EP2816166B1 - Module for building façades and method of use in construction - Google Patents
Module for building façades and method of use in construction Download PDFInfo
- Publication number
- EP2816166B1 EP2816166B1 EP11878219.2A EP11878219A EP2816166B1 EP 2816166 B1 EP2816166 B1 EP 2816166B1 EP 11878219 A EP11878219 A EP 11878219A EP 2816166 B1 EP2816166 B1 EP 2816166B1
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- EP
- European Patent Office
- Prior art keywords
- wall
- solid support
- bores
- concrete
- connectors
- Prior art date
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- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 title claims description 32
- 238000010276 construction Methods 0.000 title description 28
- 239000004567 concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 77
- 239000004570 mortar (masonry) Substances 0.000 claims description 60
- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 claims description 44
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 24
- 229910000831 Steel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000010959 steel Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011150 reinforced concrete Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 claims description 10
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000011065 in-situ storage Methods 0.000 claims description 6
- 229920000049 Carbon (fiber) Polymers 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000004917 carbon fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000003365 glass fiber Substances 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000000919 ceramic Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000008187 granular material Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- 150000002739 metals Chemical class 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000001464 adherent effect Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 238000005553 drilling Methods 0.000 claims 1
- 230000002787 reinforcement Effects 0.000 description 15
- 239000012634 fragment Substances 0.000 description 11
- 238000013461 design Methods 0.000 description 9
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 6
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000009415 formwork Methods 0.000 description 5
- 238000005192 partition Methods 0.000 description 4
- 239000011083 cement mortar Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 description 3
- 239000002023 wood Substances 0.000 description 3
- 230000006978 adaptation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000006835 compression Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000007906 compression Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000008878 coupling Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000010168 coupling process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005859 coupling reaction Methods 0.000 description 2
- 238000005520 cutting process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000005242 forging Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005484 gravity Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000012447 hatching Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000004888 barrier function Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000009435 building construction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005266 casting Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000000295 complement effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000002131 composite material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004035 construction material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000007429 general method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000005304 joining Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000004519 manufacturing process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000012856 packing Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000011513 prestressed concrete Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009877 rendering Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002689 soil Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003860 storage Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000002435 tendon Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 239000011800 void material Substances 0.000 description 1
Images
Classifications
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
- E04B2/842—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ by projecting or otherwise applying hardenable masses to the exterior of a form leaf
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
- E02D—FOUNDATIONS; EXCAVATIONS; EMBANKMENTS; UNDERGROUND OR UNDERWATER STRUCTURES
- E02D29/00—Independent underground or underwater structures; Retaining walls
- E02D29/02—Retaining or protecting walls
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B2/00—Walls, e.g. partitions, for buildings; Wall construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted to walls
- E04B2/84—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ
- E04B2/842—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ by projecting or otherwise applying hardenable masses to the exterior of a form leaf
- E04B2/845—Walls made by casting, pouring, or tamping in situ by projecting or otherwise applying hardenable masses to the exterior of a form leaf the form leaf comprising a wire netting, lattice or the like
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04B—GENERAL BUILDING CONSTRUCTIONS; WALLS, e.g. PARTITIONS; ROOFS; FLOORS; CEILINGS; INSULATION OR OTHER PROTECTION OF BUILDINGS
- E04B5/00—Floors; Floor construction with regard to insulation; Connections specially adapted therefor
- E04B5/16—Load-carrying floor structures wholly or partly cast or similarly formed in situ
- E04B5/32—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements
- E04B5/36—Floor structures wholly cast in situ with or without form units or reinforcements with form units as part of the floor
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
- E04G23/0218—Increasing or restoring the load-bearing capacity of building construction elements
-
- E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
- E04—BUILDING
- E04G—SCAFFOLDING; FORMS; SHUTTERING; BUILDING IMPLEMENTS OR AIDS, OR THEIR USE; HANDLING BUILDING MATERIALS ON THE SITE; REPAIRING, BREAKING-UP OR OTHER WORK ON EXISTING BUILDINGS
- E04G23/00—Working measures on existing buildings
- E04G23/02—Repairing, e.g. filling cracks; Restoring; Altering; Enlarging
- E04G23/0296—Repairing or restoring facades
Definitions
- a general object of the invention is the design of a structure capable of application in different areas of the construction sector, in buildings and in engineering works.
- a second general object of the invention is a method of building a structure which may be used in:
- a particular object of the invention is the design of a structure that can be used in different areas of the construction sector, based on polymeric material solid supports and in alternative materials to polymeric ones such as concrete blocs, ceramic elements' parts, and granular material.
- a second particular object of the disclosure is the design of a structure that can be used in different areas of the construction sector based on polymeric material sheet supports or an alternative to polymeric materials such as wooden boards, laminated wood, and wooden agglomerates, metallic ones; said sheets separated by prisms or hollow cylinders of polymeric materials; of wood, laminated wood, wooden agglomerates, metallic or carton.
- a third particular object of the invention is the design of complementary parts of the structure such as connectors, wall armatures and connector armatures, based on concrete or cement mortar and steel respectively, and in alternative materials to steel as polymeric materials, other metals, glass and carbon fibers.
- the invention is related to a structure and a method for building a structure, that can be used in diverse areas of the construction sector, both in buildings and engineering works, including not only the use of concrete poured into the mold, but also shooting concrete on a support and using alternative materials to concrete or cement mortar in some of its parts.
- the structural concrete elements are fabricated preparing an enclosure by means of a mold known as formwork with the shape of the desired structural element.
- Steel armatures are placed in the inside of said mold in the areas and direction supporting traction when said element is overloaded, filling afterwards the enclosure with poured concrete and consolidating it by means of bar chopping or vibration. Once concrete sets in and hardens the mold is removed in the procedure known as stripping.
- the different structural elements can also be prefabricated in shop so that once the concrete hardens they can be transported to the construction site. These prefabricated parts might be lightened boring holes inside them as is the case of hollow slabs. Before pouring of concrete previous tension can be applied to armatures as is the case of pre-stressed concrete parts, or said structural elements may have hollow ducts so that once they are placed in the construction site, cables or steel tendons can be introduced through them to tense them afterwards; an operation known as post-tensing.
