Classifications

• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D9/00—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor
  • C21D9/50—Heat treatment, e.g. annealing, hardening, quenching or tempering, adapted for particular articles; Furnaces therefor for welded joints
  • C21D9/505—Cooling thereof
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K31/00—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups
  • B23K31/02—Processes relevant to this subclass, specially adapted for particular articles or purposes, but not covered by only one of the preceding main groups relating to soldering or welding
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/001—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces
  • B23K35/004—Interlayers, transition pieces for metallurgical bonding of workpieces at least one of the workpieces being of a metal of the iron group
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K35/00—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting
  • B23K35/22—Rods, electrodes, materials, or media, for use in soldering, welding, or cutting characterised by the composition or nature of the material
  • B23K35/24—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper
  • B23K35/30—Selection of soldering or welding materials proper with the principal constituent melting at less than 1550 degrees C
  • B23K35/3053—Fe as the principal constituent
  • B23K35/3073—Fe as the principal constituent with Mn as next major constituent
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
  • B23K9/02—Seam welding; Backing means; Inserts
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K9/00—Arc welding or cutting
  • B23K9/16—Arc welding or cutting making use of shielding gas
  • B23K9/173—Arc welding or cutting making use of shielding gas and of a consumable electrode
• • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
  • F16—ENGINEERING ELEMENTS AND UNITS; GENERAL MEASURES FOR PRODUCING AND MAINTAINING EFFECTIVE FUNCTIONING OF MACHINES OR INSTALLATIONS; THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16L—PIPES; JOINTS OR FITTINGS FOR PIPES; SUPPORTS FOR PIPES, CABLES OR PROTECTIVE TUBING; MEANS FOR THERMAL INSULATION IN GENERAL
  • F16L13/00—Non-disconnectible pipe-joints, e.g. soldered, adhesive or caulked joints
  • F16L13/02—Welded joints
• • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
  • B23—MACHINE TOOLS; METAL-WORKING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
  • B23K—SOLDERING OR UNSOLDERING; WELDING; CLADDING OR PLATING BY SOLDERING OR WELDING; CUTTING BY APPLYING HEAT LOCALLY, e.g. FLAME CUTTING; WORKING BY LASER BEAM
  • B23K2103/00—Materials to be soldered, welded or cut
  • B23K2103/02—Iron or ferrous alloys
  • B23K2103/04—Steel or steel alloys
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/001—Austenite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/002—Bainite
• • C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
  • C21—METALLURGY OF IRON
  • C21D—MODIFYING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF FERROUS METALS; GENERAL DEVICES FOR HEAT TREATMENT OF FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS METALS OR ALLOYS; MAKING METAL MALLEABLE, e.g. BY DECARBURISATION OR TEMPERING
  • C21D2211/00—Microstructure comprising significant phases
  • C21D2211/008—Martensite

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a method of welding to one another two edges of one or more pieces made from steel.
• the invention relates to a method of welding two edges of one or more parts to each other, the or each part being made from thermomechanical high tensile steel whose composition simultaneously verifies the following conditions:
• C being the mass content of carbon steel, expressed as a percentage by weight
• said welding process comprising a welding step during which a weld bead made from a filler metal is created, said weld bead joining the two edges to one another, the creation of said weld bead inducing the appearance of a thermally affected zone, or ZAT, carried by the steel of the piece or parts nearby said weld seam /
• thermomechanical HLE steels The field of the invention is in the field of high-strength thermomechanical steels, called "thermomechanical HLE steels".
• Steels of this type have mechanical properties equivalent to so-called “hardened-back” steels, but have a lower carbon content than the latter. This is reflected in particular by welds more favorable compared to those hardened steel - income.
• thermomechanical HLE steels The method for producing thermomechanical HLE steels is characterized by carrying out a hot rolling operation followed by a rolling operation at a temperature adjusted under the recrystallization temperature of the austenitic grains and above the start temperature of phase transformation in the solid state.
• This operation is then followed by an accelerated cooling, controlled so as to obtain a martensitic structure with a bainite content of less than 10%, or even less than 5%.
• thermomechanical HLE steels are thus ready for use in the quenched state, ie immediately after quenching, because of the precise control of the cooling and rolling cycle.
• thermomechanical HLE steels are used for many purposes, for example in the field of pressure conduits intended to carry a fluid under pressure, which consist of several pieces of thermomechanical HLE steel welded to each other, and / or whose parts are made from sheets folded on themselves and then welded.
