EP2761604A1 - Procédé de contrôle de la qualité de fabrication d'une caractéristique de sécurité d'un document de valeur - Google Patents

Procédé de contrôle de la qualité de fabrication d'une caractéristique de sécurité d'un document de valeur

Info

Publication number
EP2761604A1
EP2761604A1 EP12773214.7A EP12773214A EP2761604A1 EP 2761604 A1 EP2761604 A1 EP 2761604A1 EP 12773214 A EP12773214 A EP 12773214A EP 2761604 A1 EP2761604 A1 EP 2761604A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
pixel data
value
security feature
minimum
document
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Granted
Application number
EP12773214.7A
Other languages
German (de)
English (en)
Other versions
EP2761604B1 (fr
Inventor
Shanchuan Su
Norbert Holl
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Giesecke and Devrient Currency Technology GmbH
Original Assignee
Giesecke and Devrient GmbH
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Giesecke and Devrient GmbH filed Critical Giesecke and Devrient GmbH
Publication of EP2761604A1 publication Critical patent/EP2761604A1/fr
Application granted granted Critical
Publication of EP2761604B1 publication Critical patent/EP2761604B1/fr
Active legal-status Critical Current
Anticipated expiration legal-status Critical

Links

Classifications

    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/003—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using security elements
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/06—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using wave or particle radiation
    • G07D7/12—Visible light, infrared or ultraviolet radiation
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/003—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using security elements
    • G07D7/0032—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency using security elements using holograms
    • G—PHYSICS
    • G07—CHECKING-DEVICES
    • G07D—HANDLING OF COINS OR VALUABLE PAPERS, e.g. TESTING, SORTING BY DENOMINATIONS, COUNTING, DISPENSING, CHANGING OR DEPOSITING
    • G07D7/00—Testing specially adapted to determine the identity or genuineness of valuable papers or for segregating those which are unacceptable, e.g. banknotes that are alien to a currency
    • G07D7/20—Testing patterns thereon
    • G07D7/202—Testing patterns thereon using pattern matching
    • G07D7/2041—Matching statistical distributions, e.g. of particle sizes orientations

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to a method of checking the manufacturing quality of an optical security feature in or on a portion of a value document based on pixel data of an image of the portion, a method of inspecting an optical security feature of a value document, and an apparatus for inspecting an optical security feature of a value document.
  • value documents are understood to mean card-shaped and preferably sheet-shaped objects which, for example, represent a monetary value or an authorization and should therefore not be able to be produced arbitrarily by unauthorized persons. They therefore have security features which are not easy to manufacture, in particular to be copied, whose existence is an indication of the authenticity, i. the manufacture by an authorized agency.
  • Important examples of such value documents are identification documents, chip cards, coupons, vouchers, checks and in particular banknotes.
  • optical security features which in the context of the present invention are understood to be security features of a value document which exhibit characteristic optical properties when interacting with optical radiation, i. electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, ultraviolet or visible spectral range show.
  • optical radiation i. electromagnetic radiation in the infrared, ultraviolet or visible spectral range show.
  • the optical properties may in particular be remission and / or transmission and / or luminescence properties.
  • Certain types of security features hereinafter also referred to as human feature, are intended to be tested for authenticity without technical aids.
  • security features are in particular so-called OVD features, among which The following security features are understood that show viewing angle-dependent visual effects or their optical properties, such as color, depend on the viewing angle.
  • Such security features can impart a different image impression to a viewer at different viewing angles and, for example, show a different color or brightness impression and / or another graphic motif depending on the viewing angle.
  • Such modern human features are not easy to manufacture. Therefore, it may happen that value documents are produced with such human features that are ultimately not suitable for a test without technical aids. Similar problems can also occur with other hard-to-manufacture optical security features.
  • the present invention is therefore based on the object of specifying methods for testing the manufacturing quality of optical OVD security features of value documents, which permit rapid and accurate testing of the manufacturing quality, and to provide means for carrying out the method.
  • the object is firstly achieved by a method for testing, preferably computer-aided, checking the manufacturing quality of a given optical security feature, preferably OVD security feature, in or on a predetermined portion of a value document on the basis of pixel data of pixels of a spatially resolved image of the predetermined portion, which are respectively assigned to locations in or on the section and reflect optical properties of the value document at the locations.
  • a method for testing preferably computer-aided, checking the manufacturing quality of a given optical security feature, preferably OVD security feature, in or on a predetermined portion of a value document on the basis of pixel data of pixels of a spatially resolved image of the predetermined portion, which are respectively assigned to locations in or on the section and reflect optical properties of the value document at the locations.
  • it is checked whether a first number of those pixels or a first portion of the pixels on the pixels of the image whose pixel data according to a first criterion specified for the security feature are within a first range specified for the security feature.
  • a quality signal which represents an indication of a sufficient production quality only if, according to the first criterion, the first number or the first proportion exceeds the first minimum score and the scattering exceeds the first minimum scatter, and / or this represents an indication of a manufacturing defect if the first number or proportion does not exceed the first minimum score and the scatter does not exceed the first minimum score.
  • the object is achieved by a method for checking the quality of a given optical security feature in or on a predefined section of a value document, in which the value document is illuminated with optical radiation of an optical radiation source to acquire an image of the predetermined section and emitted from the document of value Radiation is detected with a detecting device, depending on the detected radiation pixel data of pixels of the image, which are respectively assigned to locations in or on the section and optical properties of the document of value at the locations reproduced, and in which a method according to one of the preceding claims, in which the pixel data formed are used as pixel data.
  • printing quality in the case of printed security features, printing quality is preferably understood.
  • the reference to sufficient manufacturing quality is then an indication of a sufficient Print quality, the indication of the manufacturing error an indication of a printing error.
  • the methods use pixel data of pixels of an image of the predefined section of a value document in or on which the security feature is formed in the case of a genuine value document.
  • the position and shape of the section can therefore depend on the location of the security feature on a true value document or the form of the security feature.
  • the section can be predefined in particular for a specific type of value document to be checked, for banknotes, in particular, a currency and denomination or denomination of the banknotes, and the predetermined security feature to be checked.