- Patent GB 2023215 of June 15, 1979 to Luddington Enterprises Ltd. discloses a constructive two-walled reinforced concrete element, built by projecting bars overlapping with the armature mesh of the walls on a two-sheet support, separated by steel bars either horizontal or in a lattice pattern.
- the connection between the two walls is limited by its relatively weak mechanical resistance; it can only be used in surfaces submitted to low stress as in buildings' closures or small bearing walls.
- the present invention provides a structure according to claim 1 and a method according to claim 9.
- Various optional features are set out in the dependent claims.
- the structures of the invention used in a given construction have some features previously mentioned providing at the same time inventive, novel features with respect to the state of the art.
- the ones built according to the invention are made up of elements of a mainly superficial character.
- Superficial dimensions of surfaces built using the invention are clearly superior as to their thickness.
- All types of structural elements and shapes can be made by the invention, either superficial ones as slabs, floor slabs, floors, brackets, vaults, water deposits, contention reinforced walls, bearing walls, closures, partitions, bridge boards, as well as linear structural elements as pillars, bridge piers, beams, girders; also volumetric structural forms as gravity dams o vault dams for water reservoirs.
- the present structure comprises at least two reinforced concrete or mortar walls, although they can also be made of reinforced cement mortar, coupled by connectors at a certain distance, which are generally of the same material, or of polymeric material; metallic, wooden; carbon fibers reinforced resin, glass fibers reinforced resin; or any other type of material with sufficient mechanical strength according to requirements of the constructive object to be built.
- the present invention provides very resistant structures with a much lower use of resources. Structures built according to this invention are much more resistant to seismic movement stresses. All of this results in an important saving of resources, rendering a significant applicability and an important economic effect.
- the following is an example of a method to build a structure using a solid support.
- connectors can be prefabricated in shop instead of in situ as previously described.
- these are cylinders or prisms of reinforced concrete or mortar with two or four parallel bores close to both bases of said elements.
- Wall armatures are placed at both faces of support and tying bars overlapping with armatures of future walls are introduced through connectors' bores.
- Tying bars introduced in connectors should be impregnated with resin so that they adhere to the concrete or mortar of connector's bores along their contact surface.
- the reinforcement method is as follows:
- connectors can be prefabricated for this reinforcement application.
- the work method is similar, but introduction of connectors' armatures and folding of ends of armatures is substituted by introduction of prefabricated connectors and introduction of tying bars impregnated with adherent resin through bores that the prefabricated connectors have in both bases, overlapping these tying bars with the armatures of the respective wall. Finally concrete or mortar is shot on both faces.
- the structures built according to examples of the invention may be foundation slabs, basement walls, load walls, closure walls, separating walls of spaces, pillars, beams, girders, drop forgings, and all types of covers, brackets, vaults, domes, etc.
- applications in civil engineering works of structures according to the invention may also include: construction of water storage deposits, soil containment walls, caissons for maritime port barriers, abutments, stacks and aqueduct and viaduct bridge boards, gravity dams o vault dams as water reservoirs, revetment of tunnels and galleries and in general, forming of any structure or part of same.
- any type of conventional reinforced concrete elements can be built in the field of in shop prefabricated reinforced concrete parts to be carried and placed in engineer works, including self carrying panels, slabs, pillars and stacks, girders, sill plates, etc.. These parts can have any required form or dimension.
- Figure 1 presents a two-wall reinforced concrete or mortar surface, illustrating orientation of the element capable of assuming any possible direction, illustrating as well walls 1 and connector 2 joining said walls 1, and armatures 7 of connector and corresponding armatures 8 of said walls 1; also indicating concrete or mortar 9 as the material used in this structure.
- vertical or slanted surfaces shooting is used to fix in place concrete or mortar 9.
- horizontal or less inclined surfaces fixing in place can also be accomplished by pouring.
- Figure 2 provides additional information showing in perspective a facade fragment.
- the figure only illustrates concrete or mortar elements 9, omitting the support, either a non-claimed double-sheet one 4 or a solid support (see Figures 3 and 4 ).
- the two walls 1 and three connectors 2 are visible, while remaining six connectors 2 are hidden by the upper wall.
- Figure 3 presents the non-claimed double-sheet support 4 corresponding to surface fragment shown in Figure 2 , comprising two sheets 4, separated by nine prisms or hollow cylinders 3; illustrating as well the nine upper bases of prisms or hollow cylinders 3, inner part of the six hollow prisms 3 and three hollow cylinders is visible, sticking out outer part of three hollow cylinders 3.
- Figure 4 presents another type of support corresponding to surface fragment represented in Figure 2 , in this case a solid support 5, showing the nine bores 6 bored in solid support 5 wherein six of them are prism shaped while the remaining three are cylindrical.
- Figure 5 presents a schematic plant view of surface fragment of Figure 2 . It presents two sections, section AB not cutting any connector 2 and section CD cutting three connectors 2. Section AB hatching shows concrete or mortar 9 area cut by the section; only two walls 1 of the surface fragment were cut in this case. Hatching of section CD shows this section cuts concrete or mortar of the two walls 1 and three connectors 2.
- Figure 6 shows more detailed information of a structure according to the invention, presenting two details of section AB and CD of Figure 5 using a solid support 5.
- the first detail corresponding to section AB of Figure 5 illustrates how said section AB does not cut through concrete or mortar 9 of connector 2 but instead cuts completely through solid support 5 also affecting walls 1.
- the second detail corresponding to section CD shows how said section CD cuts concrete or mortar 9 of connector 2.
- Figure 7 illustrates two details of sections AB and CD of Figure 5 when using a non-claimed double-sheet support 4 of the invention.
- First detail corresponds to section AB that does not cut connector 2, showing double-sheet 4.
- Second detail corresponds to section CD that cuts connector 2, showing double-sheet 4 and hollow prism 3.
