Classifications

• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
  • H04B10/11—Arrangements specific to free-space transmission, i.e. transmission through air or vacuum
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/02—Details
  • G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
  • G01J3/0208—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using focussing or collimating elements, e.g. lenses or mirrors; performing aberration correction
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/02—Details
  • G01J3/0205—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows
  • G01J3/0216—Optical elements not provided otherwise, e.g. optical manifolds, diffusers, windows using light concentrators or collectors or condensers
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/02—Details
  • G01J3/10—Arrangements of light sources specially adapted for spectrometry or colorimetry
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
  • G01J3/30—Measuring the intensity of spectral lines directly on the spectrum itself
  • G01J3/32—Investigating bands of a spectrum in sequence by a single detector
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
  • G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/28—Investigating the spectrum
  • G01J3/42—Absorption spectrometry; Double beam spectrometry; Flicker spectrometry; Reflection spectrometry
  • G01J3/433—Modulation spectrometry; Derivative spectrometry
  • G01J3/4338—Frequency modulated spectrometry
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/10—Beam splitting or combining systems
  • G02B27/1006—Beam splitting or combining systems for splitting or combining different wavelengths
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G02—OPTICS
  • G02B—OPTICAL ELEMENTS, SYSTEMS OR APPARATUS
  • G02B27/00—Optical systems or apparatus not provided for by any of the groups G02B1/00 - G02B26/00, G02B30/00
  • G02B27/10—Beam splitting or combining systems
  • G02B27/12—Beam splitting or combining systems operating by refraction only
  • G02B27/123—The splitting element being a lens or a system of lenses, including arrays and surfaces with refractive power
• • H—ELECTRICITY
  • H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
  • H04B—TRANSMISSION
  • H04B10/00—Transmission systems employing electromagnetic waves other than radio-waves, e.g. infrared, visible or ultraviolet light, or employing corpuscular radiation, e.g. quantum communication
  • H04B10/50—Transmitters
  • H04B10/572—Wavelength control
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/12—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators
  • G01J2003/1282—Spectrum tailoring
• • G—PHYSICS
  • G01—MEASURING; TESTING
  • G01J—MEASUREMENT OF INTENSITY, VELOCITY, SPECTRAL CONTENT, POLARISATION, PHASE OR PULSE CHARACTERISTICS OF INFRARED, VISIBLE OR ULTRAVIOLET LIGHT; COLORIMETRY; RADIATION PYROMETRY
  • G01J3/00—Spectrometry; Spectrophotometry; Monochromators; Measuring colours
  • G01J3/12—Generating the spectrum; Monochromators
  • G01J2003/1286—Polychromator in general

Definitions

• the present invention relates to a device for transmitting a light beam of controlled spectrum, implementing innovative spectral multiplexing means.
• Spectral multiplexing refers to the spatial combination of several light beams each contributing to the final spectral composition of a combined light beam.
• the field of the invention is more particularly but not limited to that of the spectral multiplexing of at least two wavelengths each emitted by a distinct light source.
• Separate light sources include quasi-monochromatic sources.
• a spectrophotometer comprising a plurality of light-emitting diodes (hereinafter referred to as LEDs for light-emitting diodes) emitting at different wavelengths: in blue at 470 nanometers (nm), in green at 574 nm , and in the red at 636 nm.
• the different light beams emitted by the three LEDs are each coupled with a respective optical fiber, then a fiber-splitter (“fiber splitter”) combines and mixes these different light beams.
• a disadvantage of such a device is that it is difficult to effectively couple the light beam emitted by an LED with an optical fiber whose numerical aperture is generally limited relative to the divergence of the light beam emitted by the LED. The losses of light intensity are therefore significant.
• the alignment of the LED with the corresponding optical fiber must be very precise which limits the possibilities industrial production and repeatability of alignments.
• fibered multiplexers have a significant cost.
• the source for a microscope Colibri marketed by the company Zeiss in which four beams at 400 nm, 470 nm, 530 nm and 625 nm respectively, are combined thanks to a block comprising mirrors and dichroic reflectors is also known. Thanks to internal reflection games, the four beams form a single beam of white light at the output.
• a disadvantage of such a device is that the number of beams that can be combined is limited and can hardly exceed the number of four.
• the higher the number of beams that it is desired to combine the more the dichroic mirror arrangement is complex, expensive, and of low energy efficiency.
• An object of the present invention is to provide a device for emitting a controlled spectrum light beam which does not have the drawbacks of the prior art.
• the spectral multiplexing means do not have the drawbacks of the prior art.
• an object of the present invention is to provide a device for emitting a light beam of controlled spectrum, simple in principle and its embodiment, allowing in particular to be made in several copies with good reproducibility.
• Another objective of the present invention is to propose a device for emitting a light beam of controlled spectrum, making it possible to mix more than three or even four beams of light, for example twelve.
• Another object of the present invention is to propose a device for emitting a low cost controlled spectrum light beam.
• Another object of the present invention is to provide a device for emitting a controlled energy light spectrum beam of good energy efficiency, wherein the energy losses are minimized.
• This objective is achieved with a device for emitting a controlled spectrum light beam comprising at least two light sources each emitting a light beam with at least one wavelength ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 , as well as spectral multiplexing means.
• the spectral multiplexing means comprise an optical assembly formed of at least one lens and / or an optical prism, said optical assembly having chromatic dispersion properties and being arranged to be traversed by the light beams of the light sources. distinct, without spectrally selective reflection, and for spatially approximating said light beams, so that the spectral multiplexing means spatially superimpose said light beams.
• the transmission device is furthermore arranged so that each light beam with at least one wavelength ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 propagates in free space from the corresponding light source to the optical assembly.