  • the section can be given, for example, by the area of the security feature or only a predetermined part of the area occupied by the security feature.
  • the image may be a partial image of an overall image of the entire value document.
  • the pixel data of a respective pixel represent optical properties at a location associated with the respective pixel in the section of the value document.
  • the pixel data for a respective pixel may generally have multiple components representing different optical properties.
  • Two partial checks are used to check the security feature: On the one hand, it is checked whether the pixel data is within the first reference range specified for the security feature.
  • the predetermined first criterion for the pixel data is used, by means of which the position of the pixel data with respect to the first reference region can be determined. This tests whether the optical properties of the sought portion of the value document within predetermined limits, which are given for the security feature.
  • the quality signal is then formed. This is, for example, by its shape or its level, in a data signal in particular its content, again or represents whether the test has given an indication of a sufficient manufacturing quality, and / or whether the test has revealed an indication of a manufacturing defect.
  • the quality signal is formed at each test, that is, regardless of the result of the test; then there is either the indication of a sufficient manufacturing quality or the indication of a manufacturing defect again. In particular, it represents the indication of a sufficient manufacturing quality only if the first number or the first proportion exceed the first minimum score and the scattering exceed the first minimum scatter.
  • the quality signal may be used to store an indication of sufficient manufacturing quality or an indication of a manufacturing defect in a memory device.
  • the quality indication may be used alone as a criterion for a manufacturing defect in an optional further examination of the manufacturing quality of the security feature or the quality of the entire value document so that the security feature or document of value is in the presence of an indication of a manufacturing defect or if there is no indication is classified as defective in a sufficient quality of manufacture. It is, especially when considering Security documents with a total of at least two different security features, but also possible that the quality signal is merged with other quality signals that represent the manufacturing quality of other features of the value document in an overall criterion; then, if appropriate, the quality indication is used only as a necessary condition for a sufficient manufacturing quality.
  • the number of pixels of the image need only be greater than 5, it is preferably greater than 48, so that the proportion or number of pixels in the first reference region and their scattering therein are also meaningful.
  • optical security features characterized by a dispersion of optical properties within a predetermined range which is characteristic of the security feature and not falsified, for example by copying with a color copier or printing with a laser printer.
  • the method can be used to test OVD security features.
  • the security feature may be a so-called OVD security feature which can be obtained by printing with a printing ink with pigments whose remission properties are coined by the direction of incidence of optical radiation onto a respective pigment particle.
  • Such inks are also referred to as “optically variable inks”, hereinafter also referred to as “optically variable inks”.
  • a security feature with optically variable printing inks is in particular also understood to mean a security feature which is printed with a printing ink which contains pigments whose color is different from the tion of the illumination and the direction of the detection or observation depends.
  • the security feature may be a surface structure formed in the value document, in particular an embossed structure, with a pressure formed on certain flanks of the surface structure or embossed structure which has an optically variable effect.
  • an optically variable effect is understood to mean an effect in which predetermined optical properties of a structure or a security feature are considered from the direction in which the latter is viewed and / or the direction from which the structure or security feature is determined
  • the security feature is illuminated for consideration;
  • the optical properties can be colors.
  • Such surface structures in the form of embossed structures are described in the applications WO 97/17211 A1, WO 02/20280 A1, WO 2004/022355 A2, WO 2006/018232 A of the Applicant.
  • the surface structure, preferably embossed structure, in the section has bent or angled embossed structural elements which bring about a distribution of the optical properties which is difficult to falsify.
  • the test is performed using a suitable device, preferably computerized;
  • a suitable device preferably computerized;
  • computer-assisted testing is understood to mean any test with a computer. Under a computer is in the
  • the invention generally relates to a data processing device which processes the pixel data.
  • the data processing device can be an FPGA, a microcontroller or microprocessor, in particular also a DSP, or a combination of these components. comprise or comprise only one of these components.
  • it may comprise a memory in which a program is stored, in the execution of which on the computer the first method according to the invention is carried out.
  • the subject of the invention is therefore also a computer program with program code means for carrying out the first method according to the invention when the program is executed on a computer.
  • the invention also relates to a computer program product with program code means which are stored on a computer-readable data carrier in order to carry out the first method according to the invention when the computer program product is executed on a computer.
  • the invention also provides a testing device for testing a given security feature of a value document by means of the method according to the invention with an optical sensor for capturing an image with pixels whose pixel data are respectively associated with locations in or on the section and reflect optical properties of the value document at the locations a memory for storing a computer program according to the invention and a computer for executing the computer program with images captured by the sensor.
  • it may be sufficient to carry out only the specified part checks.
  • it is additionally checked whether a second number of those pixels or a second portion of those pixels on the pixels of the image whose pixel data have been specified according to a second criterion prescribed for the security feature within a security feature. given second reference range exceeds a predetermined minimum for the security feature second minimum score.
  • the quality signal can then be formed so that it represents the indication of a sufficient manufacturing quality only if additionally the second number or the second proportion exceeds the second minimum score, and / or that it is an indication of a manufacturing error, if the second Number or the second portion does not exceed the second minimum score.
  • the quality signal may then be formed to represent the indication of sufficient manufacturing quality only if, in addition, the scattering of the pixel data in the second reference region exceeds the second minimum dispersion, and / or that it represents an indication of manufacturing error if the dispersion the pixel data in the second reference range does not exceed the second minimum dispersion.
  • the pixel data can reproduce any desired optical properties and for this purpose have a corresponding number of components for each location, which represent the optical properties.
  • the number of components is not limited in principle, it is preferably less than six but at least two.
  • the pixel data for each one pixel or a location have components which reflect reflectance or transmission properties in at least two, preferably three different wavelength ranges, preferably within the visible spectral range, or at least two, preferably three colors.
  • the illumination with optical radiation and the detection of radiation can be carried out so that the pixel data for each one pixel or a location have said components.
  • color components are used, although color representations in higher-dimensional color spaces are also possible.
  • the pixel data need have no further components.
