EP2751345A1 - Suspension system for front working tools in a melioration device - Google Patents

Suspension system for front working tools in a melioration device

Info

Publication number
EP2751345A1
EP2751345A1 EP11779493.3A EP11779493A EP2751345A1 EP 2751345 A1 EP2751345 A1 EP 2751345A1 EP 11779493 A EP11779493 A EP 11779493A EP 2751345 A1 EP2751345 A1 EP 2751345A1
Authority
EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
hydraulic cylinder
lever
suspension system
fastened
working tool
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP11779493.3A
Other languages
German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Janusz RUTKOWSKI
Lukasz IGNASIAK
Mikolaj SPADLO
Tadeusz Pawlowski
Current Assignee (The listed assignees may be inaccurate. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation or warranty as to the accuracy of the list.)
Przemyslowy Instytut Maszyn Rolniczych
Original Assignee
Przemyslowy Instytut Maszyn Rolniczych
Priority date (The priority date is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the date listed.)
Filing date
Publication date
Application filed by Przemyslowy Instytut Maszyn Rolniczych filed Critical Przemyslowy Instytut Maszyn Rolniczych
Publication of EP2751345A1 publication Critical patent/EP2751345A1/en
Withdrawn legal-status Critical Current

Links

Classifications

    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F5/00—Dredgers or soil-shifting machines for special purposes
    • E02F5/28—Dredgers or soil-shifting machines for special purposes for cleaning watercourses or other ways
    • A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
    • A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
    • A01D—HARVESTING; MOWING
    • A01D34/00—Mowers; Mowing apparatus of harvesters
    • A01D34/835—Mowers; Mowing apparatus of harvesters specially adapted for particular purposes
    • A01D34/86—Mowers; Mowing apparatus of harvesters specially adapted for particular purposes for use on sloping ground, e.g. on embankments or in ditches
    • A01D34/866—Mounting means
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
    • E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
    • E02F3/627—Devices to connect beams or arms to tractors or similar self-propelled machines, e.g. drives therefor
    • E—FIXED CONSTRUCTIONS
    • E02—HYDRAULIC ENGINEERING; FOUNDATIONS; SOIL SHIFTING
    • E02F—DREDGING; SOIL-SHIFTING
    • E02F3/00—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines
    • E02F3/04—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven
    • E02F3/96—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with arrangements for alternate or simultaneous use of different digging elements
    • E02F3/961—Dredgers; Soil-shifting machines mechanically-driven with arrangements for alternate or simultaneous use of different digging elements with several digging elements or tools mounted on one machine