• Each light source is associated with a respective wavelength.
• each source can emit at other wavelengths in addition to this associated wavelength.
• Each light beam with at least one wavelength ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 has in any event a certain spectral width.
• the superimposed light beams form a so-called superimposed or multiplexed beam.
• the light beams can be superimposed at one point, or preferentially at infinity, thus forming a single collimated multiplexed beam.
• the optical assembly thanks to its chromatic dispersion properties, can transform a multicolored light beam (that is to say comprising at least two wavelengths) into at least two light beams each at a respective wavelength. .
• each of the light beams at at least one wavelength can be brought spatially close to the output of the optical assembly. It is in this sense of use that one chooses to use the optical assembly, in the device according to the invention. It can be considered that the device according to the invention is a "Inverted optical spectrometer", using no diffraction grating or filter wheel.
• chromatic dispersion according to the invention includes chromatic aberrations.
• the optical assembly is formed by at least one lens and / or an optical prism, and there is no spectrally selective reflection (ie reflection of a portion of light beam at certain lengths of light). wave only, the portion of the light beam at the other wavelengths being either transmitted or deflected in another preferred direction). In particular, there is no dichroic reflector or diffraction grating.
• the emission device according to the invention is therefore of simple design.
• the spectrally selective reflections according to the invention do not include spurious reflections that may exist in any optical system, particularly at the interfaces, and which can then be attenuated by anti-glare treatments.
• Free space refers to any spatial medium of signal routing: air, inter-sidereal space, void, etc., as opposed to a physical transport medium, such as optical fiber or wired or coaxial transmission lines.
• this feature provides a greater freedom of positioning of the light sources which reduces the production cost of the device according to the invention and makes possible a production line.
• the light sources emit at wavelengths in the visible range (between 400 nm and 800 nm).
• the light sources can emit light beams with spectral widths greater than 6 nm.
• the spectral multiplexing means are formed by the optical assembly only.
• the optical assembly alone brings the light beams spatially together and spatially superimposed.
• each light source is placed on an object focus of the optical assembly, where said object focus corresponds to the wavelength of the light beam emitted by this light source, so that at the output of the optical assembly the light beams are spatially superimposed and collimated.
• This variant requires a minimum of optical elements. The manufacturing cost of the device according to the invention is thus reduced.
• This variant can be called the "infinite point" variant.
• the optical assembly transforms a light beam of parallel (called “collimated”) and multicolored (that is to say at least two wavelengths) beams, at least two light beams converging respectively to two distinct foci and separated from the optical assembly and corresponding to the two wavelengths of the multicolored light beam.
• each light source is placed at an object point of the optical assembly, where said object point corresponds to the wavelength of the light beam emitted by this light source, and so that at the output of the optical assembly the light beams are spatially superposed in a single image point.
• the spectral multiplexing means comprise the optical assembly, a homogenization waveguide and optical collimation means, the optical assembly being arranged to send the light beams at the input of the guide.
• the homogenization waveguide makes it possible to perform a homogenization function of the different light beams brought together spatially by the optical assembly.
• a homogeneous beam is obtained which is collimated by the optical means of collimation.
• a homogenization waveguide typically has a core diameter greater than or equal to 1 mm, which makes it possible to perform this homogenization function which could not be performed by an optical fiber.
• the optical means of collimation are preferably achromatic.
• the homogenization waveguide may be formed by a liquid core optical fiber.
• An advantage of such an optical fiber is its large diameter (for example 5 mm and up to 10 mm in diameter), allowing light beams evenly distributed over a large volume (for example a cylinder 5 mm in diameter and 3 mm in diameter). mm thick) are at the entrance of the optical fiber. A lesser spatial approximation of the light beams, implemented by the optical assembly, can be compensated for by the use of such a homogenization waveguide.
• the homogenization waveguide may be formed by a hexagonal homogenization bar.
• the term "light pipe” is sometimes used.
• a TECHSPEC® homogenizer bar can be used in N-BK7.
• the optical assembly focuses the light beams at a focal point or a focal area, at which is a simple filter hole.
• the separate light sources are arranged coplanar.
• the separate light sources can be aligned on a straight line and arranged in increasing order of wavelength ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 (ie in ascending order of wavelength associated with the light source).
• the optical assembly comprises at least one optical system used off axis and having a lateral chromatic aberration.
• This lateral chromatic aberration forms the property of chromatic dispersion according to the invention.
• Off-axis use accentuates or even reveals the lateral spatial dispersion of wavelengths.
• the light sources can be respectively placed at the focal points of the optical system corresponding to the wavelengths ⁇ and ⁇ 2 , so that their light beams are multiplexed at the output of the optical system.
• the optical system is said to be “used off axis", that is to say outside its optical axis.
• an incident light beam, converging at the object focus of the optical system does not emerge from this optical system parallel to the optical axis of said system.
• the foci of the optical system corresponding to different wavelengths are sufficiently separated to be able to place the corresponding light sources at the location of these homes.
• the spectral multiplexing is precisely and automatically performed by the aberrant optical system used off axis.
• the optical assembly comprises at least one optical system used in the axis and having lateral chromatic aberration.
• the light sources can be almost monochromatic, each emitting a light beam at wavelengths ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 .
• the emission device can form a source part of an absorption spectrometer, the spectral multiplexing means according to the invention being adapted to mix the light beams to form a multiplexed (or superimposed) light beam for illuminating a sample at analyze.
• the optical assembly comprises a doublet or a triplet of lenses, usually used for the correction of chromatic aberrations.
• the doublet or triplet of lenses is thus diverted from its dedicated use.
• a flint / crown doublet (the name of the two types of glass used for each of the two lenses of the doublet) is used.