- Figure 8 illustrates a perspective of all armatures of surface fragment of Figure 2 , showing both armatures 8 of all walls and also armatures 7 of the nine connectors 2.
- FIG. 9 An additional view of armatures shows in Figure 9 a plant view of Figure 8 representing armatures 8 of the upper wall 1 and armatures 7 of the nine connectors 2.
- Figure 10 represents the three connectors 2 of sections of Figure 5 .
- Lower detail shows armatures 7 of connectors 2 and armatures 8 of walls 1.
- Upper drawing of this figure shows the disposition of armatures 7 and 8 respectively providing a strong coupling between the two walls 1 by means of said connectors 2.
- the figure also shows concrete or mortar 9 materials of walls 1.
- FIG 11 Coupling of walls 1 of generating module by means of reinforced concrete or mortar prefabricated connectors 10 is shown in Figure 11 .
- Prefabricated connector 10 that might be cylindrical or prism shaped, is represented - in this case - in the right hand side detail of said figure, having close to each of its two bases at least two bores 14 parallel to them.
- FIG. 12 Method of reinforcement of existing surface 13 according to the invention is illustrated in Figure 12 .
- Surface 13 can have a vertical, horizontal or slanted position, also with curvature. If necessary, it is first tubbed so that following operations are safe.
- bores 6a are bored in surface 13 according to reinforcement design, then armatures 7 of connectors 2 are introduced through said bores 6a. Armatures 8 of the two future walls 1 of reinforcement are attached to each face of surface 13.
- the ends of armatures 7 of connectors 2 are folded overlapping them with armatures 8 of walls 1.
- concrete or mortar 9 is shot beginning by filling bores 6a thus forming connectors 2, shooting concrete or mortar 9 continues on one face of surface 13 and then on the other, thus finishing reinforcement by means of the structure of the invention. Once concrete or mortar 9 is cured and sufficiently aged to provide necessary resistance tubbing is removed from the structure.
- General building method is as follows: placing solid support 5 with shape and dimensions of the whole surface of the construction to be built or part of it. Armatures 8 of each wall are attached to each face of the support, armatures of connectors 7 are introduced through bores 6 of solid support; ends of longitudinal armatures of connectors are folded and overlapped to armatures 8 corresponding to each wall 1. Concrete or mortar 9 is shot packing bores 6 in the solid support 5, thus forming connectors 2. The shooting of concrete or mortar 9 on one face of the support and then on the other continues until achieving required thickness in each wall 1. If the structure of the invention to be used is three-walled 1 the same method is followed as previously explained except folding the ends of armatures 7 of connectors 2 in the face of support 5 where third wall is to be formed.
- Second support is attached to same so that unfolded ends of armatures of the connectors pass through bores 6 in the solid support 5, placing then armatures 8 of third wall 1. Ends of armatures of connectors 2 are folded overlapping them with armatures 8 of third wall 1, filling bores 6 of the second solid support 5, then shooting concrete or mortar 9 on seen face of said second support 5, completing third wall 1. If the structure has more walls the method is repeated until completion of all of them. Before concrete or mortar sets in, it can be trimmed or troweled if certain smoothness is needed in the seen face of any wall 1.
- Construction method if there is no access to one of the faces of the surface is as follows: a common support, not of the invention, is placed with no bores, with shape and dimensions of the surface to be built. Armatures of first wall 8 and armatures of connectors 7 are placed casting concrete or mortar 9 forming first wall 1; a second solid support 5, is attached with bores 6 so that longitudinal armatures 7 of connectors 2 pass through said bores; armatures of second wall are attached to this second support, folding and overlapping the ends of longitudinal armatures of connectors 7 to armatures of second wall 8, filling bores 6 with concrete or mortar 9 thus forming connectors 2, shooting of concrete or mortar 9 continues on seen face of support thus forming second wall 1.
- Construction method when a surface is attached to an excavation embankment or to an existing surface is as follows: Armatures of first wall 8 and armatures of connectors 7 are attached to excavation embankment or existing surface. Concrete or mortar is cast (shot) on embankment or on existing surface covering armatures of wall 8, thus completing first wall 1. A 5 support is attached so that longitudinal armatures of connectors 7 pass through bores in the solid support 5, armatures 8 of second wall 2 are placed, folding and overlapping longitudinal armatures of connectors 7 with those of second wall 8. Concrete or mortar 9 is shot filling bores 6, thus forming connectors 2, shooting of concrete or mortar 9 continues on seen face of support thus completing second wall 1.
- Solid support 5 is placed with shape and dimensions of all or part of the edification surface to be built. Armatures of each wall 8 are attached to each face of support, introducing prefabricated connectors 10 through bores 6 in the solid support 5; tying bars 11 impregnated with resin 12 in their central area are introduced through bores 14 that the prefabricated connectors have in both bases. If walls 1 needed a second armature 8 said second armatures 8 are placed in each face of support. Concrete or mortar 9 is shot on both faces of solid support 5 until completion of thickness required for each wall 1.
- Method to reinforce an existing surface 13, either vertical, horizontal, slanted or with curvature is as follows: if necessary it is tubbed in the first place so that following operations are sufficiently safe. Bores 6a are bored in said surface 13 according to reinforcement design, armatures of connectors 7 are introduced through said bores 6a; armatures of the two walls 8 are attached to each face of surface 13, folding the ends of armatures of connectors 7 overlapping them with those of walls 8. Concrete or mortar 9 is shot beginning by filling bores 6a thus forming connectors 2, shooting concrete or mortar 9 continues on one face of said surface 13 and then on the other face thus finishing both walls 1. Once concrete or mortar 9 is cured and sufficiently aged to achieve necessary resistance tubbing of the structure is removed.