Definitions

  • the present invention relates to suspension system for front working tools in a melioration device, intended for carrying out land melioration work, especially at maintenance and renovation of water-courses.
  • a hydraulically controlled unit suitable for use in portable devices for removing soil on ditch slopes, is attached to an arm and includes a first rotational element working on a ditch bottom for removing soil, and another rotational element connected with the first unit, rotational disks of which having cutters for undercutting soil, and additionally means of conveyance of soil, is characterised in that the first member includes the cutting disk equipped with the cutters mutually oriented parallel to the ditch bottom.
  • Another device also is known, according to the German patent specification No. DE1484605, consisting of a movable frame with an end in front, in form of attached toothing for ditches, and further arrangement of teeth for askew rising ditches, which are stored in the frame, and a drive of a conveyor sieve in the direction opposite to frame movement, as well as further stages oriented transversely, as auxiliary elements, in a front part of the frame the conveyor being equipped with a wheel driving a net, in which the frame of the device in a rear part, on a ditch bottom, comprises a driving set with a crawler chain, taking up about the width of the ditch bottom.
  • This device for ditches consists of a movable lower part, being lowered to a ditch bottom, an toothed tool for ditches mounted at the front, which is raising askew and stored in a frame, and there is a conveyor driven in the direction opposite to frame movement, as well as another auxiliary conveyor.
  • a ditching machine including a caterpillar fastening plate with an excavating unit fastened to it, and with supporting feet for supporting the ditching machine during excavating
  • the caterpillar fastening plate comprises a frame with caterpillar assembly located under it, preferably of the same width as that of the frame and having a driving device, whereas the excavating unit being fastened to one end of the caterpillar fastening plate, in its longitudinal direction, while the supporting feet being mounted rotatably, in transverse direction of the ditching machine, on each side of the caterpillar fastening plate and at its ends, from the side of the excavating unit, and being equipped at their outer ends with feet for transverse supporting of the ditching machine.
  • specialized tools mounted on farm tractors or construction excavators are used for maintenance of ditch profiles, such as for example arm-type tools of Italian producer Maschio Gaspardo, Dutch producers Hemos and Herder or Polish producers Ozamet and Samasz.
  • a guide includes a two-part body for realization of inclination of a system by means of a hydraulic cylinder, wherein said two- part body is rotatably fastened on a main pin of a frame, the guide being connected with a slidable beam for moving out a working tool by means of a hydraulic cylinder, and the slidable beam is additionally connected with a two-row lever for changing angular position of the working tool by means of a hydraulic cylinder.
  • the two-part body includes bearing sleeves, the linings, constituting sliding surfaces, being placed between face surfaces of the bodies.
  • An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that the hydraulic cylinder for realization of inclination of the whole system is fastened to the guide with one end, and fastened to the frame with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the working tool being on a ditch bottom, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the working tool being on an upper part of a slope.
  • An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that the hydraulic cylinder for moving out the slidable beam located in the guide, is fastened to a lower end of the slidable beam with one end, and is fastened to the guide with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the slidable beam being in position of maximum protrusion, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the slidable beam being in position of maximum insertion.
  • lever fastened to the slidable beam includes a grip for attaching the working tool.
  • An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that the hydraulic cylinder for inclination of the working tool is fastened to the lever with one end, and is fastened to the slidable beam with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the lever being in position of its maximum deflection, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the lever being in position of its maximum retraction.
  • An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that the hydraulic cylinder for moving out the slidable beam and the hydraulic cylinder of the lever of inclination of the working tool, have a possibility to be set in a floating state.
  • An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that a free movement of the lever is limited by a mechanical buffer.
  • the main pin in a front part includes a seat for fastening of an extension arm.
  • FIG. 1 is a general perspective view that shows a linkage system for front working tools in a land melioration device on a fragment of a frame of a device for renovation shaping of open water-courses
  • Fig. 2 shows a linkage system for front working tools in a land melioration device, in a section along the main pin
  • Fig. 3 shows the guide with the two-part body
  • Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of the lever for working tool inclination with a system of control of its position, in a perspective view
  • Fig. 5 is a front view that shows a linkage system for front working tools in an extended position in a ditch
  • Fig. 6 is a front view that shows a linkage system for front working tools in a folded position in a ditch.
  • a linkage system for front working tools 1 in a land melioration device there is a guide 4, connected with a first part of a body 5, which is mounted on a main pin 2 of a frame 3 of a machine.
  • a second part of the body 6 is fastened to the first part of the body 5 by means of screws, whereas there are bearing sleeves 7 included in the bodies 5 and 6, and between said bodies 5 and 6 on the pin 2 there are included linings 8, constituting a sliding surface.
  • Rotatable movement of the guide 4 with the body 5 and 6 is realized by means of a hydraulic cylinder of beam inclination 9, which is fastened to the guide 4 with one end, and fastened to the frame 3 with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder 9, a working tool 0 being on a ditch bottom, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder 9, the working tool 10 being on an upper part of a slope.
  • a slidable beam 11 where to-and-fro motion is realized by means of a hydraulic cylinder for moving out the slidable beam 12, which is fastened to a lower end of the slidable beam 11 with one end, and is fastened to the guide 4 with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder 12 the slidable beam 11 being in position of maximum protrusion, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder 12 the slidable beam H being in position of maximum insertion.
  • a lever 13 with its one end is fastened to the lower end of the slidable beam H, while another end of the lever 13 is fastened to said tool 10.
  • Change of angular position of the lever 13 for inclination of the tool 10 is realized by means of a hydraulic cylinder 14, which is fastened to the lever 13 with one end, and is fastened to the slidable beam H with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder 14, the lever 13 being in position of its maximum deflection, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder 14, the lever 13 being in position of its maximum retraction.
  • a free movement of the lever 13 realized for need of copying of a base with the working tool 10, is limited by a mechanical buffer 15 located on the working tool 10, in order to make it possible to impose a suitable position of a tool, e.g. for transport time.
  • Position of the lever 13 for inclination of the working tool 0 is controlled by position sensors 16, the positioning of the lever 13 to required position being done through moving out the slidable beam H, movement of which is imposed through automatic functioning of the hydraulic cylinder 12.
  • a linkage system for front working tools 1 there is located a seat for fastening of an extension arm 17.

