EP2848414B1 - Printing machine for ink jet printing on containers - Google Patents

Description

The invention relates to a printing machine for inkjet printing on containers provided in a container stream.

For inkjet printing on containers that are conveyed in a continuous or intermittent flow of containers, comparatively large amounts of ink are necessary, which usually do not find space in printer cartridges in the area of the print heads used for printing. It is therefore known to arrange ink supply containers stationary in the area of machine bases. The supply of ink required for the operation of printing presses can be provided with such storage containers. However, depending on the color of the print to be applied, several storage containers of this type are necessary, which usually have to be refilled at different times.

On the one hand, storage containers of this type are often installed in the machines at locations which are difficult to access, so that protective covers or the like have to be removed, in particular in the case of rotary machines, and the storage containers can only be replaced when the container transport is interrupted by the printing press.

On the other hand, the efficiency of printing operations is particularly severely restricted as the number of processed ink types increases due to frequent production interruptions. This has a negative impact in particular on the machine availability required in beverage filling systems.

Out US 2011/285768 A1 A printing machine is known in which a rotor with a plurality of printing stations is arranged over a stationary frame and a storage tank, a refill container and a refill valve are arranged within an enclosure formed by the frame. Access to the refill valve appears to be possible through a door in the housing. This configuration results in an essentially tower-like structure of the printing press, so that the printing stations on the rotor are arranged comparatively far up. This results in restricted access to these components and a considerable amount of space in terms of height.

There is therefore a need for printing machines, particularly of the rotary type, in which printing ink can be refilled more efficiently.

The object is achieved with a printing press according to claim 1.

It is therefore not necessary to remove protective covers or the like when refilling ink. Furthermore, the ink can be filled in during the movement of a transport means for the containers present on the printing press, in particular a carousel-shaped container table. Accessibility according to the invention means that operating personnel have lateral access to the filling mechanism, for example in the periphery a container carousel, in an area outside of rotating machine components and preferably outside of the monitored machine protection.

The filling mechanism is in particular a filler neck or the like and is generally to be understood as a filling device with which the printing press can be connected to a unit for supplying ink, for example to a supply line or the like, according to the invention to a transportable ink container. For example, an ink container can then be inserted in a suitable manner in, on and / or via the filling mechanism / filler neck, attached and / or put on. In principle, a filling mechanism based on a hose would also be conceivable, with which ink can be drawn off from a container, tank or the like provided, or with which a temporary connection to a central ink supply system can be established.

Inkjet printing is done, for example, with ink that can be cured with ultraviolet radiation. The containers are, for example, beverage bottles, in particular beverage bottles made of PET. The printing unit is, for example, an inking unit and is used for printing with a specified type of ink, for example a specific color or a specific black pigment. The filling station according to the invention is thus permanently assigned to a specific printing unit / inking unit in order to provide a predetermined type of ink for the printing unit / inking unit. The printing unit / inking unit, which comprises at least one print head for dispensing a specific type of ink, is preferably connected to the filling station via a supply line, for example directly or indirectly via a tank or the like.

The filling station is preferably designed for inserting and in particular emptying a transportable ink container. The ink container is then preferably held in a suitable position, for example upside down, by the filling station during emptying. The ink container is understood to mean, for example, a canister or the like, in particular a container that can be handled by a single person.

The filling mechanism preferably comprises an opening for an ink container which points upwards and in particular widens upwards in a funnel shape. This means that a portable ink container with the container mouth pointing down can be inserted into the filling mechanism. In particular, this facilitates a complete emptying of the ink container and makes it unnecessary to suck off ink residues from the ink container.

A cannula for penetrating a closure provided on the ink container is preferably present in the filling mechanism. Thus, an ink container can be sealed in the Introduce the condition into the filling mechanism and open it under liquid-tight conditions in the filling mechanism and empty it through the cannula. This facilitates the handling of the ink containers and prevents or reduces ink spillage or spillage in the area of the filling mechanism. The cannula is formed, for example, centrally in the cross section of the filling mechanism. Likewise, a needle, knife or similar cutting edge could be present in the filling mechanism in order to penetrate a closure or a suitable wall area of the ink container and to open the ink container in this way.