  • the pixel data for a respective pixel or location have components which have remission and / or transmission properties in at least two, preferably at least three different wavelength ranges within the visible spectral range or at least two, preferably at least three colors and remissions - and / or transmission properties in a further wavelength range at least partially outside the visible spectral range, preferably in the infrared spectral range represent.
  • the illumination with optical radiation and the detection of radiation can take place in such a way that the pixel data for each one pixel or one location have the said components.
  • pixel data allows, in particular, an examination of security features which are also distinguished by characteristic properties in the non-visible optical spectral range.
  • the at least two or better three color components are preferably also used here. applies.
  • the pixel data need not have any further components. This allows a quick execution of the test.
  • color values in an arbitrary color space can in principle be used as color data.
  • an RGB or HSI color space can be used as the color space.
  • those pixel data representing properties in the visible spectral range or color values are transformed prior to testing into a device-independent color space, preferably a Lab or Luv color space, particularly preferably a CIE Lab or CIE Luv color space. far as they are not already present in such a color space, or pixel data in a device-independent color space, preferably a Lab or Luv color space, are used as pixel data representing properties in the detectable spectral range or color values.
  • this offers the advantage that a particularly simple adaptation of the method to different sensors, by means of which the pixel data are respectively detected, is made possible; on the other hand, the first and second criteria can be determined more easily.
  • the first and optionally second reference region and the first or second criterion, by means of which it is checked whether pixel data lie within the respective reference region, can be dependent on one another.
  • the reference range can be implicitly given by the respective criterion.
  • the first and / or, if used, the second criterion for determining whether pixel data lies within the first and / or second reference range, if used, may for example provide that for pixel data with n components, the reference range is also n-dimensional and accordingly - The pixel data of a pixel are in the reference range when the point given by the n components is in the reference range.
  • n is a natural number greater than 1.
  • the first and / or, if used, the second criterion for determining whether pixel data are within the first and / or second reference range, if used, may however also provide, for example Pixel data in a reference range, if only at least two predetermined components of the available components are within a correspondingly low-dimensional reference range.
  • Pixel data in a reference range if only at least two predetermined components of the available components are within a correspondingly low-dimensional reference range.
  • it is preferable to use, as the first reference area an area extending at least in one plane of a color space or lying in a plane of the color space parallel to two axes of the color space, the different colors correspond.
  • the region may thus be given by an area in the plane, ie extending only in the plane, or at least being three-dimensional and intersecting the plane, the section in the plane being an area.
  • the area of the area in the plane is finite and greater than 0.
  • the plane may be the ab- or uv-plane.
  • This embodiment allows testing of security features that exhibit a viewing angle dependent color shift effect, preferably security features with optically variable inks.
  • a region extending at least in a plane parallel to an axis which is one of the first and second reference regions may be used Luminance or brightness in one or the color space corresponds, and an axis which corresponds to a brightness or intensity in the further wavelength range at least partially outside the visible spectral range runs.
  • extends is understood here analogously to the term “extends” in the previous paragraph. Under luminance or brightness, for example, when using a lab or Luv color space, the L component is understood.
  • a hit quantity which represents the number of pixels of the image or the proportion of pixels of the image which after the predetermined criterion for the security feature in at least one predetermined for the security feature reference range for the pixel data.
  • the measure of hit can be given by the proportion or the number or one in the range of the expected values of the proportion or the number of monotonous functions of the proportion or the number. In particular, for a given resolution of the image, the proportion will be proportional to the number. Which of the alternatives is used depends, among other things, on the dimension of the reference range determined by the security feature and the type of check.
  • any variables can be used which reflect the scattering in the respective reference region.
  • a respective scattering measure can be determined which represents a scattering of the pixel data in the respective reference range or predetermined components of the pixel data in the respective reference range. Particularly preferably, only those components of the pixel data are used to determine the scatter, which are also used for checking whether pixel data lies in the respective reference range.
  • the scattering measure therefore indicates whether the pixel data or components are concentrated in a part of the reference area or rather are distributed more widely scattered therein.
  • the respective minimum scatter can then be determined as a function of the respective scattering measure.
  • a function of the pixel data to be used for the determination or at least one of the components of this pixel data which supplies a single numerical value can be used as the scattering measure.
  • the respective minimum scatter can be given by a respective minimum scatter value: The spread exceeds the minimum spread if the value of the function exceeds the respective minimum scatter value. The scatter then exceeds the scatter minimum.
  • a function of the pixel data to be used for the determination or at least one of the components of this pixel data, which has at least two components, can also be used as the scattering measure.
  • These may represent, for example, scattering of the pixel data in at least two, preferably mutually orthogonal, directions in the color space in which the pixel data or color subspace in which the respective components of the pixel data are located.
  • the minimum scatter can then be determined by a corresponding number of threshold values or scattering minima. be given.
  • scatter values for at least two, preferably mutually orthogonal, directions in the color space in which the pixel data or color subspace in which the relevant components the pixel data are to be determined are determined.
  • Each of the determined scattering values can then be compared with a corresponding threshold value.
  • a variance and / or a covariance of the pixel data or components of the pixel data held in the first and second reference regions or a monotone function of the variance or covariance can be used.
  • scattering of the projection of the pixel data or pixel data components in the reference region to a predefined direction of the reference region is used as scattering.
  • the variance of this projected data can be used as a spread measure.
  • the direction in the reference range is given as the direction along which the greatest scattering is to be expected for true value documents. This direction can be determined by examining real value documents as a reference. For example, if the reference region has the shape of an ellipse or an ellipsoid, the direction of the longest major axis of the EUipse or ellipsoid can be used as the direction.
  • a quality criterion which shows whether on the one hand the first number represented by the first score or the first fraction represented by the first score of the score one for the security on the other hand, the scattering represented by the first scattering measure exceeds a first minimum scattering predetermined for the security feature, for example given by at least one scattering minimum value.
  • This minimum value and the minimum scattering can be determined, for example, by measurements on given real value documents of sufficient quality.
  • the quality criterion can be formulated differently depending on the type of measurements. If a measure is a monotonically increasing function of the fraction or of the number or of the scatter, it can be checked, for example, whether the measure exceeds the corresponding minimum value.