• welding processes such as those described above are generally used to make each of the parts, as well as to weld the parts to each other.
• Such methods generally include a post-weld stress relief heat treatment step which aims to reduce residual stresses in the weld bead and in the metal near the bead.
• Thermomechanical HLE the steel located in the vicinity of the weld bead is raised to a high temperature. It undergoes deformations as well as a recrystallization then a cooling during which its metallurgical structure is modified. This leads in particular to degraded mechanical properties in this area of the parts of the penstock.
• the stress relieving heat treatment only makes it possible to reduce the residual stresses resulting from the local deformations of the material due to the temperature of the filler metal, without compensating the degradation of the mechanical properties due to the change in the metallurgical structure of the steel of the thermally affected zone (ZAT).
• the object of the invention is to propose a welding method that does not have this drawback.
• the invention relates to a welding process of the aforementioned type, characterized in that it also comprises a heat treatment step subsequent to the welding step, said heat treatment step comprising:
• a heating step during which at least a portion of the weld bead and the ZAT is progressively heated up to a treatment temperature lower than the recrystallization temperature of the steel of the or each piece, and greater at the austenitization temperature of said steel, then
• a cooling step during which the ZAT and the weld bead are gradually cooled and pass from the austenitic end-of-transformation temperature to the martensitic transformation start temperature of the steel of the pieces in a shorter period of time; at 10s, and preferably substantially equal to 8s, and pass from the end of transformation temperature austenitic at the end martensitic transformation temperature in a time less than 15.5s, and preferably equal to 15s.
• the method comprises one or more of the following technical characteristics, taken separately or in any technically possible combination:
• said weld and ZAT portion is comprised in a zone of material of given length, centered on the weld bead, extending from the weld bead on the or each piece over a distance of between 1.5 cm. and 2.5 cm, and preferably substantially equal to 2 cm, and having a thickness of between 4 mm and 10 mm;
• the weld bead and the ZAT are subdivided into portions each belonging to a material zone, the heating, holding and cooling steps being successively performed on each of the material zones;
• the whole of the material zones is heated up progressively simultaneously, during the holding step, the temperature of all the material zones is maintained at the treatment temperature simultaneously, and during the cooling step, all the zones of matter are cooled simultaneously;
• the treatment temperature is greater than the austenitization temperature of said steel increased by 50 ° C, that is to say that said treatment temperature is greater than 1035 ° C;
• the at least one portion of the weld bead and the ZAT is heated with a heating rate greater than or equal to 100 ° C / s;
• the maintenance step has a duration of between 0.5 s and 1.5 s, and preferably substantially equal to 1 s;
• the or each piece is made from a steel whose yield strength Rp0.2 is greater than 500 MPa and whose breaking strength Rm is greater than 550 MPa;
• the steel of the or each piece also satisfies the condition 0.04 ⁇ C ⁇ 0.08, C being the mass content of the steel of the or each carbon carbon part expressed as a percentage by weight;
• the steel of the or each part also satisfies the condition 0.20 ⁇ C + (Mn + Mo) / 10 + (Cr + Cu) / 20 + Ni / 40 ⁇ 0.30, C, Mn, Mo, Cr , Cu and Ni being respectively the contents of the steel in carbon, manganese, molybdenum, chromium, copper and nickel expressed in percentage by weight; during the heat treatment step, the at least one portion of the weld bead and the ZAT is heated at least by induction.
• the invention relates to a penstock intended for the transport of a liquid under pressure, characterized in that it comprises two parts welded to each other by a welding method as described above or a part formed by a welding process as described above.
• FIG. 1 is a schematic representation of a penstock according to the invention
• FIG. 2 is a schematic representation of a weld zone between two parts of the forced pipe of Figure 1 according to the plane 1-l;
• FIG. 3 is a block diagram of a welding process according to the invention
• Figure 4 is a schematic representation of the temperature variation in the weld area of Figure 2 during the welding process of Figure 3;
• FIG. 5 is a schematic representation of a weld area obtained by a welding method according to a variant of the invention.
• a forced pipe 10 is intended to be used for conveying a liquid under pressure, for example water, and comprises a plurality of thermomechanical high-tensile steel parts 12, called “thermomechanical HLE steel” in what follows.
