wesentlichen Teil ihrer Oberfläche in Kontakt sind, um die Vorrichtung in einen Zustand der thermischen Leitung zu platzieren, und einem schwachen Druck zu schalten, so dass der Druck p in den Abteilungen (158), der zwischen den Filmen (150, 160) definiert ist, eine Abweichung k T zwischen den Filmen (150, 160) von weniger als k √ 2 π d 2 T p
    Figure imgb0007
     erzeugt, wobei in dieser Beziehung k die Boltzmann-Konstante darstellt, d den Durchmesser der Gasmoleküle darstellt und T die absolute Temperatur darstellt, um die Vorrichtung in einen Zustand der thermischen Isolierung zu platzieren, wobei der Abstand, der die flexiblen Filme (150, 160) trennt, geringer als die mittlere freie Weglänge der Gasmoleküle ist, die das Volumen einnehmen, das zwischen den flexiblen Filmen definiert ist.
EP13727930.3A 2012-06-12 2013-06-11 Wärmeisolierungsvorrichtung Active EP2859157B1 (de)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

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FR1255495A FR2991697B1 (fr) 2012-06-12 2012-06-12 Dispositif d'isolation thermique
PCT/EP2013/062053 WO2013186224A1 (fr) 2012-06-12 2013-06-11 Dispositif d'isolation thermique

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EP2859157A1 EP2859157A1 (de) 2015-04-15
EP2859157B1 true EP2859157B1 (de) 2018-03-07

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US (1) US9481994B2 (de)
EP (1) EP2859157B1 (de)
JP (1) JP6009662B2 (de)
FR (1) FR2991697B1 (de)
RU (1) RU2614841C2 (de)
WO (1) WO2013186224A1 (de)

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KR101954622B1 (ko) * 2018-05-08 2019-03-06 조청환 공동주택 지하주차장 이중 단열 및 방수구조
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JP3620922B2 (ja) * 1996-06-10 2005-02-16 松下電器産業株式会社 熱伝導率可変の断熱材およびその使用方法
DE19647567C2 (de) 1996-11-18 1999-07-01 Zae Bayern Vakuumwärmedämmpaneel
RU2160812C2 (ru) * 1998-09-21 2000-12-20 Севрюгин Сергей Анатольевич Многослойная панель
AU2002366844A1 (en) * 2001-12-11 2003-07-09 Sager Ag Switchable thermal insulation
US7641954B2 (en) * 2003-10-03 2010-01-05 Cabot Corporation Insulated panel and glazing system comprising the same
US20130101789A1 (en) * 2011-10-25 2013-04-25 Neil D. Lubart Thermal resistor material

Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
FR2991697A1 (fr) 2013-12-13
RU2614841C2 (ru) 2017-03-29
JP2015526611A (ja) 2015-09-10
FR2991697B1 (fr) 2014-07-04
US9481994B2 (en) 2016-11-01
JP6009662B2 (ja) 2016-10-19
US20150176266A1 (en) 2015-06-25
RU2014151758A (ru) 2016-08-10
EP2859157A1 (de) 2015-04-15
WO2013186224A1 (fr) 2013-12-19

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