- Method to reinforce an existing surface 13 vertical, horizontal or slanted and with curvature is as follows: if necessary it is tubbed in the first place so that following operations are sufficiently safe. Bores 6a are bored in said surface 13 according to reinforcement design; armatures of walls 8 are attached to each face of said surface 13 and prefabricated connectors 10 are introduced through said bores 6a; tying bars 11 impregnated with resin 12 in their central area are introduced through bores 14 that the prefabricated connectors have in both bases, placing if the case, second armature 8 of walls 1. Concrete or mortar 9 is shot on both faces of surface to be reinforced 13 until completion of desired thickness of each wall 1. Once concrete or mortar 9 is cured and sufficiently aged to achieve necessary resistance tubbing of the structure is removed.
- the present invention provides inventive, novel features as compared to the state of the art.
- the invention provides structures having stiffness in all directions enabling its use in the construction of any surface no matter the stress it may be subject to.
- the invention is much more versatile than any preceding one as to state of the art since it can be used to make prefabricated panels as Perrin's but also can be directly used in construction works to build any of their parts. Surfaces might have curvatures as is the case of vaults, cupules or any other paddled surface, wherein separation between walls as well as their thickness can be variable allowing adaptation in any point to the required stress level in the same.
- a material having low heat conductivity may be selected to construct the support, thus bestowing heat isolation features on the surface constructed according to the invention.
- structures built applying this invention are much more resistant to stresses provoked by seismic movement than conventional ones.
Description
- A general object of the invention is the design of a structure capable of application in different areas of the construction sector, in buildings and in engineering works.
- A second general object of the invention is a method of building a structure which may be used in:
- General surfaces' construction procedure in which both faces of same can be accessed by operators and machinery
- Construction without access to one of the surface faces, as a surface attached to an excavation embankment or attached to a party wall or to a surface with one face towards void.
- Reinforcement of an existing vertical, horizontal, slanted surface or with curvature.
- Construction in situ of bearing walls, separation walls, pillars, floors, slabs, consoles, roofs, vaults, domes; construction of all types of previously mentioned surfaces in engineer works, and furthermore abutments, stacks and bridge boards, frames and vaults for highway and railway under-passes, walls and frames to channel rivers and ravines, liquid containment deposits, walls and crates for port docks, water reservoir dams.
- Construction of foundation slabs and contention walls and previously mentioned structures in the engineer work, as well as buried or semi-buried water containment deposits, gallery and tunnel revetments, and bridge abutments.
- Construction of prefabricated parts in shop to be assembled in situ as well as engineer works and edifices.
- A particular object of the invention is the design of a structure that can be used in different areas of the construction sector, based on polymeric material solid supports and in alternative materials to polymeric ones such as concrete blocs, ceramic elements' parts, and granular material.
- A second particular object of the disclosure is the design of a structure that can be used in different areas of the construction sector based on polymeric material sheet supports or an alternative to polymeric materials such as wooden boards, laminated wood, and wooden agglomerates, metallic ones; said sheets separated by prisms or hollow cylinders of polymeric materials; of wood, laminated wood, wooden agglomerates, metallic or carton.
- A third particular object of the invention is the design of complementary parts of the structure such as connectors, wall armatures and connector armatures, based on concrete or cement mortar and steel respectively, and in alternative materials to steel as polymeric materials, other metals, glass and carbon fibers.
- The invention is related to a structure and a method for building a structure, that can be used in diverse areas of the construction sector, both in buildings and engineering works, including not only the use of concrete poured into the mold, but also shooting concrete on a support and using alternative materials to concrete or cement mortar in some of its parts.
- Use of concrete with steel bars goes back to the end of the XIX century to obtain a composite material having the characteristics of concrete as to its resistance to compression and those of steel, most of all regarding its tensile strength.
- The structural concrete elements are fabricated preparing an enclosure by means of a mold known as formwork with the shape of the desired structural element. Steel armatures are placed in the inside of said mold in the areas and direction supporting traction when said element is overloaded, filling afterwards the enclosure with poured concrete and consolidating it by means of bar chopping or vibration. Once concrete sets in and hardens the mold is removed in the procedure known as stripping.
- The different structural elements can also be prefabricated in shop so that once the concrete hardens they can be transported to the construction site. These prefabricated parts might be lightened boring holes inside them as is the case of hollow slabs. Before pouring of concrete previous tension can be applied to armatures as is the case of pre-stressed concrete parts, or said structural elements may have hollow ducts so that once they are placed in the construction site, cables or steel tendons can be introduced through them to tense them afterwards; an operation known as post-tensing.
- However the need of well designed constructive elements built in situ or prefabricated in shop, thus simplifying work in diverse applications in the field of construction and also saving materials and labor with a resulting relevant economic effect, is increasingly evident.
- Patent
GB 2023215 of June 15, 1979 - Document
US 3982368 of December 18, 1974 to American Volkscastel International claims a two-walled shot concrete constructive element wherein the cavity between walls is achieved with a wavy carton support sheet. The claimed element has two connectors between walls made up of steel bars overlapping in the armatures of walls. There is another alternative wherein walls are braced by means of concrete partitions provided at a certain distance. The alternative in which bracing between walls is achieved by means of concrete partitions is the one presenting more rigidity, mostly in the direction of partitions while it is scarcely rigid if perpendicularly. TheUS 3982368 invention is designed for prefabricated panels that are assembled in the metallic frames through bolts to the forging borders. It is designed to build only flat surfaces submitted to low stress as in buildings' closures. - Document
DE 19520082 of June 1, 19955 to Bitttscheidt, Norbert, Datteln , discloses a double-walled prefabricated concrete double-walled lost formwork to build vertical concrete walls packed a posteriori. Formwork is not recuperated as in traditional procedures. The proposed system aims to build solid concrete walls instead of hollow ones. It is useful only in vertical surfaces, needing a significant amount of concrete.ES 2163938 - Thus the need of an innovative solution having adequate stiffness in all directions, able to be used in the construction of any surface, even those requiring high resistance requirements as to stress. It should equally be versatile enough so it can be used in the construction of prefabricated panels as Perriin's, but also to build in situ any surface or edifice; building any surface even with curvature as in vaults, domes or any warped surface, allowing for variable separation between walls allowing adaptation in each point according to required stress level of said point.