Landscapes

  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • Mining & Mineral Resources (AREA)
  • Civil Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Structural Engineering (AREA)
  • Life Sciences & Earth Sciences (AREA)
  • Environmental Sciences (AREA)
  • Sewage (AREA)
  • Soil Working Implements (AREA)
  • Harvester Elements (AREA)

Abstract

Suspension system for front working tools in a melioration device, intended for carrying out land melioration work, especially at maintenance and renovation of water-courses, including a frame (3), a guide (4), a beam (11) and a lever (13), is characterized in that the guide (4) includes a two-part body (5 and 6), for realization of inclination of a system by means of a hydraulic cylinder (9), where said two-part body (5 and 6) is rotatably fastened on a main pin (2) of the frame (3), the guide (4) being connected with the slidable beam (11) for moving out a working tool by means of a hydraulic cylinder (12), and the slidable beam (11) is additionally connected with the two-row lever (13) for changing angular position of the working tool by means of a hydraulic cylinder (14).

Description

Suspension system for front working tools in a melioration device.
The present invention relates to suspension system for front working tools in a melioration device, intended for carrying out land melioration work, especially at maintenance and renovation of water-courses.
Working tools for work in interior of a ditch according to the patent specification No. NL7907170 are known, in which a hydraulically controlled unit, suitable for use in portable devices for removing soil on ditch slopes, is attached to an arm and includes a first rotational element working on a ditch bottom for removing soil, and another rotational element connected with the first unit, rotational disks of which having cutters for undercutting soil, and additionally means of conveyance of soil, is characterised in that the first member includes the cutting disk equipped with the cutters mutually oriented parallel to the ditch bottom.
Known from the Polish patent specification No. PL197009 working accessories of a machine for maintenance, renovation and digging of melioration ditches, are equipped with a chain working unit for lateral cutting and throwing out soil from a bottom and a slope of a ditch, and equipped with scrapers with horizontal cutters for undercutting of a layer being removed, which is characterised in that the outer chain links are constituted by walls made of plates of significantly larger dimensions, perpendicular to chain pin axes in relation to those dimensions of other chain links, scraper plates with horizontal and vertical cutters fastened on them being fastened to the plates.
Another device also is known, according to the German patent specification No. DE1484605, consisting of a movable frame with an end in front, in form of attached toothing for ditches, and further arrangement of teeth for askew rising ditches, which are stored in the frame, and a drive of a conveyor sieve in the direction opposite to frame movement, as well as further stages oriented transversely, as auxiliary elements, in a front part of the frame the conveyor being equipped with a wheel driving a net, in which the frame of the device in a rear part, on a ditch bottom, comprises a driving set with a crawler chain, taking up about the width of the ditch bottom.
Other solutions also are known, like those in the German patent specification No. DE1484603. This device for ditches consists of a movable lower part, being lowered to a ditch bottom, an toothed tool for ditches mounted at the front, which is raising askew and stored in a frame, and there is a conveyor driven in the direction opposite to frame movement, as well as another auxiliary conveyor.
Furthermore, other solutions are known, which are shown in the Polish patent specification No. PL169053, in which a ditching machine, including a caterpillar fastening plate with an excavating unit fastened to it, and with supporting feet for supporting the ditching machine during excavating, is characterised in that the caterpillar fastening plate comprises a frame with caterpillar assembly located under it, preferably of the same width as that of the frame and having a driving device, whereas the excavating unit being fastened to one end of the caterpillar fastening plate, in its longitudinal direction, while the supporting feet being mounted rotatably, in transverse direction of the ditching machine, on each side of the caterpillar fastening plate and at its ends, from the side of the excavating unit, and being equipped at their outer ends with feet for transverse supporting of the ditching machine.
Moreover, specialized tools mounted on farm tractors or construction excavators are used for maintenance of ditch profiles, such as for example arm-type tools of Italian producer Maschio Gaspardo, Dutch producers Hemos and Herder or Polish producers Ozamet and Samasz.
An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that a guide includes a two-part body for realization of inclination of a system by means of a hydraulic cylinder, wherein said two- part body is rotatably fastened on a main pin of a frame, the guide being connected with a slidable beam for moving out a working tool by means of a hydraulic cylinder, and the slidable beam is additionally connected with a two-row lever for changing angular position of the working tool by means of a hydraulic cylinder.
An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that the two-part body includes bearing sleeves, the linings, constituting sliding surfaces, being placed between face surfaces of the bodies.