  • a measure is a monotonically decreasing function of the fraction or of the number or of the scattering, it can be checked, for example, whether the measure falls below a limit value corresponding to the minimum value. If, for example, the reciprocal of the first number is used as the first hit measure, the quality criterion is met if the hit measure falls below a reciprocal of the minimum value that would have to be exceeded if the number was used as the hit measure.
  • the quality signal is then formed to additionally represent whether the second number represented by the second score or the second fraction represented by the second score measure a predetermined second score minimum value and, if used, the variance represented by the second scatter score exceed predetermined second scatter minimum value.
  • the quality signal can then be formed so that it additionally represents the indication of a sufficient manufacturing quality only if additionally the second number or the second proportion of the second Minimum hit value and, if used, the scatter exceeds the second minimum scatter, for example given by at least one second scatter minimum value, and / or that it represents an indication of a manufacturing error if the second number or the second part does not exceed the second minimum hit value and / or the second scattering is less than the second minimum scatter.
  • the invention also provides a test device for testing a given security feature, preferably an OVD security feature, of a value document by means of the method according to the invention with an optical sensor for capturing an image with pixels whose pixel data are respectively associated with locations in or on the section and reproduce optical properties of the value document at the locations, a memory for storing a computer program according to the invention and a computer for executing the computer program with images acquired by the sensor.
  • a given security feature preferably an OVD security feature
  • the method according to the invention has the advantage that no complicated optical sensors are necessary to acquire the pixel data.
  • a spatially resolving sensor for detecting a color image particularly preferably additionally for detecting an image in the invisible, optical spectral region, can preferably be used.
  • the value document can be transported past an illumination source which emits optical radiation which strikes the document of value as at least one beam of rays converging with respect to a plane of convergence.
  • a bundle of optical radiation convergent with respect to a convergence plane is understood to be a radiation beam whose rays project onto the plane designated as the convergence plane a convergent radiation beam in the plane results.
  • the convergence plane can preferably run parallel to the transport direction and orthogonal to the plane of the value document.
  • the illuminating device generates an illumination strip extending transversely to the transport direction on the value document, wherein the optical radiation does not fall parallel to the document of value projected geometrically into a plane transverse to the transport direction and orthogonally projected onto a plane of the document of value.
  • the value document can also be illuminated from and with a convergent convergence beam of optical radiation from only one illumination direction, and the radiation emanating from a respective illuminated location can be detected only from one detection direction.
  • the lighting direction is understood to be the direction obtained by averaging over all the beams of the beam.
  • the illumination direction and / or the detection direction and / or the convergence plane with an ordinal preferably enclose an angle of less than 5 ° with respect to a plane of the value document. This is especially true when testing OVD security features with optically variable inks.
  • the illumination direction and / or the detection direction with a normal to one plane of the value document have an angle between 0 °, preferably 5 °, and 15 °.
  • Printing inks or security features which have a surface structure, preferably embossed structure with a pressure formed on certain flanks of the embossed structure, cause the scattering of the optical properties are generally very small. Nevertheless, the dispersion is good
  • the resolution of the image in the methods is preferably better than 0.4 mm ⁇ 0.4 mm, particularly preferably better than 0.3 mm ⁇ 0.3 mm.
  • FIGS. 2 a and b show schematic representations of an optical sensor of the value document processing device in FIG. 1 transverse to a transport direction in which value documents are transported, and from above onto a transport plane in the value documents 3 shows a schematic representation of an example of a value document to be examined in the form of a banknote,
  • FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of an example of an optical security feature to be tested of the value document in FIG. 3
  • FIG. 5 shows a simplified flowchart for a first embodiment of a method for checking an optical security feature in or on a section of a value document that can be carried out in the value document processing device in FIG. 1 with the sensor in FIGS. 2 a and 2 b, a schematic representation of FIG Distributions of pixel data in an RB plane and a G-IR plane for the security feature Fig. 4, 7 is a simplified flowchart for a second embodiment of a method for checking an optical security feature in or on a portion of a value document,
  • Fig. 8 is a simplified flow diagram for a third embodiment of a method for testing an optical security feature in or on a portion of a value document.
  • Fig. 9 is a schematic representation of distributions of pixel data in an HS plane and an I-IR plane for the security feature in Fig. 4,
  • FIG. 10 is a simplified flowchart for another embodiment of a method for testing an optical security feature in or on a portion of a value document.
  • FIG. 11 is a simplified flowchart for another embodiment of a method for testing an optical security feature in or on a portion of a value document.
  • FIG. 12 is a schematic representation of distributions of pixel data in an a-b plane and an L-IR plane for the security feature in FIG. 4.
  • a device 10 for checking the quality and sorting of documents of value, in the example banknotes, in FIG. 1 is used, inter alia, for checking the manufacturing quality of documents of value 12 in the form of banknotes and for sorting depending on the result of the testing of the manufacturer. development quality.
  • the apparatus 10 has an input tray 14 for input of value documents 12 to be processed, a separator 16 that can access value documents 12 in the input tray 14, a transport device 18 that transports value documents along a transport path 22, and a switch 20 at a branch of the transport path 22, after the switch 20 at the end of one of the two transport path branches an output tray 26 and at the end of the other of the two transport path branches a banknote shredder or banknote shredder 28.
  • a sensor arrangement 24 is arranged, which serves for detecting characteristics of individually supplied value documents 12 and formation of the characteristics reproducing sensor signals.
  • a control device 30 is connected at least to the sensor arrangement 24 and the switch 20 via signal connections and serves for evaluation of sensor signals of the sensor arrangement 24, in particular for checking the manufacturing quality of value documents detected by the sensor arrangement 24, and for controlling at least the switch 20 depending on the result of the evaluation of the sensor signals.
  • the sensor arrangement 24 comprises at least one sensor for this purpose; In this exemplary embodiment, only one optical sensor 32 for spatially resolved detection of color properties and of IR properties is provided, which detects optical-radiation remitted from the value document. In other embodiments, at least one further sensor, e.g. for another property, be provided.
  • the sensor 32 detects an overall image of the value document in four spectral ranges accordingly the three color channels red, green and blue and in the infrared spectral range (IR channel), which is represented by corresponding sensor signals.