The filling mechanism is preferably designed to center the ink container in order to guide the closure onto the cannula. This favors targeted emptying through the cannula. The filling mechanism could also be designed for liquid-tight enclosing of a container mouth. For example, the filling mechanism could be designed as an inner cone and the neck of the ink container as a corresponding outer cone, which can be pushed into one another in a liquid-tight manner.

Elevations and / or depressions for mechanical coding are preferably formed on the filling mechanism, such that only ink containers suitable for the mechanical coding can be guided to the cannula. Opening an incorrectly coded ink container, and thus filling it with the wrong type of ink, can be prevented easily and reliably. The filling mechanism and ink container are then provided as corresponding sets.

The filling station preferably comprises a protective door, in particular in the form of a sliding sliding door, the closed state of which is secured by a locking, pre-tensioned lock. This means that the lock is held in a locking position, for example by spring force. Manual unlocking by operating personnel is then required, for example, before the protective door can be opened. The protective door prevents unintentional opening of the filling station and the resulting contamination, especially the filling mechanism.

The protective door is preferably coupled to a ventilation device in order to automatically ventilate the ink container when the protective door is closed. For example, a ventilation cannula can be pushed through a wall area of the ink container when the protective door is closed. The ventilation cannula thus allows air to flow in when the ink container is emptied. A particle filter is preferably provided on the inlet side of the ventilation cannula, which prevents suction of particles which are harmful to the printing operation.

The ventilation device, for example in the form of a cannula, can also be arranged in direct proximity to the suction cannula, so that both devices are pierced over the same area on the filling mechanism. Alternatively, the suction and ventilation cannula can be combined as a cannula with two parallel channels. Overpressure can also be applied via the ventilation cannula, which enables significantly faster emptying.

The filling station is preferably fastened to a stationary frame element of the printing press, and in particular integrated into a frame column of the printing press. Frame columns are arranged on the outside of rotary machines, for example, around them. Filling stations according to the invention can thus be positioned in a particularly easily accessible and space-saving manner in a plurality of frame columns.

A storage tank for ink to be processed with the inking unit is preferably present between the inking unit and the filling station. The storage tank serves as a supply tank for ongoing printing operations. The storage tank is thus stationary on the printing press and firmly connected to the respective inking unit. In contrast, the ink container according to the invention is a canister, a bottle or the like, which is used for a limited time only in the respective filling station for filling the storage tank. This enables a particularly simple and inexpensive design of the ink container. The storage tank preferably comprises a control device for monitoring its ink level. A warning message or the like can then be issued in good time during the printing operation, so that the storage tank can be filled without interrupting the printing operation while ensuring a continuous supply of ink.

The storage tank preferably comprises an agitator. This is particularly advantageous when using sedimenting ink. The stirrer in the storage tank permanently prevents sedimentation of the ink.

The printing press preferably further comprises a control unit for releasing / activating a connecting line between the filling station and the storage tank as a function of a filling level of the storage tank measured and / or calculated in particular with a filling level sensor. The fill level could, for example, be calculated from the operating time / the ink consumption of individual printheads. As soon as a sufficient capacity for receiving the ink volume made available, for example, in an ink container is determined for the storage tank, the control unit releases a filling. The ink is then completely emptied from the ink container into the storage tank and / or pumped over via the filling station. There is then, for example, a pump controlled by the control unit for pumping the ink from the filling station into the storage tank.

The storage tank is preferably located below the filling mechanism. The refilled ink can then flow into the storage tank through a hydrostatic gradient. Additional pumps for transferring the refilled ink into the storage tank are then unnecessary.

The filling station according to the invention preferably further comprises an ink collecting trough formed under the filling mechanism. This means that any ink contamination that may arise when the ink container is removed can be collected and particularly easily removed and disposed of.

There are preferably a plurality of inking units for the simultaneous processing of different inks, and separate filling stations for the individual inking units, in particular one filling station for each type of ink to be processed. The individual types of ink can thus be refilled independently of one another and as required. Furthermore, by assigning separate filling stations for the individual inking units and assigned ink types, undesired mixing of ink types in the printing machine can be avoided.

The filling station preferably comprises at least one reading device for reading out data stored on the ink refill container. Such data are used, for example, to identify the ink containers, to identify the type of ink present in the refill containers, to mark the ink refill container with an expiry date, to protect against copying or the like. Such data can be stored on the refill container, for example as a bar code, data matrix code, QR code, on an RFID chip, on an electronics chip or the like.