An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that the hydraulic cylinder for realization of inclination of the whole system is fastened to the guide with one end, and fastened to the frame with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the working tool being on a ditch bottom, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the working tool being on an upper part of a slope.
An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that the hydraulic cylinder for moving out the slidable beam located in the guide, is fastened to a lower end of the slidable beam with one end, and is fastened to the guide with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the slidable beam being in position of maximum protrusion, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the slidable beam being in position of maximum insertion.
An advantageous structural solution applied in an suspension system for front working tools is that the lever fastened to the slidable beam includes a grip for attaching the working tool.
An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that the hydraulic cylinder for inclination of the working tool is fastened to the lever with one end, and is fastened to the slidable beam with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the lever being in position of its maximum deflection, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder, the lever being in position of its maximum retraction.
An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that the hydraulic cylinder for moving out the slidable beam and the hydraulic cylinder of the lever of inclination of the working tool, have a possibility to be set in a floating state.
An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that a free movement of the lever is limited by a mechanical buffer.
An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that position of the lever is controlled by position sensors located on the working tool.
An advantageous structural solution applied in suspension system for front working tools is that the main pin in a front part includes a seat for fastening of an extension arm.
An embodiment of the present invention is illustrated in the drawing in which: Fig. 1 is a general perspective view that shows a linkage system for front working tools in a land melioration device on a fragment of a frame of a device for renovation shaping of open water-courses; Fig. 2 shows a linkage system for front working tools in a land melioration device, in a section along the main pin; Fig. 3 shows the guide with the two-part body; Fig. 4 shows an embodiment of the lever for working tool inclination with a system of control of its position, in a perspective view; Fig. 5 is a front view that shows a linkage system for front working tools in an extended position in a ditch; Fig. 6 is a front view that shows a linkage system for front working tools in a folded position in a ditch.
In one embodiment of a linkage system for front working tools 1 in a land melioration device according to the invention there is a guide 4, connected with a first part of a body 5, which is mounted on a main pin 2 of a frame 3 of a machine. A second part of the body 6 is fastened to the first part of the body 5 by means of screws, whereas there are bearing sleeves 7 included in the bodies 5 and 6, and between said bodies 5 and 6 on the pin 2 there are included linings 8, constituting a sliding surface. Rotatable movement of the guide 4 with the body 5 and 6 is realized by means of a hydraulic cylinder of beam inclination 9, which is fastened to the guide 4 with one end, and fastened to the frame 3 with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder 9, a working tool 0 being on a ditch bottom, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder 9, the working tool 10 being on an upper part of a slope.
In the guide 4 there is located a slidable beam 11 , where to-and-fro motion is realized by means of a hydraulic cylinder for moving out the slidable beam 12, which is fastened to a lower end of the slidable beam 11 with one end, and is fastened to the guide 4 with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder 12 the slidable beam 11 being in position of maximum protrusion, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder 12 the slidable beam H being in position of maximum insertion.
A lever 13 with its one end is fastened to the lower end of the slidable beam H, while another end of the lever 13 is fastened to said tool 10. Change of angular position of the lever 13 for inclination of the tool 10 is realized by means of a hydraulic cylinder 14, which is fastened to the lever 13 with one end, and is fastened to the slidable beam H with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder 14, the lever 13 being in position of its maximum deflection, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder 14, the lever 13 being in position of its maximum retraction.
A free movement of the lever 13 realized for need of copying of a base with the working tool 10, is limited by a mechanical buffer 15 located on the working tool 10, in order to make it possible to impose a suitable position of a tool, e.g. for transport time. Position of the lever 13 for inclination of the working tool 0 is controlled by position sensors 16, the positioning of the lever 13 to required position being done through moving out the slidable beam H, movement of which is imposed through automatic functioning of the hydraulic cylinder 12.
In front of a linkage system for front working tools 1 there is located a seat for fastening of an extension arm 17.