  • IR channel infrared spectral range
  • control device 30 From the analog and / or digital sensor signals of the sensor 32, pixel data of pixels of the overall image are determined by the control device 30 in a sensor signal evaluation, which are relevant for checking the banknotes with respect to their manufacturing quality.
  • the control device 30 has an evaluation device 31, which is integrated in the example in the control device 30, but in other embodiments, but also part of the sensor assembly 24, preferably the sensor 32 may be.
  • the control device 30 has a processor 34 and a memory 36 connected to the processor 34 in which at least one computer program with program code is stored, in the execution of which the processor 34 in a first function as the evaluation device 31 Evaluates sensor signals, in particular for testing the manufacturing quality of a tested value document, and thereby performs, inter alia, a method described below using the sensor signals and the pixel data.
  • the processor controls the device or, according to the evaluation, the transport device 18.
  • the evaluation device 31 therefore forms a computer in the sense of the present invention.
  • the control device 30 further has a data interface 37.
  • the evaluation device 31 more precisely the processor 34 therein, after determination of pixel data, a predetermined criterion for the manufacturer Check the quality of the position of the document of value, which includes at least some of the recorded properties and reference data.
  • control device 30 controls the control device 30, in particular the processor 34 therein the transport device 18, more specifically the switch 20, so that the tested value document according to its determined manufacturing quality for storage in the output tray 26 or destruction to the banknote shredding device 28 is transported.
  • the device 10 further has a user interface 35 which is connected to the control device via a signal connection and by means of which the control device 30 can detect control commands of a user who inputs this via the user interface 35.
  • a touch-sensitive display device or a touchscreen is provided as the user interface 35, which is controlled by the control device 30 to display predetermined information, and its signals indicating the operation by a user, ie. H.
  • touches of a user represent, detected.
  • the type, ie the currency and the denomination, of the value documents to be processed is first detected by means of the user interface 35 and stored in the control device 30.
  • the possible types of value documents are specified here.
  • the control device 30 detects the sensor signals, determines in dependence on these a manufacturing quality of the respective value document and controls depending on the result, the switch 20 so that the examined value documents are fed according to their determined manufacturing quality of the output tray 26 or the Bariknotenverrüchtungs recommended 28. When a value document is fed to the banknote destruction device 28, it is destroyed directly.
  • the sensor 32 is designed to acquire images for three colors and IR radiation.
  • it is designed as a line sensor which, during the transport of a value document past the sensor 32, comprises a sequence of line images which are arranged in a direction transverse to the direction of the line, i. H. in the transport direction, a picture of the value document.
  • a lighting device 38 for illuminating a transverse to the transport direction T strip extending in a transport plane E (in Fig.
  • the senor 32 comprises a detector 40 arranged in the radiation beam emitted by the illumination device 38, which part the radiation of the illumination device 38 shaded.
  • the illumination Processing device 38 via a plurality of transversely to the transport direction T linearly arranged radiation sources 39 for visible light and IR radiation and two deflecting elements 41 for bundling the radiation on a strip in a transport plane for the document of value 12 and on the value document 12, ie for generating a lighting strip.
  • the illumination device 38 generates a convergent beam which is projected onto a plane of convergence orthogonal to the transport plane E (in FIG. 2 a) and to the direction of transport T.
  • the emitted radiation beam is first divided by the detection device 40 into two sub-beams which are brought together again by the deflection devices 41 to form a convergent beam.
  • the maximum opening angle ⁇ between a perpendicular to the transport plane or the detection direction D and the outermost in the plane beam of the bundle is at most 40 °, preferably the highest 30 °.
  • the rays are not strongly focused; rather, the radiation is diffuse.
  • the illumination direction B results as a mean over the directions of all the beams of the beam and is due to the symmetrical course of the sub-beams substantially parallel to the detection direction D.
  • detection means 40 are used in the example, four line scan 42, 42 ', 42 ", 42"' with not shown, arranged in the beam path in front of these red, green blue and IR filters for detecting red, green or blue or
  • Each of the line scan cameras has a respective detector array with cell-like arranged photodetection elements in front of which the filter is arranged which corresponds to the color component of the remitted optical component to be detected by the respective line scan camera Radiation corresponds.
  • the sensor 32 may include further optical elements, in particular for imaging or focusing, which are not shown here.
  • the detector lines of photodetection elements are arranged parallel to each other.
  • the sensor 32 is thus constructed and arranged such that the value document is illuminated with optical radiation from a direction B orthogonal to the plane of the value document or parallel to a normal to the transport plane in which the document of value is transported, and from the document of value 12 outgoing, reflected optical radiation from a direction D orthogonal to the plane of the value document or parallel to the illumination direction is detected.
  • the intensity data represent pixel data describing the properties of pixels 44 of a line image representing the cell-shaped area of the value document 12 detected by the sensor 32.
  • An image captured by the sensor 32 is therefore composed of pixels arranged in a rectangular matrix and is described by the pixel data.
  • the resolution of the sensor 32 is at least so great that a pixel corresponds to an area of at most 0.3 mm ⁇ 0.3 mm on the value document.
  • Each of the pixels is assigned as pixel data next to a number i representing the position in the image, color values n, gi, bi and IRi for red, green and blue and IR remission.
  • the signal processing device 44 can generate and generate RGB color values after calibration from detection signals of the detector lines 42, 42 ', 42 "and 42'".
  • an optical security feature 46 is checked in the example, which is given in this example by the value "100" in OVI pressure. If a viewer tilts the value document in a suitable direction, he recognizes a change in the color of the print or the value.
  • the actual security feature 46 is located in a section 48 of the value document, which is indicated by hatching in FIGS. 4 and 5.
  • the pixels are shown in a higher resolution than in FIG. 4, but because of the schematic representation are not real relationships.
  • the memory 36 is used in a section serving as part of the evaluation device 31 and thus in FIG This example is stored in the control device 30, a program that when executed by the evaluation device 31, ie here the processor 34, the following Steps of a method for testing the manufacturing quality of a given security feature of value documents performs.
  • step S10 the evaluation device 31 detects by means of the sensor 32 an overall image of the value document to be checked, whose type, i. the currency and the denomination, after the above input by the user known and stored in the controller 30.