Furthermore, a mechanism is preferably present in / above the filling mechanism which is designed to lock and unlock the filling mechanism in dependence on data read out with the reading device. For example, the locking bar is only released, for example withdrawn, when the data read out shows an ink container that suits the respective filling station and / or when the originality of the ink container and the durability of its contents are guaranteed.

The printing press according to the invention comprises a carousel for transporting the containers in the area of the printing unit. It is then a rotary printing machine that enables particularly high production rates, particularly when the carousel is continuously rotated. However, it would also be a clocked operation conceivable with container transport resting at times in the area of the printing unit.

Fig. 1

eine schematische Draufsicht auf eine erfindungsgemäße Druckmaschine; und

Fig. 2

einen schematischen seitlichen Schnitt durch eine erfindungsgemäße Befüllstation.

A preferred embodiment of the printing press according to the invention is shown in the drawing. Show it:

Fig. 1

a schematic plan view of a printing press according to the invention; and

Fig. 2

a schematic side section through a filling station according to the invention.

As the Fig. 1 shows, the printing press 1 according to the invention comprises, in a preferred embodiment, a carousel 2 for the circumferential transport of containers 3 to be printed, such as beverage bottles or the like, and for example two stationary printing units 4, each with a printing unit 5 for printing the containers 3 with ink 6 of a first type of ink , for example a certain color / pigment type, and with ink 7 of a second ink type, for example a different color / pigment type. The printing units 4 are preferably inkjet printers for applying ultraviolet-hardening ink 6, 7. The containers 3 are fed in a container stream 3 'to be processed, continuously held on the carousel 2 in clamping stations distributed uniformly around the carousel 2 and in a predetermined rotational position aligned. This procedure is known per se and is therefore neither shown nor described in detail. Alternatively, the printing units 4 could also be attached to the carousel 2.

The printing units 5 are each assigned filling stations 8 which are designed for the temporary insertion of portable ink containers 9. The filling stations 8 are preferably connected to the printing units 5 via supply lines 10 and storage tanks 11 for the ink 6, 7 to be processed in each case. The storage tanks 11 are located, for example, in an area below the carousel 2 or the pressure units 4 and are shielded from access to the outside by operating personnel during operation, that is to say when the carousel 2 is rotating, by a machine protective covering 12 or the like.

In contrast, the filling stations 8 are located in an area outside of the in the Fig. 1 schematically indicated machine protective covering 12. The filling stations 8 are therefore accessible to operating personnel from the outside during the operation of the printing press 1 according to the invention, that is to say when the carousel 2 is rotating. The filling stations 8 are preferably fastened in / on in particular column-shaped frame elements 13 and / or on the outside on machine protective linings 12 or the like. From an ergonomic point of view and / or in favor of the appearance, the filling stations 8 are attached and / or integrated in frame columns, Protection columns or the like advantageous. For the sake of completeness, is indicated in the Fig. 1 a base frame 14, on which the carousel 2 is rotatably mounted and with which the column-shaped frame elements 13, in particular, are fixedly connected.

Are indicated schematically in the Fig. 1 furthermore the following optional components 6 which can be used as desired depending on the ink 6, 7 to be processed: fill level sensors 11a for the storage tanks 11; an agitator 11b for stirring sedimenting ink; a pump 10a for feeding ink into a storage tank 11; and a control unit 10b for enabling / activating the supply lines 10, for example by switching on the pump 10a. For this purpose, the control unit 10b evaluates, for example, signals from the fill level sensors 11a and / or a calculated ink consumption by the printing units 5, individual printheads or the like.

The Fig. 2 schematically shows a filling station 8 according to the invention with an ink container 9. The ink container 9 is, for example, a storage canister, a storage bottle or the like and is designed to be transportable such that it can be used by operating personnel in the filling station 8, in particular with one hand. The filling station 8 comprises a filling mechanism 15, in particular in the form of an ink filler neck, which is preferably open at the top in such a way that the ink container 9 can be inserted into the ink filler neck with its mouth pointing downward.

In the following, the term filler neck will be used in a simplified way for the terms filler mechanism / ink filler neck. However, the filling mechanism could also be implemented by other functionally equivalent openings / connections of supply lines 10 or similar structures.