• thermomechanical HLE steels have mechanical properties close to so-called hardened steels - called “QT steels" in what follows, but with a substantially lower carbon content.
• thermomechanical HLE steels This results in a good adaptation of these thermomechanical HLE steels to welding.
• thermomechanical HLE steels differs from that of QT steels in that it comprises carrying out a hot rolling operation followed by a rolling operation at a temperature that is both below the recrystallization temperature of austenitic grains and greater than the phase transition start temperature in the solid state.
• This second rolling operation is itself followed by an accelerated and controlled cooling operation with a view to obtaining a martensite structure with a low bainite content, for example less than 10%, and preferably less than 5%.
• Thermomechanical HLE steels are so-called "quenching steels", that is to say that they are in conditions of use immediately after quenching.
• high elastic limit means that the elastic limit of the steel in question is greater than 460 MPa.
• the forced pipe 10 given by way of nonlimiting example comprises a succession of juxtaposed pieces 12, two edges 13 of two successive pieces 12 being welded to one another at a zone welding 14.
• Each of the parts 12 is made from thermomechanical HLE steel.
• each of the parts 12 is made from thermomechanical HLE steel whose composition satisfies the following conditions (A) simultaneously:
• thermomechanical carbon HLE steel expressed in% by weight
• the composition of the HLE steel of the pieces satisfies at least one of the following conditions:
• thermomechanical HLE steels satisfying the conditions (A) have a recrystallization temperature substantially equal to 1200 ° C. and an austenitization temperature, called AC3 temperature, substantially equal to 985 ° C.
• a steel having a yield strength Rp 0 2 greater than 500 MPa and a breaking strength R m greater than 550 MPa is preferably used.
• all the parts 12 of the pipe 10 have the same composition satisfying the conditions (A).
• composition of the steel of the parts 12 of the pipe 10 generally simultaneously satisfies the following conditions, which are typical of thermomechanical HLE steels:
• At least two pieces 12 of the pipe 10 have compositions that are distinct from one another and both satisfy the conditions (A).
• Each piece 12 has a generally tubular shape and is made from thermomechanical HLE steel that satisfies the conditions (A).
• Each piece 12 has an outer face intended to be in contact with the air in the case of aerial pipes or in contact with the rock or concrete in the case of buried pipes, and an inner face intended to be in contact with the transported fluid. by the penstock 10.
• Each piece 12 is either a steel sheet or a part made by forging, or a piece made by rolling.
• At least one of the parts 12 of the pipe 10 is made from a steel sheet satisfying the conditions (A), which is rolled and then bent. The longitudinal edges of the sheet are then welded to one another to form said part.
• Each piece 12 has a thickness e of between 10 mm and 100 mm.
• the pieces 12 have a diameter of between 1 and 6 m in diameter, and a length of between 1 m and 10 m.
• the parts 12 of the same pipe which are welded to one another have substantially the same diameter at their weld zone 14.
• FIG. 2 illustrates the welding zone 14 between two edges 13 belonging respectively to two pieces 12 of the penstock 10.
• the welding zone 14 comprises a Y-shaped weld bead 16 and a heat-affected zone 18, hereinafter referred to as "ZAT" 18.
• the weld bead 16 corresponds to a joint solidarisant the two edges 13 to one another.
• the cord 16 extends over the entire thickness e parts 12.
• chamfers 19 are formed on the edges 13 of the two parts 12, so as to facilitate the passage of the filler metal between these two edges 13 and to prevent formation air pockets in the weld bead 16.
• the weld bead 16 consists of a filler metal having a composition satisfying the conditions (A) but whose mass content, in particular of molybdenum Mo and nickel Ni, is greater than that of the base metal of the pieces 12
• the composition of the base metal is then chosen so as to guarantee the mechanical properties of the welded joint.
• the filler metal is first brought to a temperature above its melting temperature, then disposed in liquid form at the junction of the two edges 13 facing one another. the other.
• the filler metal is spread and fills the Y space thus delimited by the two pieces 12, and then cool.
• the filler metal solidifies and then hardens forming the weld bead 16 and then secures the two edges 13 to one another over the entire thickness e.
• the ZAT 18 relates to one and the other of the two parts 12 and comprises a plurality of zones 20 which are differentiated from each other by the temperature which prevails during the formation of the weld bead 16.