- The present invention provides a structure according to
claim 1 and a method according toclaim 9. Various optional features are set out in the dependent claims. The structures of the invention used in a given construction have some features previously mentioned providing at the same time inventive, novel features with respect to the state of the art. - In the first place, contrary to normally used art in structure design wherein said structures are made up of linear elements, the ones built according to the invention are made up of elements of a mainly superficial character. Superficial dimensions of surfaces built using the invention are clearly superior as to their thickness.
- At the same time the concept of formwork to configure an enclosure in which concrete is poured disappears, using in this case a support to shoot concrete or mortar on both faces of same. The support is not necessarily removed but it may be left inlayed in the surface. Thus it results in a very light element for surface building wherein concrete or mortar is placed only in areas of compression stress originated by structure loading and to cover steel bars supporting tensile stresses.
- All types of structural elements and shapes can be made by the invention, either superficial ones as slabs, floor slabs, floors, brackets, vaults, water deposits, contention reinforced walls, bearing walls, closures, partitions, bridge boards, as well as linear structural elements as pillars, bridge piers, beams, girders; also volumetric structural forms as gravity dams o vault dams for water reservoirs.
- The present structure comprises at least two reinforced concrete or mortar walls, although they can also be made of reinforced cement mortar, coupled by connectors at a certain distance, which are generally of the same material, or of polymeric material; metallic, wooden; carbon fibers reinforced resin, glass fibers reinforced resin; or any other type of material with sufficient mechanical strength according to requirements of the constructive object to be built.
- As main innovative feature of the structure of the invention is the fact that it increases the inertia momentum of a surface regarding its medium plane, by separating walls from each other without increasing construction material requirements, as is the case of formwork concrete elements, wherein to increase momentum of inertia, thickness of surface has to be increased generating more material consumption, labor and time. Thus, the present invention provides very resistant structures with a much lower use of resources. Structures built according to this invention are much more resistant to seismic movement stresses. All of this results in an important saving of resources, rendering a significant applicability and an important economic effect.
- The following is an example of a method to build a structure using a solid support.
- a) Preparation of support as to dimensions and location of surface to be built. The support should be made up of light material, easily moldable, cut and drillable.
- b) Bores are bored in said support with the dimensions and shapes of connectors used to join the walls. The bore section coincides with that of the future connector and its depth with the connector's length.
- c) Armatures of future connectors are introduced through bores of the support. Armatures carry ends to overlap with wall armatures.
- d) Armatures of each future wall are attached and fixed to each face of support.
- e) Ends of connectors' armatures are folded and overlapped or welded with armatures of walls.
- f) Once all armatures are placed and overlapped on the support and said support is correctly placed according to the shape of the surface, concrete or mortar is shot beginning by filling bores and thus forming connectors, then
- g) Concrete or mortar is shot against one of the support faces covering armature and providing required thickness, thus forming one of the walls.
- h) Concrete or mortar is shot on the other face of the support covering the corresponding armature, forming the second wall.
- If the construction is three-walled, operations previously described are repeated except for folding of the ends of connector armatures in the face wherein the third wall is to be built. Next a second support is attached to the wall already built with bores facing salient ends of connectors' armatures so that the ends, once the second support is placed, protrude through its bores. Next armatures of second wall are placed. Protruding ends of armatures of connectors are folded and overlapped with those of the third wall and concrete or mortar is shot beginning by filling bores of second support, and next on seen face of second support, covering armatures and thus forming the third wall. If the structure of the invention has more walls the operation is repeated until completion of all walls.
- Alternatively, connectors can be prefabricated in shop instead of in situ as previously described. In this case, these are cylinders or prisms of reinforced concrete or mortar with two or four parallel bores close to both bases of said elements. Once in the construction site they are introduced in the support bores. Wall armatures are placed at both faces of support and tying bars overlapping with armatures of future walls are introduced through connectors' bores. Tying bars introduced in connectors should be impregnated with resin so that they adhere to the concrete or mortar of connector's bores along their contact surface. Once all prefabricated connectors and armatures of both walls have been placed, concrete or mortar is shot on one face of the support, thus forming the first wall and afterwards concrete or mortar is shot on the other face of the support thus forming the second wall.
- It is also possible to make up a surface according to the invention when there is no access to one of the surfaces to be built, by preparing a first support without bores with the shape of the future surface; this first support can even be the embankment of an excavation and if so, a first wall armature and connectors' armatures are placed in this support. Next concrete or mortar is shot thus forming the first wall; afterwards a second support is attached to this first wall, being said support solid or a non-claimed double-sheet support. Bores of this second support are arranged so that when attaching same to the already built wall, connectors' armatures are introduced through the bores protruding from them. Next armatures of second wall are placed, folding and overlapping ends of connectors' armatures with armatures of second wall, shooting concrete or mortar, filling bores and covering armatures of second wall, thus finishing same.
- When the second wall of concrete or mortar of the invention is to be used as reinforcement of an existing structure, instead of demolishing said wall and building a new one whether it is damaged or deteriorated, or a change of use is desired to increase for example, its loading capacity; the reinforcement method is as follows:
- a) First the structure is tubbed so that work can be carried out safely since the actual structure acts as support for shooting of concrete or mortar.
- b) According to reinforcement design, a series of bores are bored in all the surfaces to be reinforced.
- c) Connectors' armatures are introduced through these bores
- d) Next, armatures corresponding to each wall are fixed in each face of the surface to be reinforced.
- e) Connectors' armature ends are folded in each face of the surface, overlapping them with corresponding armatures placed in each wall.
- f) Concrete or mortar is shot beginning by filling bores thus forming connectors, next concrete or mortar is shot on one face of the surface, covering existing armature thus forming first wall
- g) Next, concrete or mortar is shot on second wall of the surface thus finishing second wall.
- Alternatively, connectors can be prefabricated for this reinforcement application. In this case, the work method is similar, but introduction of connectors' armatures and folding of ends of armatures is substituted by introduction of prefabricated connectors and introduction of tying bars impregnated with adherent resin through bores that the prefabricated connectors have in both bases, overlapping these tying bars with the armatures of the respective wall. Finally concrete or mortar is shot on both faces.