  • the sensor 32 captures entire images of the value documents, more specifically the pixel or image data representing the overall images, in the example full-area images with three color channels, namely red, green and blue (RGB channels) and an IR reflectance value;
  • the type of pixel data has already been described above.
  • the pixel data thus indicate optical properties of the value document as a function of the location on the value document.
  • the pixel data are transmitted to the evaluation device 31 and detected by this.
  • preprocessing of the detected data in the sensor 32 or the evaluation device 31 can be carried out in this step, in which the image data is transformed, in particular filtered, to compensate for background noise, for example.
  • step S12 the processor 34 or the value means 31 determines, depending on the type of the value document, the position of the portion of the value document in which the optical security feature must be found in a genuine value document. For this purpose, first a recognition of the position of the edges of the value document can be carried out, in relation to which the position of the security feature can be given.
  • the section or image of the section is indicated in FIG. 4 by hatching.
  • the evaluation device 31 determines a for the security feature predetermined portion corresponding evaluation area 50 or ROI (region of interest) in the image resulting from the known location of the security feature on real value documents of the given type relative to the outlines of the value documents and an ascertained in the image outline of the value document.
  • the evaluation device 31 can resort in particular to the results of the search or recognition of edges of the value document in the overall image, in order then to position the ROI in the overall image depending on the position of the edges in the overall image, ie to select corresponding pixel data
  • the processor 34 determines in step S16 the pixel data of the pixels of the overall image corresponding to locations in that section; this corresponds to a determination of an image with the security element.
  • the evaluation device 31 then carries out steps for actually testing the security feature.
  • two reference areas where pixel data should be used to test the security feature The first reference region lies in the RB plane of the RGB color space (see Fig. 6 (a)), the second in a plane spanned by the G color values and the IR reflection axis (see Fig. 6 (see Fig. 6). b)).
  • the reference ranges and the parameters for the criteria have been determined before the method is performed, that for a given set of other print fresh value documents of the type with sufficient print quality as reference documents, the pixel data for those pixels that are also used in the test.
  • the mean values of the RB components or G-IR components and their variances and covariances are then determined assuming a normal distribution in order to determine the respective reference range and the respective criterion according to which pixel data are within the respective reference range.
  • the first reference area and the first criterion are then given by determining, for the pixel-related pixel data of the first criterion, the R and B components, the Mahalanobis distance in the RB plane and checking whether the Mahalanobis Distance is less than a given first maximum distance value.
  • the parameters for calculating the Mahalanobis distance depend in a known manner on the previously determined mean values, variances and the covariances. Accordingly, the maximum distance value was determined on the basis of the reference documents.
  • the second reference range and the second criterion are given by the fact that for pixel data of a pixel, in this case the G and IR components, the Mahalanobis distance in the G-IR plane which is dependent on the corresponding mean values, variances and covariances is determined and checked whether the Mahalanobis distance is less than a predetermined second maximum distance value determined for the reference documents.
  • the portion itself is used as a measure of the proportion of the pixel data that lie within the respective reference range.
  • a minimum hit value is determined which must be exceeded by the hit dimension, in this case the proportion of pixel data in the respective reference region, and which is characteristic for a security feature with sufficient manufacturing quality or a value document having such a security feature.
  • a minimum score can be determined by examining the reference value documents.
  • its square may be used at a maximum square distance value.
  • the scattering of the pixel data lying within the first reference range is determined and compared with a minimum scatter value representing the minimum scatter.
  • the total variance ie the sum of the variances of the R component and the B component, is used as scattering or scattering measure.
  • the total variance ie the sum of the variances of the R component and the B component, is determined as the first scattering measure for each of the reference value documents for the pixel data within the first reference range.
  • a scattering mean value al scattering minimum value is then determined which must be exceeded by a first scattering measure determined for a security feature to be tested, so that the manufacturing quality of the security feature can be regarded as adequate.
  • the results for the dispersion of value documents whose security feature does not have a sufficient manufacturing quality can also be used, if available.
  • the evaluation device 31 determines in step S18 what proportion of the pixel data for pixels corresponding to locations in the section 48 lie within the first reference area, by calculating the Mahalanobis distance in the RB plane for each pixel and having is compared to the maximum distance value. If the Mahalanobis distance is less than or equal to the maximum distance value, the pixel data will be in the first reference range, otherwise outside. After determining the The share is compared with the predetermined first minimum hit value.
  • step S20 the evaluation device 31 or the processor 34 checks whether a first scattering of the pixel data lying within the first reference range is greater than a predetermined MS scattering, in this example given by a first scattering minimum value. This sum is compared with the predetermined first scattering minimum value.
  • step S22 the evaluation device 31 or the processor 34 then determines, in accordance with step S24, the proportion of that pixel data of the pixel used for checking the security feature, i. the pixels in the portion 48 which lie within the second reference range by checking, for the pixel data of a respective one of the pixels, whether the Mahalano bis distance in the G-IR plane is smaller than the corresponding second maximum distance value. If the proportion is determined, the processor 34 checks whether it exceeds the corresponding second minimum hit value.
  • step S24 the evaluation device 31 or the processor 34, depending on the tests in steps S18 to S22, forms a quality signal which, for example by its level or its shape, indicates an indication of a sufficient manufacturing quality, ie whether the security feature is genuine is viewed or not.
  • the quality signal is used to store a corresponding value in the memory 36.
  • the quality signal is formed in such a way that it represents an indication of a sufficient production quality only if the first number or the first proportion exceeds the first minimum score value, the first distribution exceeds the first minimum distribution value and the second proportion exceeds the second minimum score value.
  • a basis of the methods in FIG. 5 is illustrated in FIG.
  • a second exemplary embodiment in FIG. 7 differs from the first exemplary embodiment in that the evaluation device 31 performs as an additional step S28 a check as to whether the scattering of the pixel data within the second reference range exceeds a second scatter minimum value specified for the security feature.
  • the second minimum scatter value was previously set analogous to the first minimum scatter value.