• the temperature of the steel near the weld bead 16 undergoes variations that decrease as away from the weld bead 16, and which induce deformations (not shown) and modifications of the structure of the steel of the ZAT 18.
• GKZ that is to say “Coarse Grain Zone” in English, or coarse grain zone
• FKZ zone that is to say “Fine Grain Zone” in English, or fine grain zone
• IKZ Intercritical Annealed Zone
• SKZ ie “Subcritical Annealed Zone” in English, or subcritical annealed zone
• the temperature in the zones of the HAZ during the welding process varies, inducing undesirable modifications of the specific mechanical properties of each of the zones of the HAZ 18.
• the object of the invention is to propose a welding method 22 of two edges of one or more parts 12 to one another which makes it possible to compensate for the degradation of the mechanical properties of the in the ZAT 18 because of the temperature rise in the steel of the piece or parts 12 near the weld bead 16, and this by means of a quenching treatment which will be described below.
• the method of welding 22 to each other edges 13 of two parts 12 made from thermomechanical HLE steel verifying conditions (A) comprises a welding step 24, during which both edges 13 are disposed opposite one another and the weld bead 16 is created, as described above.
• the weld bead 16 is for example created by means of an electric arc generated by an electrode under an active gaseous flow (or "MAG" process), such as a mixture of hydrogen and carbon dioxide.
• MAG active gaseous flow
• the edges 13 of the two parts 12 are for example arranged on a ceramic support for carrying out the welding.
• the heat generated by the molten metal is conducted in the two pieces 12, so that the temperature in the zones of the HAZ increases substantially.
• the temperature reached in the GKZ zone is between 1050 ° C. and 1300 ° C.
• the temperature reached in the FKZ zone is between 900 ° C. and 1050 ° C.
• the temperature reached in the zone IKZ is between 650 ° C. and 900 ° C.
• the temperature reached in the SKZ zone is between 300 ° and 650 ° C.
• Figure 4 which illustrates the temperature variations (in ⁇ ⁇ ) observed in the areas of the HAZ 18 and induced by the welding of the two edges 13 to each other as a function of time (in s) it is found that the temperature of the zone GKZ passes above the recrystallization temperature of the steel of the pieces 12
• the time taken by the steel in the GKZ zone to go from 800 ° to 500 ° C. determines the final structure of the steel of this GKZ zone.
• T8 / 5 the time taken by a zone 20 of the ZAT 18 to go from 800 ° C to 400 ° C will be noted “T8 / 4".
• This transformation curve in continuous cooling delimits domains each corresponding to the presence of one or more of the following phases of the steel in its final structure: perlite, martensite, ferrite and bainite.
• the corresponding curve passes through one or more of these zones, so that the final structure of the steel comprises the corresponding phase or phases, which will determine its mechanical properties.
• the zone GKZ has a time T8 / 5 substantially equal to 15 s, which leads to a final structure for the GKZ zone simultaneously comprising martensite, bainite and ferrite.
• thermomechanical HLE steel of composition verifying (A) having a T8 / 5 time greater than 50 s had an elastic limit and a breaking strength equal to half that of a steel of the same composition but exhibiting a time T8 / 5 less than 7s.
• a finishing step 26 is performed, during which the weld bead 16 and its vicinity are subjected to one or more mechanical treatments to remove excess filler metal, correcting the misalignment, the gutters (that is to say the lack of material at the welded / base metal interface), and in general the geometrical defects of the weld bead 16.
• These mechanical treatments are for example made by machining, grinding, or hammering (for example by pneumatic impact hammering, also known as the "Pneumatic Impact Treatment"), or shot-blasting, which consists in bombarding the surface to be treated with micro-beads of metal, glass or ceramic to modify the surface structure thereof.
• pneumatic impact hammering also known as the "Pneumatic Impact Treatment”
• shot-blasting which consists in bombarding the surface to be treated with micro-beads of metal, glass or ceramic to modify the surface structure thereof.
• This finishing step 26 has the effect that the mechanical properties of the weld zone 14 are improved, in comparison with a weld zone 14 for which no mechanical treatment is performed.
• a quenching treatment of the weld bead 16 and its vicinity is performed.
• the weld bead 16 and the ZAT 18 are subdivided into zones of material 29 each comprising a portion of the weld bead 16 and the portion of the corresponding ZAT 18.