- Thus former construction is embedded in the double wall formed by said reinforcement.
- Industrial application of the herein disclosed double or multiple concrete or mortar walls focuses mostly on building construction and in engineer works. All types of structural elements, surfaces and architectural forms used in constructions and engineer works can be built with same.
- The structures built according to examples of the invention may be foundation slabs, basement walls, load walls, closure walls, separating walls of spaces, pillars, beams, girders, drop forgings, and all types of covers, brackets, vaults, domes, etc.
- Besides the ones previously mentioned, applications in civil engineering works of structures according to the invention may also include: construction of water storage deposits, soil containment walls, caissons for maritime port barriers, abutments, stacks and aqueduct and viaduct bridge boards, gravity dams o vault dams as water reservoirs, revetment of tunnels and galleries and in general, forming of any structure or part of same.
- With the present invention any type of conventional reinforced concrete elements can be built in the field of in shop prefabricated reinforced concrete parts to be carried and placed in engineer works, including self carrying panels, slabs, pillars and stacks, girders, sill plates, etc.. These parts can have any required form or dimension.
-
-
Figure 1 presents a module of double reinforced concrete or mortar wall. -
Figure 2 presents a perspective of a fragment of the surface (support omitted) built according to an example of the invention. -
Figure 3 presents the double-sheet support, which is not claimed, with nine prisms or hollow cylinders corresponding to the fragment of the surface illustrated inFigure 2 . -
Figure 4 presents an alternative type of support, a solid support with nine bores in the support corresponding to the fragment of the surface inFigure 2 . -
Figure 5 shows a schematic plant view of the fragment of the surface ofFigure 2 . -
Figure 6 illustrates two details of sections represented inFigure 5 wherein a solid support is also represented. -
Figure 7 illustrates details ofFigure 6 in case of double-sheet support, which is not claimed. -
Figure 8 illustrates a perspective of all armatures of the fragment of the surface ofFigure 2 , including armatures of both walls and those of the nine connectors. -
Figure 9 represents a plant view of armatures ofFigure 8 . -
Figure 10 illustrates three connectors of sections ofFigure 5 , with their armatures and both walls with their corresponding armatures which may be used in examples of the invention. -
Figure 11 represents bracing of the two walls by means of prefabricated connectors of concrete or reinforced mortar which may be used in examples of the invention. -
Figure 12 illustrates the characteristic reinforcement method of an existing surface. -
Figure 1 presents a two-wall reinforced concrete or mortar surface, illustrating orientation of the element capable of assuming any possible direction, illustrating as wellwalls 1 andconnector 2 joining saidwalls 1, andarmatures 7 of connector and corresponding armatures 8 of saidwalls 1; also indicating concrete ormortar 9 as the material used in this structure. In vertical or slanted surfaces shooting is used to fix in place concrete ormortar 9. In horizontal or less inclined surfaces fixing in place can also be accomplished by pouring. -
Figure 2 provides additional information showing in perspective a facade fragment. The figure only illustrates concrete ormortar elements 9, omitting the support, either a non-claimed double-sheet one 4 or a solid support (seeFigures 3 and 4 ). The twowalls 1 and threeconnectors 2 are visible, while remaining sixconnectors 2 are hidden by the upper wall. -
Figure 3 presents the non-claimed double-sheet support 4 corresponding to surface fragment shown inFigure 2 , comprising twosheets 4, separated by nine prisms orhollow cylinders 3; illustrating as well the nine upper bases of prisms orhollow cylinders 3, inner part of the sixhollow prisms 3 and three hollow cylinders is visible, sticking out outer part of threehollow cylinders 3. -
Figure 4 presents another type of support corresponding to surface fragment represented inFigure 2 , in this case asolid support 5, showing the ninebores 6 bored insolid support 5 wherein six of them are prism shaped while the remaining three are cylindrical. - For a better understanding of the invention,
Figure 5 presents a schematic plant view of surface fragment ofFigure 2 . It presents two sections, section AB not cutting anyconnector 2 and section CD cutting threeconnectors 2. Section AB hatching shows concrete ormortar 9 area cut by the section; only twowalls 1 of the surface fragment were cut in this case. Hatching of section CD shows this section cuts concrete or mortar of the twowalls 1 and threeconnectors 2. -
Figure 6 shows more detailed information of a structure according to the invention, presenting two details of section AB and CD ofFigure 5 using asolid support 5. The first detail corresponding to section AB ofFigure 5 illustrates how said section AB does not cut through concrete ormortar 9 ofconnector 2 but instead cuts completely throughsolid support 5 also affectingwalls 1. The second detail corresponding to section CD shows how said section CD cuts concrete ormortar 9 ofconnector 2. - For the same detailed information of the non-claimed double-
walled generating module 1,Figure 7 illustrates two details of sections AB and CD ofFigure 5 when using a non-claimed double-sheet support 4 of the invention. First detail corresponds to section AB that does not cutconnector 2, showing double-sheet 4. Second detail corresponds to section CD that cutsconnector 2, showing double-sheet 4 andhollow prism 3. -
Figure 8 illustrates a perspective of all armatures of surface fragment ofFigure 2 , showing both armatures 8 of all walls and also armatures 7 of the nineconnectors 2. - An additional view of armatures shows in
Figure 9 a plant view ofFigure 8 representing armatures 8 of theupper wall 1 andarmatures 7 of the nineconnectors 2. -
Figure 10 represents the threeconnectors 2 of sections ofFigure 5 . Lower detail showsarmatures 7 ofconnectors 2 and armatures 8 ofwalls 1. Upper drawing of this figure shows the disposition ofarmatures 7 and 8 respectively providing a strong coupling between the twowalls 1 by means of saidconnectors 2. The figure also shows concrete ormortar 9 materials ofwalls 1. - Coupling of
walls 1 of generating module by means of reinforced concrete or mortar prefabricatedconnectors 10 is shown inFigure 11 . Prefabricatedconnector 10, that might be cylindrical or prism shaped, is represented - in this case - in the right hand side detail of said figure, having close to each of its two bases at least twobores 14 parallel to them. Once thesolid support 5 has been placed, eachprefabricated connector 10 is introduced throughbores 6 in thesolid support 5. Next armatures 8 of the twowalls 1 are fixed in place and then tyingbars 11 are introduced throughbores 14 of both bases of theprefabricated connector 10, impregnating previously withresin 12 each tyingbar 11 in the contact area between said tyingbar 11 and thecorresponding bore 14 ofprefabricated connector 10; saidresin 12 guarantees adherence between tyingbars 11 andprefabricated connector 10. Concrete ormortar 9 is then shot on both faces of thesolid support 5, thus forming the structure of the invention. - Method of reinforcement of existing