• the optical assembly comprises an optical prism and optical focusing means and / or optical collimation means.
• the optical assembly comprises:
• optical collimation means arranged to form and direct collimated light beams from the light sources to the optical prism;
• optical focusing means arranged to direct light beams emerging from the prism towards a common point of focus.
• any optical spectral decomposition system comprising at least one lens and / or an optical prism, taken in the opposite direction, can be used as an optical assembly according to the invention.
• each light source is a light emitting diode (LED).
• An LED is a quasi-point light source emitting a diverging light beam.
• the transmission device according to the invention may comprise more than three light sources, for example at least five, eight, or twelve, or even at least twelve light sources. One could even provide dozens of light sources.
• the wavelengths of the light sources may be between 340 nm and 800 nm.
• the transmission device may further comprise modulation means arranged to modulate the light intensity of at least two of the light sources at different frequencies from each other.
• the device according to the invention comprises modulation means arranged to modulate the light intensity of each light source, independently of each other.
• the device according to the invention further comprises means for controlling the light intensity of at least two of the light sources, independently of one another.
• the device according to the invention comprises means for controlling the light intensity of each light source, independently of one another.
• a spectrally controlled multispectral source is obtained, each spectral contribution being intensity controlled independently.
• one of the light sources according to the invention can be ignited in turn. At every moment, the energy contribution of all light sources except one is zero.
• Such an embodiment makes it possible, for example, to produce a device for transmitting a beam bright for an absorption spectrometer.
• a spectrometer instead of sending a white light to a sample, which must then be decomposed into a wavelength after passing through the sample, only one wavelength is sent at each instant. (subject to the spectral width of each light source of course). We thus get rid of a final stage of spectral decomposition. It is chosen to control the emission device instead of separating the wavelengths in the beam transmitted by the sample.
• one can turn on all the light sources at once, but thanks to the modulation means as defined above continue to overcome a final step of spectral decomposition by spatial separation in an absorption spectrometer.
• the light intensity control means can furthermore make it possible to adapt the light intensity of each light source to an absorption by a sample and / or a response of a detector.
• the invention also relates to an installation M 2 for transmitting a controlled spectrum light beam, comprising at least two M devices for transmitting a controlled spectrum light beam according to the invention, each device M providing a light beam said superimposed, the emission facility M 2 of a controlled spectrum light beam further comprising additional spectral multiplexing means arranged to spatially superpose the respective superimposed light beams of each device M of emission of a light beam of controlled spectrum.
• the additional spectral multiplexing means advantageously comprise any conventional multiplexing means. Some examples are given below.
• the additional spectral multiplexing means may comprise a set of at least one dichroic mirror. Through games of reflection or transmission, one can spatially superimpose light beams each associated with a respective transmission device.
• the additional spectral multiplexing means may comprise a fiber-shaped mutiplexer arranged to multiplex together light beams. from its several input optical fibers. We can speak of "fiber splitter” to designate such a fibered mutiplexer.
• Each device for transmitting a controlled spectrum light beam may comprise a respective waveguide, and common collimation optical means with the other devices for emitting a controlled spectrum light beam, and the multiplexing means.
• Spectral annexes are arranged to multiplex the light beams from each of the waveguides.
• each device for transmitting a controlled spectrum light beam may comprise a respective homogenization waveguide.
• each transmission device corresponds to a waveguide (possibly homogenization) in which are propagated light beams superimposed or brought together by the corresponding optical assembly.
• the outputs of the various waveguides are multiplexed (or mixed) by the fiber multiplexer, and then collimated by the common optical collimation means.
• the invention also relates to a spectrometer for analyzing at least one sample, comprising means for illuminating the sample.
• the means for illuminating the sample comprise a device M for transmitting a controlled spectrum light beam according to the invention or an installation M 2 for transmitting a controlled spectrum light beam according to the invention.
• the spectrometer according to the invention can form an absorption spectrometer and comprise:
• At least one detector adapted to collect a light beam transmitted by the sample to be analyzed and delivering a signal relating to the light fluxes received by the detector at the wavelengths ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 , and
• the absorption spectrometer according to the invention does not use, contrary to conventional absorption spectrometers, expensive and bulky optical components such as a diffraction grating or a linear multi-channel detector (for example CCD sensor or photodiode array), its cost remains under control.
• expensive and bulky optical components such as a diffraction grating or a linear multi-channel detector (for example CCD sensor or photodiode array)
• the spectrometer according to the invention directly integrates the light source.
• the absorption spectrometer according to the invention may comprise modulation means arranged to modulate the light intensity of each of the light sources at different frequencies from each other, and signal processing means arranged to demodulate the signal delivered by the detector synchronously with the light sources.
• the absorption spectrometer according to the invention comprises the variant of the transmission device or transmission facility according to the invention, comprising means for controlling the light intensity of at least two of the light sources, independently of the one of the other.
• the principle implemented is fundamentally different, since it consists of controlling the emission (by modulation, or activation of a single source at a time) instead of spectrally decomposing along a line of detection, the light beam transmitted by the sample to be analyzed.
• the absorption spectrometer according to the invention then has many other advantages:
• the spectral decomposition of the beam transmitted by the sample is not perfect.
• most (but not all) of the component at a wavelength ⁇ are: most (but not all) of the component at a wavelength ⁇ , and stray light at all other wavelengths of the transmitted beam.
• This stray light is essentially due to the diffusion introduced by the use of a network of diffraction.
• the absorption spectrometer according to the invention may comprise at least one optical fiber in which is coupled the light beam multiplexed and illuminating the sample to be analyzed.
• the absorption spectrometer according to the invention may comprise optical collimation means, arranged at the output of the device or the installation according to the invention, so as to direct a collimated light beam toward the sample.