• each zone of material 29 is centered on the weld bead 16, extends from the weld bead 16 to the one and the other of the pieces 12, and this over a distance d between 1, 5 cm and 2.5 cm, and preferably substantially equal to 2 cm.
• Each area of material 29 further has a length I along the circumference of the pieces 12 and a thickness y between 4 mm and 10 mm.
• each zone of material 29 comprises in particular a portion of length I and thickness y of the weld bead 16 and the portion of the ZAT 18 in contact with this portion of the weld bead 16.
• the material zone 29 is heated and progressively cooled by means of heating means 30 and cooling means 32 respectively.
• the heat treatment step 28 comprises, for each material zone 29:
• the material zone 29 is heated with the heating means 30 to a treatment temperature T which is:
• thermomechanical HLE steel of the two parts 12 less than the recrystallization temperature of the thermomechanical HLE steel of the two parts 12, which has the effect that the high-elastic thermomechanical character of the steel of the material zone 29 is preserved
• thermomechanical HLE steel greater than the austenitization temperature of this thermomechanical HLE steel increased by 50 ° C., which corresponds substantially to 1035 ° C., and which has the effect of transforming the crystallographic structure of the material zone 29 into 70% austenite; at least, and preferably substantially completely in austenite.
• the heating means 30 comprise a coil of length substantially equal to I fed by a generator delivering a power of between 40 and 50 kW (not shown) and are adapted to inductively heat the material zones 29 one at a time with a speed heating above or equal to 100 ° C / s. To do this, the heating means 30 are disposed above a material zone 29 at a distance substantially equal to 2 mm during the heating 281 and maintenance 282 stages. The length I of the coil of the heating means 30 then determines the cutting of the welding zone in the material zone 19, the length I of the material zones 29 being chosen to be equal to that of the coil.
• the heating rate applied to the material zone 29 is preferably greater than 100 ° C / s, which has the effect of not extending the ZAT 18. Indeed, a speed heating below 100 ° C / s would have the effect of promoting the conduction of heat in the regions adjacent to the material zone 29 and thus extend the ZAT 18.
• the material zone 29 considered is kept at the treatment temperature T for a duration between 0.5 s and 1.5 s, and preferably substantially equal to 1 s. This duration has the effect of limiting the increase in the size of the grains in the material zone 29, such an increase not being desirable.
• the material zone 29 considered is progressively cooled via the cooling means 32 from the treatment temperature T to ambient temperature.
• the cooling of the material zone 29 is controlled up to 400 ° C and then left free from 400 ° C to room temperature.
• the cooling means 32 comprise lines 321 oriented towards the material zone 29 and via which gas is propelled towards the material zone with a controlled flow rate.
• the propellant gas then dissipates the heat of the material zone 19 by convection.
• the cooling means 32 use gas rather than water, the water being likely to damage the heating means 30 which are nearby.
• step 283 the material zone 29 is cooled via the cooling means 32 so that:
• the time taken by the material zone 29 to go from the austenitic transformation end temperature to the martensitic transformation start temperature is less than or equal to 10s, and preferably substantially equal to 8s, that is to say that the duration T8 / 5 of the material zone 29 is less than 10 s and preferably substantially equal to 8 s, and
• the time taken by the material zone 29 to change from the austenitic end-of-transformation temperature to the martensitic end-of-transformation temperature is less than or equal to 15.5 seconds, and preferably equal to 15 seconds, that is, that is, the duration T8 / 4 is less than or equal to 15.5s, and preferably equal to 15s.
• the minimum value of the durations T8 / 5 and T8 / 4 is conditioned by the cooling technique used. Thus, for gas cooling means, these minimum values are of the order of one second for T8 / 5, and a few seconds for T8 / 4.
• T8 / 5 and T8 / 4 have the effect that the zones 20 of the HAZ 18 and the weld seam of the material zone 29 have a final structure composed of martensite and bainite, with a martensite rate higher than 90% with a bathite content of less than 10%, and preferably with a martensite content greater than 95% and a bainite content of less than 5%.
• This final structure of the steel of the ZAT 18 has better mechanical properties than those which they presented following the welding step 24.
• the method according to the invention makes it possible to compensate for the deteriorations of the mechanical properties of the zones of the ZAT, such that the metal of the weld zone, the weld bead and the ZAT has mechanical properties. degraded by less than 10% compared to base metal.