surface 13 according to the invention is illustrated inFigure 12 .Surface 13 can have a vertical, horizontal or slanted position, also with curvature. If necessary, it is first tubbed so that following operations are safe. Next bores 6a are bored insurface 13 according to reinforcement design, then armatures 7 ofconnectors 2 are introduced through said bores 6a. Armatures 8 of the twofuture walls 1 of reinforcement are attached to each face ofsurface 13. Next, the ends ofarmatures 7 ofconnectors 2 are folded overlapping them with armatures 8 ofwalls 1. Finally concrete ormortar 9 is shot beginning by filling bores 6a thus formingconnectors 2, shooting concrete ormortar 9 continues on one face ofsurface 13 and then on the other, thus finishing reinforcement by means of the structure of the invention. Once concrete ormortar 9 is cured and sufficiently aged to provide necessary resistance tubbing is removed from the structure. - General building method is as follows: placing
solid support 5 with shape and dimensions of the whole surface of the construction to be built or part of it. Armatures 8 of each wall are attached to each face of the support, armatures ofconnectors 7 are introduced throughbores 6 of solid support; ends of longitudinal armatures of connectors are folded and overlapped to armatures 8 corresponding to eachwall 1. Concrete ormortar 9 is shot packing bores 6 in thesolid support 5, thus formingconnectors 2. The shooting of concrete ormortar 9 on one face of the support and then on the other continues until achieving required thickness in eachwall 1. If the structure of the invention to be used is three-walled 1 the same method is followed as previously explained except folding the ends ofarmatures 7 ofconnectors 2 in the face ofsupport 5 where third wall is to be formed. Once concrete ormortar 9 ofsecond wall 1 is shot then second support is attached to same so that unfolded ends of armatures of the connectors pass throughbores 6 in thesolid support 5, placing then armatures 8 ofthird wall 1. Ends of armatures ofconnectors 2 are folded overlapping them with armatures 8 ofthird wall 1, fillingbores 6 of the secondsolid support 5, then shooting concrete ormortar 9 on seen face of saidsecond support 5, completingthird wall 1. If the structure has more walls the method is repeated until completion of all of them. Before concrete or mortar sets in, it can be trimmed or troweled if certain smoothness is needed in the seen face of anywall 1. - Construction method if there is no access to one of the faces of the surface is as follows: a common support, not of the invention, is placed with no bores, with shape and dimensions of the surface to be built. Armatures of first wall 8 and armatures of
connectors 7 are placed casting concrete ormortar 9 formingfirst wall 1; a secondsolid support 5, is attached withbores 6 so thatlongitudinal armatures 7 ofconnectors 2 pass through said bores; armatures of second wall are attached to this second support, folding and overlapping the ends of longitudinal armatures ofconnectors 7 to armatures of second wall 8, fillingbores 6 with concrete ormortar 9 thus formingconnectors 2, shooting of concrete ormortar 9 continues on seen face of support thus formingsecond wall 1. - Construction method when a surface is attached to an excavation embankment or to an existing surface is as follows: Armatures of first wall 8 and armatures of
connectors 7 are attached to excavation embankment or existing surface. Concrete or mortar is cast (shot) on embankment or on existing surface covering armatures of wall 8, thus completingfirst wall 1. A 5 support is attached so that longitudinal armatures ofconnectors 7 pass through bores in thesolid support 5, armatures 8 ofsecond wall 2 are placed, folding and overlapping longitudinal armatures ofconnectors 7 with those of second wall 8. Concrete ormortar 9 is shot filling bores 6, thus formingconnectors 2, shooting of concrete ormortar 9 continues on seen face of support thus completingsecond wall 1. - In this case the method to build a surface is as follows:
Solid support 5 is placed with shape and dimensions of all or part of the edification surface to be built. Armatures of each wall 8 are attached to each face of support, introducingprefabricated connectors 10 throughbores 6 in thesolid support 5; tyingbars 11 impregnated withresin 12 in their central area are introduced throughbores 14 that the prefabricated connectors have in both bases. Ifwalls 1 needed a second armature 8 said second armatures 8 are placed in each face of support. Concrete ormortar 9 is shot on both faces ofsolid support 5 until completion of thickness required for eachwall 1. - Method to reinforce an existing
surface 13, either vertical, horizontal, slanted or with curvature is as follows: if necessary it is tubbed in the first place so that following operations are sufficiently safe. Bores 6a are bored in saidsurface 13 according to reinforcement design, armatures ofconnectors 7 are introduced through said bores 6a; armatures of the two walls 8 are attached to each face ofsurface 13, folding the ends of armatures ofconnectors 7 overlapping them with those of walls 8. Concrete ormortar 9 is shot beginning by filling bores 6a thus formingconnectors 2, shooting concrete ormortar 9 continues on one face of saidsurface 13 and then on the other face thus finishing bothwalls 1. Once concrete ormortar 9 is cured and sufficiently aged to achieve necessary resistance tubbing of the structure is removed. - Method to reinforce an existing
surface 13 vertical, horizontal or slanted and with curvature is as follows: if necessary it is tubbed in the first place so that following operations are sufficiently safe. Bores 6a are bored in saidsurface 13 according to reinforcement design; armatures of walls 8 are attached to each face of saidsurface 13 andprefabricated connectors 10 are introduced through said bores 6a; tyingbars 11 impregnated withresin 12 in their central area are introduced throughbores 14 that the prefabricated connectors have in both bases, placing if the case, second armature 8 ofwalls 1. Concrete ormortar 9 is shot on both faces of surface to be reinforced 13 until completion of desired thickness of eachwall 1. Once concrete ormortar 9 is cured and sufficiently aged to achieve necessary resistance tubbing of the structure is removed. - Thus the present invention provides inventive, novel features as compared to the state of the art. The invention provides structures having stiffness in all directions enabling its use in the construction of any surface no matter the stress it may be subject to. The invention is much more versatile than any preceding one as to state of the art since it can be used to make prefabricated panels as Perrin's but also can be directly used in construction works to build any of their parts. Surfaces might have curvatures as is the case of vaults, cupules or any other paddled surface, wherein separation between walls as well as their thickness can be variable allowing adaptation in any point to the required stress level in the same. A material having low heat conductivity may be selected to construct the support, thus bestowing heat isolation features on the surface constructed according to the invention. Furthermore, structures built applying this invention are much more resistant to stresses provoked by seismic movement than conventional ones.