  • the scattering measure used here is the total variance in the G-IR plane, ie the sum of the variances of the G components and the IR components of those pixel data which lie in the second reference range.
  • the second scattering minimum value can be determined analogously to the first exemplary embodiment.
  • the evaluation device 31 executes step S26 'instead of step S26.
  • step S26 differs from the step S26 only in that the quality signal is formed so that it is only an indication of a sufficient manufacturing quality, if in addition to the conditions in the first embodiment, the scatter of the Pi xel poems within the second reference range exceeds the predetermined second scattering minimum value. This leads to a further increased accuracy of the test for optical security features, which also have a typical scattering in the G-IR properties.
  • FIG. 8 shows a corresponding variant of the first exemplary embodiment
  • FIG. 9 shows a representation corresponding to FIG. 6.
  • the steps S20 to S26 are adapted to the other color space; In particular, the reference ranges and the corresponding criteria are adapted accordingly. For them, therefore, the same reference numerals are used in Fig. 8, as in the first embodiment.
  • the chrominance (hue) H, the saturation S and the intensity I are now used as pixel data in the color space HSI.
  • the method steps S20 to S26 formally correspond to those of the corresponding steps of the first exemplary embodiment, where a and b are replaced by H and S and the reference ranges can be selected, for example, corresponding to FIG.
  • FIGS. 10 to 12 differ from the preceding exemplary embodiments in that on the one hand the signal processing device 44 of the sensor generates color values after calibration from detection signals of the detector lines 42, 42 ', 42 "and 42'". can and can be used to a good approximation as color coordinates in the standardized CIE XYZ color space.
  • a respective step S18 ' is provided, in which the pixel data are transformed into a device-independent color space, in the example a different CIE color space, so that the following steps follow in a corresponding manner, in particular by another Specification of the reference ranges and the criteria are adapted.
  • the computer 34 transforms at least the pixel data for the section into a device-independent color space, in the example the CIE Lab color space. In the example, all pixel data of the overall image are transformed. In other embodiments, this step may also be performed in conjunction with one of the preceding steps.
  • the pixel data in the CIE Lab color space is then used for the following process steps. These steps are indicated in the figures by the use of a "T” instead of an "S”, but are different from the steps of those previously described except for the use of corresponding matched reference ranges and criteria for pixel data to be in the respective reference range embodiments.
  • the first reference region lies in the ab plane of the CIE-Lab color space (see Fig. 13 (a)), the second in a plane spanned by the luminance axis of the CIE Lab color values and the IR remission axis ( see Fig. 13 (b)).
  • Figs. 13 (a) and 13 (b) for a bill, the distributions of pixel data of pixels corresponding to an OVI area are in the ab color plane and the L-IR plane shown.
  • Evident is a typical for the OVI element scattering of the pixel data, which lie within an elliptic curve representing a curve of equal Mahalanobis distances. If a normal copier color were used to forge the security feature, pixel data could possibly result that had the same average value in the ab plane, but not the characteristic scatter. The same applies in the example for the pixel data in the L-IR plane.
  • the reference ranges and the parameters for the criteria have been determined prior to the execution of the method by detecting the pixel data for those pixels which are also used in the test for a given set of other fresh-print value documents of the relevant type as reference documents. For this pixel data, the mean values of the ab components or L-IR components and their variances and covariances are then determined assuming a normal distribution in order to determine the respective reference range and the respective criterion according to which pixel data are within the respective reference range.
  • the first reference range and the first criterion are then given by checking, for the Mahalanobis distance, for the pixel data of a pixel relevant for the first criterion, the a and b components, the Mahalanobis distance in the ab plane and checking is less than a predetermined first maximum distance value.
  • the parameters for calculating the Mahalanobisdistanz depend in a known manner on the previously determined averages, variances and the covariances. Accordingly, the maximum distance value is determined on the basis of the reference documents.
  • the second reference range and the second criterion are given analogously in that for pixel data of a pixel, in this case the L and IR components, the Mahalanobis distance in the L-IR plane which is dependent on the corresponding mean values, variances and covariances is determined and checked becomes, whether the Mahalanobis distance is smaller than a predetermined second maximum distance value determined for the reference value documents.
  • the proportion itself is used in the present example. Therefore, for each of the reference regions, a minimum hit value is determined which must be exceeded by the hit dimension, in this case the proportion of pixel data in the respective reference region, and which is characteristic for a security feature with sufficient manufacturing quality or a value document having such a security feature. Such a minimum score can be determined by examining the reference value documents.
  • the scattering of the pixel data that lies within the first reference range is additionally determined and compared with a minimum scatter value.
  • the scattering or scattering measure is the total variance, i. uses the sum of the variances of the a and b components.
  • the first variance is the total variance, i. determines the sum of the variances of the a and b components. From the distribution of the determined total variances, a scattering mean value al is then determined as the minimum scattering value which must be exceeded by a first scattering measure determined for a security feature to be tested so that the manufacturing quality of the security feature can be considered sufficient.
  • the evaluation device 31 determines in step T20 which portion of the pixel data for pixels which correspond to locations in the section 48 lie within the first reference area, by For each pixel, the Mahalanobis distance in the ab plane is calculated and compared to the maximum distance value. If the Mahalanobis distance is less than or equal to the maximum distance value, the pixel data will be in the first reference range, otherwise outside. After determining the proportion, the proportion is compared with the predetermined first minimum hit value.
  • step T22 the evaluation device 31 or the processor 34 checks whether a first scatter of the pixel data lying within the first reference range is greater than a predetermined minimum scatter value. This sum is compared with the predetermined first minimum scatter value.
  • step T24 the evaluation device 31 or the processor 34 then determines, in accordance with step S24, the proportion of that pixel data of the pixel used for checking the security feature, ie. the pixels in the section 48 that are within the second reference area by checking for the pixel data of each of the pixels whether the Mahalanobis distance in the L-IR plane is smaller than the corresponding second maximum distance value. If the proportion is determined, the processor 34 checks whether it exceeds the corresponding second minimum hit value.
  • step T26 the evaluation device 31 or the processor 34 forms a quality signal as a function of the tests in steps T24 to T28, as in the first exemplary embodiment.