A tubular cannula 16 or the like is present in the filler neck 15. This is designed such that it penetrates a closure 9a seated in / on the mouth of the ink container 9, such as, for example, an elastic plug and / or a welded-on / glued-on film, when the ink container 9 is completely lowered into the filler neck 15 and thereby the ink container 9 opens. Alternatively, a needle, a lance or a knife penetrating the closure 9a would also be conceivable.

The combination of an elastic stopper, for example made of rubber, silicone, plastic or the like, with a cannula 16 enables the ink container 9 to be opened in a particularly simple manner in a liquid-tight manner by the closure 9a elastically sealingly enclosing the cannula 16 and the ink 6, 7 simultaneously the cannula 16 can drain. This allows contamination of the filler neck 15 and the area below it largely avoid filling station 8 with overflowing ink 6, 7. The filler neck 15 and / or the cannula 16 is / are preferably designed such that the cannula 16 penetrates the ink container 9 in a liquid-tight manner. Likewise, the ink container 9 could rest liquid-tight on the filler neck 15, in particular if the latter is designed as an inner cone and the mouth region of the ink container 9 as a matching outer cone (not shown).

In order to facilitate the insertion of the ink container 9 into the filler neck 15, the latter can have a funnel-shaped opening 15a or similar guide aid for the mouth of the ink container 9. In particular, the mouth, and with it the closure 9a, is centered in the lower region of the filler neck 15 in front of the cannula 16.

The cannula 16 is connected to the supply line 10, so that the ink container 9 can be emptied into the storage tank 11 via the supply line 10. For this purpose, the filling station 8 is preferably arranged above the storage tank 11 such that the ink 6, 7 flows from the ink tank 9 into the storage tank 11 solely by hydrostatic pressure drop. An additional pump 10a for transporting the ink 6, 7 from the ink container 9 into the storage tank 11 is then unnecessary, but could in principle also be present.

The filling station 8 is closed during the ongoing operation of the printing press 1 according to the invention by means of a protective door 18, which is designed in particular as a lifting and sliding door, and is preferably secured against unintentional opening by means of a lock 19. The lock 19 comprises, for example, a resiliently pretensioned snap hook 19a or the like, which engages and / or engages in a locking manner on an elevation 18a and / or depression of the protective door 18. There is also an actuating element 19b, for example a slide, by means of which the snap hook 19a can be disengaged from the protective door 18 in order to unlock it. In this case, for example, the actuating element 19b can be designed to engage in its unlocking position, so that the protective door 18 can be unlocked and opened in succession with one hand using the actuating element 19b and a handle 18b.

The protective door 18 is preferably mounted on a linear guide 20. This consists, for example, of fixed lifting rods 20a, a rail or the like and a slide 20b movable thereon, which is connected to the protective door 18. A ventilation device 21 for the ink container 9 is preferably formed on the carriage 20b. The ventilation device 21 preferably comprises a ventilation cannula 21a for insertion into the ink container 9 and one connected to the opposite end of the ventilation cannula 21a Particle filter 21b. When the ink container 9 is emptied, air 22 can flow in through the ventilation device 21. A negative pressure in the ink container 9, which is a hindrance to emptying, and its contamination with inflowing particles can thus be avoided.

The ventilation device 21 is preferably connected to the protective door 18 in such a way that the ventilation of the ink container 9 is triggered by the closing of the protective door 18. Here, the illustrated embodiment of the protective door 18 by means of a vertical linear guide 20 is particularly advantageous for integrating the filling station 8 according to the invention into a frame column or the like. In principle, however, revolving doors, flaps or the like would also be conceivable instead of the lift and slide door shown. Such flaps or the like could also be connected to the ventilation device 21 in such a way that the ink container 9 is ventilated when the flap or the like is closed.

The ventilation device 21 could also be designed as a unit to be operated separately, which can be operated manually, for example, after the ink container 9 has been properly inserted into the filler neck 15. Furthermore, the lifting force to be exerted by the operating personnel for opening the protective door 18 can be reduced by a spring aid 23 or the like indicated schematically. The protective door 18 is then also kept open by spring tension.