Claims

Claims
1. Suspension system for front working tools in a melioration device, including a frame, a guide, a beam and a lever, characterised in that the guide (4) includes a two-part body (5 and 6), for realization of inclination of a system by means of a hydraulic cylinder (9), where said two-part body (5 and 6) is rotatably fastened on a main pin (2) of the frame (3), the guide (4) being connected with the slidable beam (11 ) for moving out a working tool by means of a hydraulic cylinder (12), and the slidable beam (11 ) is additionally connected with the two-row lever (13) for changing angular position of the working tool by means of a hydraulic cylinder (14).
2. Suspension system according to claim 1 , characterised in that the two-part body (5 and 6) includes bearing sleeves (7), the linings, constituting sliding surfaces (8) being placed between face surfaces of the bodies (5 and 6).
3. Suspension system according to claim 1 , characterised in that the hydraulic cylinder (9) for realization of inclination of the whole system (1 ) is fastened to the guide (4) with one end, and fastened to the frame (3) with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder (9), the working tool (10) being on a ditch bottom, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder (9), the working tool (10) being on an upper part of a slope.
4. Suspension system according to claim 1 , characterised in that the hydraulic cylinder (12) for moving out the slidable beam (11 ) located in the guide (4), is fastened to a lower end of the slidable beam (11 ) with one end, and fastened to the guide (4) with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder (12), the slidable beam (11 ) being in position of maximum protrusion, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder (12), the slidable beam (11 ) being in position of maximum insertion.
5. Suspension system according to claim 1 , characterised in that the lever (13) fastened to the slidable beam (11 ) includes a grip for attaching the working tool (10).
6. Suspension system according to claim 1 , characterised in that the hydraulic cylinder (14) for inclination of the working tool (10), is fastened to the lever (13) with one end, and is fastened to the slidable beam (11 ) with another end, at one extreme position of a piston of the hydraulic cylinder (14), the lever (13) being in position of its maximum deflection, and at another extreme position of the piston of the hydraulic cylinder (14), the lever (13) being in position of its maximum retraction.
7. Suspension system according to claims 4 and 6, characterised in that that the hydraulic cylinder (12) for moving out the slidable beam (11 ), and the hydraulic cylinder (14) of the lever (13) for inclination of the working tool (10), have a possibility to be set in a floating state.
8. Suspension system according to claim 6, characterised in that a free movement of the lever (13) is limited by a mechanical buffer (15).
9. Suspension system according to claim 6, characterised in that position of the lever (13) is controlled by position sensors (16) located on the working tool.
10. Suspension system according to claim 1 , characterised in that the main pin (2) in its front part includes a seat for fastening of an extension arm (17).
EP11779493.3A 2011-08-31 2011-10-03 Suspension system for front working tools in a melioration device Withdrawn EP2751345A1 (en)

Applications Claiming Priority (2)

Application Number Priority Date Filing Date Title
PL396142A PL223046B1 (en) 2011-08-31 2011-08-31 Suspension system for front working tools in the drainage device
PCT/PL2011/000102 WO2013032347A1 (en) 2011-08-31 2011-10-03 Suspension system for front working tools in a melioration device

Publications (1)

Publication Number Publication Date
EP2751345A1 true EP2751345A1 (en) 2014-07-09

Family

ID=44910276

Family Applications (1)

Application Number Title Priority Date Filing Date
EP11779493.3A Withdrawn EP2751345A1 (en) 2011-08-31 2011-10-03 Suspension system for front working tools in a melioration device

Country Status (3)

Country Link
EP (1) EP2751345A1 (en)
PL (1) PL223046B1 (en)
WO (1) WO2013032347A1 (en)

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* Cited by examiner, † Cited by third party
Publication number Priority date Publication date Assignee Title
CN114809160B (en) * 2022-04-20 2023-10-20 自然资源部第二海洋研究所 Anti-clogging dredging structure and dredging method based on dam engineering
CN115156214B (en) * 2022-06-29 2024-04-19 中建八局第一建设有限公司 Stainless steel water collecting tank cleaning device

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DE1484605A1 (en) 1962-11-28 1969-05-14 Anton Berkenheger Trench clearing device
FR2120452A5 (en) * 1970-12-31 1972-08-18 Dumont Jean
PL197009A1 (en) 1977-03-28 1978-10-23 Zaklady Elektrotech Motor MAGNETIC BELT CONVEYOR
NL7907170A (en) 1979-09-26 1981-03-30 Hemos B V Ditch clearing mower for tractor operation - has bottom cutter with drum transferring cuttings to angled side cutter with ejector blades
FI87822C (en) 1991-07-08 1993-02-25 Reijo Vieno DIKESGRAEVMASKIN
DE4139661C1 (en) * 1991-12-02 1993-02-25 Werner Wisser Landschaftspflege, 7834 Herbolzheim, De
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Also Published As

Publication number Publication date
PL223046B1 (en) 2016-10-31
WO2013032347A1 (en) 2013-03-07
PL396142A1 (en) 2013-03-04

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