• the absorption spectrometer may comprise servo-control means adapted to modify the luminous intensity of each light source as a function of the absorption of each of the wavelengths ⁇ , ⁇ 2 (and, where appropriate, ⁇ , at N, 02) by the sample to be analyzed. This ensures that you always work in the best area of sensitivity and linearity of the detector. This improves the signal-to-noise ratio.
• the spectrometer according to the invention can form a fluorescence spectrometer and comprise:
• At least one detector adapted to collect a fluorescence light beam emitted by the sample to be analyzed
• signal processing means arranged to deliver a signal relating to the luminous flux (of the fluorescence light beam) received by the detector as a function of the wavelength ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 received by the sample.
• the wavelength ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 received by the sample is generally called the excitation wavelength.
• the detector may be arranged to detect only a predetermined spectral band.
• the fluorescence spectrometer is particularly advantageous, in the variant in which the emission device (or the transmission system) according to the invention comprises means for controlling the light intensity of at least two of the light sources, independently of one another.
• the signal processing means deliver a signal relating to the luminous flux received by the detector as a function of a given intensity (excitation) of each wavelength ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 and a duration excitation.
• the duration of excitation is controlled by means of control of the light intensity. It is thus possible to produce fluorescence resolved in time.
• different molecules do not undergo the same excitation. It is less expensive to play on a fast excitation time, than on a fast detection.
• the invention makes it possible to play rather on a fast excitation time, thanks for example to the use of LEDs.
• the detector comprises a simple intensity detector
• the signal processing means deliver a signal relating to the total intensity of the fluorescence light beam received by the detector as a function of the excitation wavelength ( wavelength ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 received by the sample).
• the detector may comprise a spectrometer, and the signal processing means deliver a signal relative to the fluorescence spectrum of the fluorescence light beam received by the detector as a function of the excitation wavelength.
• the fluorescence spectrometer may comprise servo-control means adapted to modify the light intensity of each light source as a function of the intensity of the fluorescence light beam emitted by the sample in response to wavelength absorption. ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 corresponding.
• the fluorescence spectrometer according to the invention may comprise modulation means arranged to modulate the light intensity of each of the light sources at different frequencies from each other, and signal processing means arranged to demodulate the signal delivered by the detector synchronously with the light sources.
• the absorption spectrometer according to the invention or the fluorescence spectrometer according to the invention may comprise a reference chain: a part of the light beam emitted by the means for illuminating the sample is not directed towards the sample to be analyzed but to a reference sample. It is thus possible to have a reference for calculating an absorption respectively a signal relating to the luminous flux received by the detector as a function of the wavelength ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 received by the sample. Rather than a reference sample, one can predict a simple empty location (ambient air), which makes it easy to integrate the reference chain into the spectrometer.
• a calibration can be performed by initially analyzing a reference sample and then a sample to be analyzed.
• the invention also relates to a fluorescence or absorption imaging apparatus comprising means for illuminating a sample.
• the means for illuminating the sample comprise a device M for transmitting a controlled spectrum light beam according to the invention or an installation M 2 for transmitting a controlled spectrum light beam according to the invention.
• the imaging apparatus according to the invention can form a fluorescence microscopy apparatus and include:
• collection means arranged to collect a return signal comprising a fluorescence light beam emitted by the sample to be analyzed
• the imaging apparatus can form an absorption microscopy apparatus and comprise:
• collection means arranged to collect a return signal comprising a light beam reflected or backscattered by the sample to be analyzed
• the fluorescence microscopy apparatus may comprise servo-control means adapted to modify the light intensity of each light source as a function of the intensity of the fluorescence light beam emitted by the sample in response to the absorption of the respective wavelength ⁇ ⁇ 2 .
• the absorption microscopy apparatus may comprise servo-control means adapted to modify the light intensity of each light source as a function of the intensity of the light beam reflected or backscattered by the sample. in response to the absorption of the wavelength ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 corresponding.
• the fluorescence microscopy or absorption apparatus may comprise modulation means arranged to modulate the intensity each of the light sources at different frequencies from each other.
• Signal processing means may be arranged to demodulate the signal delivered by a detector (for example display means) synchronously with the light sources.
• the invention also relates to a multispectral imaging apparatus for observing at least one sample illuminated successively by light beams at different wavelengths, comprising:
• means for illuminating the sample comprising a device M for transmitting a controlled spectrum light beam according to the invention or an installation M 2 for transmitting a controlled spectrum light beam according to the invention
• control means of the separate light sources arranged to activate each moment a light source at a time
• the invention relates to a use of a device M for transmitting a light beam of controlled spectrum according to the invention or an installation M 2 for transmitting a light beam of controlled spectrum according to the invention. , to form illumination means in any apparatus such as a spectrometer or an imaging apparatus. All the advantages stated about the transmission device according to the invention are found in these various uses (in particular, the adaptability of the emission, and the spectral control of the emission).
• the invention may also relate to a use of an emission device M according to the invention or an emission installation M 2 according to the invention, to form illumination means optimizing the colorimetric rendering of an object (in a museum, a jewelery shop, a teething device for the use of a dentist, etc.).
• the invention relates to a light emission block comprising at least three semiconductor chips each emitting a quasi-monochromatic light beam at an emission wavelength ⁇ respectively ⁇ 2 and ⁇ 3 respectively.
• the semiconductor chips are arranged in chromatic order according to their emission wavelength.
• the emission wavelength of a chip is the wavelength corresponding to its maximum intensity on its emission spectrum. This wavelength is generally central on its emission spectrum if the latter is bell-shaped.
• the light emission block according to the invention incorporates the general principle of multicore LEDs (we speak in English of "multichip LED"), but by modifying it.