The filling station 8 preferably further comprises at least one reading device 24 for reading out a data memory 25 present on the ink container 9, for example a print, sticker or the like. This can be used, for example, to check whether an ink container 9 with the correct type of ink has been inserted into the filling station 8. Likewise, data can be read out, which includes information on the shelf life, the originality of the container origin, batch numbers or the like. The reading device 24 can be designed, for example, as a bar code laser, as a data matrix code laser, as a QR code laser, as an RFID chip laser, as an electronic chip laser or the like. With the aid of a suitable data evaluation unit (not shown), a locking bar 26 can be controlled, for example, which prevents an opening and / or a broken seal when inserting incorrectly and / or incorrectly assigned ink containers 9. A correspondingly extended locking position of the locking bolt 26 is in the Fig. 2 indicated by dashed lines. The locking bar 26 then allows only properly inserted ink container 9 to advance to the cannula 16, in particular to pierce the closure 9a. The locking bolt 26 can be adjusted, for example, by a pneumatic cylinder 26a, an electromagnetic switch or the like.

The exemplary representation in the Fig. 1 with printing units 5 formed on separate printing units 4 only serves for a better understanding of the separate ink supply of the individual printing units 5. These could also be formed on a common printing unit 4 or distributed in principle in any manner over several printing units 4. A printing unit 5 is understood to mean, for example, a print head assigned to a specific ink type or color or a group of print heads assigned in this way. It is crucial that each printing unit 5 is assigned at least one filling station 8, into which only the ink 6, 7 to be processed with the respective printing unit 5 is filled. It is also conceivable for a filling station to supply several printing units if the ink / ink type is the same.

The filling stations 8 according to the invention make it possible to fill / refill with ink 6, 7 while the printing press 1 according to the invention is running, that is to say when the carousel 2 is rotating. Thus, the production for refilling the storage tanks 11 does not have to be interrupted. This is particularly advantageous since different amounts of individual types of ink are usually required for printing and the associated storage containers 11 would then often have to be refilled at different times. Thus, the storage tanks 11 can, according to the invention, be designed to be smaller than in conventional printing presses in which all types of ink have to be kept available in large quantities in order to reduce the production interruptions required for filling.

The correct assignment of the ink containers 9 to the individual filling stations 8 can be checked by means of the reader 24 as described above. It would also be conceivable to color-code the ink containers 9 and the filling stations 8. It would also be conceivable to design different mechanical codes, for example in the form of elevations and / or depressions, on the filler neck 15 of the individual filling stations 8, each of which corresponds to matching elevations and / or depressions on the ink containers 9 of the respectively assigned type of ink such that only these ink containers 9 can be opened in the filler neck 15. For example, matching filler neck 15 and ink container 9 can work together in the sense of a lock and key.

The printing press 1 according to the invention can be used, for example, as follows.

The carousel 2 rotates continuously during the printing operation with the printing press 1 according to the invention. In a manner known per se, containers 3 to be printed are introduced into the carousel 2 by means of an inlet star or the like, are guided along the stationary printing units 4 and their printing units 5 and are thereby printed. The printed containers 3 are discharged from the printing press 1 according to the invention in a manner known per se with the aid of an outlet star or the like.

If, for example, a level sensor 11a present on the storage tank 11 reports that the ink 6, 7 falls below a minimum level during this time, a warning signal is issued which informs the operating personnel of the type of ink to be refilled. During the ongoing operation of the printing press 1, operating personnel can then unlock / open the protective door 18 and insert a suitable ink container 9. In this case, the filling station 8 preferably checks whether it is a proper ink container 9 of the assigned ink type, for example with a suitable date of manufacture, a manufacturer's identification or the like, in order to avoid refilling with improper ink.

After successful / positive data query, operating personnel can completely insert the ink container 9 into the filler neck 15 and thereby open the ink container 9. The ink 6, 7 then flows independently, preferably with ventilation of the ink container 9, into the assigned storage tank 11. After the ink container 9 has been completely emptied, it can be removed from the filling station 8 again and the latter can be closed. The filling station 8 is then locked again against unintentional opening and protected against the ingress of dirt or the like.

The filling station 8 can preferably be opened with one hand by an operator, so that an ink container 9 can be carried in the other hand without being set down and inserted into the filling station 8. Leaking / overflowing of ink 6, 7 in the filling station 8 can be reliably avoided by a liquid-tight attachment of the sealed ink container 9 in / on the filler neck 15. The ink 6, 7 can thus be refilled under particularly clean working conditions.