  • a further exemplary embodiment in FIG. 11 differs from the first exemplary embodiment in that the evaluation device 31 performs as an additional step T28 a check as to whether the scattering of the pixel data within the second reference region exceeds a second scatter minimum value specified for the security feature.
  • the second scattering minimum value was previously determined analogously to the first scattering minimum value.
  • the scattering measure used here is the total variance in the L-IR plane, ie the sum of the variances of the L components and the IR components of those pixel data which lie in the second reference range.
  • the second scattering minimum value can be determined analogously to the first exemplary embodiment.
  • the evaluation device 31 executes the step T26 'instead of the step T26.
  • step T26 differs from step T26 analogously to the third exemplary embodiment only in that the quality signal is formed in such a way that it only indicates an adequate manufacturing quality if, in addition to the conditions in the first exemplary embodiment, the scattering of the pixel data within the second reference range exceeds the predetermined second minimum scatter value. This leads to a further increased accuracy of the test for optical security features, which also have a typical scattering in the L-IR properties.
  • step S16 may differ from the above-described exemplary embodiments in that in step S16 the section is only a rectangle in a center of the security feature, but not the smallest rectangle surrounding the security feature.
  • pixel data that only reproduces colors is used.
  • the second criterion and the second reference range can then be given by the fact that the L-component must be within a predetermined value range, so that the pixel data are within the second reference range.
  • Still further Ausbowvingsbeiriel differ from the described embodiments in that as optical security feature an embossed structure is used with a formed on certain edges of the embossed structure pressure having an optically variable effect. Such embossed structures are described in applications WO 97/17211 A1,
  • Still further embodiments differ from the described exemplary embodiments only in that a sensor is used as the sensor, as described in WO 96/36021 A1, the contents of which are incorporated by reference into the description.
  • Still other embodiments differ from those previously described in that no IR component is present.
  • the second reference range is then one-dimensional and the second criterion adapted accordingly.
  • step S10 a step Sil is performed, in which the type is automatically determined. More precisely, the evaluation device 31 or the processor 34 determines the type, ie the currency and the denomination, of a value document to be checked in this step S12 as a function of the pixel data acquired by means of the sensor 32. Different types are given. The value document can then, if possible, be assigned to one of the predefined types. In the example, value documents whose format depends on the type are to be checked. The evaluation device 31 can therefore first perform a search or recognition of edges of the banknote in the image.
  • the format of the value document can be used to determine the denomination or denomination and thus the type from the set of possible value-document types.
  • Still other embodiments differ from the preceding embodiments in that as scattering measure two scatters in two mutually orthogonal directions in the corresponding color space are used. The directions are given by the eigenvectors of the variance matrix of the pixel data or pixel data components for the security feature of the reference documents in the respective reference regions. The variance of the projection of the pixel data onto the one eigenvector and the variance of the projection of the pixel data onto the other eigenvector are then used as scattering.
  • a threshold value is predetermined, which can be determined in each case by evaluation of pixel data for the reference documents analogous to the first embodiment.
  • the thresholds represent the minimum spread. The spread exceeds the minimum spread if the variance for one of the directions is greater than the threshold associated with the particular direction.
  • the evaluation device can be integrated into the sensor.
  • Other embodiments may differ from the preceding embodiments in that, instead of a line camera, a camera is provided with a field of detection elements arranged in the form of a matrix.
  • sensor sections spaced apart from one another are provided for detecting at least different components of the pixel data in the transport direction.
  • two parts could be provided, one of which comprises illumination and camera for the detection of optical properties in the visible spectral range and the other illumination and camera for the detection of optical properties in the non-visible spectral range, in particular IR range.
  • the detected, in the example two, images must be brought to coincidence or positioned one above the other during the evaluation, so that the necessary number of components is available for a location.

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Abstract

L'invention concerne un procédé de contrôle de la qualité de fabrication, s'agissant préférentiellement de la qualité d'impression, d'une caractéristique de sécurité optique prédéfinie qui se trouve dans ou sur une partie prédéfinie d'un document de valeur et qui est basée sur des données de pixel lesquelles appartiennent aux pixels d'une image de la partie prédéfinie et lesquelles sont associées à différents endroits dans ou sur ladite partie et lesquelles sont représentatives de propriétés optiques dudit document de valeur auxdits endroits, consistant à vérifier si, sur les pixels de ladite image dont les données de pixel se trouvent selon un premier critère prédéfini au sein d'un premier domaine de référence prédéfini en ce qui concerne ladite caractéristique de sécurité, un premier nombre de ces pixels ou une première proportion de ces pixels dépasse une première valeur minimum cible laquelle est prédéfinie pour la caractéristique de sécurité, et si une première dispersion, qui concerne les données de pixel appartenant aux pixels situés selon ledit premier critère au sein dudit domaine de référence défini pour les données de pixel, dépasse une première valeur minimum de dispersion prédéfinie pour la caractéristique de sécurité, et à générer en fonction du résultat de cette vérification un signal de qualité qui n'est représentatif d'une qualité d'impression suffisante que si ledit premier nombre ou ladite première proportion dépasse ladite première valeur minimum cible et ladite dispersion dépasse ladite première valeur minimum de dispersion.
EP12773214.7A 2011-09-26 2012-09-25 Procédé de contrôle de la qualité de fabrication d'une caractéristique de sécurité d'un document de valeur Active EP2761604B1 (fr)

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DE102011114410A DE102011114410A1 (de) 2011-09-26 2011-09-26 Verfahren zum Prüfen der Herstellungsqualität eines optischen Sicherheitsmerkmals eines Wertdokuments
PCT/EP2012/004011 WO2013045074A1 (fr) 2011-09-26 2012-09-25 Procédé de contrôle de la qualité de fabrication d'une caractéristique de sécurité d'un document de valeur

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EP2761604B1 (fr) 2021-03-24
DE102011114410A1 (de) 2013-03-28
CN103827929B (zh) 2017-06-09
WO2013045074A1 (fr) 2013-04-04
CN103827929A (zh) 2014-05-28
US20140233829A1 (en) 2014-08-21
US9202327B2 (en) 2015-12-01

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