• multi-core LEDs are made to optimize the emission intensity of the LED.
• Each semiconductor chip then has the same emission spectrum. According to the invention, on the contrary, it is desired that each semiconductor chip has a distinct emission wavelength.
• the semiconductor chips are placed according to their emission wavelength.
• the semiconductor chips may be numerous, for example twelve may be provided in the same light source.
• Semiconductor chips can be coplanar.
• the semiconductor chips can be aligned.
• the width of a semiconductor chip is less than 1 mm, for example between 90 ⁇ m and 500 ⁇ m or even between 90 ⁇ m and 200 ⁇ m.
• the distance between two neighboring diodes is advantageously between 90 pm and 500 pm. This distance may vary in particular according to the spectral width of each semiconductor chip, and the difference between the emission wavelengths of two neighboring semiconductor chips. This distance depends on the number of semiconductor chips that it is desired to use in the light source according to the invention.
• the distance between two neighboring diodes can be fixed.
• the distance between a first diode and the neighboring diode varies with the emission wavelength of the first diode and the emission wavelength of the neighboring diode.
• the light emission block according to the invention may be adapted to be used in a device for emitting a controlled spectrum light beam according to the invention, to form the light sources.
• the invention may relate to a device for transmitting a controlled spectrum light beam as described above, in which the light sources are formed by such a light emission block.
• FIG. 1 illustrates the emission spectra of two light sources used in a device for emitting a controlled spectrum light beam according to the invention
• FIG. 2 illustrates a first embodiment of an emission device according to the invention
• FIG. 3 illustrates a second embodiment of an emission device according to the invention
• FIG. 4 illustrates a third embodiment of an emission device according to the invention
• FIG. 5 illustrates a fourth embodiment of an emission device according to the invention
• FIG. 6 illustrates an embodiment of a transmission installation according to the invention
• FIG. 7 illustrates an embodiment of an absorption spectrometer according to the invention
• FIG. 8 illustrates an embodiment of a fluorescence spectrometer according to the invention
• FIG. 9 illustrates an embodiment of a fluorescence microscopy apparatus according to the invention.
• FIG. 10 illustrates an embodiment of a multispectral imaging apparatus according to the invention.
• FIG. 11 illustrates an embodiment of a light emission block according to the invention.
• the emission spectra of two light sources used in a transmission device according to the invention will first describe, with reference to Figure 1, the emission spectra of two light sources used in a transmission device according to the invention.
• Each spectrum ⁇ ( ⁇ ), respectively ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ ), has the shape of a "bell-shaped" curve (for example a Gaussian) having a peak at the so-called working wavelength ⁇ , respectively ⁇ 2 .
• This peak has a relatively low half-height width relative to the working wavelength.
• a first light source SI has a bell emission spectrum with:
• ⁇ a half-height width ⁇ around the peak at ⁇ , here equal to 10 nm.
• a second light source S2 has a bell emission spectrum with:
• ⁇ 2 a half-height width ⁇ 2 around the peak at ⁇ 2 , here equal to 10 nm.
• the half-height width ⁇ of the light source SI is small compared with the wavelength ⁇ because ⁇ / ⁇ ⁇ 1
• the half-height width ⁇ 2 of the light source S2 is small compared with the wavelength ⁇ 2 because ⁇ 2 / ⁇ 2 ⁇ 1.
• the light sources here comprise light emitting diodes (LEDs or "LEDs” in English for “Light-Emitting Diodes”).
• LEDs light emitting diodes
• the use of light-emitting diodes makes it possible to reduce risk of failure, LEDs being light sources having a longer life than the light sources usually used in devices such as a spectrometer, such as incandescent or discharge sources.
• LEDs have the advantage of being small.
• a first embodiment of a device for emitting a light beam of controlled spectrum 1 according to the invention will now be described with reference to FIG.
• These light sources SI to S12 are considered to be quasi-monochromatic sources, each emitting a light beam at wavelengths ⁇ K 12l respectively.
• quasi-monochromatic source a light source whose emission spectrum is narrow in wavelength. This can be understood in the light of FIG. 1, on which the emission spectra of the light-emitting diodes SI and S2 have been represented.
• the ten other light sources S3 to S12 emit light beams at the following wavelengths:
• the sources S1 to S12 are therefore arranged in ascending order chromaticity. Alternatively, any other wavelength suitable for the application implemented may be used.
• the wavelengths of the light sources are between 340 nanometers and 800 nanometers.
• the light sources S1 to S12 are advantageously selected so that their respective emission spectra do not overlap. This means, taking again the example of the light sources S1 and S2 whose respective spectra are represented in FIG. 1, that:
• the luminous intensity ⁇ ( ⁇ 2 ) of the light source SI for the wavelength ⁇ 2 is very small compared with the value of the peak I 2 , m ax, for example less than 5%, preferably less than 1% of the value of this peak, and that - the luminous intensity ⁇ 2 ( ⁇ ) of the light source S2 for the wavelength ⁇ is very small relative to the value of the peak Ii, m ax, for example less than 5%, preferably less than 1% of the value of this peak.
• the light sources may each comprise an optical filter placed in front of them to further limit their respective half-height width.
• This optical filter is a conventional spectral filter known to those skilled in the art for transmitting a light beam only over a specific wavelength range, called its "bandwidth".
• This filter may be for example an absorption filter, or an interference filter.
• the twelve light sources S1 to S12 are, in the embodiment of the invention shown in FIG. 2, light-emitting diodes of the encapsulated type.
• the light emitting diodes S1 to S12 here each comprise a chip ("LED chip” in English) which emits light and placed in a housing allowing, on the one hand, to dissipate the heat released by the chip when it emits, and, secondly, to bring the power to the chip for its operation.