Nonetheless, an ink collecting trough 27 can be formed in the filling station 8 below the filler neck 15. The filling station 8 according to the invention is shielded from rotating machine components in the area of the carousel 2 such that the ongoing operation of the printing press 1 does not have to be interrupted. Production interruptions for refilling ink 6, 7 can thus be avoided according to the invention. Furthermore, the handling of the ink 6, 7 during refilling is simplified, and it is possible to work under particularly clean working conditions.

The filling station 8 according to the invention is particularly advantageous in printing machines 1 of the rotary type, but would also be used in linear machines, in the stationary and / or clocked printing of containers 3.

Claims (17)

1. Printing machine (1) for ink jet printing on containers (3) provided in a container stream (3'), comprising a container carousel (2), storage tanks (11) arranged thereunder for ink (6, 7) to be processed, at least one printing unit (5) for printing the containers and a filling station (8) assigned to the at least one printing unit (5) and designed for the temporary insertion of a transportable ink container (9) and comprising a fill-in mechanism (15), wherein the filling station (8) is connected via a supply line (10) to a storage tank (11) and said tank is connected via a further supply line (10) to the printing unit (5), wherein a monitored machine guard (12) is present for shielding the storage tank (11) during operation outwards against access by the operating personnel, and the fill-in mechanism (15) is accessible to the operating personnel in the periphery of the container carousel (2) in a region outside co-rotating machine components and outside the machine guard (12), so that ink (6, 7) can be filled in during the running printing operation of the printing machine, without standstill of the printing machine.
2. Printing machine according to claim 1, wherein the filling station (8) is designed for receiving and in particular emptying a transportable ink container (9).
3. Printing machine according to claim 1 or 2, wherein the fill-in mechanism (15), which is designed in particular as a fill-in nozzle, comprises an upwardly pointing and in particular upwardly funnel-shaped widening fill-in opening (15a).
4. Printing machine according to one of the preceding claims, wherein a cannula (16) or the like for penetrating a closure (9a) present on the ink container (9) is present in the fill-in mechanism (15).
5. Printing machine according to claim 4, wherein the fill-in mechanism (15) is designed to center the ink container (9) to guide the closure (9a) onto the cannula (16).
6. Printing machine according to claim 4 or 5, wherein the fill-in mechanism (15) comprises elevations and/or depressions for mechanical coding, so that only ink containers (9) matching the mechanical coding can be guided up to the cannula (16).
7. Printing machine according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the filling station (8) comprises a protective door (18), in particular in the form of a lift-slide door, the closed state of which is secured by a lockingly prestressed locking means (19).
8. Printing machine according to claim 7, wherein the protective door (18) is coupled to a ventilation device (21) in order to automatically ventilate the ink container (9) when the protective door is closed.
9. Printing machine according to one of the preceding claims, wherein the filling station (8) is fastened to a stationary frame element (13) of the printing machine and in particular is integrated into a frame column of the printing machine.
10. Printing machine according to one of claims 1 to 9, wherein the storage tank (11) is located under the fill-in nozzle (15).
11. Printing machine according to one of claims 1 to 10, wherein the storage tank comprises an agitator (11b).
12. Printing machine according to one of claims 1 to 11, further comprising a control unit (10b) for releasing/activating a connecting line (10) between the filling station (8) and the storage tank (11) as a function of a filling level of the storage tank (11) measured and/or calculated in particular by a filling level sensor (11a).
13. Printing machine according to claim 12, further comprising a pump (10a) connected to the control unit (10b) for repumping the ink (6, 7) from the filling station (8) into the storage tank (10).
14. Printing machine according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the filling station (8) comprises an ink collecting tub (27) formed under the fill-in mechanism (15).
15. Printing machine according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein a plurality of printing units (5) are present for the simultaneous processing of different inks (6, 7) and also filling stations (8) separately assigned to the printing units, in particular one filling station per ink type to be processed.
16. Printing machine according to at least one of the preceding claims, wherein the filling station (8) comprises at least one reading device (24) for reading out data stored on ink refill containers (9).
17. Printing machine according to claim 16, wherein a locking bolt (26) is present in / above the fill-in mechanism (15), which locking bolt is designed to lock / release the fill-in mechanism as a function of data read out with the reading device (24).

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