• This compensation due to the heat treatment step in the welding process according to the invention is a function of the carbon content of the base metal, its content of alloying elements and carbides, as well as the size of the grain and the area of the HAZ 18 in which it is located.
• the cooling of the material zone 29 between 400 ° C. and the ambient temperature is then indifferently controlled or not, this cooling not involving any modification of the material zone 29.
• Heat treatment step 28 ends once all material zones 29 have been subjected to steps 281, 282 and 283.
• the heat treatment is thus carried out successively on all the material zones 29 until the heat treatment of the entirety of the weld bead 16 and the ZAT 18.
• a control step 34 takes place, during which the structure obtained following the welding of the two edges 13 to one another is destructively and / or non-destructively controlled.
• This control step 34 includes one or more of the following non-destructive operations: a visual examination, during the external state of the parts 12 and the weld bead 16 is visually examined,
• the control step 34 when it involves destructive control, includes one or more of the following destructive operations:
• a hardness test such as the Vickers or Brinell test
• an anti-corrosion treatment step 36 is performed, during which an anti-corrosion treatment of the welding zone 14 is performed.
• the weld bead 16 and the ZAT 18 are galvanized by zinc sputtering.
• the paint used is, for example, a paint adapted to atmospheric corrosivity of category 4 or 5 according to the classification of the ACQPA (Association for Certification and Qualification in Anticorrosion Paint), and
• the paint used is for example a paint adapted to corrosivity of category Im2 according to the ACQPA classification.
• the welding method 22 according to the invention makes it possible to compensate for the degradations of the mechanical properties of the ZAT 20 due to the increase in the temperature which occurs during the welding of two pieces 12 of thermomechanical HLE steel of composition checking the conditions (A).
• the method 22 is suitable for large parts, insofar as it relies on the heating and cooling of the weld bead and the ZAT parade, and not by static local quenching.
• the heat treatment step 28 is carried out both on the portion of the weld zone 14 located on the side of the inner face of the pieces 12, as well as on the portion located on the side of the outer face of the pieces 12.
• the heat treatment step is not always feasible on the portion of the weld zone 14 located on the side of the outer face 12, in particular when the welding of the parts 12 is performed in the pipe receiving well. 10.
• the heat treatment step 28 comprises carrying out a static local treatment, during which the quenching treatment is carried out simultaneously on all the material zones 29.
• the heating means 30 comprise induction heating means comprising a coil longer than the circumference of the parts 12, which is then disposed at the weld bead 16 and the ZAT 18.
• the cooling means 32 are also suitable for cooling the entire heated zone by the cooling means.
• the heating means 30 also includes a hybrid laser beam heater coupled to the coil.
• the heating means 30 are adapted to heat the weld bead 16 and the ZAT 20 by natural or forced convection, or by resistivity.
• the weld bead 16 has a general shape of X and has an outer portion 16A intended to be in contact with air, rock or concrete and an inner portion 16B intended to be in contact with the fluid conveyed by driving.
• This type of welding is for example implemented when the parts 12 have a large thickness, for example greater than 10 mm.
• the heating 281, maintenance 282 and cooling 283 are then carried out on areas of material 29 centered on the outer portion 16A of the weld bead 16, and then on 29 centered on the inner portion 16B of the weld bead 16.
• the weld bead 16 is made by multiple passes, during each of which molten filler metal is disposed at the weld zone.
• the HAZ 18 of the weld bead 16 is composed of all the affected zones thermally by at least one pass, the structure of said ZAT having a complex structure due to the thermal allocation of certain regions of the vicinity of the weld bead 16 by several separate passes.
• the heat treatment step 28 is carried out parade or in a static local manner in the same manner as before.
• the welding method 22 described and the variants described are applicable to the scenario in which the welding of two edges to one another of the same piece 12 made from steel such as as described above.
• one or more of the parts 12 of the pipe 10 consist, for example, of a rolled sheet then bent. Two edges of the sheet are then welded to each other along a longitudinal line by means of the welding process 22 according to the invention to form the part 12 considered.
• the welding process 22 then improves the mechanical strength of the weld zone present on the part or parts 12 of the penstock 10.

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• Organic Chemistry (AREA)
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• 2012
  • 2012-06-05 FR FR1255239A patent/FR2991213B1/fr not_active Expired - Fee Related
• 2013
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  • 2013-06-05 CN CN201380041662.7A patent/CN104520060A/zh active Pending
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