• the housing is therefore generally made of a thermally resistant material and electrically insulating such as an epoxy polymer such as epoxy resin, or a ceramic. It generally comprises two metal tabs which are welded to the printed circuit board 21 by means of two soldering points, these welds making it possible, on the one hand, to fix the light-emitting diode on the printed circuit board, and, on the other hand, on the other hand, to power the LEDs while running.
• the same housing could have several chips ("mutichip LED" in English), the housing then generally comprising as many pairs of metal legs as chips embedded in the housing. We are talking about multi-core LEDs. The different chips of the case are identical.
• the printed circuit board 21 or "PCB” for "Printed Circuit
• the printed circuit board 21 comprises a connector 22.
• the connector 22 is not shown in all the figures, for the sake of readability of the figures. It will be seen, with reference to FIG. 7, that on this connector 22 is connected a cable 23 connected to a supply and control box 24 supplying a current adjusted for each of the light-emitting diodes.
• the electroluminescent diodes S1 to S12 each emit a light beam at their emission wavelength ⁇ to K 12 .
• Each light beam is generally a divergent beam, the LEDs being light sources emitting in a quasi-Lambertian manner.
• the transmission device 1 comprises spectral multiplexing means mixing the light beams of the light sources S1 to S12 to form a multiplexed light beam 26.
• these spectral multiplexing means are formed by an optical assembly itself formed by a thick biconcave lens 25 having an optical axis A1.
• a lens 25 has a lateral chromatic aberration when it is operated outside its optical axis Al.
• the lens 25 has foci Fl to F12 corresponding to the wavelengths ⁇ to K 12 . Because of the lateral chromatic aberration, these foci are distinct and separated, aligned along a line intersecting with the optical axis A1 of the lens 25.
• optical feature of these singular points of the lens 25 is that a light beam from these points is transmitted and transformed by the lens 25 in the form of a light beam of parallel rays, said "collimated" light beam.
• a light beam emitted at the wavelength ⁇ from the focus Fl towards the lens 25 emerges from the lens 25 into a light beam parallel to the same wavelength ⁇ .
• a light beam emitted at the wavelength ⁇ 2 from the focus F2 towards the lens 25 emerges from the lens 25 into a light beam parallel to the same wavelength ⁇ 2 , superimposed with the light beam parallel to the wavelength ⁇ .
• the two light beams emitted from the foci Fl and F2 are thus mixed, or "multiplexed" at the exit of the lens 25.
• the light beams emitted by the LEDs SI to S12 are multiplexed at the exit of the lens 25, to form a multiplexed light beam 26, here in the form of a collimated light beam.
• the multiplexed light beam 26 is therefore a polychromatic light beam, since it comprises several mixed wavelengths.
• FIG. 3 illustrates a second embodiment of a transmission device 1 according to the invention.
• FIG. 3 will only be described for its differences from FIG. 2. While in the embodiment represented in FIG. 2, the light sources S1 to S12 are located at the positions of the foci F1 to F12 corresponding to the lengths of FIG. wave ⁇ to K 12 of the lens 25, in this embodiment it is not. We thus implement a conjugation optical "point-point", not "focus-infinite".
• the light sources S1 to S12 are located at positions such that the lens 25 achieves the optical conjugation between the light sources and a common image point 37.
• a spatial filtering hole 39 placed at this image point 37 makes it possible to carry out a filtering space on the light beam emerging from the lens 25.
• FIG. 4 illustrates a third embodiment of a transmission device 1 according to the invention.
• FIG. 4 will only be described for its differences from FIG. 3.
• the geometric aberrations of the lens 25 are such that a common image point for the sources is not obtained. lights SI to S12.
• Each light source is imaged by the lens 25 at an image point 401 to 4012 respectively.
• the lens 25, although it does not image the sources S1 to S12 in a single point, spatially approximates the light beams from each of the sources.
• the points 40i to 40i 2 are thus combined in a focusing volume of small dimension, for example a disk thick a few millimeters in diameter and a few millimeters in height. Therefore, a homogenization waveguide 41 is placed, so that the light beams, forming the image points 40i to 40i 2 , fit inside the waveguide 41.
• the waveguide is for example a liquid-core optical fiber having a diameter of 3 mm and a length of 75 mm.
• the light beams coming from each of the sources S1 to S12 are mixed inside the waveguide, so that a homogenized light beam is obtained at the output of the waveguide.
• the beam is said to be homogenized because the contributions of each of the beams at respective wavelengths are spatially mixed.
• an achromatic collimator 38 makes it possible to obtain a collimated multiplexed beam 26.
• the diameter of the liquid core optical fiber is much greater than the diameter of a conventional optical fiber (a few hundred micrometers).
• a liquid-core optical fiber having a diameter of approximately 3 mm is chosen, typically between 2 mm and 6 mm. mm, in order to guarantee an efficient coupling in the fiber at the same time as a good quality of collimation at the output of fiber.
• FIG. 5 illustrates a fourth embodiment of a transmission device 1 according to the invention.
• the spectral multiplexing means comprise an optical assembly formed by an optical prism 51 surrounded by a collimating lens 55 and a focusing lens 52.
• the collimating lens makes it possible to collimate the light beams emerging from each of the light sources S1 to S12.
• several collimated beams are directed to the prism 51.
• the several collimated beams can be spatially distinct, or partially superimposed.
• the prism 51 spatially brings these beams which emerge on the opposite face of the prism towards the focusing lens 52 which spatially brings into an image point 53 the light beams emitted by the different light sources.
• the prism and lens assembly is generally used in the context of spectrometers, to spatially separate the different wavelengths. Here, it is used on the contrary to spatially bring together beams at different wavelengths, by exploiting the principle of inverse return of light.