Claims (15)
- A structure comprising:a solid support (5) having a first face and a second face, and a plurality of bores (6) extending through the solid support (5) from the first face to the second face,a first wall formed on the first face of the solid support, and a second wall formed on the second face of the solid support (5), the first and second walls being reinforced concrete or mortar walls including a wall armature (8);connectors arranged inside the bores of the solid support which connect the first wall and the second wall wherein- the connectors (2) are reinforced mortar or concrete elements, having a connector armature (7), and wherein ends of the connector armature are folded to overlap with the wall armatures, or- the connectors are prefabricated connectors (10) having connector bores, wherein resin impregnated tying bars (11) are arranged through the connector bores.
- The structure according to claim 1, wherein the connector armature includes steel bars, in a longitudinal direction of the connector and steel bars in a second transverse direction enclosing the steel bars in the longitudinal direction.
- The structure according to claim 1, wherein the solid support is made of polymeric material, concrete blocks, ceramic pieces, or granular material.
- The structure according to any of claims 1 - 3, wherein the solid support is made of a material having a low thermal conductivity.
- The structure according to claim 1, wherein the solid support is an existing wall structure (13).
- The structure according to any of claims 1 - 5, wherein the first and the second walls are formed by pouring or shooting concrete or mortar on the first and second faces of the solid support.
- The structure according to any of claims 1 - 6, wherein the connectors and first and second wall are built in situ by shooting mortar or concrete in the bores.
- The structure according to any of claims 1 - 7, wherein the wall armatures are made of steel bars, other metals, polymeric materials, carbon fibers or glass fibers.
- A method for building a structure:- providing a solid support (5) with the shape of the whole surface and dimensions to be built, the solid support (5) having a first face and a second face and a plurality of bores (6) extending through the solid support from the first face to the second face;- attaching a wall armature (8) to each of the first and second faces of said solid support (5);- providing connectors (2) through the bores (6) of said solid support (5);- Shooting or pouring concrete or mortar (9) on the first face of the solid support (5), and subsequently on to the second face until reaching the required thickness on the first and second faces (1) to form a first and a second wall, whereinproviding the connectors through the bores comprises:- providing connector armature through the bores, folding ends of the connector armature to overlap with the wall armatures, and shooting or pouring concrete or mortar in the bores or- providing prefabricated connectors (10) having connector bores, and introducing adherent resin impregnated tying bars (11) through the connector bores and overlapping with the wall armature.
- The method according to claim 9, wherein providing bores in the solid support comprises boring holes in the solid support (5).
- The method according to claim 9 or 10, wherein the solid support (5) is made of polymeric material, concrete blocks, ceramic pieces, or granular material.
- The method according to any of claims 9 - 11, wherein the solid support is made of a material having a low thermal conductivity.
- The method according to claim 10, wherein the solid support is an existing wall structure (13), and the method comprises bracing the pre-existing wall structure before drilling the bores and removing the bracing after forming the first and the second walls.
- The method according to any of claims 9 - 13, wherein attaching a wall armature (8) includes attaching a secondary armature on the first and/or second face.
- The method according to any of claims 9 - 14, wherein the wall armatures are made of steel bars, other metals, polymeric materials, carbon fibers or glass fibers.
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
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PCT/ES2011/070888 WO2013093128A1 (en) | 2011-12-20 | 2011-12-20 | Module for building façades and method of use in construction |
Publications (3)
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EP2816166A1 EP2816166A1 (en) | 2014-12-24 |
EP2816166A4 EP2816166A4 (en) | 2016-01-20 |
EP2816166B1 true EP2816166B1 (en) | 2020-04-22 |
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EP11878219.2A Active EP2816166B1 (en) | 2011-12-20 | 2011-12-20 | Module for building façades and method of use in construction |
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US (1) | US20150211230A1 (en) |
EP (1) | EP2816166B1 (en) |
JP (1) | JP2015504989A (en) |
ES (1) | ES2820878T3 (en) |
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WO (1) | WO2013093128A1 (en) |
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WO2018076984A1 (en) * | 2016-10-31 | 2018-05-03 | 张跃 | Metal plate having hollow tubes sandwiched therein and its use |
CN107460951A (en) * | 2017-09-27 | 2017-12-12 | 贵州皆盈科技开发有限公司 | A kind of basement bottom board and its construction method |
US11131189B2 (en) * | 2018-11-29 | 2021-09-28 | Fci Holdings Delaware, Inc. | Underground support |
CN113914373A (en) * | 2021-11-24 | 2022-01-11 | 中建丝路建设投资有限公司 | Post-cast strip construction method |
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- 2011-12-20 US US14/367,812 patent/US20150211230A1/en not_active Abandoned
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US20150211230A1 (en) | 2015-07-30 |
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JP2015504989A (en) | 2015-02-16 |
EP2816166A1 (en) | 2014-12-24 |
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