• the image point 53 is at the focus object of an achromatic collimation lens 38, so that one obtains at the output of this lens 38 a multiplexed beam 26 collimated.
• the transmission installation 60 according to the invention comprises three transmission devices 1 according to the invention. More specifically, in the embodiment as shown in FIG. 6, the transmission facility 60 comprises:
• each optical assembly 61 the light beams corresponding to each source block are focused at a single point or a plurality of points joined together in a focussing zone of restricted volume (for example a disc five millimeters in diameter and 2 millimeter in height).
• the light beams corresponding to each source block each penetrate inside a respective waveguide 41 which may be a homogenization waveguide.
• a fibered multiplexer 63 which spatially brings together the beams propagating in each waveguide 41, in a single waveguide 64 at the output of the fiber multiplexer 63.
• a multiplexed collimated polychromatic beam 65 is obtained at the output, bringing together the emission wavelengths of each of the light sources of each transmission device 1.
• each transmission device 1 corresponds to a dedicated collimation optics 38, then placed upstream of the fiber multiplexer 63.
• the fiber multiplexer can advantageously be replaced. by an arrangement of dichroic mirrors.
• the absorption spectrometer 70 according to the invention has lighting means formed by a transmission device 1 according to the invention.
• the multiplexed light beam 26 makes it possible to illuminate a sample 11 to be analyzed, constituted here by a human blood sample placed in a tank 12, the characteristics of which will be detailed below.
• the light sources may each comprise a polarizing filter placed in front of them.
• This polarizing filter makes it possible to increase the signal-to-noise ratio by dissociating, after transmission through the sample 11 to be analyzed, the light absorbed by it from the possibly fluorescence-re-emitted light.
• a polarizing filter would also measure the rotational power of the sample 11 to be analyzed, if it presented.
• the multiplexed light beam 26 propagates to illuminate the sample 11 to be analyzed.
• the sample 11 is for example placed in a tank 12 whose walls are transparent and absorb little for the wavelengths used in the emission device 1.
• the tank 12 is here formed of a parallelepiped tube made of quartz.
• the multiplexed light beam 26 then passes through the sample 11, in which it is absorbed along its path. More precisely, each of the light beams at the wavelengths ⁇ to K 12 of the multiplexed light beam 26 is absorbed by the sample 11, the absorption being a priori different for each of the wavelengths ⁇ to K 12 .
• sample 11 it is possible to add to the sample 11 to analyze one or more chemical reagents making it possible to carry out a titration of the sample 11 to be analyzed.
• a transmitted light beam 34 is obtained from the sample 11 to be analyzed, the spectrum of this transmitted light beam 34 being characteristic of the sample 11, as a partial signature of its chemical composition.
• the transmitted light beam 34 is then detected and analyzed by a "detector block".
• the detector block comprises a detector 31, for example "single-channel", collecting the transmitted light beam 34 by the sample 11 to be analyzed.
• the detector 31 is here a semiconductor photodiode of the silicon type.
• the detector could be an avalanche photodiode, a photomultiplier or a CCD or CMOS sensor.
• the detector 31 then delivers a signal relating to the luminous flux received for each of the wavelengths ⁇ to K 12 .
• the luminous flux received at a given wavelength is connected to the absorption level of this wavelength by the sample 11.
• the signal relating to the luminous flux received by the detector 31 is transmitted to signal processing means 32 which determine the absorption of each of the wavelengths ⁇ to K 12 by the sample 11 to be analyzed.
• the results of the analysis of the sample 11 are then transmitted to the display means 33 representing the results in the form of an absorption spectrum in which the wavelength is represented on the abscissa and on the ordinate the absorption level of the sample 11, for example in percentage, for the wavelength considered.
• Power and control means 24 are arranged to control the light intensity of each of the light sources, for example frequency modulate.
• each of the light sources S1 to S12 it is thus possible to modulate the light intensity of each of the light sources S1 to S12 at a frequency different from each other. As explained above, it is thus possible to distinguish the signals coming from each source, during the detection. Generally, the modulation frequencies are between 1 kilohertz and 1 Gigahertz.
• the signal processing means 32 then demodulate the signal delivered by the detector 31 synchronously with the light sources S1 to S12. This allows in particular to use only one detector to perform the measurement. Alternatively, one can simply provide to turn on or off each light source, so that at each moment only one light source emits light.
• the measurement of the absorption on the sample 11 to be analyzed is performed with greater precision.
• the detection noise is considerably reduced.
• the response time of the LEDs is very fast, of the order of 100 ns, typically between 10 ns and 1000 ns. Such rapid spectral control may be termed time-resolved spectroscopy. Such power supply and control means 24 thus make it possible to observe very fast phenomena.
• the response time of the LEDs is of the same order of magnitude as the response time of a photodiode appropriately selected. Thanks to such response times both transmission side and reception side, we can observe very fast phenomena, these response times (for example of the order of a few hundred nanoseconds) being of the same order as the life time vibrational and rotational states of the molecules. For example, an absorption phenomenon can be observed over time. For example, it is possible to observe how fast the energy levels of a molecule are excited and de-excited.
• the absorption spectrometer 70 also comprises servo-control means that modify the light intensity of each of the light sources S1 to S12 as a function of the absorption of each of the wavelengths ⁇ , A 2 by the sample 11 to analyze.
• the servo means include
• calculation means adapted to implement the servocontrol.
• the signal processing means 32 transmit via the connection cable 35 to the power supply and control means 24 a signal relating to the measurement of the absorption of each of the wavelengths ⁇ to K 12 by the sample 11 to be analyzed.
• connection cable 35 thus establishes a control loop between the transmitting device and the detector unit.
• This control loop makes it possible to adapt the intensity of each wavelength in order to work in the best zone of sensitivity and linearity of the detector 31.
• the operator starts the power supply and control means 24 for supplying the printed circuit board 21 comprising the 12 LEDs S1 to S12 which each then emit a divergent light beam at their wavelengths. respective ⁇ to K 12 .
• a multiplexed light beam 26 is then formed, this multiplexed light beam propagating to the tank 12 to illuminate it.
• the operator then performs a measurement "empty", that is to say that in this step, the tank 12 of the absorption spectrometer is empty and does not yet contain the sample 11 to be analyzed.
• the multiplexed light beam 26 is thus almost entirely transmitted by the tank 12 into a transmitted light beam 34.
• the detector 31 then collects the transmitted light beam 34 and delivers a signal connected to the light intensity of each of the light beams emitted by the different LEDs S1 to S12, the signal processing means 32 which record this signal.
• the signal processing means stored in memory a calibrated value of the light intensity of each of the light beams emitted by each of the light sources S1 to S12 and transmitted through the empty tank 12.
• absorption spectrometer. Measurement step In this step, the operator performs a new measurement taking care to place the sample 11 to be analyzed in the tank 12 of the absorption spectrometer.
• the signal processing means have stored in memory a measured value of the light intensity of each of the light beams emitted by each of the light sources S1 to S12 and transmitted through the light source.
• tank 12 of the absorption spectrometer 10 filled with the sample 11 to be measured.
• the signal processing means 32 determine for each of the wavelengths ⁇ K 12l to the ratio of the value calibrated at the calibration step and the measured value of the measuring step, this ratio being connected to absorption of each of the monochromatic light beams forming the multiplexed light beam 26.
• results are then displayed on the display means 33 in the form of a graph that the operator can view.
• FIG. 8 will only be described for its differences from FIG. 7.
• the multiplexed light beam 26 is directed towards the sample 11.
• the sample emits, in response to the absorption of the light beam multiplexed 26, a fluorescence beam 81.
• a detector 82 receives this fluorescence beam 81.
• the detector 82 may for example consist of a photodiode, or a spectrometer.
• the measurement of the fluorescence spectrum makes it possible to identify the components of the sample 11.
• the detector 82 is connected to signal processing means 83. If the detector 82 is a spectrometer, the signal processing means may be an integral part of the spectrometer.
• calculation means adapted to implement the servocontrol.
• the signal processing means 83 transmit indeed via the connecting cable 35 to the power supply and control means 24 a signal relating to the measurement of the fluorescence signal associated with each of the wavelengths ⁇ to K 12 .
• Such a control loop makes it possible to work in the best zone of sensitivity and linearity of the detector 82.
• Sample 11 may consist of biological tissue.
• the fluorescence beam 81 is directed towards collecting means 91 such as an arrangement of at least one lens making it possible to collect the entire fluorescence beam 81
• the fluorescence beam 81 is then brought to optical magnification means 92 which focus an enlarged image of an observation zone of the sample 11, for example on the retina of the eye of an observer. It is thus possible to obtain an image of the fluorescence signal emitted by the sample 11, for example to locate in the sample certain particular components that have previously been labeled with fluorescent molecules.
• the multispectral imaging apparatus 100 has lighting means formed by a transmission device 1 according to the invention.
• the multiplexed light beam 26 makes it possible to illuminate a sample 11 to be analyzed, constituted here by a sample of human tissue, as part of an in vivo observation.
• a focusing lens 105 focuses the multiplexed light beam 26 at a particular location of the sample 11 to be analyzed.
• spectral bands can be chosen according to characteristic wavelengths of the materials or products to be analyzed. This can be done by selecting the different light sources SI to S12.
• the multispectral imaging apparatus 100 thus comprises control means 101, comprising means for supplying and controlling the light sources as well as calculation means arranged to successively activate one of the plurality of light sources. These successive activations can be controlled manually, or be automated.
• the focused light beam 26 is reflected on the sample 11 in a reflected beam 102, and propagates to imaging means 103 comprising for example lens sets and optionally a display screen.
• Figures 7 to 10 illustrate different applications of the transmission device according to the invention. It will be possible to envisage all the possible combinations between these applications, and the various transmission device embodiments described with reference to FIGS. 2 to 5. It may also be envisaged to replace, in each example described with reference to FIGS. 7 to 10, the transmission device according to the invention by a transmission system according to the invention (FIG. 6).
• the light emission block 110 comprises three semiconductor chips 114, represented hatched.
• the doping of each semiconductor chip makes it possible to determine the central emission wavelength of the chip, as well as the emission width.
• the chips are integrated within a single component. This component can be plastic or ceramic.
• Each chip is glued with electrically insulating glue on a substrate (for example aluminum), and sometimes even directly on an electrode.
• Each chip is micro-welded with two dedicated electrodes 115i respectively 115 2 by welding with gold wire.
• the realization of the light emission block will not be described further, the invention residing in the choice and the arrangement of the chips of the transmission block.
• the light emission block 110 is a CMS component.
• the light emission block 110 is shown connected to a support 112 comprising metal tabs 116i respectively 116 2 , Each metal tab 116i respectively 116 2 is electrically connected to an electrode 115i respectively 115 2 .
• These metal tabs allow simplified wiring on a printed circuit board.
• Each semiconductor chip 114 has for example a shape of a square of 500 pm side.
• the distance between two semiconductor chips 114 is of the order of 1.5 mm. This distance is measured along a line 117 along which its aligned semiconductor chips.
• multipath variants, that is to say furthermore comprising means of spatial separation of the beam multiplexed into several beams of the same spectrum.

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